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Scopolamine(USAN), also known as levo-duboisineand hyoscine, sold as Scopoderm, is atropane alkaloid

drugwithmuscarinic antagonisteffects. It is among thesecondary metabolitesof plants fromSolanaceae(nightshade) family of plants, such ashenbane,jimson weed(Datura), angel's trumpets (Brugmansia), and

corkwood (Duboisia).[4][5]

Scopolamine exerts its effects by acting as a competitive antagonist atmuscarinic

acetylcholine receptors,specificallyM1 receptors;it is thus classified as ananticholinergic,antimuscarinicdrug

(See the article on theparasympatheticnervous system for details of this physiology.)

Its use in medicine is relatively limited, with its chief uses being in the treatment ofmotion sicknessand

postoperative nausea and vomiting.[2][6][7]

Scopolamine is named after the plantgenusScopolia.[5]

The name "hyoscine" is from the scientific name forhenbane,Hyoscyamus niger.

[8]

Trench footis a medical condition caused by prolonged exposure of the feet to damp, unsanitary, and cold conditions. It

is one of manyimmersion foot syndromes.The use of the word trenchin the name of this condition is a reference to

trench warfare,mainly associated withWorld War I.

Background

Rectigraph and Photostat machines

George C. Beidler ofOklahoma Cityfounded the Rectigraph Company in 1906 or 1907, producing the firstphotographic copying machines; he later moved the company toRochester, New Yorkin 1909 to be closer to

theHaloid Company,his main source ofphotographic paperand chemicals.

The growth of business during theindustrial revolutioncreated the need for a more efficient means of

transcription than hand copying. Carbon paperwas first used in the early 19th century. By the late 1840s

copying presses were used to copy outgoing correspondence. One by one,other methodsappeared. These

included the "manifold writer," developed fromChristoph Scheiner'spantographand used by figures including

Mark Twain;copying baths; copying books; and roller copiers. Among the most significant of them was theBlue processin the early 1870s, which was mainly used to makeblueprintsof architectural and engineering

drawings.Stencil duplicators(more commonly known as "Mimeograph machines") surfaced in 1874, and theCyclostylein 1891. All were manual; most involved messy fluids and were accident-prone.

Inclassical mythology,Cupid(Latin Cupido, meaning "desire") is the god of desire, erotic love, attraction and affection.

He is often portrayed as the son of the love goddessVenus,and is known in Latin also as Amor("Love"). HisGreek

counterpartisEros.[1]

A demagogue/dm/or rabble-rouseris a political leader in ademocracywho appeals to the emotions, fears,

prejudices,andignoranceof the lower classes in order to gain power and promote political motives. Demagogues

usually oppose deliberation and advocate immediate, violent action to address a national crisis; they accuse moderate

and thoughtful opponents of weakness. Demagogues have appeared in democracies since ancientAthens.They exploit a

fundamental weakness in democracy: because ultimate power is held by the people, nothing stops the people from

giving that power to someone who appeals to thelowest common denominatorof a large segment of the population.

Propagandais a form of communication aimed towardsinfluencingthe attitude of the community toward some

cause or position by presenting only one side of an argument. Propaganda statements may be partly false and

partly true. Propaganda is usually repeated and dispersed over a wide variety of media in order to create the

chosen result in audience attitudes.

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.org/wiki/Blueprinthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimeograph_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimeograph_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimeograph_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclostyle_%28copier%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclostyle_%28copier%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_%28mythology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_%28mythology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_%28mythology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretatio_graecahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretatio_graecahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretatio_graecahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretatio_graecahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupid#cite_note-Lar-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupid#cite_note-Lar-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupid#cite_note-Lar-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prejudiceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prejudiceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignorancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignorancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignorancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenian_democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenian_democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenian_democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowest_common_denominator#Other_Useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowest_common_denominator#Other_Useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowest_common_denominator#Other_Useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowest_common_denominator#Other_Useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenian_democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignorancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prejudiceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupid#cite_note-Lar-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretatio_graecahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretatio_graecahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_%28mythology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclostyle_%28copier%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimeograph_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueprinthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanotypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantographhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Scheinerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_duplicating_processeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immersion_foot_syndromeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopolamine#cite_note-Cattell1910-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyoscyamus_nigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopolamine#cite_note-Chambers-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopoliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopolamine#cite_note-TGAin-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopolamine#cite_note-TGAor-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopolamine#cite_note-TGAor-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_sicknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasympathetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimuscarinichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticholinergichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_receptorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopolamine#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopolamine#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duboisiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brugmansiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daturahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimson_weedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henbanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_metaboliteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_antagonisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropane_alkaloidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAN

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