kelantan schema answer paper 1 & 2

SULIT 4551

4551 ® 2008 [Lihat sebelah SULIT

3

4551 Biologi SEPT. 2008

PKPSM

PEPERIKSAAN PERCUBAAN SPM TAHUN 2008

Kertas soalan ini mengandungi 13 halaman bercetak.

BIOLOGY

PERATURAN PERMARKAHAN

KERTAS 1,2, 3

UNTUK KEGUNAAN PEMERIKSA SAHAJA

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ANSWER PAPER 1 ;

1 C 16 D 31 C 46 D

2 B 17 D 32 A 47 A

3 C 18 D 33 D 48 A

4 A 19 B 34 D 49 B

5 C 20 D 35 C 50 B

6 B 21 C 36 A

7 A 22 B 37 B BIO

8 C 23 C 38 D PAPER 1

9 C 24 A 39 C

10 B 25 D 40 A

11 A 26 A 41 D

12 D 27 C 42 B

13 B 28 D 43 C

14 A 29 B 44 C

15 A 30 B 45 B

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1 Diagram 1 shows structures of protein. The protein structures can be

classified into four levels J, K, L and M based on organization of their

structures.

Rajah 1 menunjukkan struktur protein. Struktur protein boleh dikelaskan

kepada empat aras J,K L dan M berdasarkan organisasi bentuk strukturnya.

Diagram 1

(a) ( i) Label amino acid and peptide bond in J Labelkan asid amino dan ikatan peptide pada J X : Amino acid Y : Peptide bond [2 marks] (ii) Name the protein structures of L and M Namakan struktur protein L dan M. L: Secondary structure

M: Quaternary structure [2 marks]

(b) (i) Name the organelle in the cell where the protein is synthesized? Namakan organel dalam sel di mana protein disintesis? Ribosome [1 mark]

(ii) Name the process P in the following reaction? Namakan proses P dalam tindakbalas berikut?

P + H2O Hydrolysis

1 (a)(i)

1 (a)(ii)

1 (b)(i)

1 (b)(ii)

J K L M

X

Y

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All enzymes are protein. Enzymes are sensitive to temperature.

Semua enzim adalah protein. Enzim peka kepada suhu.

[ 1 mark ] (iii) By using the letters J,K L and M, which protein structure is represented Dengan menggunakan huruf J, K, L dan M, struktur protein manakah mewakili Enzyme / enzim : K Haemoglobin /hemoglobin : M [ 2 marks ]

(c) Explain why food is kept in refrigerator?

Terangkan kenapa makanan disimpan dalam peti sejuk?

F : Temperature in refrigerator is low

P1 : Enzyme (in bacteria) is inactive

P2 : food cannot be decomposed

[3 marks ]

d) A branded washing machine is provided with temperature regulator.

A housewife uses the detergent containing enzyme at 40oC to wash

the clothes. Using the information given, explain why?

Mesin basuh berjenama dibekalkan dengan pengawalatur suhu.

Seorang surirumah menggunakan pencuci yang mengandungi enzim

pada suhu 40oC untuk mencuci pakaian. Dengan mengunakan

maklumat yang diberi, terangkan mengapa?

F: 40oC is an optimum temperature

P1: enzyme activity is maximum

P2: the cleaning is more effective.

[ 2 marks]

1 (b)(iii)

1 (c)

1 (d)

TOTAL

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2 Diagram 2 shows a food pyramid.

Rajah 2 menunjukkan piramid makanan.

DIAGRAM 2

Rajah 2

(a) Label A, B, C and D are the different classes of food that make up the

balanced diet.

Label A, B, C and D adalah kelas-kelas makanan yang berbeza

dalam gizi seimbang.

(i) Name the classes of food labeled C and D.

Namakan kelas makanan dilabelkan C dan D.

C : Fibre / roughage /dietary fibre

D: Carbohydrate

[2 marks]

(ii) State two functions of C ?

Nyatakan dua fungsi bagi C

To prevent constipation //

Source of vitamins // mineral (any example accepted)

[2 marks]

2 (a)(i)

2 (a)(ii)

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(b) Explain the statement above.

Terangkan pernyataan di atas..

