i sem.ba malayalam complementary course - kerala padanam _ poorvakala keralam

8/19/2019 I Sem.ba Malayalam Complementary Course - Kerala Padanam _ Poorvakala Keralam

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tIcf] T\w þ]qÀÆIme tIcfw 1

School of Distance Education

t I c f ] T \ w

] q À Æ I m e t I c f w

ska-ÌÀ þ 1

tI m w¹ n s aâ d n tI mg vk v

þ2(CUCBCSS)

For

BA MALAYALAM

(2014 Admission)

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONCALICUT UNIVERSITY PO, MALAPPURAM, KERALA, INDIA - 673 635

1005


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UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

I Semester

Complementary course

tI c f ] T \ w þ ] qÀÆ I me tI cf w

X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv

Znhy.-sI.

aebmf hn`mKwae_mÀ {InkvXy³ tImtfPv

tImgnt¡mSv

Layout: Computer Section, SDE

(c)

Reserved


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D Å S¡ w

samUyqÄ 1 : kwkvIm cwþ Ncn {Xwþ \nÀÆ N \ §Äþ hnhn[ImgvN¸mSpIÄ Ncn{Xhpw kwkv Imchpw X½nepÅ_Ôwþ tIcf Ncn{X \nÀ½nXn¡v klmbIambD]mZm \§Ä

samUyqÄ 2

: tIcf¯nsâ DXv] n̄þ ]cipcmasFXnlywþ ̀ qanimkv{Xwþ Ncn{XmXoXImew þ inembp Kwþ alminemkw kvImcwþ BZyIme hntZi _Ô§Ä

samUyqÄ 3 : kwLImewþ kmlnXywþ Bbvþ Ggnasse, tNc

cmPm¡ ·mÀ kwLIme kmaq lyPo hnXwþ XnWIÄþ _p²ssP \aX§Ä

samUyqÄ 4 : Ipe ti Jc km{amPywþ atlm Z b ]p cw, {][m\cmPm¡·mÀþs]cpamfnsâ aXw amäwþ sImÃhÀjwþhnhn[ ImgvN¸mSpIÄ þ Bcym[n\nthiwþ {]XymLmX§Äþ t£{XtI{µo IrX kmaq lyhyhØ

PmXn k{¼ Zmbw þ P·n k{¼ Zm bwþ acp a ¡¯mbw


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5/51



samUyqÄ 1

kwkvImcw

kwkvImcw F¶ hm¡n\v ip²oIc Ww, KpWhntijs¯ {]m]n¡p¶

ØnXn, hnZym`ymkw sIm-pw aäpw a\Ên\p-mIp¶ {]`mhw, ]mIs¸Sp¯Â,

]qÀ¯nbm¡Â, AS¡w sN¿Â, hnip²IÀ½w F¶n§s\bpÅ AÀ°§fmWv

i_v ZXmcmhenbnÂ sImSp¯ncn¡p¶Xv. "IÄ¨À' (Culture) F¶ Cw¥ojv ]Z¯n\p

kam\ambmWv aebmf¯nÂ kwkvImcw F¶ ]Zw D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv. sdbva-v

hneywkv At±l¯nsâ ‘Key words’ F¶ {KÙ¯nÂ IÄ¨À F¶ ]Z¯nsâ

DÛh Ncn{Xw hyàam¡p¶p-v. IÄ¯pd (Cultura) F¶ emän³ ]Z¯nÂ \n¶p

amWv IÄ¨À F¶ Cw¥ojv ]Z¯nsâ \njv]¯n. ‘Colere’ F¶ [mXphnÂ

\n¶mWv Cultura F¶ ]Zw cq]w sIm-Xv. Cultura F¶mÂ Cultivation (kwkvI

cWw) F¶ s]mXphmb AÀ°w {]Zm\w sN¿p¶p. kaql¯nse AwK§Ä F¶

\nebnÂ a\pjycpsS FÃm¯c¯nepÅ Nn´mcoXnIfpsSbpw {]hr¯nIfpsSbpw

BsI¯pIbmbn kwkvImcw amdp¶p. at\mlctam, kwkvIcn¡s¸«tXm, ckI

ctam BbXns\bmWv kwkvImcw F¶p ]dbp¶Xv. PohnX¯nsâ kÀÆ taJeI

sfbpw DÄs¡mÅp¶ ]ZamWnXv.

kwkvImcw F¶ ]Zw \½psS s]mXpt_m[¯nÂ Ncn{X¯neqsS ]e

AÀ°§fpw BÀÖns¨Sp¯n«p-v. km[mcW¡msc kw_nÔn¨nSt¯mfw \Ãkz`mhhpw s]cpamähpamWv kwkvImcw. kwkvImcapÅhÀ, kwkvImcanÃm¯hÀ

F¶ A[nImct_m[ambn hyànXe¯nÂ AXv {]ISamIp¶p-v. kwkvImc

apÅ P\X, kwkvImcanÃm¯ P\X F¶v kaqls¯ ]änbpw ]dbmdp-v. tZi

Ime ØnXnIÄ¡v A\pkcWambn kwkv Imcs¯ kw_Ôn¡p¶ [mcWIÄ¡pw

hnizmk§Ä¡pw hyXymkap-mhpw. kaqlhpambn _Ôs¸«p {]hÀ¯\\ncX

\mbn Ignbp¶ a\pjy³ Adnhv, A\p`h§Ä, ]ckv]c k¼À¡w F¶nhbn

eqsS t\SnsbSp¡p¶ ]cn]Izamb PohnX t_m[sa¶v kmam\yambn kwkvImc

s¯¡pdn¨v ]dbmw. a\pjyhÀ¤¯n\v {]tXyIambn«pÅ s]cpamä coXnsbbpwAXnsâ ̀ mKambp]tbmKn¡p¶ ̀ uXnI hkvXp¡sfbpw kwkvImcw F¶pw hnfn

¡mw. PohnXcoXn, BNmcm\pjvTm\§Ä, `mj, `£Ww, sXmgnep]IcW§Ä,

Bib hn\natbm]m[nIÄ, Ie, kmlnXyw XpS§n FÃm¯c¯nepapÅ LSI

§sfbpw DÄs¡mÅp¶XmWv kwkvImcw.

Häbvs¡mcmÄ¡v kwkvImcs¯ Bhnjv¡cn¡m\mhnÃ. hyàn kwkvIm

c§Ä ka\zbn¡pt¼mgmWv Hcp kaql¯nsâ X\Xmb kwkvImcw krjvSn¡

s¸Sp¶Xv. kmaqly _Ô§fmWv kwkvImcs¯ ]p\cpÂ]mZn¸n¡p¶Xv. Hcp


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hyàn¡v P·\m e`n¡p¶XÃ kwkvImcw. Ah\hsâ Npäp]mSpIfpambn \nc

ćw {]Xn{]hÀ¯n¡p¶XneqsS BÀÖns¨Sp¡p¶ t_m[amWv kwkvImcw. ]T

\hpw kaqlt¯mSpÅ CW§nt¨cepamWv a\pjys\ kwkvImcapÅh\mIm³

klmbn¡p¶Xv. Hcp XeapdbnÂ \n¶pw hcpw XeapdIfnte¡v ssIamdm³ km[n

¡p¶ ss]XrIt_m[w IqSnbmWv kwkvImcw. C¯c¯nÂ kwkvImc¯nsâ

hn\nabw km[yamIpt¼mgmWv kmaqlnIhnImkw Dd¸mhp¶Xv. kwkvImc¯nsâ

`mKambmWv Hmtcm kaqlhpw s]cpamtd- BZÀim[njvTnXamb \nbamhenIÄ

cq]oIrXamIp¶Xpw kaql¯nsâ s]mXphmb Bhiy§sf Xr]vXns¸Sp¯p¶

Xnepw kwkvImcw ̀ mK`m¡mhp¶p-v.

\nÀÆ-N-\-§fpw ImgvN-¸m-Sp-Ifpw

1. kwkvImcsa¶Xv ]cnØnXnbpsS a\pjy\nÀ½nXamb `mKamWvþ

slÀkvtImhnävkv

2. ka{KPohnXssienbmWv kwkvImcw þ sdbva-v hneywkv

3. PohnX ]qÀWXbpsS BsI LS\bmWv kwkvImcwþ aent\mhvkvIn

4. kaql¯nse HcwKsa¶ \nebnÂ a\pjy³ t\SnsbSp¯ IgnhpIfpw kz̀ m

h§fpw IqSmsX Adnhv hnizmkw, Ie, kZmNmcw, \nbaw, BNmcw, F¶n

hbpsSbpw k¦oÀWamb BsI¯pIbmWv kwkvImcwþ C._n. sSbveÀ

5. a\p jy hw i ̄ nsâ ss]Xr I ̄ n eqsS \ne \nÂ¡p¶ Ie bpsSbpwIem\nÀ½nXnbpsSbpw bmYmØnXnI [mcWIfpsSbpw {IaoIcn¨ cq]amWv

kwkmIcwþtdm_À«v sdUvôÀUv

6. kwkvImcsa¶mÂ {]XoImßIXbpw XpSÀ¨bpÅXpw Iq«amb ]ptcmKXn

bpÅXpamb Hcp {]hÀ¯\amWv þF³.F. sshäv.

Hcp Iem Im c³ kz´w Im³hm kn epw, Ihn ssS¸v ssdä dnepw

{i²n¡p¶Xpt]msebpw, ]uctkhI³ AbmfpsS ap¶nse {]iv\§Ä ]cnlcn

¡p¶Xp t]msebpw, Hmtcm kmlNcy¯n\\pkcn¨pw HcmÄ {]hÀ¯n¡p¶Xpt]msebpw GItZiw kam\amb {]hÀ¯\§fpsS êamWv kwkvImcw F¶

ImgvN¸mSmWv Sn.Fkv. Fenb«v AhXcn¸n¡p¶Xv. a\pjy\nÀ½nXnIfpsS k©

b amb kwkvImcs¯ a\pjy³ Ahsâ e£yw t\Sp ¶Xn\v cq]s¸Sp¯p¶

krjvSyp³apJamb am[yaambmWv aent\mhvkvIn ImWp¶Xv. Eidos F¶pw Ethos

F¶pw kwkvImc¯n\v c-v c-v hi§fps-¶mWv \chwiimkv{XÚ\mb

Imtcm_À A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p-v. kwkvImc¯nsâ Hu]NmcnI cq]amWv Eidos.

kwkvImc¯nsâ KpW§sfbpw XmÂ]cy§sfbpw \nÀWbn¡p¶ LSI§fpsS


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kwlnXbmWv Ethos. kwkvImcLS I§sf kv]jvSsa¶pw, A´Àeo\sa¶pw

¢t¡m¬ F¶ kmaqly imkv{XImc\pw, c-mbn hn`Pn¡p¶p-v. kwkvImc

¯nsâ Hcp `mKw asäm¶nÂ \n¶pw thÀs]Sp¶Xns\bmWv kmwkvImcnI amµywF¶p ]dbp¶Xv. ‘Social Change’F¶ IrXnbnÂ U»yq. F v̂ HmKvt_¬ BWv

kwkvImcnI amµyw (Cultural lag) F¶ km¦ev]nI kn²m´w BZyambhXcn¸n

¡p¶Xv . kwkv Imcw kw_Ôn¨ amÀIvknsâ Imgv N¸mSv ASn¯d, taÂ¸pc F¶o

Bib§fneqsSbmWt±lw AhXcn¸n¡p¶Xv. a\pjy³ hyàn F¶ \nebnepw

kmaqlyPohn F¶ \nebnepw D]Poh\¯n\mbn GÀs¸Sp¶ DXv]mZ\ {]hr

¯nIfpsS LS\bmWv ASn¯d. AXn\\pkcn¨v \nbaw, aXw, BNmcw, aqey

t_m[w apXembh DÄs¡mÅp¶ taÂ¸pc AXmbXv kwkvImcw cq]w sImÅp

¶p. ASn¯d kpØn c amhp t¼mÄ am{Xta taÂ¸p c bnÂ AXnsâ hnImkwImWm³ km[n¡pIbpÅq. a\pjy kaql¯nÂ am{Xw \S¡p¶ kmwkvImcnI

hn\nab§Ä kmlNcy§Ä¡\pkcn¨v s]mcp¯s¸Sp¶Xpw amä§Ä¡v hnt[

bamIp¶hbpamWv.

F{_lmw amkvtem AhXcn¸n¡p¶ hierarchy of needs (Bhiy§fpsS

t{iWoIcWw) kwkv Imc¯nsâ a\ximkv {X]camb A]{KY\w IqSnbmWv . imco

cnImhiy§Ä, kpc£nXXzw, kvt\lhpw _Ô§fpw,]cnKW\bpw kwXr]vXn

bpw, Bßkm£mXvImcw F¶n§s\ Xmsg \n¶pw apIfnte¡phcp¶ ]ncan

UÂ LS \ bnem Wv At±lw kwkvImcs¯ \nÀÆ Nn ¡p ¶Xv. XntbmtUmÀ

AtUmÀtWm, amIvkv tlmIvloaÀ F¶nhcmWvkwkvImchyhkmbw F¶ ]Zw

BZyambhXncn¸n¡p¶Xv. _lpcmjv{SIp¯I I¼\nIÄ¡p th-n kwkvIm

cs¯ ]Wbs¸Sp¯p¶ {]{InbbmWv kwkvImc hyhkmbw kwkvImcnI NnÓ

§fmbn IW¡m¡p¶ `mj, thjw, BNmcw, hnizmkw, DÕhmtLmj§Ä,

`£Ww XpS§nbhsbÃmw hmWnPyhÂ¡cW¯n\p hnt[bamhp¶ {]{Inbbm

Wn¶v ImWm³ km[n¡p¶Xv. {]mtZinIhpw, hwiobhpamb kwkvImc§fpsS

KpWmwi¯nÂ \n¶p cq]s¸Sp¶ P\Iob kwkvImchpw, kaql¯nse P\

§Äs¡ÃmhÀ¡pw Hcpt]mse {]nb¦camhp¶ P\{]nb kwkvImchpw, D¨kw

kv Imchpw, \oNkwkv Imchp htcWy kwkv Imchpw \mKcnI kwkv Imchpw sXmgn

emfn hÀ¤ kwkvImchpsaÃmw kwkvImc¯nsâ hnhn[ apJ§sf BhnjvIcn

¡p¶hbmWv.


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Ncn{Xw

Ncn{Xw F¶ ]Z¯nsâ AÀ°w At\zjWw, KthjWw, hniZoIcWw,

hnÚm\w Fs¶ÃmamWv UbWojykv F¶ {Ko¡v ]ÞnX\mWv DZmlcW§

fneqsS ]Tn¸n¡p¶ XXzimkv{XamWv Ncn{Xw F¶ Bibw AhXcn¸n¨Xv . lnÌdn

F¶ ]Zw {Ko¡v ̀ mjbnÂ \n¶pw DÛhn¨XmWv. At\zjWw F¶mWnXn\À°w.

am\hcminbpsS PohnX¯nse {it²bamb kw`h§fpsS BsI¯pIbmWv

Ncn{Xw. ""Hcn¡epw amdm¯ `qXImes¯¡pdn¨pÅ {]kvXmh amWv Ncn{Xw''

F¶v AcntÌm«nÂ \nÀÆNn¨ncn¡p¶Xv Ncn{X¯nsâ {]mamWnIXsb AwKoI

cn¨XpsIm-p Xs¶bmhWw. Cu temtImÛht¯mfw ]g¡w Ncn{X¯n\pw

AhImis¸Smw. ImcWw Cu \nanjw Ignª Imcyw ASp¯ \nanj¯nÂ Ncn

{X¯nsâ ̀ mKambn amdn¡gnªp.

Cu `qanbnÂ A\p\nanjw \S¶p sIm-ncn¡p¶ GsXmc\p`hw Ncn{X

¯nsâ `mKamWv. F¶mÂ ChsbÃmw Xs¶ Ncn{X¯nÂ ASbmfs¸SWsa¶n

Ã. Fs´¦nepw khntijXIfpÅ hkvXpXIfmWv ]et¸mgpw Ncn{Xt{iWnbnÂ

ap³]ńbnÂ \nÂ¡p¶Xv.

C§s\ tcJs¸Sp¯p¶ Ncn{X¯nÂ hfsc Ipd¨p am{XamWv hniIe\w

sN¿s¸Sp¶Xv. C§s\ t\m¡pt¼mÄ \½Ä tcJs¸Sp¯p¶ Ncn{X¯n\v Hcp

]mSv ]cnanXnIfpÅXmbn ImWmw. ØeIme§fpsS A]mcXbpw, Ahsb a\

Ênem¡m\pÅ a\pjy_p²nbpsS ]cnanXnbpw Ncn{Xs¯ thdn«Xm¡p¶p.Ncn{Xw

F{X ]cnanXhpw A]qÀ®hpamsW¦nepw Ignªpt]mb Ime¯nsâ kmwkvIm

cnIhpw cmjv{Sobhpw kmaqlnIhpamb Awi§Ä Gdnbpw Ipdªpw AhbnÂ

Is-¯m³ km[n¡psa¶XnÂ kwibanÃ.

\nÀÆ-N-\-§fpw ImgvN-¸m-Sp-Ifpw

1. a\pjys\ hnthInbm¡p¶ hnÚm\imJbmWv.

Ncn{Xw :þ kÀ : {^m³knkv t_¡³

2. ImcyImcW§fpsS ASnØm\¯nÂ {IaoIcn¡s¸« kw`h§fpsS kam

lmcamWv Ncn{Xw þ s{]m^. ^n³te

3. Ncn{Xw hnIkn̈ p sIm-ncn¡p¶ a\pjy alm\mSIamWvþ s\lvdp4. a\pjyNn´bpsS {]mNo\Xaamb cq]amWv Ncn{Xw, þtXmakv ImÀsse³

5. Fs¶¦nepw FhnsSsb¦nepw kw`hn¨sXÃmw Ncn{XamWvþ

slân tPm¬k¬

6. a\pjykzmX{ý¯nsâ A\mhcWamWv Ncn{Xwþ temUv Bä³

7. bpK ] c ¼ c I fn eqsS a\p jy \mÀÖn¨ kwkvIm c ̄ nsâ IY bmWv

Ncn{Xwþ hnÂ Uyqdâ v.

