marine sediment2

8/8/2019 Marine Sediment2

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SMS (SAINS KIMIA)AHLI KUMPULAN :

NURUL SHAFIKAH MUHAMMAD - UK19685

SITI FASIHAH RAMELI - UK21478

NOR ELLA SYAKILLA MAT ARIS - UK21597

NUR NAJIHAH MARZUKI - UK21708NURUL HIDAYAH ABD RAHIM - UK21709


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MARINE SEDIMENT

HYDROGENOUS VS

BIOGENOUS SEDIMENT

KIM 3701

KIMIA ALAMSEKITAR


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unconsolidated organicand inorganic particlesthat accumulate on theocean floororiginate from numerous

sourcesweathering anderosion of thecontinentsvolcanic eruptionsbiological activitychemical processes

within the oceaniccrust and seawaterimpacts of extra-terrestrial objects

SEDIMENT


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HOW TO CLASSIFIED MARINE

SEDIMENTS?Marine sediments can be classified by its grain size and itscomposition.

Size classification divides sediment by grain size into

gravel, sand and clay.- Mud is a mixture of silt and clay.

composition of sediment can be measured in terms of:

- parent rock lithology

- mineral composition- chemical make-up.


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Classification of marine sediments based on its constituents.


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TYPES OF SEDIMENTS

HYDROGENOU

S SEDIMENTSBIOGENOUS

SEDIMENTS

LITHOGENOUSSEDIMENTS

COSMOGENOU

S SEDIMENTS


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HYDROGENOUS

SEDIMENT

formed by

precipitation of

minerals from theoceans water or can

be formed as a new

mineral as a result of

chemical reactions

between the water ofthe ocean and

sediments that already

exist on the ocean

floor.

formed from the

.

formed from the

insoluble remains of

past life forms and

parts such as bones

and teeth.

made from the

microscopic shells that

are deposited by tiny

plants, animals, andplankton that live on

the waters surface

and eventually make

their way down to the

ocean floor.

BIOGENOUS

SEDIMENTSVS


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BIOGENOUS SEDIMENTS


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BIOGENOUS SEDIMENTConsists of 3 major groups based on chemical

composition:

Calcareous sediment

Siliceous sediment

Phosphatic sediment

Come from plants

called coccolithophores

(phytoplankton) and

animals (zooplankton)

called foraminifera andpteropods.

Come from plats

called diatoms and

animals called

radiolarians.

Come from bones,

teeth and scales of

fishes and other marine

vetebrates.


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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SEA WATER


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V

E

R

S

U

S

HYDROGENOUS

SEDIMENTS

BIOGENOUS

SEDIMENTS

hydro means water ; generaremeans to produce.

Origin :Forms when dissolved materialscome out of solution (precipitate).

Precipitation is caused by achange in conditions including:-Changes in temperature-Changes in pressure-Addition of chemically active

fluids

Mode of transport :Not transported, precipitates inplace

bio means life ; generaremeans to produce.

Origin : Forms when organisms thatproduce hard parts die.

Material rains down on the oceanfloor and accumulates as:*Macroscopic shells, bones, teeth*Microscopic tests (shells)-If comprised of at least 30% test

material, called biogenous ooze

Mode of transport :Settles from top of water column


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V

E

R

S

U

S

HYDROGENOU

S SEDIMENTS

BIOGENOUS

SEDIMENTS

General occurrence :In deep ocean basins where input

of other sediments is minimal

Usual constituents:Highly variable; major examples

are manganese nodules,

phosphorite nodules, and

evaporites

Relative abundance: < 1%

Sources :

precipitation of dissolved

minerals from water, often by

bacteria

General occurrence :Intermediate depths at all latitudeswhere lithogenous sediments arenot important (e.g., f lanks ofoceanic ridges); upwelling regions

Usual constituents:Calcium carbonate (coccoliths andforaminifera) and silica (diatomsand radiolaria)

Relative abundance:

~50%

Sources : organic ; accumulation of hardparts(bones,teeth,etc) of somemarine organism.


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V

E

R

S

U

S

HYDROGENOUS

SEDIMENTS

BIOGENOUS

SEDIMENTS

Composition :Manganese nodulesPhosphatesCarbonatesMetal sulfidesEvaporite salts

Distribution : present with other, more

dominants sediments.

Example : manganese nodules andphosphorite deposits.

Composition :Silica (SiO2) including opal

(SiO2 nH2O)*Diatoms (algae)*Radiolarians (protozoan)

Calcium carbonate or calcite

(CaCO3)*Coccolithophores (algae)*Foraminifers (protozoan)

Distribution: dominant on deep ocean floor

(siliceous ooze below 5km)

Example : calcareous ooze and siliceousooze.


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Total sediment thickness of the ocean floor, with the thinnest

deposits in dark blue and the thickest in red.


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General patterns of sediments on the ocean floor


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Calcareous ooze

general term for layers of muddy,calcium carbonate (CaCO3) bearingsoft rock sediment on the seafloor.

Only a small proportion isprecipitated inorganically.

distinguished by its mainbiogenic component intoforaminiferal ooze, coccolithophoreooze, or pteropod ooze,respectively.

However, coccolithophorids andplanktic foraminifera form thelargest part of the pelagiccalcareous ooze with lesscontribution due to pteropods,calcareous dinoflagellates, and

lithothamnium.


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( ri arily iatzes) c ver 15 f

t e cea fl r

istri ti

irr rs re i s f i r ctivity

c at ilatit es, az es f

elli

ra i lariazes re

c ieq at rial re i s

siliceous oozes


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Manganese

nodules

surficial deposits ofmanganese, iron, copper,cobalt, and nickel

accumulate only in areas oflow sedimentation rate (e.g.,the Pacific)

develop extremely slowly(1 to 10 mm/million years)


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SUMMARYLayers of sediments cover most places of the ocean floor. The sediments comprises

particles from land, from biological activity in the ocean, from chemical processes within

water,, and even from space.

The blanket of marine sediments is thickest at the continental margins and thinnest over

the active oceanic ridges.

Sediments may be classified by particle size, source, location or color.

Biogeneous sediments are compose of the remains of once-living organism.

Hydrogenous sediments are precipitated directly from sea water.

The position and nature of sediments provide important clues to earths recent history

and valuable resources can sometimes be recovered from them.


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REFERENCES

Ernst, W. G., and J. G. Morin, eds. The Environment of the Deep Sea. Upper Saddle River, NJ:

Prentice Hall.

Morse, J.W., and F. T. Mackenzie. Geochemistry of Sedementary Carbonates. Amsterdam,

Netherlands : Elsevier, 1990.

www.tulane.edu/~bianchi/Courses/Oceanography

www.experiencefestival,com/biogenoussediments


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TERIMAKASIH

SELAMAT

BERPUASA~


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QUESTION??

?

marine sediment2

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