• Malnutrition due to the lacking , the excessive or the wrong proportion of nutrients intake for a long term. (1 mark)

• Example of protein: bean/ meat/fish (1 mark)

• Lack of protein intake cause kwashiorkor (1mark)

• Health problem/ Symptom: scaly skin/ thin muscles/thin hair /swell of the body. (1 mark)

OR

• Excessive protein intake cause gout/ kidney stone/ kidney damage (1 mark)

• Health problem/ symptom :inflammation of joint /urination trouble

[4 marks]

(c) Explain how the methods above extend the life span of the foods.

Terangkan bagaimana kaedah-kaedah di atas dapat memanjangkan jangka hayat makanan.

Method Explanation /Biological concept

1 Fermentation

Food substances are added with yeast(1 mark)

-Fermentation yields ethanol which, at high concentration, will stop the activity of bacteria that cause food spoilage.(1 mark)

2 UHT treatment

Fresh milk is heated to 1320C for 1-5 seconds (under high pressure).(1 mark)

The high temperature kills microorganisms/ bacteria /fungus and microorganisms/ bacteria /fungus spores. (1 mark)

[4 marks]

2 (b)

2 (c)

TOTAL

Malnutrition caused by the unbalanced diet. Malnutrition of B

for a long term will affects certain health problems.

Malnutrisi berpunca dari gizi yang tidak seimbang. Malnutrisi

bagi B dalam tempoh masa yang lama akan menyebabkan

beberapa masalah kesihatan.

Fermentation and UHT treatment are food processing methods.

Penapaian dan UHT adalah kaedah pemprosesan makanan

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3 Diagram 3.1 shows agricultural activities which give effect P along the river at Zone R, Zone S and Zone T. Diagram 3.2 shows the changes of dissolved oxygen and the changes of certain bacteria population in the river. Rajah 3.1 shows aktiviti pertanian yang memberikan kesan P di sepanjang aliran sungai di Zon R, Zon S dan Zon T. Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan perubahan kepekatan oksigen terlarut dan perubahan populasi bakteria tertentu dalam sungai itu.

Diagram 3.1

Diagram 3.2

R T S

Co

nce

ntr

ation

o

f d

isso

lve

d

oxyge

n. (

arb

itra

ry u

nit) P

opu

latio

n o

f ba

cte

ria

(arb

itrary

un

it)

Oxygen Bacteria

X

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(a) (i) What is the distance from X where the concentration of dissolved

oxygen and the bacterial population begin to change?.

Berapakah jarak dari X dimana kepekatan oksigen terlarut dan

populasi bakteria mulai berubah?.

15 km

[1 mark]

(ii) What is the ecological term for the effect P? Give one example of

substance which cause the effect P.

Apakah istilah ekologi bagi kesan P? Berikan satu contoh bahan yang

menyumbangkan kesan P.

Water pollution

Pesticide/ herbicide / fungicide/ insecticide

OR

Eutrophication

Faeces / fertilizer’s

[2 marks]

(b) The fish population in the river was also affected by P. Draw in the

Diagram 3.2 to show the change of fish population at Zone R, S and T.

Give a reason.

Populasi ikan dalam sungai tersebut juga mengalami kesan dari P. Lakar

graf dalam Diagram 3.2 untuk menunjukkan populasi ikan pada Zon R, S

dan T. Berikan alasan anda.

(On the Diagram 3.2)

Oxygen level in the water drops, they die / their population

decrease.

[2 marks]

3 (a)(i)

3 (a)(ii)

3 (b)

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(c) Describe the phenomenon based on above statement.

Berdasarkan pernyataan di atas, huraikan fenomena tersebut.

o Agriculture activities releases fertilizer / nitrates / phosphates

o Decomposition of the waste product/ sewage release mineral / ions

o Leaching / Washing down the fertilizers and ions/minerals into

the river, accelerate / promotes alga and aquatic plant growth/algal

blooming

o Prevent penetration of sunlight into the river and inhibit

photosynthesis process

o Oxygen content decrease, aquatic organisms die.