8. hÀ¯am\Imehpw ̀ qXImehpw X½nepÅ \ncćamb kw`mjWamWv

Ncn{Xwþ C.F¨v.ImÀ


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"tkmZmlcWapÅ XXzNn´m]T\w' F¶XneqsS ]qÀÆIme kw`h§sf

DZmlcn¨v KpW]mTw \ÂIp¶ tkmt±iy ]²Xnbmbn«mWv UbWojykv Ncn

{Xs¯ I-Xv. Ncn{Xw IgnªXnte¡pw hcm\ncn¡p¶Xnte¡papÅ ]cyth

jWamsW¶pw, almßm¡fpsSPohNcn{XamWv Ncn{XcN\bv¡m[mcsa¶pamWv tXmakv ImÀsse³ hnizkn¡p¶Xv. hnthI¯nsâ KXnthKw ]Tn¸n¡p¶ BNm

cy\mWv Ncn{Xsa¶p IqSn ImÀsse³ IcpXp¶p. e¡n F¶ Ncn{XImcsâ A`n

{]mb¯nÂ [mÀ½nIhn¹h§sf¡pdn¨pw AhbpsS ImcyImcW§sf¡pdn¨pw

DÅ tcJbmWv Ncn{Xw. hn¹h¯nsâ BZÀimßIXbv ¡pw [mÀ½nI aqey§Ä¡p

amWv ChnsS Du¶Â \ÂIp¶Xv. Imew amdp¶Xn\\pkcn¨v Ncn{X kXy§tfm

SpÅ at\m`mh¯nepw amäw hcpsa¶pw Ah ]p\ÀhniIe\¯n\v hnt[bamtb

¡msa¶pw A§s\ BXyńIamb Ncn{X kXyw F¶sXm¶nÃmXmhpsa¶pw

A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶hcpap-v. Ncn{X tcJIÄ F{Xam{Xw hfs¨mSn¡epIÄ¡pw,

AXnitbmànIÄ¡pw hI \ÂIp¶XmsW¦nepw Ahbv¡v P\XbpsS a\Ênsâ

DÅdIsf DWÀ¯m\pÅ tijnbp-v F¶XmWnXnsâ {]kàn.

Ncn-{Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw X½n-epÅ _Ôw

Ncn{Xhpw kwkvImchpw ]ckv]c ]qcIambn hÀ¯n¡p¶ LSI§fmWv.

kwkv Imcw Ncn{X]camb Hcp {]{Inb IqSnbmWv . AXnsâ ]T\w hyànIfpsSbpw

kw`h§fpsSbpw ]T\am¡n Npcp¡m³ k[n¡p¶XÃ. D]Poh\¯nsâbpw AXn

Poh\¯nsâbpw X{ámbn kmwkvImcnI \nÀ½nXnIÄ amdpt¼mÄ Ah Ncn{Xhp

ambn _Ôn¸n¡s¸Sp¶p. Hmtcm ImeL«¯nepapÅ kmaqlyPohnX¯nsâ {]Xn

ê\hpw, AXXv Imes¯ cmjv{Sob ]cntXmhØIfpw, BNmcm\pjvTm\p§

fpw, PohnX coXnIfpw, km¼¯nI ØnXn KXnIfpsaÃmw kmwkvImcnI Ncn{X

¯nsâ ̀ mKamhp¶p. \½psS {]ikv Xcmb Ncn{X ]ÞnX·mcnÂ ]ecpw kmaqly

imkv{XÚÀ IqSnbmbncp¶p. tPm¬ anÂ«¬, tXmakv tlm_vkv, ^ÀKqk¬,

BUwkv an v̄ XpS§nb alm·mscÃmw CXn\pZmlcWamWv . kÀZmÀ sI.Fw. ]Wn

¡À, sI.hn. Irjv W¿À, CfwIpfw Ipª³]nÅ, G. {io[ctat\m³ , tUm. Fw.Pn.

Fkv. \mcmbW³, tUm. Fw.BÀ. cmLhhmcyÀ XpS§nbhscms¡ \½psSkmwkvImcnI Ncn{X\nÀ½nXn¡v KWyamb kw`mh\IfÀ¸n¨hcmWv.

A[n\nthiêambn tIcf¯nsâ kIe aÞe§fnepw amäw Zriyam

bncp¶p. ChsbÃmw Ncn{X¯nsâ ̀ mKambn amdnbtXmsSm¸w Xs¶ tIcf¯nsâ

kmwkvImcnI aÞe¯nÂ AXntâXmb kzm[o\w {]ISam¡pI IqSn sNbvXp.

aXw, cmjv{Sobw, k¼ZvhyhØ, ̀ mj, Ie, kmlnXyw CXymZn hnjb§fnseÃmw

C¯csamcp kmwkvImcnI ]cnWmaw ZriyamWv. ]et¸mgpw \½psS kmlnXy

krjvSnIÄ an¡Xpw AXXv Ime¯nsâ kmaqlnIhpw kmwkvImcnIhpw cmjv{So


10/51



bhpamb am\§Ä DÄs¡mÅp¶hbmbncn¡pw. \nehnse Ncn{Xs¯ ]p\À\nÀ½n

¡m\pÅ kmwkvImcnI \nÀ½nXnIÄ IqSnbmbh amdntb¡mw. kwkvImcw F¶

k¦ev]¯n\p h¶ Ncn{X]camb amäw kmaqlykwLmS\¯nÂ hyànIÄ¡p

h¶ ]¦pambn _Ôs¸«XmWv. X\n¡v kmaqlycmjv{Sob LS\bpsS \nÀ½nXn

bnÂ ]¦pÅXmbn ]gb kaql¯nse hyànIÄ IcpXnbncp¶nÃ. F¶mÂ C¶v

X\n¡pw IqSn ]¦mfn¯apÅXmWv kmaqlycmjv {Sob LS\ F¶ Xncn¨dnhv Hmtcm

hyàn¡pap-v.

tIcf Ncn-{X-\nÀ½n-Xn¡v klm-b-I-amb D]m-Zm\

kma-{Kn-IÄ

tIcf¯nsâ {]mNo\ Ncn{Xs¯¡pdn¨v FgpXs¸« B[nImcnI {]amW§sfm¶pw Xs¶ I-pIn«nbn«nÃ. enJnX Ncn{X§fpsS A`mh¯nÂ BZyIme

Ncn{X\nÀ½nXn¡mbn sFXnly§sfbpwsI«pIYIsfbpsams¡bmWv \mw B[m

cam¡mdv. tIctfmÂ]¯nbpsS hnhn[ amXrIIfpw kwkvIrX{KÙamb tIcf

amlmßyhpsaÃmamWv BZyIme tIcf Ncn{X ]p\À\nÀ½nXn¡v B{ibn¡mdv.

]Xns\«mw \qäm-ntem AXn\ptijtam FgpXs¸« Cu {KÙ§sf B[mcam

¡nbpÅ {]mNo\ImeNcn{X\nÀ½nXnbpsS {]mamWyw Xs¶ tNmZyw sN¿s¸t«

¡mw. tIcfNcn{XcN\bv¡v B[mcamb hkvXpXIsf s]mXpsh c-mbn Xcw

Xncn¡mdp-v. (1) enJnX§Ä (2) kvamcI§Ä F¶nhbmWh.kmlnXyIrXnIÄ, {KÙhcnIÄ, k©mc¡pdn¸pIÄ, imk\§Ä XpS

§nbhbmWv {][m\ enJnX cq]§Ä.

kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-IÄ

FgpXs¸« Ncn{X§fnte¡v shfn¨w hoip¶hbmWv Xangnepw kwkvIrX

¯nepw enJnX cq]¯nÂ Is-Sp¡s¸« IrXnIÄ. ]Xns\m¶mw \qäm-n\p tijw

am{Xta aebmf `mjbnsegpXs¸« IrXnIÄ I-p In«nbn«pÅq. tIcfs¯ ]cmaÀin¡p¶ Gähpw ]pcmX\amb kwkvIrX IrXn "sFXtcb BcWyI'amWv

AXnÂ ImWp¶ tNci_vZw tIcfs¯ kqNn¸n¡p¶p F¶mWv hymJym\w. cmam

bW alm`mcXmZnIfnepw tIcf]cmaÀiw ImWmw. "alm`mjy'sagpXnb ]XRvP

enbpw, "hmÀ¯nI'sagpXnb ImÀXymb\\pw tIcfs¯ Ipdn v̈ ]cmaÀin¡p¶p-v.

_n.kn. \memw iXI¯nÂ cNn¨sX¶p IcpXp¶ IuUneysâ AÀ°imkv{X'

¯nÂ tIcf¯nse s]cnbmdns\¡pdn v̈ ]cmaÀiap-v. ImfnZmkImhyamb "cLp

hwi'¯nepw tIcf]cmaÀiw ImWmw.


11/51



IpetiJcIhnbpsS "X]XokwhcWw', "hnÑn¶m`ntjIw' F¶o kwkvIrX

\mSI§fmWv tIcf Ncn{X {]m[m\yapÅ {]_eIrXnIÄ. i¦cmNmcycpsS "inhm

\µelcn'bnepw i¦c\mcmbWsâ "i¦c\mcmbWob'¯nepw IpetiJc·msc Ipdn

¨pÅ kqN\bp-v. IpetiJckZky\mbncp¶ hmkptZh`«XncnbpsSbaI Imhyamb "bp[njvTnchnPbw' tIcf ]cmaÀiaS§nb asämcp {KÙamWv. ]Xns\m¶mw

\qäm-nÂ cNn¡s¸«sX¶p IcpXp¶ AXpesâ "aqjI hwi'hpw Ncn{X {]m[m

\yaÀln¡p¶p. ]Xn\memw \qäm-nÂ kap{Z_Ô³ Ae¦mckÀÆkz¯ns\gp

Xnb hymJym\w, e£v anZmksâ ipIktµiw, D±Þsâ tImInektµiw, hmkp

tZhsâ {`acktµcw F¶nhbnÂ tIcf¯nse Nne \Kc§fpsS hnhc§Ä AS

§nbn«p-v. aWn {]hmf e£W{KÙamb "eoemXneI'¯nÂ thWmSp `cn¨n

cp¶ DZbamÀ¯mÞhÀ½sb¡pdn¨pw ]cmaÀiap-v. cma]mWnhmZsâ "koXmcm

Lhw' \mSI¯nÂ amÀ¯mÞhÀ½ almcmPmhnsâ Xr¸SnZm\s¯¡pdn v̈ ]cm

aÀin¡p¶p-v. [À½cmPmhnsâ "_mecma`cXw' F¶ \mSyimkv{X{KÙ¯nÂ

Xncph\´]pc¯nsâ at\mlcamb hÀW\bp-v.

]gb Xangv IrXnIfnÂ \n¶pw {]mNo\ tIcfs¯ kw_Ôn¡p¶ [mcmfw

kqN\IÄ e`n¡p¶p-v. _n.kn. \mew \qäm-nÂ FgpXs¸«sX¶p IcpXp¶

Xangv hymIcW {KÙamb "sXmev¡m¸nb'¯nÂ tIcf ]cmaÀiap-v. {InkvXp

hÀjw BZy iXI§fnÂ XangI¯v \ne\n¶ncp¶ k¼¶ kmlnXy hn`mKamb

kwLIme kmlnXyw tIcf Ncn{X\nÀ½nXn¡v hnes¸« hkvXpXXIfmWv {]Zm\w

sN¿p¶Xv. AI\m\qdv, ]pd\m\qdv, Nne¸XnImcw, ]Xnäp]¯v XpS§nb IrXnI

fnseÃmw tIcfob ]mc¼cy¯nsâ ASnthcpIÄ \ap¡v ZÀin¡m\mhpw. tNccm

Pm¡·mcmb ]¯p {]apJsc Hmtcm ]m«nembn ]cnNbs¸Sp¯p¶ ]Xnäp]¯v

CXnÂ khntij {i²bÀln¡p¶p. tIcfob\mb Cft¦mhSnIfpsS Nne¸XnIm

c¯nse h©nImÞ¯nÂ IY \S¡p¶Xv tIcf¯nemWv . IpdpwsXmssI \änssW

F¶o kwLIme t{]aIhnXm kamlmc§fnepw ]qÀÆIme tIcf P\XbpsS

PohnXhpw kwkvImchpw ImWmhp¶XmWv. c-mw tNckm{amPy Øm]I\mb

IpetiJc BgvhmcpsS s]cpamÄ Xncpsamgnbpw tIcfs¯ kw_Ôn¡p¶ NneNcn{XhkvXpXIÄ DÄs¡mÅp¶p.

{]mNo\ aebmf IrXnIfnepw ]qÀÆImetIcf Ncn{X¯nsâ Awi§Ä

ImWm³ km[n¡pw. G.Un. ]Xnaq¶mw \qäm-nsâ a²yt¯mSpIqSn cq]w sIm-

D®nb¨o NcnX n̄epw D®n¨ncptXhn NcnX¯nepw, D®nbmSnNcnX¯nepw, tIcf

Ncn{X¯nse aqeyNypXn _m[n¨ tZhZmkn k{¼Zmb¯nsâ Nn{Xhpw, ]¶nbqÀþ

tNmInc {KmaXÀ¡hpw, Xncps\Ãn, sImSp§ÃqÀ XpS§nb \Kc§sf¡pdn¨pÅ

hnhc§fpw ImWmhp¶XmWv. {]mà\ tIcf¯nsâ hyàamb Nn{Xw \ÂIp¶


12/51



IrXnbmWv D®p\oen ktµiw Xncph\´]pcw apXÂ ISp¯pcp¯n hscbpÅ

{]tZi§fpsS `qanimkv{X]camb hnhcWw CuIrXnbnÂ \n¶pw e`n¡p¶p-v.

Xncph\´]pcw \Kc¯nsâ hniZNn{Xw \ÂIp¶ IrXnbmWv ]Xn\memw \qäm

-nsâ a²y¯nÂ cq]s¸« A\´]pchÀ®\w H¶mw tNckm{amPyamb h©napXqcns\Ipdn¨pÅ ]cmaÀi aS§nb ktµi ImhyamWv tImIktµiw. XriqÀPn

Ãbnse Nnäne¸Ånsb B[mcam¡n IYmcwKw \nÀÆln¨ncn¡p¶ IrXnbmWv

Nt{µmÕhw. A]Nbw kw`hn¨p sIm-ncn¡p¶ tIcfob PohnX¯nsâ Nn{Xw

\ap¡o aWn{]hmf IrXnbnÂ ZÀin¡mhp¶XmWv. ]Xn\mdmw \qäm-nÂ cNn¡

s¸« cmP cXv\mhenbw N¼phpw {][m\yaÀln¡p¶ Hcp tcJbmWv. I-nbqÀa

äw ]S¸m«v, aWn{Kmaw, HmW¯Ãv, Nndhmkzcq]w F¶nhbv¡p ]pdsa thWmSv

cmPmhns\bpw Cu IrXnbnÂ ]cmaÀin¡p¶p-v . ImSt©cn \¼qXncn cNn¨ amam¦w

Infn¸m«v tImgnt¡mSnsâ Ncn{X{]m[m\ys¯ ASbmfs¸Sp¯p¶ IrXnbmWv. ]¿¶qÀ ]m«v, I-Àtat\m³]m«v, cma¨¸Wn¡À¸m«v XpS§nbhbpw {]m[m\yaÀln

¡p¶p. 16þmw \qäm-nÂ ssk\p±o³ Ad_n ̀ mjbnsegpXnb "Xplv̂ ¯pÂ apPm

ln±o³' A¶s¯ Imes¯ apÉnw kapZmb Ncn{Xt¯msSm¸w tIcf Ncn{X{]m

[m\yw IqSn shfns¸Sp¯p¶ IrXnbmWv.

{KÙ-h-cn-IÄ

]gb Bcm[\meb§fnepw cmPsIm«mc§fnse {KÙ¸pcIfnepw kq£n

¨ncn¡p¶ Hme¡cW§fmWv {KÙhcnIÄ. cmP`cWhpambn _Ôs¸« Imcy

§fpw AXXp cmPhwi§fpambn _Ôs¸« cmjv {Sobkw`h§fpsaÃmamWv C¯cw

{KÙhcnIfnse {]tabw. Xncph\´]pcs¯ aXneIw {KÙhcnbpw tImgnt¡ms«

kmaq Xncnt¡mhneIs¯ {KÙhcnbpw Ncn{X {][m\amb Ht«sd hkvXpX IÄ

{]Zm\w sN¿p¶p-v.

hntZi k©m-cn-I-fpsS Ipdn-¸p-IÄ

hntZi kwkvImc§Ä¡v ]SÀ¶p ]´en¡m³ hf¡qsdmcp¡nb a®mWv

tIcf¯ntâXv . AXpsIm-pXs¶ AXn {]mNo\Imew apXÂ¡p Xs¶ hntZinIÄ

tIcf¯nte¡p h¶Xmbn sXfnhp-v . F¶mÂ {InkvXphÀjmcw`t¯mSpIqSnbmWv

AhcpsS k©mc¡pdn¸pIÄ I-pIn«p¶Xv . {Ko¡pImcmb ¹n\nbpsSbpw tSmfanbp

sSbpw saKkv X\oknsâbpsaÃmw ̀ qanimkv {XhnhcW§fnÂ tIcfs¯¡pdn̈ v ]cm

aÀin¡p¶p-v . F.Un. H¶mw \qäm-nÂ tIcfXoc¯p h¶ ¹n\n apkncnkv , _td¡

F¶o XpdapJ§sf¡pdn v̈ ]cmaÀin¡p¶p-v . c-mw \qäm-nÂ tIcfw kµÀin¨

tSmfanbpsS ̀ qanimkv{X{KÙ¯nÂ tNcXeØm\w Icuc(IcqÀ) BsW¶p ]d

bp¶p-v . apkncnkv , sIm«nbd, sImadnb, Xn-nkv , amâtKmd F¶o XpdapJ§sfbpw


13/51



At±lw ]cnNbs¸Sp¯p¶p-v. AÚmX IÀ¯mhn\mÂ cNn¡s¸« s]cn¹kv

Hm v̂ Zn Fcn{Xnb³ ko F¶ {KÙ¯nepw tIcf ]cmaÀiap-v. tSmfan¡ptijw

{]mamWnIamb hkv XpXIfS§p¶ {KÙw ss_kmânb³ ]ptcmlnX\mb tImkv akv

C³Unt¡m {]okv Xpknsâ ̀ mcXob {InkvXpaX hnhcW§fmWv . sImÃw \Kcs¯

¡pdn v̈ Gähpw {]mNo\amb hkvXpX CXnÂ ImWmw.

G. Un. Ggmw \qäm t-m Sp IqSn `mcXw kµÀin¨ ssN\okv k©mcn

lyq³kmMv tIcf¯nepw h¶ncp¶Xmbn NneÀ A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p-v. 13þmw \qäm

-nÂ tIcfw kµÀin¨ sNu PpIzm F¶ k©mcnbpw, At±ls¯ XpSÀ¶p h¶

hmMv Xmbvhm\psaÃmw X§fpsS k©mc Ncn{X¯nÂ tIcfs¯bpw ASbmfs¸

Sp¯nbn«p-v. No\¡¨hS¡mc\mb hmMvXmbphmsâ Xmthmþ CþNneo F¶ {KÙ

¯nÂ tImgnt¡mSv, Ggnae, ImbwIpfw F¶o Øe§sf¡pdn¨pÅ hnhc§fp

-v. 15þmw iXI¯nÂ sIm¨nsbbpw tImgnt¡mSns\bpw Xsâ Ipdn¸pIfnÂ tcJ

s¸Sp¯nb No\¡mc\mb apÉnw k©mcnbmWv amlzm³.

tIcfw kµÀin¨ Ad_n k©mcnIfnÂ {]m[m\yaÀln¡p¶Xv H³]Xmw

\qäm-nenhnsSsb¯nb kpsseam³ F¶ I¨hS¡mc\mWv . sImÃw XpdapJ¯nsâ

{]m[m\yw At±lw Xsâ Ipdn¸pIfnÂ DÄs¡mÅn¨n«p-v. ]¯mw \qäm-nse

k©mcnbmb akqZn, AÂ_dqWn XpS§nbhcpw tIcf Ncn{Xs¯ ASbmfs¸Sp

¯nbhcmWv. ]Xn\memw \qäm-nÂ tIcf kµÀi\w \S¯nb C_v\p _¯q¯

Bdp XhW tImgnt¡mSv kµÀin¨Xmbn tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«p-v . tIcf¯nsâ hmWnPy]mc¼cys¯bpw At±lw hniZambn Ipdn¸nÂ ]cmaÀin¡p¶p-v. sh\okp

Imc\mb amÀt¡mt]mfbpsS k©mc¡pdn¸pIfnepw tIcf¯nse kap{ZXoc\K

c§Ä ]cmaÀin¡s¸Sp¶p-v.

t]mÀ¨pKokp Im cpsS bm{Xm ¡p dn¸p IÄ kpe ̀ amWv. eptUm hnt¡mUn

hÀt¯abpsSbpw UzmÀt¯ _Àt_mkbpsS hnhcW§Ä¡v IqSpXev B[nImcn

IXbp-v. 1502 apXÂ 1508 hsc tIcf¯nepS\ofw k©cn¨v hnhc§Ä tcJs¸

Sp¯nb Cämenb³ teJI\mWv hÀt¯a. 1500 apXÂ 1516 hsc ae_mdnÂ t]mÀ¨p

Kokv DtZymKØ\mbncp¶ _Àt_mkbpsS teJ\§Ä A¡mes¯ tIcfobP\PohnX¯nsâ t\ÀNn{X§fmWv. tKm¬ kmÂhkv F¶ t]mÀ«pKokpImc³

ae_mdnsâ Hcp kw£n]v XNcn{Xw Xs¶ tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«p-v . AÂ_p¡À¡nsâ

Ipdn¸pIfnepw tIcfPohnXw ZriyamWv.

