Type of clay Description

Highly organic alluvial clays and peats

Carter, M and Bentley, S. P., Correlations of Soil Properties, Pentech Press, London, 1991.

Type of clay Description

Typical Values of the Coefficient of Volume Compressibility, m

Heavy over-consolidated boulder clays, stiff weathered rocks and hard clays

Very low compressibility

Boulder clays, marls, very stiff tropical red clays

Low compressibility

Firm clays, glacial outwash clays, lake deposits, weathered marls, firm boulder clays, normally consolidated clays at depth and firm tropical red clays

Medium compressibility

Normally consolidated alluvial clays such as estuarine and delta deposits, and sensitive clays

High compressibility

Very high compressibility

Typical Values of the Coefficient of Volume Compressibility, m

Heavy over-consolidated boulder clays, stiff weathered rocks and hard clays

Very low compressibility

Boulder clays, marls, very stiff tropical red clays

Low compressibility

Highly organic alluvial clays and peats

Carter, M and Bentley, S. P., Correlations of Soil Properties, Pentech Press, London, 1991.

Firm clays, glacial outwash clays, lake deposits, weathered marls, firm boulder clays, normally consolidated clays at depth and firm tropical red clays

Medium compressibility

Normally consolidated alluvial clays such as estuarine and delta deposits, and sensitive clays

High compressibility

Very high compressibility

Lower Limit Upper Limit Average

0.05

0.05 0.1 0.075 lempung berbatu besar

0.1 0.3 0.2 konsistensi teguh

0.3 1.5 0.9

1.5

Carter, M and Bentley, S. P., Correlations of Soil Properties, Pentech Press, London, 1991.

Lower Limit Upper Limit Average

0 0.0005 0

0.0005 0.001 0.00075

Typical Values of the Coefficient of Volume Compressibility, mv (after Carter 1983)

mv

(x10-3m2/kN)

Typical Values of the Coefficient of Volume Compressibility, mv (after Carter 1983)

mv

(m2/ton)

0.001 0.003 0.002

0.003 0.015 0.009

0.015 0 0

Carter, M and Bentley, S. P., Correlations of Soil Properties, Pentech Press, London, 1991.

SoilLower Limit Upper Limit

Normally consolidated medium sensitive clays 0.2 0.5Chicago silty clay (CL) 0.15 0.3Boston blue clay (CL) 0.3 0.5Vicksburg Buckshot clay (CH) 0.5 0.6Swedish medium sensitive clays (CL-CH) 1 3Canadian Leda clays (CL-CH) 1 4Mexico City clay (MH) 7 10Organic clays (OH) 4Peats (Pt) 10 15Organic silt and clayey silts (ML-MH) 1.5 4San Francisco Bay Mud (CL) 0.4 1.1San Francisco Old Bay clays (CH) 0.7 0.9Bangkok clay (CH)

Carter, M and Bentley, S. P., Correlations of Soil Properties, Pentech Press, London, 1991.

Typical Values of Compressibility Index, Cc (after Holtz and Kovacs 1981)

Cc

Average0.350.2250.40.55

22.58.5

12.52.750.750.80.4

Carter, M and Bentley, S. P., Correlations of Soil Properties, Pentech Press, London, 1991.

(after Holtz and Kovacs 1981)

Cc

Soil

Lower Limit Upper Limit AverageBoston blue clay (CL) 6 18 12Organic silt (OH) 0.6 3 1.8Glacial lake clays (CL) 2 2.7 2.35Chicago silty clay (CL) 2.7 2.7 2.7

1. laboratory 0.1 0.2 0.15 2. field 0.2 1 0.6San Francisco Bay Mud (CL) 0.6 1.2 0.9Mexico City clay (MH) 0.3 0.5 0.4

Carter, M and Bentley, S. P., Correlations of Soil Properties, Pentech Press, London, 1991.