[4 marks]

(d) Based on Diagram 3.2, explain the relationship among the agriculture

sewage, bacterial population and the oxygen content in the river.

o High agriculture sewage provides food / organic substances for

microorganisms

o Encourages the population of bacterial in the river.

o There is increase in oxygen consumption by the bacteria / High

BOD

o Therefore the oxygen content in the river decrease.

[3 marks]

3 (c)

3 (d)

TOTAL

After 3 years, there is abundant of algal population at Zone S which

result the death of aquatic organisms.

Selepas 3 tahun didapati Zon S mengalami pertumbuhan populasi alga

yang sangat ketara dan menyebabkan kematian organisma akuatik.

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4 Diagram 4 shows the pathway of water movement from the soil to the upper

plant of the plant.

Rajah 4 menunjukkan laluan pergerakan air dari tanah ke bahagian atas

tumbuhan.

DIAGRAM 4

RAJAH 4

(a) State one characteristic of R and its importance.

Nyatakan satu ciri R dan kepentingannya

o Characteristics of R : small in size // have a large total surface

area to volume (TSA/V) // Increases the surface area

o Important of R: for water (and mineral) absorption //

o Characteristics of R : Have thin cell wall // have no cuticle

o Important of R: for water (and mineral) ions absorption //

o Charateristics of R : The cell sap in R is usually hypertonic to

the surrounding soil water.

o Important of R: for water absorption.

(any 2) [ 2 marks ]

4 (a)

Soil

R S

T

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(b) (i) Based on Diagram 4, explain how water from soil move to structure T.

Berdasarkan Rajah 4, terangkan bagaimana air dari tanah bergerak

ke struktur T

• The cell sap of R is hypertonic to the soil water.

• So, water diffuses into R by osmosis

• The entry of water dilutes cell sap of R// cell sap of R becomes

hypotonic compared to cell sap of S/ the next cells.

• Therefore water diffuses into S/to these adjacent cells which

become more diluted themselves, so osmosis continues across

the S

• The continuous flow of water in S creates a force known as root

pressure to push water into xylem.

(any 4) [ 4 marks ]

(ii) The flow of water along the T structure is carried out by capillary

action. Name the forces involved to ensure the continuous flow of

water.

Pergerakan air sepanjang struktur T disebabkan oleh tindakan

kapilari. Namakan daya yang terlibat untuk memastikan pergerakan air

yang berterusan

Adhesion & Cohesion (force)

[ 1 mark ]

(iii) Explain how these forces in b(ii) enables the movement of water to the

top of the plant.

Terangkan bagaimana daya dalam b(ii) membolehkan pergerakan air

ke bahagian atas tumbuhan.

o Adhesion – attraction force between water molecules and the xylem

wall enable water to move up along the narrow xylem vessels

o Cohesion – attraction force between water molecules form a

continuous water column in the xylem vessels

[ 2 marks ]

4(b)(i)

4(b)(ii)

4(b)(iii)

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(d) Describe how the plant control their water loss.

Terangkan bagaimana tumbuhan mengawal kehilangan air.

o water is lost from the plant in the form of water vapour (into the

surrounding air) by transpiration,

o mainly through the stomata in the leaves.

o The amount of water lost depends on the size of the stomatal

pore

o (the size of the stomatal pore) is controlled by the guard cell//

through the opening and closing of stomata

OR

Examples: in daylight /light intensity is high, the guard cell

become turgid// stomata open, thus the water loss increases

OR

Examples: in dark /light intensity is low, the guard cell become

flaccid// stomata closed, thus the water loss decreases

(any 3) [ 3 mark

4(d)

TOTAL

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5 Diagram 5 shows the changes of four types of hormone which control the

menstrual cycle and follicle development in the ovaries.

Rajah 5 menunjukkan perubahan empat jenis hormon yang mengawal kitar

haid dan perkembangan folikel dalam ovari.

Diagram 5

(a) Based on Diagram 5 name the hormone labeled P and R.

Berdasarkan Rajah 5, namakan hormon yang berlabel P and R:

P : LH / Luteinising hormone

R : Oestrogen

[2 marks]

(b) Complete the follicle development in boxes M and N in the Diagram 5.

Lengkapkan perkembangan folikel dalam petak M dan K pada Rajah 5.