U¨v ImeL«¯nÂ tIcf¯nÂ DtZymKw ̀ cn¨ncp¶ ]ecpsSbpw Ipdn¸pIÄ

tIcf Ncn{X ]p\À\nÀ½nXn¡v klmbIamWv . _mÂUyqUv, aq¬kv, en³tjm«³,

\yqtlm v̂, hmâoUv, ImâÀhnj³ F¶nhÀ {][m\nIfmWv . U¨p KhÀWdmbncp¶

hmâoUnsâ XmÂ]cymÀ°amWv "tlmÀ¯qkv ae_mdn¡kv' F¶ Huj[ kky


14/51



hnhcW {KÙw hncNnXambXv. sIm¨nbnse U¨p ]ptcmlnX\mbncp¶ ImâÀ hnj

dpsS Ubdn¡pdn¸pIfpw klmbIcamhp¶ sXfnhpIfmWv. 18þmw \qäm-nÂ U v̈

Iam³UÀ Bbncp¶ aq¬knsâ Ubdn¡pdn¸pIfnepw tIcf Ncn{Xw ZÀin¡mw.

{_n«ojv km{amPyw tIcf¯nsâ A[nImctaJeIÄ I¿S¡nbtXmSpIqSn Ncn

{XtcJIÄ AÂ¸w IqSn IrXyXbpÅhbmbn. 1725 apXÂ 1751 hsc {_n«ojpImcpw

kmaqXncn cmPmhpw X½nÂ \S¶ {Ibhn{Ib§fpsS tcJbmWv XetÈcn IqSnbmtem

N\IÄ 1793 se "tPmbnâ v I½ojWÀamcpsS dnt¸mÀ«pw' {]m[m\yaÀln¡p¶p. 1800

\pw 1801 \pw CSbnÂ ae_mÀ ]cyS\w \S¯nb {^m³knkv _p¡m\³ ae_mdnsâ

\nehnse cmjv {Sob kmaqlnI hyhØnXn tcJs¸Sp̄ nbn«p-v .Adbv ¡Â _ohn

bpsS AXnYnbmbn Xmakn̈ _p¡m\³ ASna¡¨hSs¯bpw PmXnk{¼Zmbs¯

bpw, ssakqÀ B{IaWs¯¸änbpsÃmw hnhc§Ä \ÂIp¶p-v . {̂ m³knkv tUbpsS

"s]cpam¡·mcpsS cmPyhpw', kmaphÂ saänbdpsS "XncphnXmwIqdnse Xt±iPohnX

hp'saÃmw khntij {i²bmIÀjn¡p¶p. ae_mdnsâ kmwkv ImcnIhpw cmjv {Sobhpw

kmaqlnIhpamb PohnX¯nsâ hyàamb Nn{Xw \ap¡v e`n¡p¶Xv ae_mÀ IfIv S

dmbncp¶ hneyw temKsâ ae_mÀ am\zenÂ \n¶pamWv {_n«ojv enJnX§fnÂ Gähpw

{][m\yaÀln¡p¶Xpw CXpXs¶bmWv .

im-k-\-§Ä

tIcf Ncn{X]p\À\nÀ½nXn¡v hnizmktbmKyamb sXfnhpIÄ {]Zm\w

sN¿p¶ enJnX cq]§fpsS BZyamXrIIfmWv imk\§Ä. cmPm¡·mcpw \mSp

hmgnIfpw ̀ cW kw_Ôambpw t£{Xkz¯p¡Ä, Irjn F¶nh kw_Ôn¨pw

P\§Ä Adnªncnt¡-Xpw ]ment¡-Xpamb Imcy§sf¡pdn¨pw \nbamh

enIsf¡pdn¨pw FgpXn sh¨hbmWv inemim\§fpw sNt¸SpIpfpw. t£{X ̀ c

W¯n\p sNbXncp¶ GÀ¸mSpIÄ \nIpXn k{¼Zmbw, P·n,IpSnbm³ _Ôw XpS

§nbhsbÃmw CXnÂ \n¶pw shfnhmIp¶p. F.Un 8þmw \qäm-phsc \qän Adp

]tXmfw inemimk\§Ä I-p In«nbn«p-v. Chbnse ̀ mj Xangpw, en]n hs«gp¯pamWv . Ncn{XcN\bv ¡v klmbIamhp¶tXmsSm¸w Xs¶ aebmf ̀ mjm hnImkw

IqSn \ap¡nhbnÂ \n¶pw hyàamhpw.

Ien hÀjw, sImÃhÀjw, ]pXpshbv]p hÀjw F¶o {]mtZinI ImeKW

\mcoXnbmWv imk\§fnÂ {]tbmKn¨n«pÅXv. cmPtiJchÀ½bpsS (F.Un. 820

þ844) "hmg¸Ån imk\'amWv tNccmPm¡·mcptSXmbn tIcf¯nÂ \n¶pw In«n

bn«pÅ BZyimk\w ØmWpchn Xsâ A©mw `cWhÀjamb F.Un. 849 Â

sImÃ¯v ]Ån ]Wnbphm³ acphm³ k]oÀ Cutimhn\v A\phmZw \ÂIp¶


15/51



"Xcnkm¸Ån imk\w' tIcf `cWm[nImcnIÄ ]peÀ¯nbncp¶ aX klnjvWp

Xbnte¡v shfn¨w hoip¶hbmWv . tKmZchnhÀ½bpsS "tNm¡qÀ imk\'¯nemWv

tIcf¯nse tZhZmknIsf BZyambn ]cmaÀin¨p ImWp¶Xv. tPmk^v dºm

s\¶ PqX{]amWn¡v A©ph® Øm\hpw aäpw A\phZn¨p sImSp¡p¶ {]mamWnIamb tcJbmWv ̀ mkvIc chn hÀ½ H¶ma³ Bbncmam-nÂ atlmZb ]pc v̄

sh¨v PqX·mÀ¡v \ÂInb sNt¸Sv hn{IamZnXyhcKpWsâ "]menbw imk\'hpw

{i²mÀlamWv. thWmSv {io hÃ`³ tImXbpsS "am¼Ån imk\' amWv sImÃ

hÀjw tcJs¸Sp¯nb BZyimk\w ss{IkvXh apÉow tZhmeb§fnÂ \n¶pw

Ncn{X{]m[m\yapÅ \nch[n imk\§Ä I-p In«nbn«p-v.

kvamcI§Ä {][m\ambpw sIm«mc§Ä, tIm«IÄ, t£{X§Ä, \mWb

§Ä F¶nhbmWv.

sIm«m-c-§Ä

sIm«mc§fnÂ hfscb[nIw {]m[m\yaÀln¡p¶Xv I\ymIpamcn PnÃbnse

]ß\m`]pcw sIm«mcamWv. tIcfobamb hmkvXphnZymkhntijXIÄ sIm-v

Aew IrXamWv Cu sIm«mcw. tIcfob coXnbnepÅ NpaÀ Nn{X§fpw ChnsS

ImWmhp¶XmWv. G.Un. 1555 Â t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ ]WnIgn¸n v̈ A¶s¯ sIm¨n

cmPmhmb hoc tIcf hÀ½bv¡v k½m\n¨XmWv a«mt©cnbnse U¨psIm«mcw.

tIcfob inev] amXrIbnÂ \nÀ½n¨ Cu sIm«mc¯nÂ cmambWIY BteJ\w

sNbvX 45 NpaÀ Nn{X§fp-v. tIcfob hmkvXp inev] amXrIbnÂ amÀ¯mÞ

hÀ½( 1729þ56) ]WnIgn¸n¨ sIm«mcamWv ImbwIpf¯n\Sp¯pÅ IrjvW]pcw

sIm«mcw KtP{µtam£w IYsb ASnØm\am¡n \nÀ½n¨ 154 NXpc{ibSnbpÅ

Gähpw henb NpaÀ Nn{Xw Cu sIm«mc¯nsâ A]qÀÆXbmWv.

tIm«-IÄ

tIcf Ncn{X cN\bv¡v klmbIamIp¶ hkvXpXIÄ {]Zm\w sN¿p¶h

bmWv tIm«IÄ. A©psX§v, ]Ån¸pdw, tIm«¸pdw, ]me¡mSv, XetÈcn, I®qÀ,

t_¡Â, IÂ\mSv, tlmkvZpÀ¤, Ip¼f F¶nhnS§fnembmWv Ncn{X{]m[m\y

apÅ tIm«IÄ ØnXn sN¿p´v. 1695 Â Cw¥ojpImcmWv NXpcmIrXnbnepÅ

A©psX§ptIm« Øm]n¨Xv. 1503 Â t]mÀ«pKokpImÀ \nÀ½n¨XmWv Bbt¡m

«sb¶p IqSn t]cpÅ ]Ån¸pdw tIm«. tIm«¸pdw tIm«bpw t]mÀ«pKokv \nÀ½n

XnbmWv. 1766 Â sslZcmen \nÀ½n¨XmWv NXpcmIrXnbnepÅ ]me¡m«p tIm«.


16/51



Cw¥ojpImÀ \nÀ½n¨ XetÈcn tIm«bpw, t]mÀ«pKokpImÀ \nÀ½n¨ I®qcnse

skâ v B©tem tIm«bpw Ncn{X {]m[m\yaÀln¡p¶p. tIcf¯nse Gähpw henb

tIm«sb¶hImis¸Smhp¶Xv 17þmw \qäm-nÂ s_Zv t\mdnse inh¸\mbv ¡À \nÀ½n

¨sX¶p hnizkn¡s¸Sp¶ t_¡Â tIm«bmWv. tlmkvZpÀKbnsebpw Ip¼fbnsebpw IÂ\m«nsebpw tIm«IÄ s_Zvt\mÀ \mbn¡·mÀ \nÀ½n¨hbmWv.

{]mNo\ Ncn{X\nÀ½nXn¡v ]eXc¯nÂ klmbIamb Cu tIm«IfnÂ

]eXpw C¶v \mtim·pJambns¡m-ncn¡pIbmWv. Hcp ImeL«¯nse tIcf

¯nse cmjv{Sohpw kmwkvImcnIhpamb PohnX tcJIfpsS sXfnhpIÄ IqSnbmWv

C¶v £bn¨p sIm-ncn¡p¶ Cu A]qÀÆ kvamcI§Ä.

tZhm-e-b-§Ä

sslµh ss{IkvXhþ apÉnw tZhmeb§fpw tIcf Ncn{X\nÀ½nXn¡v klmbIamb sXfnhpIÄ \ÂIp¶p-v. ]gb tIcfobhmkv XphnZymsshZKv [y¯nte¡v

shfn¨w hoip¶ Xc¯nemWv ChbpsS \nÀ½nXn. Nne {KÙImc·mÀ BZyIme

t£{X§sf _p²ssP\ aX§ fpambn _Ôs¸Sp¯p¶pap -v. ssP\þ_p²

t£{X§Ä lnµpt£{X§fmbn amdnbt¸mÄ AhnSps¯ aqÀ¯nIÄ lnµptZho

tZh·mcmbXmhmw. Nne inev]§fnÂ ]Ãh hmkvXp ssien ImWmw. Xr¡m¡pSn

bnse PSm[mcnbmb EjnbpsS inev]w ]Ãh ssien¡pZmlcWamWv. Xr¡m¡p

Snt£{X¯nse Cu ineminev]§Ä AXn{]mNo\ tNc inev]§fmbmWv ]cnK

Wn¡s¸Sp¶Xv. G.Un. H³]Xmw iXIt¯mSpIqSnbmWv IÃpw achpw sIm-pÅt£{X§fpsS \nÀ½mWw tIcf¯nemcw`n¡p¶Xv. AhbpsS inev]ssien tIc

f¯nse IeIfpsSbpw hmkvXphnZybpsSbpw {]Xnaminev]¯nsâbpw ]cnWm

as¯ ¡pdn¨v a\Ênem¡m³ klmbn¡p¶p. Xr¡m¡c, Ccn§me¡pS IqSÂam

WnIyt£{Xw, XriqÀ hS¡pw \mYt£{Xw, Xncph©n¡pfw, Xr{]bmÀ, Xr¸qWn

¯d apXembhbmWv tIcfob ssienbnÂ \nÀ½n¡s¸« {][m\ t£{X§Ä.

]mebqÀ, ]Ån¸pdw, tIm«¡mhv XpS§nb H¼Xp ]gb {InkvXy³ ]Ån

IÄ tXmakv ]pWymf³ Øm]n¨hbmsW¶mWv hnizmkw. G.Un. 1225 Â \nÀ½n¨

apf´pcp¯n HmÀ¯tUmIvkv kndnb³ ]ÅnbnÂ ss__nÄ cwK§Ä Bte

J\w sNbvX NphÀ Nn{X§Ä ImWmw. ià³ X¼pcmsâ Ncn{Xhpambn _Ô

s¸Sp¯p¶ ]ÅnbmWv ImªqÀ kndnb³ It¯men¡¸Ån. t^mÀ«vsIm¨nbnse

skâ v {^m³knkv ]ÅbnemWv hmkvtImUKmasb kwkvIcn¨Xv. sImSp§ÃqÀ,

amSmbn, {ioIWvT]pcw, ImkÀtImUv, XpS§nbnS§fnse apÉnw ]ÅnIfpw Ncn{X

{]m[m\yapÅhbmWv. Xncph\´]pcw \Kc¯nse ]mfbw, tIm«bw PnÃbnse

Xmg¯§mSn, N§\mtÈcn, ]dhqÀ F¶o Øe§fnseÃmw lnµpþapÉnw þ{In

kvXy³ tZhmeb§Ä H¶p tNÀ¶p \ne\n¶ncpXmbn ImWmw. tIcfobÀ¡nSbnÂ

\ne\n¶ncp¶ aX klnjvWpXbpsS _m¡n ]{X§fmWnh.


17/51



\mW-b-§Ä

Ncn{X ]p\À\nÀ½nXn¡v klmbIamhp¶ B[nImcnI sXfnhpIfmWv

\mWb§Ä. AXnse Xn¿XnIfpw NnÓ§fpw, kqN\IfpsaÃmw Ncn{XImcs\kw_Ôn¨v hnes¸« tcJIfmWv. ]cipcmakrjvSnbmb cmin BWv Gähpw

]gb \mWbsa¶mWv hnizmkw. XncphnXmwIqdnse Gähpw ]gb \mWbw Ien

bpKcmb³ ]Ww BsW¶v i¦p®ntat\m³ tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p-v. ]n¶oSv h¶h

bmWv A\´cmb³ ]Whpw, A\´hcml\pw. N{Iw, hcml³, Achcml³, Imiv

F¶nhbpw XncphnXmw Iqdnse \mWb§fmbncp¶p. sIm¨nbnep-mbncp¶ \mW

b§fmWv Ienbta\n ]p¯\pw, Cc«¸p¯\pw. ]Whpw, hoccmb³ ]WhpamWv

kmaqXncn cmPmhnsâ Ime¯p-mbncp¶h. sN¼nÂ XoÀ¯ B\b¨v, Xp«v XpS

§nb \mWb§Ä tNcIme¯pXs¶ {]Ncn¨ncp¶hbmWv.

tIcf¯nÂ\n¶pw Is-Sp¯n«pÅ Gähpw ]g¡w sN¶ hntZi\mWb

§Ä tdma³ \mWb§fmWv. XriqÀ PnÃbnse F¿mÂ {]tZis¯ DZvJ\\¯nÂ

_n.kn. 123þ\pw G.Un. 117þ\pw CSbv¡pÅ tdma³ \mWb§Ä In«nbn«p-v. 8,9

\qäm-pIfnÂ Atd_ybnÂ ̀ cWw \S¯nbncp¶ Jeo^amcpsS \mWb§Ä tImX

awK e¯p \n¶pw I-pIn«nbn«p-v. ]gb Ime¯v tIcf¯nÂ {]Ncn¨ncp¶

kntem¬ \mWbamWv Cug¡miv. t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpsSbpw U¨pImcpsSbpw

Ime¯v skIzn³ F¶ sh\o jyÂ \mW bhpw ChnsS {]N cn ̧ n ¡p ¶p.

"Nm¶mÀImiv' F¶m WnX dn b s¸ Sp ¶ Xv. sslZcnhmcl³,kpÂ¯mÂ]Ww,

kpÂ¯m³Imiv F¶nh Sn¸p {]Ncn¨ \mWb§fmWv. C¯cw hntZi\mWb§Äs¡Ãmw tIc f hp ambn BZy Imew apXte \S¯n bncp¶ hmWn Py _ Ô

¯sâbpw A[n\nthi¯nsâbpsams¡ IYIfmWv ssIamdm\p-mhpI.

alminemkvamcI§fpw Ncn{X\nÀ½nXn¡v B{ibn¡mhp¶hbmWv. ih

kw kvIm c hp ambn _Ôs¸«p cq]w sIm- kvamc I § fnÂ ]e Xn\pw AXXv

Ime¯nsâ Nn{Xw \evIm³ km[n¡p¶p-v. IpS¡ÃpIÄ, \Sp¡ÃpIÄ, sXm¸n

IÃpIÄ, tai¡ÃpIÄ, IÂhr¯§Ä, \¶§mSnIÄ XpS§nbhbmWv {][m\

s¸« alminemkvamcI§Ä. (Chsb¡pdn¨pÅ hniZhnhc§Ä ASp¯ A[ym

b¯nÂ \ÂInbn«p-v).