Soil

(kPa)

Red earth 25-50 1.46 1.7250-100 2.03 2.52100-200 2.31 3.15200-400 2.57 3.44400-800 2.55 3.78

Brown soil 25-50 1.20 1.4050-100 0.95 1.19100-200 0.90 1.07200-400 0.66 0.70400-800 0.41 0.46

Black cotton soil 25-50 1.60 2.0750-100 0.97 1.16100-200 0.63 0.79200-400 0.36 0.50400-800 0.18 0.20

Illite 25-50 0.52 0.7150-100 0.42 1.00100-200 0.69 1.00

Typical Values of the Coefficient of Consolidation, cv (after Carter and Bentley 1991)

cv

(m2/yr)

Swedish medium sensitive clays (CL-CH)

Comparison of cv Obtained From Various Methods (after Robinson and Allam, 1996)

Range of Pressure σ'

cv

(m2/yr)

Logarithm-of-time method

Square-root-of-time method

200-400 0.99 1.45400-800 1.31 1.84

Bentonite 25-50 0.02 0.0450-100 0.01 0.03100-200 0.01 0.02200-400 0.01 0.01400-800 0.00 0.01

Chicago clay 12.5-50 7.92 14.3525-50 6.34 7.5450-100 4.32 5.49100-200 1.00 1.49200-400 1.44 1.39400-800 1.91 2.03800-1600 2.24 2.72

Das, Braja M., Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, Fifth Ed., Thomas Learning, United States, 2002.

Reference

Ladd and Luscher, 1965Lowe, Zaccheo, and Feldman, 1964Wallace and Otto, 1964Terzaghi and Peck, 1967

Holtz and Broms, 1972

Leonards and Girault, 1961

Carter, M and Bentley, S. P., Correlations of Soil Properties, Pentech Press, London, 1991.

Reference

1.932.843.603.964.041.711.201.110.860.433.071.511.090.640.250.791.051.15

(after Carter and Bentley 1991)

Obtained From Various Methods (after Robinson and Allam, 1996)

v

/yr)

Early stage log t method

1.622.030.050.040.030.010.0114.51

Taylor, 1948

9.936.371.571.552.342.87

, Fifth Ed., Thomas Learning, United States, 2002.

SoilLower Limit Upper Limit Average

Organic silts 0.035 0.06 0.0475Amorphous and fibrous peat 0.035 0.085 0.06Canadian muskeg 0.09 0.1 0.095Leda clay (Canada) 0.03 0.06 0.045Post-glacial Swedish clay 0.05 0.07 0.06Soft blue clay (Victoria, B.C.) 0.026 0.026 0.026Organic clays and silts 0.04 0.06 0.05Sensitive clay, Portland, ME 0.025 0.055 0.04San Francisco Bay Mud 0.04 0.06 0.05New Liskeard (Canada) varved clay 0.03 0.06 0.045Mexico City clay 0.03 0.035 0.0325Hudson River silt 0.03 0.06 0.045New Haven organic clay silt 0.04 0.075 0.0575

Typical Values of Cα/Cc (after Carter and Bentley 1991)

Cα/Cc

Carter, M and Bentley, S. P., Correlations of Soil Properties, Pentech Press, London, 1991.

Soil

Average

Sands and gravels very loose 16.67 17.65 17.16 12.75 loose 17.65 18.63 18.14 13.73 medium dense 18.63 20.59 19.61 14.71 dense 19.61 21.57 20.59 16.67 very dense 21.57 22.56 22.06 19.61Poorly-graded sands 16.67 18.63 17.65 12.75Well-graded sands 17.65 22.56 20.10 13.73well-graded sand/gravel mixtures 18.63 22.56 20.59 14.71Clays unconsolidated muds 15.69 16.67 16.18 8.83 soft, open-structured 16.67 18.63 17.65 10.79 typical, normally consolidated 17.65 21.57 19.61 12.75 boulder clays (overconsolidated) 19.61 23.54 21.57 16.67Red tropical soils 16.67 20.59 18.63 12.75

Carter, M and Bentley, S. P., Correlations of Soil Properties, Pentech Press, London, 1991.