[1 marks ]

5 (a)

5(b)

Q P

R S

M N

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(c) Based on the Diagram 5, explain the relationship between the structure M

and the level of hormone S.

Terangkan hubungan di antara aras hormon S dengan struktur M.

• After ovulation, M / corpus luteum secretes S / progesterone

• the level of S/ progesterone increases to maintain the thickness

of the endometrium.

• When the M / corpus luteum degenerates, the level of S/

progesterone decreases, the endometrium begin to disintegrates.

[3 marks]

(d) If fertilization occurred, the level of hormones S is maintained and the

pregnancy is proceed.

Explain the importance of hormone S.

Jika persenyawaan telah berlaku, aras hormone S dikekalkan dan

kehamilan terus berlaku.

• To inhibit the secretion of FSH and LH from pituitary gland

• No development of follicle / secondary oocyte

• Then the secretion of oestrogen is reduced

• Repair/ rejuvenation of endometrium is not happened

• Hence no new early embryo develops.

[3 marks]

(e) If the sperm counts of a husband is too low, artificial insemination can be

carried out to overcome this infertility problem. Discuss the appropriate

technique should be used.

Jika jumlah sperma suami terlalu rendah, teknik permanian beradas boleh

digunakan untuk mengatasi masalah ketidaksuburan ini. Bincangkan

teknik yang sesuai digunakan.

• The sperms are collected from the husband / taken from sperm

banks.

• And inserted directly into the Fallopian tube of the wife during

ovulation phase.

[2 marks]

5(c)

5(d)

5(e)

TOTAL

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Section B

[ 40 marks ]

Answer any two question. The time suggested to complete this section is 60 minutes

6 (a) According to the stages metaphase, anaphase and telophase in cell division,

differentiate the events happening during mitosis and meiosis.

Berdasarkan kepada peringkat metafasa, anafasa dan telofasa dalam

pembahagian sel, bezakan peristiwa yang berlaku semasa mitosis dan meiosis.

[4 marks]

(b) Diagram 6.1 Diagram 6.2 Diagram 6.1 is a new variety of a vegetable which has a great commercial value.

Diagram 6.2 is the original parent of the plant.

Based on above Diagram and with your biological knowledge, explain how a farmer

can propagate this variety to give a large scale of yield and at the same time maintains

its quality.

Rajah 6.1 adalah satu variati sayuran di mana mempunyai nilai komersial.

Rajah 6.2 adalah induk tempatan pokok tersebut.

Berdasarkan Rajah di atas dan pengetahuan biologi anda, terangkan bagaimana

seorang petani dapat memperbanyakkan variati ini supaya hasil ladang dapat

meningkat dan pada masa yang sama, kualiti dapat dipelihara.

[6 marks] c) Discuss how mutation can lead to the formation of tumour Bincangkan bagaimana mutasi dapat menyebabkan pembentukan tumor.

[10 marks]

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7 Diagram 7 shows the colour variation in a species of moth, Biston betularia in polluted

environment. Due to natural selection, the white coloured moth’s become extinct as well

as the time passed.

Rajah 7 menunjukkan variasi warna bagi satu spesis kupu-kupu di suatu kawasan

persekitaran tercemar. Akibat dari pemilihan semulajadi, lama-kelamaan kupu-kupu

putih mengalami kepupusan.

Diagram 7 / Rajah 7

(a) Based on the Diagram 7 , explain the meaning of ‘natural selection’.

Berdasarkan Rajah 7, terangkan pengertian ‘pemilihan semulajadi’

[4 marks] (b) The variation of human blood group is determined by three different alleles A, B and

O. By using a schematic diagram, show the possibilities of phenotypes and

genotypes of the offsprings if mother’s blood group is AB and father’s blood group is

A.

Variasi kumpulan darah manusia ditentukan oleh tiga alel yang berbeza A, B dan O.

Dengan mengunakan rajah skema, tunjukkan kemungkinan fenotip dan genotip

anak-anak jika kumpulan darah ibu AB dan kumpulan darah bapa adalah A.

[6 marks ]

(c) Table 7.1 and 7.2 below show the blood group and height variations of the

students in a secondary school.