18/51



samUyqÄ 2

tIc-tfmÂ¸-¯nþ ]c-ip-cm-a-sF-Xnlyw

almhnjv Wphnsâ AhXmcamb ]cipcma³ PaZKv \nalÀjnbpsSbpw tcWpIbpsSbpw ]p{X\mbmWv ̀ qanbnÂ P·saSp¡p¶Xv . ImÀ¯hocymÀÖp\s\ t]mse

bpÅ ZpjvScmPm¡·mcpsS B{IaW§Ä kln¡m\mhm¯ kmlNcy¯nse¯n

bt¸mÄ ̀ qaotZhn almhnjvWphns\ I-v k¦Sw t_m[n¸n¨Xnsâ ̂ eambmWv

]cipcmahXmcw cq]saSp¡p¶Xv . Hcn¡Â ImÀ¯hocymÀÖp\³ Xsâ cmPy¯pÅ

h\§Ä AántZh\v Blmcambns¡mSp¯ Iq«¯nÂ B]h³ F¶ ap\nbpsS

B{i ahpw I¯n sbcnªp, AXn s\ ̄ p SÀ¶v Ip]n X \mb ap\n ImÀ¯ ho

cymÀÖp\sâ Bbncw ssIIfpw ]cipcma\mÂ tOZn¡s¸Ss« F¶p i]n¡p

Ibpw XpSÀ¶v ImÀ¯hocymÀÖp\\pw In¦c·mcpw ]cipcmat\mSv \nc´cw B{I

aW§Ä¡v apXncpIbpw sNbvXp. ̀ b¦camb bp²¯nÂ ImÀ¯hocymÀÖp\\pw

ssk\yhpw sImes¸SpIbpw, AXnsâ {]XnImcambn ]cipcmasâ Akm¶n[y

¯nÂ ImÀ¯hocysâ ]p{X·mÀ PaZán alÀjnbpsS Xe sh«nsbSp¡pIbpw,

XpSÀ¶v At±l¯nsâ NnXbnÂ `mcybmb tcWpI NmSn acn¡pIbpw sNbvXp.

A¶p apXÂ {]XnImcmÀ°w ]cipcma³ £{Xnbh[¯n\mbn temIw Npän \S

¡pIbpw, Ccp]¯nH¶v {]mhiyw £{XnbcpsS càw Nn´nbXnsâ {]mbÝn¯

ambn ]cipcma³ Xsâ k¼mZysaÃmw {_mÒWÀ¡v Zm\w \ÂIpIbpw sNbvXp.

Zm\w sNbvX `qanbnÂ \n¶v ]cipcma³ Hgnªp t]mIWsa¶ Iiy]sâ Bh

iy{]Imcw `qanhn«pt]mb ]cipcma³ X\n¡v X]Ê\pjvTn¡m\mbn kap{Zt¯mSv AÂ¸w Øew bmNns¨¶pw hcpWsâ \nÀt±i{]Imcw ]cipcma³ Xsâ Bbp[

amb ]cip timImÀ®¯p \n¶pw I\ymIpamcnbnte¡v Fdnªpsh¶pw ]cip (a

gp) sN¶p hoW ̀ mKw hscbpÅ ISÂ ]n³hm§nsb¶pw B ̀ qhn`mKamWv tIc

fsa¶pamWv sFXnlyw. AXp sIm-pXs¶bmWv tIcfs¯ "`mÀ¤ht£{Xsa¶pw

"]cipcmat£{X'sa¶psaÃmw hnfn¡p¶Xpw

kap{Zt¯mSv Øew bmNn¨ ]cipcmat\mSv hcpW³ Hcp iqÀ¸w (apdw) IS

en\paosX Fdnbm³ \nÀ±in¨psh¶pw, ]cipcma³ A{]Imcw sNbvXXnsâ ̂ e

ambn apdsadnª ̀ mKt¯mfw Ic sXfnªpImWs¸«psh¶pw, A§s\bp-mb

`q{]tZiamWv "iqÀ¸mcIw' AYhm tIcfw F¶ a«nÂ Hcp ]mTt`Zhpw Cu sFXn

ly¯ns\m¸w \ne\nÂ¡p¶p-v. F´pXs¶bmbmepw almhnjvWphnsâ Ah

Xmcambv ]cip cma³ Ad _n¡SÂ \ÂInb ]mcntXmjnIamWv tIcfw F¶

hnizmkw Ct¸mgpw {]_eamWv.

]cip\maemWv tIcfw krjvSn¡s¸«sX¶ sFXnly¯n³ Ncn{X]camb

ASnØm\§sfm¶pw AhImis¸Sm\nsÃ¦nepw ImfnZmksâ "cLphwi' alm

Imhy¯nepw cmtP{µtNmfsâ "Xncphme§mSv' imk¯nepsaÃmw Cu sFXnly

s¯¡pdn v̈ ]cmaÀin¡p¶p-v.


19/51



hkvXpXm]camb sXfnhpIfpsS A`mh¯nepw tIcf¯nsâ Cu DÂ`h

IY XeapdIfnÂ \n¶p XeapdIfnte¡v hmsamgnbmbn ]IÀ¶p \ÂIpIbpw HSp

hnÂ Kp-À«nsâ "tIctfmÂ¸¯n'bnÂ ØncØm\w t\SpIbpw sNbvXp.

tIc-f-¯nsâ `qan-imkv{Xw

"\m\mXz¯nÂ GIXz'sa¶ `mcXobZÀi\w AXnsâ Gähpw IqSnbAf

hnÂ \ap¡v ImWm³ km[n¡p¶Xv \½psS kwØm\amb tIcf¯nemWv "ssZh

¯nsâ kz´w \mSv ' F¶ JymXn IcØam¡nb tIcfw AXnsâ hyXykv XXbmÀ¶

kwkvImc¯mepw `qanimkv{X]camb khntijXIfmepw cmjv{Sobhpw kmaqln

Ihpamb ]cnXØnXnIfmepw CýbpsS Ahn`mPyLSIambn amdnbncn¡p¶p.

Ing¡v ]ÝnaL«§Ä¡pw ]Snªmdv Ad_n¡Sen\pw CSbnembn, CýbpsS

sXs¡Aä¯v sX¡phS¡v \of¯nÂInS¡p¶ ̀ q{]tZiamWv tIcfw. 38855 NXp

c{i IntemaoäÀ BWnXnsâ BsI hnkvXoÀ®w

sshhn[yamÀ¶ tIcf¯nsâ ̀ q{]IrXnsb s]mXpsh ae\mSv, CS\mS,v ka

Xew (XoctZiw) F¶n§s\ aq¶mbn Xncn¨ncn¡p¶p. ]ÝnaL«ae\ncItfmSv

tNÀ¶p\nÂ¡p¶ {]tZiamWv ae\mSv. Ingt¡ AXnÀ¯nbnÂ ØnXn sN¿p¶

Cu {]tZiw kar² amb ]¨ ̧ n\mÂ A\p {K loX am Wv. ]Sn ªm dp ̀ mK ̄ mbn

ISÂXoct¯mSp tNÀ¶p InS¡p¶ {]tZiamWv kaXew. aWÂ \ndª a®v

ImWs¸Sp¶ Cu {]tZiw sX§pIfmÂ kar²amWv. ae\mSn\pw kaXe¯n\pw

CSbv¡p ØnXnsN¿p¶ {]tZiamWv CS\mSv. a®nÂ sN¦Ãnsâ IeÀ¸pÅ Cu

`q`mKw s\Ãv , acö\n, kpKÔ{Zhy§Ä, Iiph-n XpS§nbh hnfIÄ¡v tbmPn¨

CSamWv.

Z£ntWýbnÂ kly]ÀÆX¯n\pw Ad_n¡Sen\panSbnÂ InS¡p¶

tIcf¯nsâ `qanimkv{X]c amb AhØ AXnsâ Ncn{X K XnbnÂ Imcyamb

kzm[o\w sNep¯nbn«p-v. D¯tcýbnep-mbn«pÅ cmjv{Sob{]t£m`§fnÂ

\n¶v kpc£nXambn amdn \nÂ¡m\pw, hSt¡ýbnep-mb hntZiobm{IaW§

fnÂ \n¶v Hcp ]cnXn hsc c£ t\Sm\pw tIcf¯n³ km[n¨Xv AXnsâ `qan

imkv{X] c amb {]tXy I X sIm -p Iq Sn bm Wv. kwkvIm c § fpsS ]c kv]c

k¼À¡hpw AbÂ\mSpIfnÂ \n¶pÅ B{IaW§fpw ]qÀ®ambpw Hgnhm¡m³

IgnªnÃsb¦nepw AhbpsSsbÃmw Xo{hX Ipdbv¡m³ km[n¨n«p-v.

tIcf¯nsâ X\Xv kwkvImcs¯ \nÀ®bn¡p¶XnÂ sshhn[y]qÀ®

ambn `q{]IrXn {][m\ ]¦phln¨n«p-v. hnhn[§fmb ]ÀÆX§fpw, aeIfpw

ae¼mXIfpw kap{Zhpw,\ZnIfpw, ImbepIfpw, hyXyØamb ImemhØbpsaÃmw

tNÀ¶v tIcfs¯ aäv kwØm\§fnÂ \ns¶Ãmw hyXykvXX BÀPn¡m³ klm

bn¡p¶p.


20/51



]ÀÆ-X-\n-c-Ifpw, ae-Ifpw

tIcf¯nsâ Ing¡p`mK¯p ØnXnsN¿p¶ kly]ÀÆXw Hcp ImhÂt¡m«

t]mse \½sf kwc£n¨p sIm-ncn¡p¶p. i{Xp¡fpsS B{IaW§fnÂ A\

[nIrXamb ssItbä§fnÂ \n¶psaÃmw amdn kpc£sbmcp¡m³ kly]ÀÆXw

\s½ klmbn¡p¶p. kap{Z\nc¸nÂ \n¶v 3000 ASnapXÂ 8000 ASnbne[nIw

DbÀ¶p InS¡p¶XmWv kly]ÀÆX\nc.

CSp¡n PnÃbnse B\apSn¡pw tIcf¯nsâ kmwkvImcnI ]mc¼cy¯nÂ

{]tXyI CSap-v.kly]ÀÆX\ncbpsS sXt¡ Aä¯v ØnXnsN¿p¶ AKkvXy

IqShpw {]m[m\yaÀln¡p¶ sImSpapSnbmWv. CXp IqSmsX cmjv {Sobhpw kmwkv Im

cnIhpamb {]m[m\yw ]peÀ¯p¶ aeIfpap-v. hSt¡ ae_mdnÂ I®qcnÂen

\n¶pw hS¡pamdnØnXnsN¿p¶ Ggnae BbvcmPm¡·mcpsS XØm\ambncp¶p.

]gÈnhn¹h¯nÂ \nÀ®mbIamb Øm\ae¦cn¨XmWv XetÈcnbnse ]pcfnae.C¯c¯nÂ cmjv {Sob kmwkv ImcnI ]mc¼cyapÅhbmbncp¶p A¶s¯ Imes¯

aeIfpw,]ÀÆX§fpsaÃmw tIcf¯nse {][m\XoÀ°mS\tI{µ§fpw aeapIfn

tem, XmgvhcIfntem ØnXnsN¿p¶hbmWv. hb\m«nÂ {_ÒKncn sImSpapSnbpsS

Xmgvhcbnse Xncps\Ãnt£{Xw, ]ocptaSpXmeq¡nse i_cnae, Bephbnse ae

bmäqÀ]Ån XpS§nb XoÀ°mS\ tI{µ§Ä {]m[m\yaÀln¡p¶hbmWv.

ae-¼m-X-Ifpw Npc-§fpw

tIcf¯n³ sXm«Sp ̄ pÅ kwØm\§ fp ambn _Ôw]peÀ¯p ¶XnÂ

klmbIambXv ae¼mXIfpw Npc§fpamWv. kly]ÀÆX\nc¡¸pdwhpw C¸pd

hpapÅ P\kwkvImcs¯ Iq«nbnW¡p¶XnÂ Ch \nÀWmbI ]¦phln¨n«p-v.

]me¡m«pNpchpw tIcfs¯ IpSIpambn Iq«nbnW¡p¶ t]c¼mSn Npchpw ssakq

cpambn tIcfs¯ _Ôn¸n¡p¶ XmactÈcnNpchpw a[pcmPnÃbpambn CSp¡nPn

Ãbnse ]ÀÆX \ncIsf tNÀ¯p\nÀ¯p¶ t_mUn\mbv¡¶qÀ ]mXbpw, I¼w

]mXbpw Bcy¦mhp]mXbpsaÃmw Hcp Ime¯v tIcf¯n\v AbÂ kwkvYm\

k¼À¡¯n\mbn hgnXpd¶hbmWv.

kap{Zw

tIcf¯nsâ Ncn{XKXnsb Xs¶ \nÀ®bn¡p¶hbmWv kap{ZXoc§Ä.

A\y \mSpIfnse hym]mcnIsf tIcf¯nte¡mIÀjn¡m\pw, AXphgn hn]pe

amb hmWnPymSn¯d ]Sp¯pbÀ¯m\pw \½psS kwØm\¯n\p Ignªp. kap{Z

Xoc§tfmS\p_Ôn¨v cq]s¸« XpdapJ§Ä hmWnPyhÔ§fpsSbpw kwkvIm

c k ¦ e \ ̄ n tâbpw Xpd¶ thZn bmbn amdn. apkn cn Êv, Xn-n kv, _dms¡,

s\Â¡n- XpS§nb XpdapJ§Ä hntZinIÄ¡v kpKaamb hgnsbmcp¡p¶tXm

sSm¸w {InkvXpaXw, CÉmwaXw, blqZaXw XpS§nbhbv¡v hf¡qdpÅ \nesam

cp¡pIbpw sNbvXp.


21/51



Pe-k-¼¯v

Pekar²nbpsS Imcy¯nÂ HcpIme¯v k¼¶ambncp¶p tIcfw. 44 \Zn

IfmÂ k¼pjvSamb tIcf¯nÂ \ZoXoc§fpambn _Ôs¸«v [mcmfw kmwkvIm

cnI kwKa§fpw \S¡mdp-v .`mcX¸pg, s]cnbmÀ, ]¼m\Zn XpS§nbh tIcf

¯nsâ ]mc¼cyhpw ss]XrIhpw hnfnt¨mXp¶hbmWv. Xncp\mhmbbnse amam

¦\mfpIfnÂ `mcX¸pgbpsS Xoc§Ä ho-pw NmthdpIfpsS hocyw ]pÂImdp

-v. i¦cmNmcycpsS P· Øehpw {]apJ kmwkvImcnI tI{µhpamb ImeSn s]cn

bmdnsâ Xoc¯mWv. inhcm{Xn atlmÕhw sIm-mSp¶ BephmaW¸pdhpw s]cn

bmdnsâ Xocw Xs¶.tIcf¯nsâ Iem]mc¼cyw s\t©änb tIcf IemaWvU

ehpw `mcX¸pgbpsS Xoc¯p Xs¶.

tIcf¯nsâ Z£ntWm¯c ̀ mK§Ä¡nSbnepÅ KXmKX¯n³ kuIcysamcp¡p¶ ImbepIfpw tXmSpIfpw ̀ q{]IrXnsb anI¨Xm¡p¶p. Ip¼f, IÂ\mSv ,

t_¡Â, IÆmbn XpS§nbhbmWv D¯ctIcf¯nse ImbepIÄ, th¼\m«pIm

bÂ, ImbwIpfwImbÂ, Ajv SapSn¡mbÂ F¶nhbmWv Z£nWtIcf̄ nse {][m\

ImbepIÄ. tIcf¯nse Htcsbmcp ip²PeXSmIamb imkvXmwtIm« ImbÂ

ØnXnsN¿p¶Xv sImÃw PnÃbnemWv. Ago¡Â, sImSp§ÃqÀ, tIm¨n, \o-Ic

apXemb AgnapJ§Ä hgn ImbepIÄ NnebnS§fnÂ kap{Zhpambn kwKan¡p

¶p.

tIcf¯nse Pekar²nbpambn _Ôs¸«p {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ PesshZypX

\neb§fpw,PetkN\]²XnIfpw ssIcfnbpsS hnIk\¯n\v apXÂ¡q«mWv . Hcp

Ime¯v kar²nbpsS \ndhnÂ Ignªncp¶ \½psS Pek¼¯v C¶v a\pjy

cpsS Zpjv{]hÀ¯nIÄ aqew hcÄ¨bnte¡v \o§p¶ Imgv̈ bmWv . ImWm³ km[n

¡p¶Xv.

Imem-hØ

Hcp \mSnsâ cmjv{Sobhpw kmwkvImcnIhpamb ]cnXØnXnIsf \nÀ®bn¡p¶XnÂ ImemhØbv¡pw KWyamb ]¦v hln¡m³ km[n¡pw. ImÀjnI k¼

ZvhyhØbnepÅ tIcfs¯t¸msemcp \m«nÂ ChnSps¯ ImehÀjhpw, Xpem

hÀjhpw Hcp A\p{Klw Xs¶bmWv. tImcf¯nse ssk\nI\o¡§fpw Imemh

Øbpambn _Ôs¸«ncn¡p¶p F¶mWv Ncn{Xw km£ys¸Sp¯p¶Xv . ag¡me v̄

ssk\nI \o¡§Ä \nÀ¯nshbv ¡pIbpw cmPmhv {]Pmt£a{]hÀ¯\§Ä¡mbn

am{Xw kabw Is-¯pIbpambncp¶p sNbvXbv.


22/51



ImemhØmhyXnbm\w kkyPme§sfbpw ]£narKmZnIsfbpw kzm[o

\n¡p¶p. \½psS kpKÔ{Zhy§fmb Gehpw, IpcpapfIpw, Idph¸«bpsaÃmw

hntZinIsf BIÀjn¡pIbpw ChnsS B[n]Xyw Øm]n¡m³ Ahsc t{]cn¸n

¡pIbpw sNbvXp. sshhn[yamÀ¶ ]£narKmZnIfpw kkyPme§fpapÅ \½psSImSpIfnÂ\n¶pw, B\, abnÂ, Ipc§v XpS§nbhsb A\ycmPy§fnte¡v Ibän

Ab¨ncp¶Xmbn ImWmw. [mXp \nt£]¯nepw k¼¶ambncp¶p tIcfw. C¯

c¯nÂ tIcf¯nsâ X\Xp kwkvIrXnbpw ]mc¼cyhpw ]Sp¯pbÀ¯p¶XnÂ

`q{]IrXn \nkvXpeamb ]¦phln¨n«ps-¶v kwibteiat\y ]dbmw.

tIc-fw, ae-_mÀ F¶o- t]-cp-I-fpsS DÂ]¯n

Z£ntW´ybnÂ kly]ÀÆX¯n\pw Ad_n¡Sen\panSbnÂ InS¡p¶

{]tZiw tIcfw F¶ t]cnemWv kwkvIrXkmlnXy¯nÂ ]t- Adnbs¸Sp¶

Xv. tIcfs¯¡pdn¨p kqNn¸n¡p¶ ]WvUnX·mscÃmw tIcfw, tNcw F¶o t]cpIÄ an¡hmdpw ]cymb ]Z§fmbn D]tbmKn¨ncp¶p. ]g´angnbnÂ tIcf¯n\v

tNcw F¶ t]cmWv ImWp¶Xv. tIcfcmPmhn\v tNc³ F¶pw ]dªncp¶p. tNÀ

(sNfn), Afw (Øew) F¶ c-p i_vZ§Ä tNÀ¶v "tNcfw' F¶ ]Zw D-m

sb¶pw AXn\À°w NXp¸pØew F¶msW¶psamcp hmZap-v "tNÀ' AYhm

"tNÀ´' F¶ ]Z¯n\v IqSnt¨À¶Xv F¶À°w IÂ¸n¡mw. At¸mÄ tNcf ]Z

¯n³ IqSns¨À¶ `q`mKw F¶À°w ]dbmw. "tNcfw' F¶ ]Zw Ime{ItaW

kwkvIrX¯nsâ t{]cWbmÂ "tIcfw' F¶p amdnbXmhmw. ISÂ amdn IctbmSp

tNÀ¶ Øew F¶ AÀ°¯nepÅ Cu \njv]mZ\w ]cipcmaIYbpsS `qanim

kv{X]camb hymJym\s¯ ]n´m§p¶pap-v.aebmfw, ae\mSv, ae_mÀ Fs¶ms¡ tIcftZi¯n\v t]cp-mbncp¶p.