Typical Values of Unit Weights (γsat and γdry) (after Carter and Bentley 1991)

γsat γdry

(kN/m3) (kN/m3)

Lower Limit

Upper Limit

Lower Limit

Average

13.73 13.2414.71 14.2217.65 16.1819.61 18.1421.57 20.5914.71 13.7321.57 17.6521.57 18.14

10.79 9.8113.73 12.2618.63 15.6921.57 19.1217.65 15.20

) (after Carter and Bentley 1991)

γdry

(kN/m3)

Upper Limit

Soil (kPa)Lower Limit Upper Limit Average

Soft clay 1800 3500 2650Hard clay 6000 14000 10000Loose sand 10000 28000 19000Dense sand 35000 70000 52500

Range of Values: Modulus of Elasticity, E (McCarthy, 1998)

Soil (kPa)Lower Limit Upper Limit Average

Sand, loose 9000 25000 17000Sand, dense 45000 80000 62500Sand, silty 7000 21000 14000Sand and gravel, loose 45000 145000 95000Sand and gravel, dense 90000 180000 135000Silt 2400 20000 11200Loess 15000 50000 32500Clay, soft 500 5000 2750Clay, medium 4000 10000 7000Clay, firm 7000 20000 13500Clay, sandy 25000 40000 32500

Representative Values of Modulus of Elasticity of Soil, Es (Das, 2002)

Es

Es

(ton/m2)Lower LimitUpper Limit Average

900 2500 17004500 8000 6250700 2100 14004500 14500 95009000 18000 13500240 2000 11201500 5000 325050 500 275400 1000 700700 2000 13502500 4000 3250

Es

Representative Values of Poisson's Ration, ν (Das, 2002)

Soilν

Lower Limit Upper Limit Average

Loose sand 0.2 0.4 0.3MediumSand 0.25 0.4 0.325Dense sand 0.3 0.45 0.375Silty sand 0.2 0.4 0.3Soft clay 0.15 0.25 0.2Medium clay 0.2 0.5 0.35

Range of Values: Poisson's Ratio, ν (McCarthy, 1998)

Soilν

Lower Limit Upper Limit Average

Sand, loose 0.1 0.3 0.2Sand, dense 0.3 0.4 0.35Silt 0.3 0.4 0.35Loess 0.2 0.4 0.3Clay, saturated 0.4 0.5 0.45Clay, partially saturated 0.3 0.4 0.35Clay, with sand and silt 0.2 0.4 0.3

Clay (kPa)Lower Limit Upper Limit Average

Very soft 12Soft 12 25 18.5Medium 25 50 37.5Stiff 50 100 75Very stiff 100 200 150Hard 200

Typical Values of Undrained Shear Strength, cu (after Day, 2006)

cu

Day, Robert W., Foundation Engineering Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2006.

, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2006.

Soile

Lower Limit Upper Limit AverageCompacted caliche 0.227 0.667 0.447Silty sand 0.242 0.333 0.2875Sandy clay 0.379 1.303 0.841Beach sand 0.636 0.833 0.7345

0.485 0.652 0.5685Vicksburg buckshot clay 0.576 0.985 0.7805Ottawa sand 0.591 0.636 0.6135Sand-Franklin Falls 0.75 0.848 0.799Sand-Scituate 0.485 0.621 0.553Sand-Plum Island 0.652 0.697 0.6745Sand-Fort Peck 0.561 0.606 0.5835Silt-Boston 0.742 3.97 2.356Loess 0.652 0.764 0.708Lean clay 0.394 0.53 0.462Sand-Union Falls 0.439 0.645 0.542Silt-North Carolina 0.636 0.879 0.7575Sand from dike 0.652 1.152 0.902Sodium-Boston blue clay 0.47 2.697 1.5835Calcium kaolinite 1.212 1.682 1.447Sodium montmorillonite 2.333 3.97 3.1515Sand (dam filter) 0.455 0.773 0.614

Typical Values of Void Ratio, e (after Lambe and Whitman, 1969)

Compacted Boston blue clay

Day, Robert W., Foundation Engineering Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2006.

, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2006.