Jadual 7.1 dan 7.2 di bawah menunjukkan variasi kumpulan darah dan ketinggian

pelajar di sebuah sekolah menengah.

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i) Blood Group / Kumpulan darah

Blood group

Kumpulan darah

A B AB 0

Number of students

Bilangan pelajar

13

9

3

20

TABLE 7.1

JADUAL 7.1

ii) Height / Ketinggian

TABLE 7.1

JADUAL 7.1

Based on Table 7.1 and 7.2, construct two different histograms on a graph paper to

show the number of students against blood group and the number of students against

height. Explain the similarities and differences between these two types of variations.

Berdasarkan Jadual 7.1 dan 7.2, bina dua histogram yang berbeza pada satu kertas

graf untuk menunjukkan bilangan pelajar melawan kumpulan darah dan bilangan pelajar

melawan ketinggian. Terangkan persamaan dan perbezaan antara dua jenis variasi

tersebut.

[10 marks]

Height /

Tinggi

( cm )

135-

139

140-

144

145-

149

150-

154

155-

159

160-

164

165-

169

170-

174

Number of students

Bilangan pelajar

2

5

7

9

10

7

4

1

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SUGGESTED ANSWER :

No. ACCEPTED POINTS / DESCRIPTION / EXPLANATION M Sum

Stages Mitosis Meiosis

1. Metaphase

- homologous chromosome are

arranged in linear sequence

/randomly at the metaphase

plate

- homologous chromosome line up

side by side at the metaphase plate

2. Anaphase

- separation of sister chromatids

to the opposite pole// the

centromere of each chromosome

divides into two and allows sister

chromatid to move to opposite

pole.

- separation of the homologous

chromosome to the opposite pole //

sister chromatids still remain

attached to each other during

movement to the opposite pole

3. Telophase - two daughter nuclei are formed

- diploid (2n) number of

chromosome is remained

- daughter cells are genetically

identical to each other and to

the parent cell.

- four daughter nuclei are formed

- diploid (2n) number of chromosome

is reduced to haploid (n)

- daughter cells are differ

from the parent and from

each other// variation

occurs among daughter

cells.

1m each = max 4 marks

6(a) o Able to differentiate the events happening during mitosis

and meiosis. 4

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6(b) Able to explain how a farmer can propagate this variety to

give a large scale of yield and at the same time maintains its

quality.

• The technique used is tissue culture technique

• A piece of tissue/explant is taken from the young part of the

parent plant eg. Shoot/ root and cut into smaller pieces

• The tissues are sterilized (with dilute sodium hypochlorite

solution) to prevent the growth of pathogens / bacteria

/fungus.

• Each pieces of sterilised tissue is placed onto a growth

medium/ gel containing nutrients (eg. Glucose, amino

acid, minerals etc.) and hormone/auxin with optimum pH

level

• The apparatus and culture medium used must be in sterile

conditions and kept under the suitable temperature/ 30-

35°C.

• The tissue cells then divide repeatedly by mitosis to

produce a mass of undifferentiated cells/ callus

• After several weeks, callus differentiated to produce shoots

and roots /organogenesis.

• Once the roots grow, the plantlets/little plant are removed

and transferred to the soil for growth into the adult plant.

• All the plantlets produced this way are genetically identical

and known as clones.

• Therefore, all adults plants that develop from them share

the same traits, for example has large fruits.

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Max

6

1 point - 1 mark

10 point - 10 marks Max: 6 marks

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6(b) Discuss how mutation can lead to the formation of

• certain substance/carcinogen such as benzo - A -

pyrene etc…

• can cause the change in DNA structure (that control

the cell cycle)

• an abnormal cell is formed/ cancer cell / mutant cell

• this change disrupts the coded DNA genetic instruction

for mitosis control

• this leads to uncontrolled mitosis (which is non-stop

division of the cell) producing a mass of new daughter

cells called tumour

• tumour cells have no function, but instead compete

with surrounding normal cells to obtain nutrients and

energy for their own growth

• some tumours remain inactive and are relatively

harmless (not cancerous) and called benign tumour

• Benign tumour cells remain at its original site and do

not spread to other part of the body. It can be removed

by surgery.