Cu tZis¯ ae _mÀ F¶p hnfn¨ BZys¯ teJI³ AÂ_dq\n (G.Un.

973þ1048)Bbncn¡mw. Cu aq¶p t]cpIfpw tIcf¯n³ [mcmfapÅ aeIfpambn

_Ôs¸«XmWv. aebpsS \mSmWv ae\mSv F¶p hyàw. "ae_mÀ' Hcp ]t£ "ae

hmcw' F¶Xnsâ hntZiob D¨mcWhpamImw. ae_mÀ, a\n_mÀ, amen_mÀ, ap\n

_mÀ Fs¶ms¡ Ad_n Fgp¯pImÀ FgpXnbncp¶p. "_mÀ' F¶ i_vZ¯n\v

t]Àjy³ `mjbnÂ cmPysa¶pw, Ad_n`mjbnÂ `qJWvUsa¶pw AÀ°apÅ

Xn\mÂ CXnsâ DÂ¸¯n hntZiobamIm\pw km[yXbp-v.

aebmfw F¶ t]cnt¸mÄ ̀ mjbpsS t]cmbn«mWv D]tbmKn¡p¶sX¦nepw]-v CXpw tZi\maambncp¶p. Cu ]Z¯nsâ DÂ¸¯n XÀ¡hnjbamWv. "\mSv'

F¶À°apÅ "Afw' F¶ hm¡v "ae' F¶Xnt\mSv tNÀ¶mWv "aebmfw' F¶

tZi\maw cq]s¸«sX¶v hnizkn¡p¶hcp-v. aebw (kly]ÀÆX¯nsâ sX¡p

`mKw) F¶ hm¡v Afw (Xmgv¶ {]tZiw) F¶ ]Zhpambn tNÀ¯pw aebmfw

F¶ hm¡v \njv]mZn¡mw. aesb Bfp¶hsâ (`cn¡pI) \mSv F¶ AÀ°¯nÂ

aebmfw cq]w sIm-Xmhm\pw km[yXbp-v.ae F¶ ]Zw Bgw (Bgnþkap{Zw)

F¶ ]Zhpambn tNÀ¶XmIm\pw aXn. C§s\ cq]s¸« aegmbw F¶ ]Z¯nse

"g'Imcw "f' ImcambXmhmw.


23/51



Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-Imew

a\pjy³ ØnchmkanÃmsX \mbmSnbpw th«bmSnbpw \S¶ inembpK§

fpsS ImeamWv Ncn{XmXoXImew.tIcf¯nsâ Ncn{XmXoX Imes¯¡pdn v̈ \ap¡v

enJnXtcJIsfm¶pw Xs¶bnÃ.Ncn{XmXoXIme¯v tIcf¯nÂ a\pjyhmkap

-mbncp¶p F¶v sXfnbn¡p¶ ]pcmX\mhinjvS§sfm¶pw \ap¡nXphsc I-p

In«nbn«panÃ. AXn]pcmX\Ime v̄ sImSpwh\ambncp¶ tIcf¯nÂ ]cp¡³ inem

bp[§fp]tbmKn¡p¶Xv Akm[yambncp¶ncn¡mw. AXpsIm-pXs¶ B Ime

bfhnÂ ]pcmX\inembpK a\pjyÀ ChnsS hkn¨ncn¡m³ km[yXbnÃ. {]mNo\

inembpKa\pjy³ D]IcW§Ä D-m¡m\p]tbmKn¨ncp¶ kv ^SnIineIÄ tIc

f¯nÂ \n¶p I-pIn«nbn«panÃ.

{]mIvN-cn-{Xm-h-in-jvS-§Ä

tIcf¯nse {]mIvNcn{XL«hpambn _Ôs¸« hnhc§Ä hfsc Ipdhm

Wv. ASnØm\ {]amWambn kzoIcn¡mhp¶h intem]IcW§fpw {]mIv Ncn{X

§fpamWv. intem]IcW§fpsS D]tbmK{]Zamb hnhc§Ä In«m\nÃ. {]mIvNcn

{XImehpambn _Ôs¸«v B{ibn¡mhp¶ sXfnhpIÄ a\pjysâ ssIs¸cpamäw

]Xnª ]mds¸m¯pIfmWv . hb\m«nse FS¡Â, sXmhcn F¶nhnS§fnepw aq¶m

dnÂ adbqcn\Sp¯v IqS¡mSv h\¯nepw, sX·ebnse sN´cpWnbnepw C¯cw

]mds¸m¯pIÄ Is-¯nbn«p-v.

alm-in-em-kw-kvImcw

acn¨pt]mb ImcWh³amcpsStbm Ipe¯eh³amcpsStbm ̀ uXnImhinjv S

§Ä AS¡w sNbvX ihIpSoc§sf {]Xn\n[oIcn¡p¶hbmWv. alminemkw

kvImcw.AXpsIm-p Xs¶ Cu kwkvImcs¯ "ivaim\inem kwkvImc'sa¶pw

]dªphcp¶p. a\pjy³ acWaSªmepw Ahsâ Bßmhv imizXambncn¡pw

F¶ hn izmk¯nÂ \n¶pamhmw C¯cw BNmc§fpÛhn¨Xv. Cu ihIpSoc

§fnÂ AØnIfpw Ccp¼psIm-pÅ D]IcW§fpw a¬]m{XmhinjvS§fpw,

[m\y§fpw, ]tcXsâ CjvS hkv{X§fpsaÃmw ImWmw.

XetbmSpw \o- AØnIfpw k©bnNv kwkvIcn¡p¶ "`mKnI ihkw

kvImcw' F¶ t]cnemWv ]pcmhkvXp KthjI³amÀ¡nSbnÂ Adnbs¸«ncp¶Xv.

CXn\p]pdsa apgph³ icoctam AØnIqStam AtX]Sn hmkØe¯v hoSnsâ

XdbnÂ BganÃm¯ Ipgnbntem, AdIfntem AS¡w sN¿p¶ k¼qÀ® ihkw

kvImchpw \nehnencp¶p. tIcf¯nÂ ImWp¶ almiemhinjvS§Ä ]e `m

K¯pw ]e t]cpIfnemWv Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv. IÃdIÄ, ap\nbdIÄ, sImSpwIÃd


24/51



IÄ, ]gpXdIÄ, inem\nÀ½nX KplIÄ, ]S¡Ãv, \Sp¡Ãv, IpS¡Ãv, ]m-pIpgn,

]pXpa¡¯mgn, tai¡ÃpIÄ, sXm¸n¡ÃqIÄ, \¶§mSnIÄ F¶n§s\ ]e

Xcw coXnIÄ \nehnep-mbncp¶p.

IÃ-d-IÄ Dolmenoid cists.)

arXicoc§Ä AS¡w sN¿p¶Xn\p]tbmKn¡p¶hbmWv IÃdIÄ. Ch

Hcp aqSpIÃp sIm-v aqSpIbpw, aqSnbv¡v Hcp Zzmcap-mhpIbpw sN¿pw.

tai-¡-Ãp-IÄ Capstone flush)

Hcp henb a¬`cWnbnÂ arXmhinjvSS§Ä AS¡w sNbvXv \ne¯p

Ipgn¨nSpIbpw AXn\p aosX Hcp ]c¶ IÃv Øm]n¡pIbpw sNbvXmÂ tai¡

Ãmbn. tai¡Ãnsâ a[y`mK¯v Hcp Zzmchpap-mhpw.

IÂhr-̄ -§Ä Stone circle)IÂhr¯§fnÂ AS¡w sN¿p¶ arXmhinjv S§Ä s]s«¶v AfnbpIbpw

]£narKmZnIÄ¡pw aäpw ̀ £Wam¡pIbpw sN¿mw.

IpS-¡-Ãp-IÄ Umberlla Stone)

arXicocw AS¡w sNbvXXn\p apIfnÂ IÃpsIm-pÅ ImepIÄ \m«n

Ahbv¡v aosX hr¯mIrXnbpÅ Iq¼mc¡Ãv {]XnjvTn¡p¶Xns\bmWv IpS¡

ÃpIsf¶v ]dbp¶Xv.

sXm¸n-¡-Ãp-IÄ Hood Stones)

hr¯mIrXnbnepÅ Iq¼mc¡Ãv a®nÂ ]Xnªncn¡p¶Xns\bmWv sXm¸n

¡sÃ¶v ]dbp¶Xv.

\Sp-¡-Ãp-IÄ Menhirs)

]tcXsâ icocw Ipgn̈ n«Xn\ptijw AXn\papIfnÂ henb Hä¡Ãp\m«p¶Xn

s\bmWv \Sp¡ÃpIÄ F¶v ]dbp¶Xv . ]pe n̈¡ÃpIÄ F¶pw Chsb ]dbmdp-v .

\¶-§m-Sn-IÄ Urnburials)

acWs¸« BfpsS `uXnImhinjv S§Ä Hcp henb a¬`cWnbnÂ AS¡w

sN¿p¶Xns\bmWv \¶§mSnIÄ F¶v ]dbp¶Xv . XmgnIsf¶pw Ch Adnbs¸Sp¶p.

tIcf¯nÂ I®qÀ apXÂ Xncph\´]pcw hsc FÃm PnÃIfnepw almin

emkvamcI§Ä Is-¯nbn«p-v. CSp¡nbnse ssltd©pIfnÂ Ch [mcmfw

ImWmw. XrÈqÀ PnÃbnse an¡ Øe§fnepw Kpcphmbqcn¶Sps¯ Acnb¶q

cnepw IpS¡ÃpIfpw sXm¸n¡ÃpIfpw ImWmw. Xoc{]tZi§fnemWv \¶§mSn

IÄ IqSpXembn I-phcp¶Xv.


25/51



BZy-Ime hntZ-i-_-Ô-§Ä

BZyImehntZi_Ô§Ä tIcf¯nsâ kmwkvImcnIhpw, kmaqlnIhp

amb PohnX coXnsb kzm[o\n¡p¶tXmsSm¸w hmWnPy¯ne[njvTnXamsbmcp

km¼¯nImSn¯d sI«ns¸m¡m³ klmbn¨p. Ad_nIÄ, AÊodnb¡mÀ, _m_ntemWnb¡mÀ, ^n\ojy·mÀ, C{kmtbepImÀ, {Ko¡pImÀ, tdma¡mÀ, No\¡mÀXpS§n A\h[n hntZicmPy§fpambn tIcfw _Ôw ]peÀ¯nbncp¶p. {][m\ambpw hmWnPymSn¯d Hcp¡p¶XnemWv. sshtZinI kzm[o\w {]ISambsX¦nepwhyXykv XaXhn`mK§Ä¡v h¶p tNcm\pÅ hgn IqSnbmbn BZyImehntZi _Ô§Ä amdn.

_n.kn. aqhmbncmam-p apXÂ¡p Xs¶ sshtZinI kwkv Imc¯nsâ hfÀ¨tIcf¯nÂ ZriyamWv. AÊodnb¡mcpw _m_ntemWnb¡mcpw BZyIme§fnÂ Xs¶ tIcfhpambn kpKÔ{Zhyhym]mc§fnteÀs¸«ncp¶p. {]mNo\ CuPn

]vXpImscbpw tIcf¯nte¡mIÀjn¨Xv ChnSps¯ Gehpw Idphm]«bpsams¡Xs¶ bmWv. Ad_nIfpw ^n\ojy ·mcpw {][m\ambpw kpKÔ{ZhyhmWnPywe£yw sh¨psIm-pXs¶bmWv tIcf Xocs¯¯nbXv. CehÀ§hpw, Im«psIm¶bpsaÃmw Hcp ]t£ Chcmbncn¡mw ]mÝmXyÀ¡v ]cnNbs¸Sp¯nbXv. kpKÔ{Zhy§Ä¡p ]pdsa B\Isfbpw Ipc§pIsfbpw abnepIsfbpw hmWnPymSnØm\¯nÂ Ibäns¡m-pt]mbXmbpw Ncn{Xw km£ys¸Sp¯p¶p.

{Ko¡pImcpw tdma¡mcpw C©n, aªÄ, IcpapfIv XpS§nbhbpsS hn]peamb tiJcw ChnsS \n¶pw IbäpaXn sNbvXn«p-v. Ichgnbpw ISÂhgnbpambn[mcmfw hmWnPy _Ô§Ä A¡me¯v tIcf¯nep-mbn«p-v. ̀ mjmimkv{X]camb sXfnhpIfpsS ASnØm\¯nÂ tUmIvSÀ _À®À {KokpambpÅ hmWnPy

_Ôs¯ ASbmfs¸Sp¯p¶p-v. "C©n' F¶ hm¡nÂ \n¶pw "kn©ns_À'(C©n) F¶ {Ko¡v ]Zw \njv]mZn¸n¡msa¶v At±lw AhImis¸Sp¶p. "Hdnkn'(Acn) F¶ {Ko¡v ]Z¯nsâ DÛhw Xangv ]Zamb "AcninbnÂ' \n¶mhmsa¶pw At±lw A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p. tIcf¯nÂ \n¶pw Is-Sp¯n«pÅ tdma³\mWb§fpw aäpw Hcp Ime¯v AhÀ¡v tIcfhpambp-mbncp¶ iàamb_Ôs¯ Ipdn¡p¶ sXfnhpIfmWv.

{InkvXphÀjmcw`¯nÂ tIcfhpabn ASp¯ _Ôw ]peÀ¯nb hntZiobÀ ssN\¡mcmWv. tIcf¯nÂ \n¶pw I-pIn«nbn«pÅ No\\mWb§fpw No\]m{X§fpsaÃmw Cu _Ô¯ns\ km£oIcn¡p¶p. ]Xnaq¶mw iXI¯nÂtIcf¯nse¯nb hntZi k©mcnbmb amÀt¡mt¸mtfm ssN\ tIcfhpambn\S¯nb kpKÔ{Zhy§fpsSbpw IpcpapfInsâbpw hmWnPys¯¡pdn v̈ ]cmaÀin¡p¶p-v. IqSmsX tIcfobÀ hmWnPymhiy¯n\pw aäpambn hntZicmPy§fnte¡v ISÂamÀ¤w bm{X sNbvXncp¶p. iàamb \mhnI]mc¼cyhpw CXn\hsc]n´p W¨p.

{InkvXp hÀjw 9þmw iXI¯n\pw 13þmw iXI¯n\panSbv¡v A©ph®w,aWn{Kmaw F¶o tIcfob hmWnPy kwL§Ä hntZi hym]mc§fnÂ GÀs¸«n

cp¶p. ankncnkv, _td¡, Xn-nkv, s\ÂIn- XpS§nb ]gb Ime XpdapJ§Ä

hmWnPy]chpw kmwkvImcnIhpamb BZm\{]Zm\§Ä¡v iàamb ASn¯d

Hcp¡nbncp¶p.


26/51



samUyqÄ 3

kwL-Imew

kwLImes¯¡pdn̈ v GIm`n{]mbw \ne\nÂ¡p¶nsÃ¦nepw {Inkv XphÀjw

H¶papXÂ A©p hscbpÅ \qäm-p IÄ¡nSbnemImw kwLImew F¶mWp

s]mXpsh ]ÞnXm`n{]mbw.

{Inkv XphÀjw BZy ZiI§fnÂ XangI¯nsâ ̀ mKambncp¶ tIcfw thWm

Sv, Ip«\mSv, IpS\mSv, ]qgn\mSv, IÀ¡m\mSv F¶n§s\ A©p \mSpIfmbmWv hn`

Pn¡s¸«ncp¶Xv. {][m\ambpw aq¶v cmjv{Sob iànIfmWv kwLImemcw`¯nÂ

tIcfw ̀ cn¨ncp¶Xv. sX¡³ {]tZi§Ä Bbv cmPm¡·mcpw, hS¡v Ggnae cmPm¡·mcpw Chbv¡nSbv¡pÅ tZiw tNccmPm¡·mcpambncp¶p `cn¨ncp¶Xv.

Bbv cmP-hwiw

sX¡³ tIcf¯nse Gähpw ]gb cmPhwiamb Bbv cmPhiw G.Un.

BZy iXI§fnÂ sX¡v \mKÀtImhnÂ sXm«v hS¡v XncphÃmhscbpÅ Z£nW

tIcf¯nsâ Iptd ̀ mK§Ä ̀ cn¨ncp¶hcmWv. ChÀ "Bbv thfpIÄ' F¶pw Adn

bs¸«ncp¶p. s]mXnbnÂ aebnse BbnIp«nbmbncp¶p BØm\w F¶pw hniz

kn¡s¸Sp¶p. _mcokv (]¼) apXÂ I\ymIpamcn hsc Bbv cmPm¡·mcpsS ̀ c

W¯nencp¶ ̀ qhn`mKs¯ "Atbmbn' F¶mWv tSmfan (2þmw iXIw) hnfn¡p¶

Xv. kwLIme IrXnbmb sXmev¡m¸nb¯nsâ hymJym\¯nÂ Bbv hwis¯

¡pdn¨pÅ kqN\IfS§nbn«p-v. ]pd\m\qdnse ]e ]m«pIfnepw I]neÀ F¶

Ihn "]mcn' Fs¶mcp Bbvthfns\ hmgv¯p¶pap-v.

kwLImeIrXnIfnÂ ]cmaÀin¡s¸Sp¶ {]apJcmb aq¶v Bbv cmPm¡

·mÀ A-nc³, AXnb³, XnXnb³ F¶o aq¶v t]cmWv. ]pd\m\qdnÂ Bbv A-n

cs\¡pdn̈ v ]Xn\mep]m«pIfp-v .XnXnb³ F¶ cmPmhns\ s]mXnbnÂ sNÂh³

F¶ t]cnÂ AI\m\qdnÂ hmgv ̄ p¶p-v. kwLIhnbmb ]cWÀ Xsâ IrXnbnÂ

AXnbs\ {]IoÀ¯n¡p¶p-v. NSb³, Icp\´³, Icp\´S¡³ XpS§nb Bbv

cmPm¡·msc¡pdn¨pw Ncn{XtcJIfp-v . XpSÀ¶v ]cmaÀin¡s¸Sp¶ {]ikv X\mb

Bbv hwi cmPmhv hn{IamZnXyhcKpW\mWv. lPqÀ imk\¯nÂ hn{IamZnXyhc

KpWsâ ̀ cWkqN\bp-v. At±l¯nsâ "]menbwimk\w' {]kn²amWv.