Soilk

(cm/s)Lower Limit Upper Limit Average

Compacted caliche 5.0E-09 1.0E-07 5.3E-08Silty sand 7.0E-09 3.0E-08 1.9E-08Sandy clay 2.5E-10 2.8E-04 1.4E-04Beach sand 8.0E-02 2.0E-01 1.4E-01Compacted Boston blue clay 3.5E-09 3.2E-08 1.8E-08Vicksburg buckshot clay 3.0E-10 1.2E-09 7.5E-10Ottawa sand 6.0E-10 7.0E-10 6.5E-10Sand-Franklin Falls 9.0E-04 1.2E-03 1.1E-03Sand-Scituate 4.0E-03 9.5E-03 6.8E-03Sand-Plum Island 1.8E-02 2.8E-02 2.3E-02Sand-Fort Peck 1.8E-03 2.8E-03 2.3E-03Silt-Boston 1.0E-08 2.0E-06 1.0E-06Loess 4.0E-09 5.2E-09 4.6E-09Lean clay 2.0E-09 2.8E-08 1.5E-08Sand-Union Falls 4.3E-02 1.0E-01 7.2E-02Silt-North Carolina 5.7E-07 8.0E-05 4.0E-05Sand from dike 1.4E-04 1.7E-03 9.2E-04Sodium-Boston blue clay 1.7E-10 1.0E-07 5.0E-08Calcium kaolinite 2.1E-06 1.2E-05 7.1E-06Sodium montmorillonite 1.8E-08 1.8E-08 1.8E-08Sand (dam filter) 1.6E-03 1.0E-01 5.1E-02

Typical Values of Permeability, k

Soilk

(cm/s)Lower Limit Upper Limit Average

Clean gravel 1.0E+00 1.0E+00Gravel, clean coarse sand 1.0E-01 1.0E+00 5.5E-01Graded sand, fine sand 1.0E-03 1.0E-01 5.1E-02Silty sand, silt 1.0E-05 1.0E-03 5.1E-04Dense silt, clayey silt 1.0E-07 1.0E-05 5.1E-06Clay, silty clay 1.0E-07 1.0E-07

Typical Values of Permeability, k

Typical Values of Permeability, k (after Lambe and Whitman, 1969)

Day, Robert W., Foundation Engineering Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2006.

Spangler, Merlin G. and R.L. Handy, Soil Engineering, Fourth Edition, Harper & Row Publishers, New York, 1982.

Soilk

(cm/s)Lower Limit Upper Limit Average

River deposits Rhone at Genissiat 4.00E-01 Small streams, eastern Alps 2.00E-02 1.60E-01 9.00E-02 Missouri 2.00E-02 2.00E-01 1.10E-01 Mississippi 2.00E-02 1.20E-01 7.00E-02Glacial deposits Outwash plains 5.00E-02 2.00E+00 1.03E+00 Esker, Westfiels, Mass. 1.00E-02 1.30E-01 7.00E-02 Delta, Chicopee, Mass. 1.00E-04 1.50E-02 7.55E-03 Till 1.00E-04Wind deposits Dune sand 1.00E-01 3.00E-01 2.00E-01 Loess 1.00E-03 Loess loam 1.00E-04

Very fine uniform sand 1.00E-04 6.40E-03 3.25E-03 Bull's liver, Sixth Ave. N.Y. 1.00E-04 5.00E-03 2.55E-03 Bull's liver, Brooklyn 1.00E-05 1.00E-04 5.50E-05 Clay 1.00E-07

Typical Values of Permeability, k

Soilk

(cm/s)Lower Limit Upper Limit Average

Clean gravel 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 5.5E+00

1.0E-03 1.0E+00 5.0E-01

Fine sands, silts 1.0E-05 1.0E-03 5.1E-04

1.0E-07 1.0E-04 5.0E-05

Homogeneous clays 1.0E-07

Lacustrine and marine offshore deposits

Lambe, T. William, and Whitman, Robert V., Soil Mechanics, SI version, Wiley, New York, 1969.

Clean sand, sand and gravel mixtures

Sand-silt-clay mistures, glacial tills

McCarthy, David F., Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations: Basic Geotechnics, Fifth Edition, Prentice Hall, 1998.

3.2E-02

, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2006.

, Fourth Edition, Harper & Row Publishers, New York, 1982.

Soil Mechanics, SI version, Wiley, New York, 1969.

Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations: Basic Geotechnics, Fifth Edition, Prentice Hall, 1998.