• Other tumour, called malignant tumours are very

active (cancerous), spread locally and some cancer

cell migrates through bloodstream to invade other

organ.

• when this happens, secondary tumous develop in

other body tissue, then lead to the malfunction of the

tissue and ultimately death

• An individual with a malignant tumour is said to have

cancer.

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Max 10

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QUESTION 7


7a

Able to explain the meaning of natural selection.

• Over the time, one species better adapted to the environmental

changing.

• Example : camouflage of colour protect themselves from predator

• That particular ( white/ black) species increase their population

while the others cannot.

• White species / black species becomes dominant in their

community

1

1

1

1

[ 4 marks]

7b

Enable to draw a schematic diagram

Max 6

Parents Mother Father Group AB X Group A …………….. 1m Genotypes AB AA …………...1m Gamets A B A A ………1m Children’s genotypes AA AA AB AB ………..1m Children’s phenotypes A A AB AB …………1m # 50% of the children have group A and 50% of the children have group AB .1m

[Max 6/ 8 ] OR

Meiosis 1m

Fertilization 1m

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Parents Mother Father Group AB Group A Genotypes AB AO Gamets A B A O Children’s genotypes AA AO AB BO Children’s phenotypes A A AB B # 50% of the children have group A , 25% of the children have group AB and 25% of the children have group B.

[ max 6 / 8 mark] 7(c)

Graph: Height variation – continuous

Blood group Variation – discontinuous

Able to explain the similarity and contrast of height variation and blood group variation. # Similarity – both height variation and blood group

variation create varieties in population.

# differences

4 marks

1m

5m

Height Blood group

1. Continuous variation Discontinuous variation

2. Graph shows normal distribution Graph shows discrete distribution

3. influence by environmental factors Influence by genetic

4. Traits are controlled by two or more

genes

Traits are controlled by a single gene

5 The phenotype is usually controlled

by many pairs of gene.

The phenotypes is controlled by a pair of alleles.

6. the characters can be measured and graded // quantitative

The characters cannot be measured and graded // qualitative.

Absorption

Serapan

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Section B

[ 40 marks ]

Answer any two question. The time suggested to complete this section is 60 minutes

8 (a) Diagram 8 shows the schematic diagram the regulatory mechanism of carbon dioxide

content in the human body.

Rajah 8 menunjukkan rajah skema mekanisme kawalatur kandungan karbon dioksida

dalam badan manusia.

DIAGRAM 8

RAJAH 8

(a) Based on Diagram 8, explain how the regulatory mechanism of carbon dioxide assists a

person during vigorous activity to maintain the carbon dioxide content in his blood.

[10 marks]

Berdasarkan Rajah 8 terangkan bagaimana mekanisme kawal atur kandungan

karbon dioksida membantu seseorang yang melakukan aktiviti cergas menstabilkan

kandungan karbon dioksida dalam darahnya.

[10 markah]

Carbon dioxide level in the blood increases Aras karbon dioksida dalam darah meningkat

Detected by Dikesan oleh

Nerves Impuls Impuls

Detected by Dikesan oleh

Nerves Impuls Impuls

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(b)

You are asked to prepare a talk on” Good eating habits” for a group of parents.

Discuss the good eating habits that you may want to educate them.

Anda dikehendaki menyediakan suatu ceramah yang bertajuk “ Amalan tabiat

pemakanan yang baik” untuk sekumpulan ibu bapa. Bincangkan amalan

pemakanan yang baik untuk disampaikan kepada mereka.

[ 10 marks]

Some families often eat fast food because working parents do not

have time to prepare home cooked food. These eating habits lead

to many health problems.

Sesetengah keluarga kerap mengambil makanan segera kerana

ibubapa mereka yang bekerja tidak mempunyai masa untuk

menyediakan sarapan di rumah. Tabiat makan ini menyebabkan

berlakunya pelbagai masalah kesihatan.

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9 (a) Diagram 9 shows the Nitrogen Cycle. Rajah 9 menunjukkan kitar Nitrogen.

Diagram 9.1 Based on Diagram 9.1, discuss the role of microorganisms in the Nitrogen Cycle.