27/51



Ggn-ae cmP-hwiw

hSIcbv ¡pw awKem]pc¯n\pw CSbv ¡pÅ XoctZihpw AXn\p Ing¡pÅ

ae{¼tZi§fpw AS¡n hmW cmPhwiamWv Ggnae cmPhwiw. ChcpsS XeØm\wGgnaebmbncp¶p. "DbÀ¶ ae' F¶À°apÅ "GgnÂasse' F¶ t]cnemWv Ggn

ae kwLImeIrXnIfnÂ ]cmaÀin¡s¸Sp¶Xv. GgnaecmPm¡·mamcnÂ Gähpw

{]apJ³ \¶³ F¶bmfmWv . \¶sâ `cWIme¯mWv Ggnae AXnsâ kphÀW

ImeL«¯neqsS IS¶p t]mIp¶Xv. kwLImeIrXnIfmb AI\m\qdnepw ]pd

\m\qdnepsaÃmwþ \¶sâ `cW]cm{Ia§Ä {]IoÀ¯n¡s¸Sp¶p-v. ]mgnbp²

¯nÂ \¶³ ssIhcn¨ hnPbs¯ ]cWÀ ]mSn¸pIgv¯p¶p-v.

\¶sâ `cWIme¯p Xs¶bmWv tNcssk\yw Ggnaesb e£yam¡n

bp²¯nÂ apt¶dp¶Xv. \mÀapSnt¨censâ t\XrXz¯nÂ tNc·mÀ \¶s\ ]cmPbs¸Sp¯pIbpw \¶sâ km{amPyw X§fpsS ImÂ¡ognem¡pIbpw sNbvXp.

tNc-cm-P-hwiw

{InkvXphÀjw BZniXI§fnÂ Xs¶ tIcfw `cn¨ncp¶ {]_eiàn

bmbncp¶p tNc·mÀ. cmPIpSpw_¯nse Gähpw aq¯bmÄ cmPyw ̀ cn¡p¶ Iqäp

hmgvNbmbncp¶p tNchwiw ]n´pSÀ¶ncp¶Xv kwLImeIrXnbmb "]Xnäp]¯n'

emWv ]¯p tNccmPm¡·msc ]cmaÀin¡¶Xv . ]¯pIhnIÄ ]¯p]m«pIÄ hoXw

FgpXn kamlcn¨XmWnXv. CXnsâ BZys¯bpw A´y¯nsebpw ]m«pIÄ\jvSs¸«n«p-v. Cu {KÙs¯ B[mcam¡nbmWv tNccmP Ncn{Xw ]p\À\nÀ½n

¡p¶Xv.

1. DZn-b³ tNc-em-X³

]Xnäp]¯nse \jvSs¸«pt]mb BZy]¯nse \mbI³ Ct±lambncp¶ncn

¡Ww. t]cpw tNmäpXnb³ tNcemX³ F¶p IqSn Ct±lw Adnbs¸Sp¶p. A¶

Zm\w \S¯p¶XnÂ Xev ]c\mbncp¶Xp sIm-mhmw C§s\sbmcp hntijW¯n

\nt±lw AÀl\mbXv hm\hc¼³ F¶ asämcp hntijWw IqSn DZnb³ tNcemX

\p-v. hm\w cmPy¯nsâ hc¼v (AXnÀ¯n) B¡nbh³ F¶pw hm\hÀ¡v ({]P

IÄ¡v) A³]pÅh³ ({]nbs¸«h³) F¶pw CXns\ hymJym\n¡mw. alm`mcXbp

²¯nÂ ]mÞhÀ¡pw Iuch·mÀ¡pw `£Ww \ÂInbXv DZnb³ tNcemX\m

sW¶ hnizmkhpap-v. sh¶nbnÂ bp²¯nÂ kaImenI\mb IcnImetNmfsâ

Bbp[w apXpInÂ apdnthÂ¸n¨XpsIm-v A]am\w kln¡m\mhmsX hS¡ncn

¡Â NS§neqsS DZnb³ tNcemX³ acWw hcn¡pIbmWv sNbv XXv.


28/51



2. s\Spw tNc-em-X³

]Xnäp] n̄se c-mw ]¯nÂ I®\mÀ Ihn hÀ®n¨ncn¡p¶ tNcm

[n]\mWv "Cabhc¼³' F¶ _ncpZt¯mSv IqSnb s\SpwtNcemX³. lnamebw

cmPymXnÀ¯nbmbn«pÅhs\¶pw tZh·mÀ¡v {]nbs¸«hs\¶pw Cu hm¡n\À°wIÂ¸n¡mw. DZnb³ tNcemXsâ aI\mb Ct±lw ]mcn, Hmcn, \¶³, Imcn, FÆn,

Bhn, Bbv F¶o cmPm¡·msc tXmÂ¸n¡pIbpw AhcpsS IncoS§Ä amebm

¡namdneWnªv "GgpapSnamÀÆ³' F¶dnbs¸SpIbpw sNbvXp. Zm\ioe¯nepw

t]cptI« hyànbmbncp¶p Ct±lw. 58 hÀjw \o-p\nÂ¡p¶ `cWambncp¶p

Ct±l¯ntâXv. tNmfcmPmhpambpÅ Gäpap«enÂ c-pt]cpw acWaSbpIbm

Wp-mbXv.

3. ]mÂbmss\ sNÂsI-gp-Ip-«p-h³

DXnb³ tNcemXsâ aI\pw s\SpwtNcemXsâ A\nb\pamb ]mÂbmss\

sNÂsIgpIp«phm\mWv ]Xnäp]¯nse aq¶mw ]m«nÂ Ihn ]msse KuXa\mcmÂ

{]IoÀ¯n¡s¸Sp¶Xv.Ccp]¯©v hÀjw bphcmPmhmbn hmW Ct±lw "]qgnbÀ

tIm³' F¶ _ncpZw kzoIcn¨ncp¶p. ]qgn\mSnsâ Nne ̀ mK§Ä ChcpsS A[o\

Xbnembncp¶psh¶Xv CXnÂ \n¶p hyàamIpw. IhnIÄ¡pw ]ÞnX·mÀ¡p

saÃmw hnes¸« k½m\§Ä \ÂInbncp¶ sNÂsIgpIp«ph³ Ahkm\Ime¯v

bp²§fnÂ \ns¶Ãmw amdn hncà PohnXamWv \bn¨ncp¶Xv.

4. \mÀap-Sn-t¨-cÂ

\memw ]¯nÂ Im¸nbmäp¡m¸nb\mÀ hmgv¯p¶ bphcmPmhmWv s\Spw

tNcemXsâ aI\mb \mÀapSnt¨cÂ. "Ifw Imbv¡®n \mÀapSnt¨cÂ' F¶pw

Ct±lw hntijn¸n¡s¸Sp¶p-v. A`ntjI kab¯v ]\\mcp sIm-p-m¡nb

IncoShpw, cXv\§Ä¡p ]Icw Ifw ImbvIfpw AWnªXp sIm-mWv C¯c

samcp hntijWw e`n¨Xv. hmssIs¸cpw XpdbnÂ sh¨p \S¶ bp²¯nÂ Ggna

ecmPmhmb \¶s\ h[n¨Xv \mÀapSnt¨cemWv. bphcmPmhmbn 25 hÀjw ̀ cWw

\S¯nbXn\ptijw AÑ\mb s\Spw tNcemX³ Pohn¨ncn¡pt¼mÄ Xs¶ \mÀap

Snt¨cÂ acWaSªp.

5. thÂ sIgp-Ip-«p-h³

]Xnäp]¯nse A©mw ]¯nÂ ]cWÀ {]IoÀ¯n¡p¶ ̀ cWm[nImcnbm

Wv . s\SpwtNcemXsâ asämcp aI\pw, \mÀapSnt¨censâ ktlmZc\pamb thÂsI

gpIq«ph³. "ISÂ ]ndtIm«nb sN¦p«ph³' F¶v ]cWÀ Ct±ls¯ hmgv¯p¶p

-v. kap{Zbp²¯nÂ thÂsIgpIp«ph³ t\Snb hnPb§fmhmw CXn\p ImcWw.

Nne¸XnImc¯nÂ ]cmaÀin¡s¸Sp¶ tNc³ sN¦p«ph³ thÂIgpIp«phm\m

sW¶p hnizkn¡p¶hcpap-v.


29/51



6. BSp-tImSp ]m«p-tN-c-em-X³

]Xn äp ] ̄ nse BdmwJÞ ̄ nÂ Imss¡¸mSn \n bmÀ \s¨ Å bmÀ

{]IoÀ¯n¨p ]mSp¶Xv s\SpwtNcemXsâ asämcp aI\mb BSptImSp]m«p tNc

emXs\bmWv. bp²hnPb§fnÂ \r¯hpw, ]m«pw, sIm«psaÃmw Act§dp¶Xp

sImt-m FXncmfnIÄ X«ns¡m-pt]mb Hcp ]äw BSpIsf hos-Sp¯Xp

sImt-m Bhmw C¯csamcp t]cp-mbXv . Ip«\m«nse Hcp {Kmaw apgph³ Ct±lw

{_mÒWÀ¡v \ÂInbXmbpw ]m«nÂ ]cmaÀin¡p¶p-v. Ct±lw 38 hÀj¡mew

bphcmPmhmbncp¶p.

7. sNÂh-¡SpwtImhm-gn-bm-XÂ

]Xnäp]¯nse Ggmw JÞ¯nÂ I]neÀ hÀ®n¡p¶ `cWm[nImcnbmWnt±lw. A´ph³ tNcensâ aI\pw s\Spw tNcemXsâ ̀ mcym ktlmZcnbpsS

`À¯mhpamb sNÂh¡Spw tIm hmgnbmX³ 25 hÀjw cmPyw ̀ cn¨p. sXm-nbmbn

cp¶p BØm\w. tNmf]mÞy ssk\y§sf Ct±lw ]cmPbs¸Sp¯nbXmbpw

]cmaÀiap-v. sXm«p ap³]pÅ cmPmhmb BSptImSp]m«p tNcemX\v B¬Ip«n

IfnÃm¯Xn\mÂ tNchwi¯nsâ asämcp imJbmb Ccps¼mssdamhnte¡v A[n

Imcw ssIamdn F¶ \ymbs¯ ]n´pWbv¡p¶XmWv. " Ac\m«mÀasse' imk\

¯nÂ BX³ tNc³ Ccps¼mssd sNÂh¡SpwtIm hmgnbmX³ Bbncn¡mw

F¶ ]cmaÀiw.

8. s]cpw tNcÂ Ccp-s¼mssd

]Xnäp]¯nse F«mw ]¯nÂ AcnNnÂ IngmÀ F¶ Ihn ]mSnbncn¡p

¶Xv s]cpw tNcÂ Ccps¼mssdsb Ipdn¨mWv. sNÂh¡Spw tImhgnbmXsâ ]p{X

\mb Ct±lw AXnIam³ cmPmhmb Ggn\nbpsS XISqÀ \Kcw \in¸n¨Xn\mÂ

"XISqÀ Fdnª Ccps¼mssd' F¶p hntijWap-v. H«\h[n bmK§Ä \S

¯nb Ct±lw Zm\ioe\pw HuZmcyaXnbpambncp¶p.

9. Cfw tNcÂ Ccp-s¼mssd

]Xnäp]¯nse H³]Xmw ]¯nÂ s]cpwIpâqÀ IngmÀ hÀ®n¡p¶ Ct±lw

s]cpw tNcÂ Ccps¼mssdbpsS aI\mWv. sIm§³ tImssh, ]pgnbÀtImssh

F¶n§s\ _ncpZ§Ä kzoIcn¨Xmbn tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«p-v. tNmftcbpw ]mÞy

tcbpw ]cmPbs¸Sp¯n ssI¡em¡nb k¼ v̄ XeØm\amb h©nbnÂ sIm-p

h¶v ]mWÀ¡pw aäpw Zm\w sNbvXXmbpw hnizkn¡s¸Sp¶p.


30/51



10. bmss\-I-SvtNbv am´cw tNcÂ

]Xnäp]¯nse \jvSs¸« ]¯mas¯ ]m«nÂ {]IoÀ¯n¡s¸Sp¶ cmPmhv

Ct±lamsW¶v hnizkn¡s¸Sp ¶p. aZ bm\bpsS ssØcyhpw t\m«hpsaÃmw

tNÀ¶mbncn¡mw "bmss\ImSv tNb' F¶ hntijWw am´cw tNcen\v e`n¨n«p

-mhpI. sXm-n BØm\am¡n `cn¨ Ct±l¯nsâ Imet¯mSpIqSn tNckm

{amPyw £tbm·pJamhp¶Xmbn ImWmw.

GItZiw 200 hÀjt¯mfw ]Xnäp]¯nse tNc]c¼c ̀ cn¨Xmbn ImWmw

ChcnÂ Xs¶ DXnb³ tNc³, s\Spw tNc³, thÂ sIgpIp«ph³ F¶nhcmWv

ZoÀLImew cmPyw ̀ cn¨Xv. Nne kwLw IrXnIfnÂ A{]ikvXcmb cmPm¡·m

scbpw ]cmaÀin¨p ImWp¶ps-¦nepw tNccmPhwimhenbpsS {]_eNcn{Xw ]Xn

äp]¯neqsS Xs¶bmWv shfnhmIp¶Xv.

kwL-Ime kmlnXyw

kwLw F¶ kwkv IrX i_v Z n̄\v Iq«pIqSÂ F¶mWÀ°w C¯c¯nÂ

]ÞnX·mcpsS Iq«pIqSÂ \ne\n¶ncp¶p. "Xangv kwLw' hnZzm·mcpsStbm ]Þn

X·mcpsStbm Hcp kmlnXy kanXnbmbncp¶p. Cu kmlnXy Iq«mbvabnse AwK

§Ä cNn¨tXm AhcpsS AwKoImcw e`n¨tXm Bb IrXnIfmWv kwLw IrXn

IÄ .F.Un. H³]Xmw \qäm-nÂ "Cssdb\mÀ AIs¸mcpÄ' F¶ kmlnXy {KÙ

¯n\v \¡oc³ FgpXnb hymJym\¯nÂ \n¶mWv kwLs¯¸än IqSpXÂ hnhc§Ä e`n¡p¶Xv. apXÂ kwLw, CssS kwLw, IssS kwLw F¶p aq¶v kwL

§Ä D-mbncp¶Xmbn ]cmaÀin¡p¶p-v. kwLIme ̀ cW kwhn[m\s¯¡p

dn¨pw A¶s¯ kmaqlnImhØsb¡pdn¨psaÃmw hnhcw e`n¡p¶Xv kwLw

IrXnIfneqsSbmWv. A¶s¯ ¡me¯v IhnIÄ P\§fpsS kmaqlnI PohnX

¯nÂ AXn{][m\amb ]¦mWp hln¨ncp¶Xv.

C¶p kwLkmlnXyw F¶dnbs¸Sp¶ ap¸¯nbmdpIrXnIÄ IssS kwL

Ime¯v cNn¡s¸«hbmWv. ap¸¯nbmdp IrXnIsf kmam\yambn aq¶p hn`mK

¯nÂs¸Sp¯p¶p. F«ps¯mssI, ]¯p¸m«v, ]Xns\¬ Iogv IW¡v F¶nhbmWh. ChtbmsSm¸w sXmÂ¡m¸nbw F¶ hymIcW {KÙhpw Nne¸XnImcw

aWntaJe F¶o Imhy§fpw IqSnt¨cpt¼mÄ kwLkmlnXyw GXm-v ]qÀW

amIpw. ]pd\m\qdv, AI\m\qdv, ]Xnäp] v̄, Ipdps´mssI, Iens¯mssI, sF¦p

dp\qdv \änssW, ]cn]mSÂ XpS§n F«pIhnXm kamlmc§Ä tNÀ¶XmWv F«p

s¯mssI. (sXmssIþ kamlmcw) ]¯pIhnXmkamlmc§fS§nbXmWv ]¯p

¸m«v . Xncp¡pdÂ, \meSnbmÀ, Ifhgn \mÂ¸Xv apXemb Imhy§fmWv ]Xns\¬Iogv

IW¡nepÄs¸Sp¶Xv.


31/51



AIw Ihn-X-Ifpw ]pdw Ihn-X-Ifpw

hnjb kz`mha\pkcn¨v kwLkmlnXy¯n\v AIw IhnXsb¶pw ]pdw

IhnXsb¶pw c-phn`mKap-v. t{]akw_Ôamb CXnhr¯apÅ IhnXIfmWv

AIw IhnXIÄ. F«ps¯mssIbnepÄs¸« AI\m\qdv, sF¦p\p\qdv, \änssW,Ipdps´mssI, Iens¯mssI F¶nhsbÃmw AIhn`mK¯nepÄs¸Sp¶ IhnXI

fm Wv. `q{] Ir Xn bp ambn _Ô s¸«p cNn ¡ s¸« A©v AIw Ihn X I fmWv

"sF´nssW'. Hmtcm {]tZi¯papÅ ImapIcpsS A\pcmKIYbpambn _Ôs¸Sp

¯nbpÅ ]m«p I fm Wnh. Ipdn ªn¸m «v, ]msse ̧ m «v, apssÃ¸m «v, acp Xw ]m «v,

s\bvXÂ]m«v F¶nhbmWh. Cu A©p{]tZi§sfbpw AhnsS cq]w sIm-

t{]a Imhy§sfbpamWv sF´nssW F¶p hyhlcn¡p¶Xv.

XangIs¯ {]mNo\ P\XbpsS {]Wbk¦Â¸hpambn _Ôs¸« ]e IuXp

I¡mgv NIfpw AIw IhnXIfnÂ {]Xn̂ en¡p¶p-v . AXnsem¶mWp "Ifhpw IÀ¸pw'bphXobphm¡Ä ]ckv]cm\pcmK¯nembmÂ _Ôpan{XmZnIfpsS k½Xt¯mSp

IqSn \S¡p¶ hnhmlamWv IÀ v̧ . k½Xt¯mSpIqSnbÃmsX A\pcmKnIÄ Hfnt¨mSn

hnhmlnXcmIp¶ k{¼ZmbamWv Ifhv. t{]a ss\cmiyw h¶ \mbI³ ]\aSÂ

sIm-v \nÀ½n̈ s]mbv ¡mÂ IpXncbpsS ]pdt¯dn Fcn¡n³ ]qamebWnªv \mbn

Im`h\¯n\p ap³]nÂ aªpw agbpw hI shbv¡msX acWw hsc \ncmlmca\p

jvTn¡p¶ NS§mWv "aStedÂ'. cmPyX{´w, bp²w, ssk\yw, hmWnPyw, Zm\w XpS

§nbhbmWv ]pdw IhnXbv¡v hnjbamIp¶h. cmPm¡m·mcpsS kacNcnX§Ä,

hocm]Zm\§Ä XpS§nbhbpw CXnÂ {]IoÀ¯n¡s¸Sp¶Xv. ]pdw hn`mK¯nÂ

Gähpw {][m\s¸« cN\IÄ F«ps¯mssIbnÂ DÄs¸« ]pd\m\qdpw, ]Xnäp]¯p

amWv . kwLkmlnXȳ nteähpw ]g¡apÅsX¶p IcpXnt¸mcp¶ ]pd\m\qdv \½psS

kwkvImc¯nsâ AXn{]mNo\ tcJbmWv. ]Xnäp]¯nÂ \n¶mWv tNccmPm¡·m

cpsS Ncn{Xw ]p\À\nÀ½n¡m³ \ap¡v km[n¡p¶Xv.

kwL-Im-es¯ `cWk{¼-Zmbw

kwLImeIrXnIfnÂ \n¶pamWv \ap¡v A¶s¯ ImeL«¯nsâ hyà

amb Nn{Xw e`n¡p¶Xv. cmPhmgvNbnÂ A[njvTnXamb ̀ cW{Iaambncp¶p kwL

Ime P\Xsb \bn¨ncp¶Xv. tNmf]mÞy cmPm¡·mtcmsSm¸w tNccmPm¡vamcpw

X§fpsS ̀ cW¯nÂ IognÂ kwLImeP\Xsb Dd¸n¨p \nÀ¯n. cmP`cW¯nÂ

IognÂ kwLImeP\X kam[m\]camb PohnXamWv \bn¨ncp¶Xv. cmPmhns\

{]Xm]m Uw _ c § fpsS {]Xy t£m Zm l c W am bmWv kwLw P\X I- Xv.

cmÚnamÀ¡pw cmPmhnt\msSm¸w Xs¶ _lpam\y]Zhn e`n¨ncp¶p. _lp`m

cymXzw A¶s¯ Ime¯v km[mcWambncp¶p. hn[hIÄ Nne kµÀ`§fnÂ

kXnb\pjvT n¨ncp¶Xmbpw ]cmaÀiap-v.


