kuliah 4-sem ii-revolusi saintifik

7/28/2019 Kuliah 4-Sem II-Revolusi Saintifik

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KULIAH 4: PERKEMBANGANPEMIKIRAN SAINTIFIK &

KAEDAH SAINTIFIK


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Tuhan MenciptakanManusia

1. Hidupan sel tunggalmuncul dari air/lautan

2. Hidupan sel tunggalmenjelma menjadi

tumbuhan dan binatang(reptilia)

3. Sesetengah reptiliamenjelma menjadimamalia

4. Mamalia (beruk)menjelma menjadimanusia

Penciptaan atau Teori Evolusi


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Charles Darwin 1809-1882

Menerbitkan buku pada tahun 1859 bertajuk On

the Origin of Species.

Menggunakan pendekatan evolusi (kemajuan

dari satu peringkat ke peringkat yangseterusnya) untuk menerangkan kewujudan

manusia.

Berdasarkan kajian fosil, beliau mengatakan

bahawa hidupan akan berubah berdasarkan

adaptation dan natural selection.


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AGAMA FALSAFAH SAINS

Sumber

Pengetahuan

Kitab & Tafsiran Renungan

Spekulatif

Penyelidikan

Empirikal

Pendekatan Kepercayaan Pemikiran Ketidakpercaya-an (Skepticism)

Aktiviti Diterima &

Diamalkan

Pemikiran oleh

Individu

Kerja Kumpulan

(Paradigma)Perkembangan Serba

lengkap/BenarPenghujahanSecara Logik

PenghujahanSecara Logik &Bukti Empirikal

Matlamat Memberi

Pengajaran

Menghasilkan

PernyataanUmum yangDiterima Akal

Menghasilkan

PeneranganSpesifikTentang AlamNyata


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Geometry dan

matematik

Falsafah

dan

Kepercayaan

Bahasa sebagai falsafah

Sains, falsafah &

kepercayaan

Falsafah

Yunani

Sains IslamSains Eropah

Konflik Antara Ahli Sains & Gereja Katholik

Ciri-ciri

Kaedah

Saintifik


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Ahli Geometri Yunani Euclid

(sekitar 300 S.M)


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Ahli Matematik Yunani Pythagoras

(570 - 490 S.M.)


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HUBUNGAN ANTARA TIGA

BIDANG ILMU

SISTEM KEPERCAYAAN

(TERMASUK AGAMA)

FALSAFAH (RASIONAL)

SAINS


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ADAKAH SAINS DAN AGAMA

SEMESTINYA BERKONFLIK?


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PERISTIWA BERSEJARAH:REVOLUSI SAINTIFIK DI

EUROPAH KURUN KE-15 DAN

KE-16 & KEMUNCUALANKAEDAH SAINTIFIK


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Penulis drama Yunani

Aristophanes (446 - 386 B.C.)

Youth ages, immaturity is outgrown,ignorance can be educated, anddrunkenness sobered, but stupidityremains forever.

Muda-mudi menjadi tua, kebudakanmenjadi kematangan, kejahilan dapat

dididik, mabuk menjadi sedar, tetapikebodohan kekal abadi.


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Perkembangan Revolusi Saintifik

FASA 1

Aristotle

(ahli

falsafah

Yunani)

Mengandaikan Matahari

& Semua

Planet

Mengelilingi

Bumi

(Tahun)

FASA 2

Ptolemy

(Ahli

matematik

Yunani)Melakarkan

Model yang

Sewajar,

Lengkap

dengan

KiraanMatematik

FASA 3

Niklaus

Copernicus

(Ahli

Matematik)

Melakarkan

Model

Cakerawala

yang

Heliocentric)

FASA 4

Galileo mem-

perjuangkan

Model Sistem

Cakerawala

yang

Heliocentric)

FASA 4

Isaac Newton

Dan Teori

Graviti


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Aristotle and Ptolemy

Kesan Pengaruh Yunani: Nama-nama Planet

Pengajaran Aristotle: Aristotles belief in a (1)geocentric universe and his belief that (2) the weight ofa falling object is proportional to is acceleration.

The influence of Aristotlelian philosophy. [The problem ofphilosophy and science.] Claudius Ptolemy, 2nd centuryGreek matematik, under the strong influence of

Aristotlelian philosophy writes the MathematicalSyntaxis. The book provides a rational and empirical

basis for a geocentric universe. Percubaan Ahli Sains Islam (dan juga ahli sains Eropah)

untuk membetulkan model geocentric Ptolemy.


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The Catholic Church and the

Western Europe in the 15th and

16th centuries

Penerangan tentang Institusi ini:

Semasa dan Dalam Sejarah


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The Inquisition

The Inquisitions by the Catholic Church in

Western Europe drive against heresy

during the 15th and 16th centuries.

Tens of thousands of people were jailed

and sometimes even tortured and

executed if they were suspected of

committing heresy. The Witch Hunts


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Niklaus Copernicus (1473-1543)

Official Church teaching in the 15th and 16thcentury was still based on a geocentric universe.

Copernicus, a monk in the Catholic Church,writes On the Revolutions of the Celestial

Spheres, which in contradiction to PtolemysMathematical Syntaxis depicts the solar systemas heliocentric. The book was finished by 1530but was first published in 24 May 1543.

There were only ten Copernicans between 1543and 1600, among one Gallileo Gallilei, aprofessor at the University of Pisa, Italy.


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Galileo Gallilei (1564-1642)

In 1589, Galileo becomes professor of

mathematics at the University of Pisa, Italy.

Conducts experiments in Pisa to show students

the error of Aristotles belief that speed of anobjects fall its proportional to its weight.

Galileos contract not renewed in 1592.

In 1592, joins the University of Padua and builds

a telescope in 1609 to study the heavens.Publishes his work and predicts victory for the

Copernican theory.


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Galileos Experiment, Pisa, Italy.


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Galileo (cont)

Reactions from Pisan academics and priests

denouncing that Galileos belief in a heliocentric

universe is heretical

In 1624, Galileo begins a book he wishes to callDialogue on the Tides in which he discusses

the Ptolemaic and Copernican hypotheses. In

1630, the book was licensed for printing by

Catholic Church censors at Rome, but theyaltered the title to Dialogue on the Two Chief

World Systems. Published 1632.


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Hero of the Scientific Revolution

Galileo called up by the Inquisition. Was

compelled in 1633 to renounce his claim

and was sentenced to life imprisonment

(later commuted to permanent housearrest). The Dialogue ordered to be

burned, and he sentence against him was

to be read publicly in every university.


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Isaac Newton (1642-1727) and the

Scientific Revolution

In 1687, Isaac Newtons Mathematical

Principles of Natural Philosophyprovided

a final justification for a heliocentric

universe.

Newtons principle ofF (force) = M (mass)

x A (acceleration) [F=ma] provided the

underlying cause for a heliocentricuniverse.


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Ciri-Ciri Kaedah Saintifik

1. Logik

2. Empirisisme

3. Sebab Pokok

(Sebab Mendalam)

1. Model Copernicus

2. Bukti Melalui

Pemerhatian

Teleskop (Galileo)3. Teori Graviti (F=ma)


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Ptolemaic (Greek) Cosmology


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Islamic Cosmology


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COPERNICAN COSMOLOGY


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kuliah 4-sem ii-revolusi saintifik

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