Berdasarkan Rajah 9.1 , bincangkan peranan mikroorganisma di dalam Kitar Nitrogen [10 marks]

Urine Air kencing

Organic materials Bahan organik

Root nodules of legumes Nodul akar

kekacang

Ammonium compound Sebatian ammonium

Nitrite Nitrit

Nitrate Nitrat

Faeces Najis

Nitrogen in the atmosphere

Nitrogen dalam atmosfera

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(b) Diagram 9.2 shows the ozone layer in atmosphere that protects earth from ultraviolet rays from the sun.

Rajah 9.2 menunjukkan lapisan ozon dalam atmosfera yang melindungi bumi daripada sinar ultraviolet daripada matahari.

DIAGRAM 9.2 Describe how the ozone layer becomes thinner. Discuss its effects on humans and

the environment and suggest the ways to solve these problems.

Huraikan bagaimana lapisan ozon menjadi semakin nipis. Bincangkan kesannya

kepada manusia serta alam sekitar dan cadangkan langkah-langkah untuk

mengatasi masalah ini.

[10 marks]

END OF QUESTION PAPER

Solar radiation

Sinaran suria

Stratosphere Stratosfera

Absorption

Serapan Ozone layer

Lapisan ozon

Harmful ultraviolet radiation Sinaran ultra ungu

berbahaya

Troposphere

Trofosfera

Earth

Bumi

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SUGGESTED ANSWER :


Stages Mitosis Meiosis

1. Metaphase

- homologous chromosome are

arranged in linear sequence

/randomly at the metaphase

plate

- homologous chromosome line up

side by side at the metaphase plate

2. Anaphase

- separation of sister chromatids

to the opposite pole// the

centromere of each chromosome

divides into two and allows sister

chromatid to move to opposite

pole.

- separation of the homologous

chromosome to the opposite pole //

sister chromatids still remain

attached to each other during

movement to the opposite pole

3. Telophase - two daughter nuclei are formed

- diploid (2n) number of

chromosome is remained

- daughter cells are genetically

identical to each other and to

the parent cell.

- four daughter nuclei are formed

- diploid (2n) number of chromosome

is reduced to haploid (n)

- daughter cells are differ

from the parent and from

each other// variation

occurs among daughter

cells.

1m each = max 4 marks

6(a) o Able to differentiate the events happening during mitosis

and meiosis. 4

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30


8a

Able to explain how the regulatory mechanism of carbon

dioxide content in the human body.

1. Vigorous exercise produces more carbon dioxide/ the

carbon dioxide content increase as a result of active cellular respiration

2. Carbon dioxide dissolved in the plasma to form carbonic

acids // CO2 + H2O H+ + HCO3

-

3. Carbonic acids converted into bicarbonate ion and hidrogen ion.

4. Concentration hidrogen ion increased// drop in pH value of

blood (and cerebrospinal fluid)

5. The drop in pH is detected by Central Chemoreceptor in Medulla Oblongata

6. (also) detected by peripheral chemoreceptor / carotid bodies / aortic bodies.

7. Chemoreceptor (Central and peripheral ) triggers nerve

impulse and sends to medulla oblongata 8. Then the Central Chemoreceptor send the nerve impulses

to the diaphragm and intercostal muscle in the lung 9. Causing (respiratory muscles) to contract and relax, Finally

increases the breathing and ventilation rate

10 As excess CO2 eliminated from the the body, carbon dioxide concentration and pH value of blood return to normal 11. (also) the Central Chemoreceptor send the nerve impulses

to cardiac muscle

12. Cardiac muscles contract and relax faster// Heart beat increased

13. Blood transport more O2 to tissue/ body cell for cell

respiration ( to produced energy)// more CO2 can be

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

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31


transported to the lung (to eliminated from the body)

14. Carbon dioxide concentration and pH value of blood return to normal levels

Maks: 9 markah

KA – P5,P7,P9 & P11 – 1m Jumlah: 10 markah

1

1

Max 9

10

8b

Able to discuss the good eating habits

o Good eating habits mean taking food in the correct quantity

at the correct time

o Also should refrain from overeating or eating too little during

a meal

o Improper eating habits can lead health problems

Example Health problems related to eating habits

o obesity is caused by consumption of excess energy rich

food such as liked carbohydrates and fats

o and by lack of exercise

o Diabetes mellitus is caused by overeating of sweet foods.