32/51



tNccmPm¡m·mcpsS ̀ cW k{¼Zmb¯n\p IognÂ kwLw P\Xbv¡v Xpey

amb \oXnbpw kwc£Whpw e`n̈ p. P\§fpsS ]cmXnIÄ cmPmhp t\cn«p tIÄ¡p

Ibpw, AXn\mhiyamb ]cnlmcamÀ¤§Ä \S¸nem¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶p. B`yć kam[m\¯n\pw IrXyamb GÀ¸mSpIÄ BZyIme¯p-mbncp¶p. cm{Xn

bnÂ s]cphgnIfnÂ ]´tań tdm´p Npäp¶ ImhemfpIÄ P\PohnX¯n\v

kpc£nXXzw \ÂIn. {]mtZinIamb bp²w \S¡pt¼mÄ s]mXpP\§Ä¡p kwc

£Ww \ÂIpIsb¶Xv tNccmPm¡·mcpsS {][m\ IÀ¯hyambncp¶p. kwL

ImeL«¯nse ̀ qcn]£w cmPm¡·mcpw ]cm{IaimenIfmbncp¶p. A¼pw hnÃpw

thepw hmfpambncp¶p ]SbmfnIfpsS Bbp[§Ä. thÄ¸S, hmÄ¸S, hnÂ¸S

F¶n§s\ ImemÄ¸Sbv¡v ]e D]hn`mK§fp-mbncp¶p. bp²w XpS§p¶

Xn\p ap³]v sImässh F¶ kactZhXsb Bcm[n¡p¶ ]Xnhp-mbncp¶p.

A¡mes¯ kv{XoIfpw kachocyapÅhcmbncp¶p. AhÀ t\cn«v bp²`qanbnÂ

sN¶v ]SbmfnIfnÂ BthiapWÀ¯nbncp¶p. bp²`qanbnÂ sh¨v hocNcaw

{]m]n¡pI F¶Xv GsXmcp ]SbmfnIfpsSbpw kz]v\ambncp¶p. B\¸pdt¯dn

bmWv cmPmhv bp²`qanbnÂ ssk\y¯ \nb{ń¨ncp¶Xv. cmPmhv acWs¸«mÂ

bp²w AtXmsS Ahkm\n¡mdmWv ]Xnhv.

bp²hpambn _Ôs¸«v ckIcamb Ht«sd BNmc§fpw kwLIme v̄ \ne\n¶ncp¶p. Hcp cmPmhv bp²¯nÂ Ggv cmPm¡·msc tXmÂ¸n¨mÂ A[ncmP]

Zhn t\Smw. {]XntbmKnbmb cmPmhnsâ Bbp[w apXpInteäm³ cmPmhv ssIbnÂ

hmfptań hS¡pZn¡nte¡pw t\m¡n \ncmlmc{hXa\pjvTn¨v acWaSbp¶ NS

§mWv "hS¡ncn¡Â'. bp²¯nÂ cmPmthm tk\m\mbIt\m h[n¡s¸«mÂ DS³

bp²w \nÀ¯n "Ipcssh¡q¯v' F¶ bp² \r¯w \S¯pw . "XpWss¦¡q¯pw',

"Aae'bpw bp²cwKs¯ aäp c-p \r¯cq]§fmWv. Iqcssh¡q¯nepw XpW

ss¦¡q¯nepw ]s¦Sp¡p¶ \À¯InamÀ hndenIÄ F¶mWdnbs¸«ncp¶Xv . Hmtcm

cmPmhn\pw A[nImc¯nsâ {]XoIambn Hmtcm ImhÂacw \«phfÀ¯p¶ ]Xn

hp-v. Hcp cmPmhv bp²¯nÂ acn¨mÂ AbmfpsS ImhÂacw tPXmhv apdn¨pamäp

Ibpw ]Icw tPXmhnsâ ImhÂacw \«p]nSn¸n¡pIbpw sN¿pw. tXmä cmPmhnsâ

IncoSw sIm-pImÂ¯fbp-m¡n tPXmhv AWnbp¶ ]Xnhpw D-mbncp¶p. Ihn

IÄ, KmbIÀ, \À¯IÀ XpS§nbhÀ¡v acWòXn IqSmsX bp²¡f¯nÂ {]th

in̈ v X§fpsS cmPm¡·msc t{]mÕmlņ n¡m³ Ahkcsamcp¡nbncp¶ Imgv Nbpw

kwLIme¯nsâ {]tXyIXbmWv.


33/51



kwL-Ime kmaqly PohnXw

kwLImeambt¸mtg¡pw {]mIrX P\XbnÂ \n¶pamdn {IaoIrXhpw Ønc

hmkt¯mSpIqSnbXpamb IpSpw_PohnXw Bcw`n¨p Ignªncp¶p. PmXn]camb

thÀXncnthm kmaqlyamb Gä¡pd¨nepItfm A¶s¯ Ime¯p-mbncp¶nÃ.sXmgnensâ ASnØm\¯nembncp¶p hn`P\w. ̀ q{]IrXn¡\pkcn̈ mbncp¶p sXmgn

ensâ hn`P\w \S¶Xv

sFń-ssW-IÄ

kwLImeP\X ̀ qansb a®nsâ tNcphbpsSbpw {]IrXntaJeIfpsSbpw

ASnØm\¯nembncp¶p hn`Pn¨ncp¶Xv. ̀ q{]IrXn A\pkcn¨v \mSns\ Ipdn©n,

]msse, apssÃ, acpXw,s\bvXÂ F¶n§s\ A©mbn hn`Pn¨ncn¡p¶p. "sFń

ssWIÄ' F¶mWv Chsb hnfn¨ncp¶Xv. aebpw ImSpw tNÀ¶ {]tZiamWv

"Ipdn©n'. thSÀ,IpdhÀ XpS§nbhcmWnhnSps¯ \nhmknIÄ. apcpIs\ Bcm[n¨ncp¶ ChcpsS sXmgnÂ \mbm«pw h\hn`htiJcWhpambncp¶p. Xcnimbn InS

¡p¶ acp`qanbmWv "]msse'. adhcpw sImÅ¡mcpambncp¶p ChnsS hkn¨ncp¶

Xv. PetkN\¯nsâ A`mhhpw {]XnIqe ImemhØbpw \nan¯w ChnsS P\Po

hnXw ZpcnX ]qÀ®ambncp¶p. bp²hpw ]nSn¨p]dnbpw sXmgnem¡nb ChcpsS tZhX

sImässh Bbncp¶p. DbÀ¶ ]pÂ¯InSn {]tZiamWv "apssÃ'. BbÀ, CSbÀ

XpS§nbhcmWnhnsS hkn¨ncp¶Xv. I®s\ Bcm[n¨ncp¶ apssÃhmknIfpsS

{][m\ sXmgnÂ ImenhfÀ¯embncp¶p. Irjn sN¿m\p]Icn¡p¶ kaXe {]tZ

iamW "acpXw'. Irjn sXmgnem¡nb hÅmfcpw Dghcpambncp¶p ChnSps¯ \nhm

knIÄ. C{µ³(th´³) Bbncp¶p tZhX. Xoc{]tZiamWv "s\bv XÂ'.DaWÀ, ap¡p

hÀ, hebÀ, ao\hÀ, ]cXhÀ F¶nhcmbncp¶p \nhmknIÄ. D¸p-m¡epw aÕy

_Ô\hpambncp¶pChcpsS {][m\ sXmgnÂ.

kwLIme v̄ A[zm\¯nsâ A´kv AwKoIcn¡s¸«ncp¶Xn\mÂ sXmgn

ensâ \nehmca\pkcn v̈ P\§sf kmaqlyambn XmWhsct¶m DbÀ¶hsct¶m

thÀXncn¨ncp¶nÃ. kwLIme¯v Xo-epw sXmSoep sam¶pw \ne \n¶ncp¶nÃ.

kv{XoIÄ¡v D¶Xamb ]Zhnbmbncp¶p D-mbnhcp¶Xv. ]qÀ®amb hnZym`ymk

apÄs¸sS FÃmhn[ kzmX{ý§fpw A\phZn¡s¸«ncp¶p. ssiihhnhmlw\nehnep-mbncp¶nÃ. hn[hm hnhmlw ]Xnhmbncp¶p. KmÔÀÆhnhmlw, IÀ v̧,

Ifhv F¶o hnhmlocoXnIfpw \nehnep-mbncp¶p. {]Wbw \ncmIcn¡s¸« Imap

IÀ ]\aSÂ sIm-p-m¡nb s]mbv¡pXncbpsS ]pdt¯dn acWw hsc ]cky

ambn \ncmlmca\pjvT n¡p¶ GÀ¸mSpw D-mbncp¶p. "aStedÂ' F¶mWnXns\

]dªncp¶Xv. h[p hnhmlZnhkw hsc [cn¨ncp¶ ImÂ¯f amän ]Icw hc³

\ÂIp¶ Xf [cn¡p¶ NS§mWv "Nne¼pIgnt\m³]v' XmensI«p¶ k{¼Zmbw

A¶p-mbncp¶nÃ. h[phnsâ amXm]nXm¡Ä¡v hc³ s]¬]Ww sImSp¡p¶

]Xnhp-mbncp¶p. _lp`mcymXzw kwLIme¯v ]Xnhp-mbncp¶nÃ.


34/51



X§Ä¡v X§Ä¡njvSs¸« sXmgnÂ sN¿m\pÅ kzmX{ýw kv{XoIÄ¡p

-mbncp¶p. ame, hf, Xf apXembhbmWv kv {XoIÄ km[mcW [cn¡p¶ B`cW

§Ä. ]cp¯nap-pw ]«pw I¼nfnhkv{XhpamWv [cn¨ncp¶Xv . Ce sIm-p-m¡nb

XgbpSbmSIÄ¡pw \Ã {]Nmcap-mbncp¶p. tNmdmbncp¶p A¶s¯ {][m\`£

Ww. AtXmsSm¸w ao\pw Cd¨nbpw D-mbncp¶p. \mS³ aZyhpw hntijaZyhpw

BfpIÄ [mcmfambn D]tbmKn¨ncp¶p. ]\wIcn¡pw, Cf\ocpw, Icn¼n³\ocpw,

tNÀ¯p-m¡p¶ "ap¶oÀ' F¶ elcn ]m\obw kv{XoIÄ D]tbmKn¨ncp¶Xmbn

]dpbp¶p-v . iIp\¯nepw tPymÕy¯nepsaÃmw henb hnizmkw ]peÀ¯nbhcm

Wv kwLw P\X. t]mÀ¡f¯nÂ sh¨p apdnthÂ¡p¶ ̀ S·msc t{]Xw _m[n¡m

Xncn¡m\mbn ̀ mcy ASp¯ncp¶p ip{iqjn¡p¶ coXnbmWv "sXmSm¡m©n'.

"sImässh' F¶ kactZhXsbbmWv kwLw P\X Bcm[n¨ncp¶Xv. sImässhsb {]oXns¸Sp¯m\m³v aZyhpw amwkhpw \nthZn¡pI ]Xnhmbncp¶p. Irjn

bmbncp¶p A¶s¯ P\§fpsS {][m\ D]Poh\ amÀ¤w. AcnhmÄ, Ie¸, \pIw,

tImSmen apX emb D] I c W § sf ¡p dn¨v kwLw IrXn I fn Â ]cm aÀi ap -v.

\qÂ\qÂ v̧, ao³]nSp¯w, s\bv̄ v , açWn, IÂ¸Wn apXemb tPmenIfpw P\§

Ä sNbXncp¶p. Zo\mcw, ImWw apXemb \mWb§Ä \nehnep-mbncps¶¦nepw

km[\§fpsS ssIamä¯neqsSbmbncp¶p B`yć hym]mcw \S¶ncp¶Xv.

kwLImes¯ {][m\s¸« Hcp {]Øm\ambncp¶p "aâw'. Hmtcm {Kma

¯n\pw Hmtcm aâw D-mbncn¡pw. Ben³ Nph«ntem atäsX¦nepw s]mXpØe

§fntem kt½fn¡p¶ {Kmahr²·mcpsS kanXnIfmWnXv. {KmaoWÀ¡nSbnse

XÀ¡§fpw hg¡pIfpw ]dªpXoÀ¡p¶XnhcmWv. A©pXc¯nepÅ ihkw

kvImccoXnIÄ kwLIme¯v \ne\n¶ncp¶Xmbn ]pdw IhnXbnÂ ]cmaÀin¡p

¶p-v. NpSpI, ImI\pw IgpI\pw ̀ £Wam¡m\nSpI, Ipgn¨paqSpI, ̀ qan¡SnbnÂ

IÃpsIm-v Adbp-m¡n AXneSbv¡pI, XmgnbnÂ ASbv¡pI XpS§nbhbmbn

cp¶p Ah.

_p²-a-Xw.

GsX¦nepsamcp {]tXyI aX¯nÂ A[njvTnXaÃm¯ {ZmhnUNmc§fm

bncp¶p {]mNo\tIcf¯nÂ \nehnep-mbncp¶Xv. {]IrXn iànItfbpw, ae

ssZh§tfbpw ap¯¸t\bpw kactZhXsbbpsams¡ D]mkn¨ncp¶ kmlNcy

¯nemWv {InkvXphn\v sXm«pap³]pÅ iXI§fnÂ _p² ssP\ aX§Ä tIc

f¯nte¡p IS¶ph¶Xv. AtimIsâ ̀ cWImeamb _n.kn. aq¶mw iXI¯nÂ

Xs¶ _p²aXw tIcf¯nÂ F¯nbXmbn IW¡m¡mw. _p²ktµiw {]Ncn¸n


35/51



¡m³ _u² k\ymknIÄ sNbvX {]bXv\§sf¡pdn¨v [mcmfw ]cmaÀi§Ä

kwLw IrXnIfnep-v. "aWntaJe' Hcp _u²ImhyamWv. InfncqÀ , Ip«w t]cqÀ,

sImSp§ÃqÀ XpS§nb `KhXn t£{X§Ä¡v Hcp Ime¯v _u²tZhmeb§fm

bncp¶p F¶mWv hnizkn¡s¸Sp¶Xv. {ioaqehmkw Hcp Ime¯v Z£ntWý

bnse Gähpw {]kn²amb _p²aX XoÀ°mS\ tI{µambncp¶p. Bbv cmPmhmb

hn{IamZnXy hcKpWsâ ]menbwimk\¯nÂ CXns\¡pdn v̈ ]cmaÀin¡p¶p-v.

tIcf¯nÂ ]e Øe§fnÂ \n¶pw _p²hn{K§Ä In«nbn«p-v. Icp\m

K¸Ån¡Sp¯pÅ acpXqÀ Ipf§cbnÂ \n¶pw In«nb hn{KlamWv Gähpw ]gb

sX¶p IcpXp¶p. ̀ cWn¡mhv, IdpamSn, amthen¡c, Ip¶¯qÀ, ]Ån¡Â, ]cph

tÈcn F¶n§s\ ]e Øe§fnÂ \n¶pw _p²{]XnaIÄ In«nbn«p-v. _p²tZ

hmeb§sf "]Ån' F¶mWp hyhlcn¨ncp¶Xv. hnZym`ymkw {]Ncn¸n¡p¶XnÂ

_p²aX¯nsâ kw`mh\ KWyambncp¶p. ]ffn¡qSw, Fgp¯p]ffn F¶o ]Z

§fnse ]Ån i_vZw _p²aX kqNIamhmw. tIcf¯nse t£{X ]cnkc§fnÂ

ImWp¶ BÂachpw _p²aX kwkvImct¯mSv _Ôs¸Sp¶p. imkvXmhv AYhm

A¿¸³ lnµptZh\m¡s¸« _p²\msW¶pw , i_cnaebnse imkvXmt£{X

¯nte¡pÅ XoÀ°mS\¯nÂ _p²aXmNmc§fmWv ap¶n«p \nÂ¡p¶sX¶pw

Nne ]ÞnX·mÀ {]kvXmhn¡p¶p. BbpÀthZ NnInÕm]²Xn¡v tIcf¯nepÅ

h¼n¨ {]Nmcw _p²aX¯nsâ kw`mh\bmWv. _u²]ÞnX\mb hmKv`Ssâ

"AjvSmwKlrZbw' F¶ BbpÀthZ{KÙ¯n\v {]Npc{]Nmcap-mbncp¶p. tIc

f¯nÂ Hcp Ime¯v \nehnencp¶ P´p_en CÃmXmbXn\p ]n¶nÂ _p²aX

¯nsâ Alnwkm kn²m´w t{]cW sNep¯nbncn¡mw.

ssP\-a-Xw.

{InkvXp hÀjmcw`¯n\p ap³]p Xs¶ _n.kn. aq¶mw iXIw sXt¡

CýbnÂ ssP\aXw F¯nbncp¶Xmbn IW¡m¡mw. aucyN{IhÀ¯nbmbn

cp¶ N{µKp]vXaucy³ ]Xn\©mas¯ `cWhÀj¯nÂ knwlmk\w ssIsh

Snªv ̀ {Z_mlp F¶ ssP\k\ymkntbmsSm¸w ssakqcnse {ihW s_ÄsKmf

bnÂ h¶Xmbpw AhnsS Xmakn¡p¶ Ime¯hÀ Z£ntWýbnÂ ssP\aXw

{]Ncn¸n¨p XpS§n F¶pamWv hnizmkw. {InkvXphÀj¯nsâ BcwìXI§

fnÂ ssP\aX¯n\v tIcfob P\§fpsS taÂ \Ã kzm[o\ iànbp-mbncp¶p.

kwLImes¯ Nne cmPm¡·mÀ ssP\aXw kzoIcn¨ncp¶Xmbn hnizmkap-v.

sXmev¡m¸nb¯nsâ IÀ¯mhv, Nne¸XnImc IÀ¯mhmb Cft¦mhSnIÄ XpS§n

bhÀ ssP\aXm\pbmbnIfmbncp¶p. {_mÒn en]n XangIs¯¯n¨Xv ssP\k

\ymknamcmWv.