o Gastritis is caused by inflammation and erosion of the

stomach/ by drugs such as aspirin or by drinking high

concentration of alcohol/ due to poor diet/ irregular food

intake

some of the good eating habits that we need to inculcate

are

o always eat a balanced diet that include all the different

classes of food / protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamins,

minerals, water and fibre

o in right quantities and in correct proportions

o always refer to the Food Guide Pyramid. Choose from four

level of food

- Level 1 – bread, cereals, rice, pasta group (eat most

/ 50 % from the energy value)

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

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32


- Level 2 – fruits and vegetables

- Leve 3 – meat, fish, eggs, nuts, poultry, milk, yogurt

and cheese

- Level 4- Lipids, oils and sweets group (eat less)

o Take proper meals a regular times of the day / in three meals a

day

o involve choosing the types of food we eat wisely/aware of the

contents of the food that consume every day

o check the food labels for information regarding the nutrient

contents/ the total calories of the food

o also check the freshness and various safety aspects

o for example whether the food contains additives which effects

on health

o avoid consuming unhealthy food / junk foods, salty snack foods,

because junk food includes food that is high in salt/sugar/fat but

low in nutritional value

o avoid taking excessive fatty food and food rich in sugar.

o avoid overeating, it will lead to obesity

o avoid under eating, it cause tiredness, malnourishment

o and may lead to health problem like anorexia nervosa and

bulimia

o avoid eating too fast and eat slowly.

o Take time to chew the food to avoid indigestion

o avoid smoking, drinking too much alcohol and coffee

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Max: 10

SULIT 4551


33

Item

number Criteria Marks Notes

9 (a)

F1 - Rhizobium bacteria inside the root nodules of legumes and Nostoc sp. found freely in the soil fixed the nitrogen in air F2 - decaying bacteria / fungi decompose plant /animal / dead organism / waste product P1 - to form ammonium compound F3 - Nitrosomonas sp./ nitrifying bacteria converted ammonium compound to nitrite F4 - Nitrobacter sp /nitrifying bacteria convert nitrite to nitrate P2 - nitrate is absorbed by plant to form plant protein P3 - (plant protein) eaten by an animal to form animal protein F4 - Denitrifying bacteria reduce the nitrate content in the soil P4 - by converting the nitrate into nitric oxide and nitrogen gas P5 - nitrogen gas goes back into the atmospheric to complete the nitrogen cycle

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

10 mark

s

9 (b)

Able to explain how the ozone layer becomes

thinner / ozone depletion occur

• Thinning of the ozone layer is due to the

widespread use of CFC

• It is used in aerosol, industrial solvents,

electronics and Freon in air conditioners

• Ultraviolet radiation strikes a CFC molecule cause

the chlorine atom to break away

• Then the chlorine atom collides with an ozone

molecule and combines with an oxygen atom to

form chlorine monoxide and oxygen

1

1

1

1

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Item number

Criteria Marks Notes

• Then the free atom of oxygen collides with the

chlorine monoxide, the two oxygen atoms form a

molecule of oxygen

• The chlorine atom is released and free to destroy

more ozone molecules

• The chlorine produced re-enters the cycle

• When the ozone layer becomes thinner, more

ultraviolet radiation reaches the Earth

The effect of excessive ultraviolet radiation on

human

• reduction of the body’s immune system

• skin cancer

• cataract of the eye

Effect on plants

• reduction of the rate of growth therefore reducing

crop yields

Effect on aquatic organism

• death of plankton, reduce food supply to aquatic

organism, fisherman’s catch is reduced.

Steps to overcome this problem

• Reduce or stop using CFC or chlorine-based

products

• Replace CFC with HCFC

• Use wrapping papers instead of polystyrene

boxes

• Patch up the holes in the ozone layer by firing

frozen ozone balls into the atmosphere

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Max 5 Max 3 Max 2

TOTAL 10marks

END OF MARKING SCHEME

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kelantan schema answer paper 1 & 2

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