36/51



a[yImeL«w hsc ssP\aXw tIcf¯nÂ {]Ncn¨ncp¶Xn\v aXnbmb sXfn

hpIfp-v. sX¡³ XncphnXmwIqdnÂ Ipgn¯dbv¡Sp¯pÅ Xncp¨mcWw, tIm«

bw PnÃbnse InfncqÀ, ]me¡mSv, Be¯qÀ, hb\mSv PnÃbnse ]\acw, IÂ]ä,]pÂ¸Ån XpS§n \nch[n Øe§fnÂ ssP\aXmhinjvS§Ä C¶pw ImWm\p

-v. FS¡Â KplIÄ HcpIme¯v ssP\¡mcpsS Bcm[\mtI{µambncp¶p. Ccn

§me¡pSbnse IqSÂ amWnIyt£{Xw HcpIme¯v ssP\t£{Xambncp¶p.tIc

f¯nÂ ImWp¶ ssP\ t£{X§fpw AhbpsS AhinjvS§fpw Hcp Ime¯v

ssP\aX¯n\p tIcfobÀ¡nSbnep-mbncp¶ {]Nmc¯nsâ sXfnhpIfmWv . F«mw

\qäm -nÂ {_mÒ W ta [m hnXzw tIc f ̄ nÂ hfÀ¨ {]m]n ̈ tXmsS ssih

sshjvWh aX§Ä iànbmÀÖn¡pIbpw, XÂ^eambn _p² ssP\aX§Ä

£bn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. ]Xn\mdmw \qäm-p hsc Cu aX§fpsS kzm[o\w \ne

\nÂ¡pIbpw AXn\ptijw \mamhtijamIpIbpw sNbvXp.


37/51



samUyqÄ 4

Ipe-ti-Jc km{amPyw

kwLImeL«¯n\ptijw tIcfNcn{X¯nÂ {]ikvXnbmÀÖn¨ cmPm¡·mÀ atlmZb]pcs¯ IpetiJc·mcmbncp¶p. G.Un.800 apXÂ 1100 hscbpÅ

aq¶p \qämt-mfw tIcfs¯ \nb{´n¨ {]_eiàn IpetiJc·mcptSXmbncp

¶p. atlmZb]pcw BØm\am¡n sX¡v sImÃwhscbpw hS¡v I®qcphscbpapÅ

`q{]tZiw hmW cmPm¡·mscbmWv IpetiJc·mÀ F¶p ]dbp¶Xv. c-mw tNc

km{amPysa¶pw Ncn{XImc·mÀ IpetiJckm{amPys¯ hntijn¸n¡mdp-v. Ipe

tiJckm{amPy¯nsâ Ncn{Xw B ImeL«¯nse imk\§fpsS imkv {Xob ]T

\¯neqsS ]pd¯p sIm-ph¶Xv s{]m^: CfwIpfw Ipª³]nÅbmWv. Ipeti

Jc³ Fs¶mcmfmWv c-mw tNckm{amPy Øm]I³ F¶mWv Ct±lw A`n{]m

bs¸Sp¶Xv . F¶mÂ Ncn{X]ÞnX\mb Fw.Pn.Fkv . \mcmbWsâ A`n{]mb¯nÂIpetiJc³ F¶Xv Hcp Øm\t¸cp am{XamWv.

atlm-Z-b-]p-cs¯ {][m\ cmPm-¡-·mÀ

Ipe-ti-Jc BgvhmÀ

""IpetiJc hÀ½bmWv (G.Un. 800þ820) c-mw tNc km{amPy¯nsâ Øm]

Is\¶mWv ]ÞnXaXw " atlmZb ]pc]ctaizc's\¶pw, "tIcf IpeNqUmaWn

'sb¶pw kzbw hntijn¸n¡p¶ \mSIIÀ¯mhmb IpetiJc\pw, IpetiJc

Bgvhmcpw HcmfmsW¶pw A`n{]mbap-v. CXp icnbmsW¦nÂ X]XokwhcWw,

kp`{Zm[\Rv Pbw, hnÑn¶m`ntjIw F¶ aq¶p \mSI§fpsSbpw BÝcy aRvPcnF¶ KZyIrXnbpsSbpw IÀ¯mhpIqSnbmWv IpetiJc BgvhmÀ F¶p IcptX

-nbncn¡p¶p''. (tIcf Ncn{Xwþ G. {io[ctat\m³) \mSI IÀ¯mhmb Ipeti

Jc³ lmkyIhnbmb tXmesâ klIcWt¯msS IqSnbm«¯nse Nne NS§p

IÄ Nn«s¸Sp¯nbXmbpw ]cs¡ hnizmkap-v. F¶mÂ \mSI¡mc\mb Ipeti

Jcsâbpw, Xangnse ̀ àn{]_Ôamb s]cpamÄ XncpsamgnbpsS IÀ¯mhmb Ipe

tiJc BgvhmcpsSbpw kmlnXyssienIÄ ]ckv]cw s]mcp¯s¸Sm¯Xn\mÂ

c-pt]cpw H¶msW¶ A`n{]mbs¯ ]n´Ån¡fbp¶ ]ÞnX·mcpap-v.

cmP-ti-J-c-hÀ½c-mw tNc km{amPy¯nÂ {]ikvXnbmÀÖn¨ BZycmPmhv cmPtiJc\m

Wv(G.Un. 820þ844) ssih`à\mbncp¶ cmPtiJchÀ½bpsS "hmg¸Ån imk\'

amWv tNccmPm¡·mcptSXmbn tIcf¯nÂ \n¶pw Is-Sp¡s¸« BZyimk\w.

cmPmhns\ ]ctaizc `«mcI³ F¶p imk\¯nÂ hntijn¸n¡p¶p-v. ssih

kn²\mbncp¶ tNcam³ s]cpamÄ \mb\mÀ Cu cmPtiJc\mhm\mWv km²yX.

{ioi¦c³ inhm\µ elcnbnÂ tÇj{]tbmK¯neqsS kvacn¡p¶ hyànbpw

Ct±lw Xs¶bmhmw. i¦csâ kaImenI\mb cmPtiJhÀ½bpsS ̀ cWIme¯p

Xs¶bmWv tIcf¯nÂ sImÃhÀjw Bcw`n¡p¶Xv.


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ØmWp-c-hn-hÀ½

Ipe ti J c ·m cnÂ kap ¶ X\mb `c Wm [n Im cn bmWv aq¶m a \mb

ØmWpchnhÀ½. (844þ885). chnhÀ½IpetiJc³ F¶ t]cnednbs¸Sp¶Xpw

Ct±lw Xs¶bmWv. ØmWp chnbpsS `cW¡me¯mWv A¿\SnIÄ XncphSn

IÄ Xcnkm¸Ån sNt¸Sv FgpXns¡mSp¯Xv. acphm³ k]oÀ Cutimbv¡v Ic

t¡Wn sImÃ¯v ]Ån ]Wnbm³ AhImihpw Iptd ]ZhnIfpw \ÂIn F¶Xm

WnXnsâ {]tabw. Ccn§me¡pS IqSÂamWnIyt£{X¯nepw Ct±l¯nsâ Hcp

imk\ap-v. XncphÃbnse tat¨cn CÃ¯p \n¶p asämcp imk\hpw I-pIn«n

bn«p-v. aXw amdnb s]cpamÄ ØmWpchn BsW¶pw, AXnsâ HmÀ½bv¡mWv

sImÃhÀjw XpS§nbsX¶pw A`n{]mbap-v.

cma-hÀ½ G.-Un 885þ917)

kmlnXymZn IeIfpsS t{]mÕmlI³ F¶ \nebnÂ {]kn²\mb Ipe

tiJc cmPmhmWv cmahÀ½ IpetiJc³. X]XokwhcWIÀ¯mhmb IpetiJ

c\pw cmahÀ½ IpetiJc\pw HcmfmsW¶ hmZhpw \ne\nÂ¡p¶p-v.

tKmZ-c-hn-hÀ½ G.Un 917þ944)

tImXm c hn hÀ½ F¶pw tcJ s¸ Sp ̄ n ¡m Wp¶ Ct± l amWv ASp¯

IpetiJcN {I hÀ¯n. "a\p Ip em Zn Xy³' F¶p hnti jn ̧ n ¡p ¶Xv tImXm

chnhÀ½sb Xs¶bmsW¶mWv CfwIpfw A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶Xv Ct±l¯nsâ ̀ c

WIme v̄ sIm§³]S tIcfs¯ B{Ian¨psh¶pw, ]me¡mSv , tImgnt¡mSv, hÅp

h\mSv cmPm¡³amcpsS XpWtbmsS sIm§³]Ssb Xpc¯nsb¶papÅ Hcp IY

\ne \nÂ¡p ¶p -v. s\Spw ]pdw, Xfn, Ahn « ̄ qÀ, tNm¡qÀ, Xr¸q Wn

¯ d, DZ bw t] cqÀ F¶n \n S §fnÂ\n¶pw tKmZ c hn hÀ½ bpsS imk \ §Ä

Is-¯nbn«p-v.

XpSÀ¶v hcp¶ Ipe-ti-Jc cmPm-¡³amÀ

Cµpt¡mXhÀ½ (G.Un.þ944þ962) þ tKmZ chnhÀ½bpsS aI³

`mkvIc chnhÀ½ H¶ma³ (G.Un. 961þ1019)þ ̀ mkvIcchnhÀ½ F¶ t]cv tcJs¸

Sp¯nbn«pÅ Ccp]XnÂ]cw imk\§Ä I-pIn«nbn«p-v. tPmk v̂ dºm³ F¶

PqX {]amWn¡v \ÂIp¶ "PqXimk\w' {]m[m\yaÀln¡p¶p.

`mkvIcchnhÀ½ c-ma³ (G.Un.1019þ1021)þXr¡m¡c, Xncps\Ãn F¶nhnS§fnÂ

\n¶pw e`n¨ imk\§fnÂ ]cmaÀin¡s¸Sp¶p.


39/51



hoctIcf³þ G.Un.(1022þ1028)

þcmPcmPtNmf³ hoctIcfs\ bq²¯nÂ tXmÂ¸n v̈ B\sbs¡m-v Nhn«ns¡m

Ãn¨p F¶v Ncn{Xw]dbp¶p.

cmPknwl³þ (G.Un.1028þ1043) aWn{KmahÀ¯Icmb CchnNm¯\pw, Nm¯³h

SpI\pw B\pIqey§Ä \ÂIp¶ "Xmg¡m«p imk\w' cmPknwlsâXmWv.

`mkvIcchn aq¶ma³ þ (G.Un. 1043þ1082),chncmahÀ½ 1082þ1090) hniZhnhc§Ä

e`yaÃ.

cmahÀ½ IpetiJc³ (G.Unþ 1090þ1102)þc-mw tNckm{amPy¯nse Ahkm\

cmPmhv tNmfckm{amPy¯ns\Xncmb bp²¯nÂ kakvX{]PIsfbpw Hcp sImSn

¡ognÂ AWn\nc¯n. Ct±lamWv IpetiJckm{amPy¯nsâ BØm\w atlm

Zb]pc¯p\n¶pw sImÃt¯¡pamänbXv.c-mw tNc km {a P ̄ nse `c Wm [n Im cn IfpsS ImeK W\ {I a ̄ nÂ

Ncn{X]Wv UnX·mcmb CfwIpfwIpª³]nÅbpw, Fw.Pn.Fkv . \mcmbW\pw hyXy

kvX \ne]mSmWv kzoIcn¨ncp¶sX¶p ap³]p kqNn¸n¨phtÃm. AhÀ IW¡m

¡p¶ ImeKW\m {Iaw NphsS tNÀ¡p¶p.

Cfw Ipfw Fw.-Pn.-F-kv.

1. IpetiJc³ G.Un 800þ820 G.Un ..........................

2. cmPtiJc³ 820þ844 800þ844

3. ØmWp chn 844þ885 844þ883

4. cm ahÀ½ 885þ917 ......................

5. tKmZ c hn hÀ½ 917þ947 883þ913

6. `mkvIcchn I 962þ1019 .......................

7. `mkvIcchn II 1019þ1021 962þ1021

8. hoctIcf³ 1021þ1028 .....................

9. cmPknw l³ 1028þ1043 ......................

10. `mkvIcchn III 1043þ1082 ......................11. chn cm ahÀ½ 1082þ1090 .....................

12. cmahÀ½ IpetiJc³ 1090þ1102 1089þ1122

s]cp-am-fnsâ aXw amäw

IpetiJc `cW¯n\p tijw shfnbnÂ \n¶p h¶ s]cpam¡·mcmWv

tIcfw ̀ cn¨ncp¶sX¶ hnizmkamWv {]_ew. tIcfw krjv Sn¨ ]cipcma³ ̀ qansb

64 {_mÒaW {Kma§fmbn hn`Pn¡pIbpw BVy·mÀ¡pam{Xw A[nImcapÅ Hcp

`cW{Iaw \nÀt±in¡pIbpw sNbvXp. F¶mÂ {_mÒWm[n]Xyw P\§Ä¡v Zpcn


40/51



XambXns\ XpSÀ¶v cmP`cW¯n\v shfnbnÂ\n¶v s]cpam¡·msc sIm-ph

cm³ Xocpam\ambn. Hmtcm s]cpamfpw 12 hÀjw hoXw ̀ cWw \S¯Wsa¶mbncp

¶phyhØ. CXnÂ Ahkm\s¯ s]cpamÄ tNcam³ s]cpamfmbncp¶psh¶pw,

At±lw tIcfw kplr¯p¡Ä¡pw _Ôp¡Ä¡pw ]¦psh¨p sImSp¯Xn\p

tijw CÉmwaXw kzoIcn̈ v a¡¯pt]msb¶pamWv "tIctfmÂ¸¯n'bnÂ ]cmaÀin

¨n«pÅXv.

s]cpamÄ CÉmwaXw kzoIcn¨ IY {]amWnIsa¶ \nebnÂ temK³

AwKoIcn¡p¶p-v. tIctfmÂ¸¯nb\pkcn¨v s]cpamÄ ̀ cW¯nsâ Imew G.

Un. 3þmw iXIw apXÂ A©mw iXIw hscbpw HSphnes¯ s]cpamÄ a¡¯p

t]mbXv G.Un. 345þepw Bbncp¶p. F¶mÂ tIctfmÂ¸¯nbnse Cu IY shdpw

I«pIY am{XamWv. s]cpam¡·mcpsS IYsb km[qIcn¡p¶ bmsXmcp sXfnhpwI-pIn«nbnÃ.

sImÃ-hÀjwþ hnhn[ ImgvN-¸m-Sp-IÄ

""sImÃhÀjw \nehnÂ h¶Xv tIcf¯nsâ Ncn{X¯nepw ImeKW\bnepw

Hcp kp{][m\ kw`hamWv. AXp {]Ncn¡p¶Xn\p ap¼p-mbn«pÅ imk\§fpw

aäp tcJIfpw cmPhÀjtam, IenhÀjtam, iIhÀjtam BWp kzoIcn¨ncn¡p¶

Xv. thWm«nse {io hÃ`³ tImXbpsS "am¼Ånimk\'amWv. (sImÃw 149) I-p

In«ntbSt¯mfw sImÃhÀjw tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pÅ BZys¯ tcJ Z£nW tIc

fw, a[pc, Xncps\Âthen, {ioe¦ F¶nhnS§fnÂ Nn§w H¶mw Xn¿Xnbpw D¯ctIcf¯nÂ I¶n H¶mw Xn¿XnbpamWv hÀjmcw`sa¶Xv sImÃhÀj¯nsâ Hcp

{]tXyIXbmWv''. (tIcfNcn{Xwþ G. {io[ctat\m³)

sImÃhÀjmcw`s¯ kw_Ôn̈ v Hcp]mSv kn²m´§Ä \nehnep-v . F¶menh

bnÂ ]eXn\pw Hcp sI«pIYbpsS AwKoImcw am{Xta e ǹ̈ n«pÅq F¶Xpw {it²bamWv .

DZ-b-amÀ¯m-Þ³ IY

IenhÀjw 396þÂ (G.Un. 824þ825) thWm«p cmPmhmb DZbamÀ¯mÞ

hÀ½ Hcp ]pXnb hÀjw Bcw`n¡p¶Xn\mbn tIcf¯nse apgph³ ]ÞnX·mscbpw hnfn¨pIq«n BtemNn¡pIbpw tPymXnimkv{X]camb hniIe\§Ä¡p

tijw B hÀjw Nn§amkw apXÂ Hcp ]pXnb hÀjw Bcw`n¡m³ Xocpam\n¨p

sh¶papÅ Hcp IY XncphnXmwIqÀ Ncn{XsagpXnb ]n. i¦p®ntat\m³ tcJs¸

Sp¯p¶p-v. F¶mÂ G.Un. 825 apXÂ ]pXnsbmcp ImeKW\ k{¼Zmbw D]tbm

Kn¡pIbmsW¦nÂ AXns\¯pSÀ¶p-mb tcJIfnseÃmw sImÃhÀjw ]cnK

Wn¡s¸tS-XmWv. ]t£ sImÃhÀjw XpSÀ¨bmbn D]tbmKn¡s¸Sm³ XpS§n

bXv 12þmw iXI¯nemWv AXpsIm-p Xs¶ sImÃhÀjmcw`hpambn _Ôs¸«

hkvXpXsb¶ \nebnÂ DZbamÀ¯mÞ³ IY kzoImcyaÃmXmbn.


41/51



temKsâ kn²m´w

temKsâ kn²m´{]Imcw thWmSv tIme¯p\mSv F¶nh s]cpamÄ hmgvN

bnÂ \n¶pw kzmX{ýw {]m]n¨Xnsâ kvacWbv¡mbmWv sImÃhÀjw Bcw

`n¨sX¶mWv. thWmSv Nn§w H¶n\pw tIme¯p\mSv I¶n H¶n\pamWt{X kzX

{ámbXv. hÀjmwcw`hpambn _Ôs¸«v tIcf¯nsâ Z£ntWm¯c `mK§Ä

X½nÂ Hcp amks¯ hyXymkw hcm³ ImcWanXmsW¶pw At±lw Iq«nt¨À¡p

¶p. F¶mÂ.G.Un. 9,10 \qäm-pIfnÂ thWmSpw tIme¯p\mSpw tNckm{amPy

¯nsâ Iognembncp¶p. AXn\mÂ Xs¶ temKsâ hmZ¯n\v km[pXbnÃmXmbn.

i¦-cm-Nm-cycpw A\m-Nm-c-§fpw

tIcfÂ]¯nbnse IYsb ASnØm\am¡n ]cntim[n¡pt¼mÄ i¦cmNm

cyÀ {_mÒWÀ¡nSbnÂ Adp]¯n\mev A\mNmc§Ä ({]tXyImNmc§Ä) GÀs¸

Sp¯nbXnsâ kvacWmÀ°amWv sImÃhÀjw XpS§nbsX¶mWv . i¦ckv arXn i¦

cmNmcycptSXmsW¶ sXämb [mcWbmWv Cu hmZ¯n\SnØm\w. ]Xnaqt¶m

]Xn\mtem \qäm-nÂ atätXm i¦c³ cNn¨XmWv. i¦c kvarXn F¶v AXnse

P·n]Z{]tbmKs¯ B[mcam¡n hmZn¡p¶hcp-v. P·n k{¼Zmbw tIcf¯nÂ

\nehnÂ hcp¶Xpw A¡me¯p Xs¶bmWv. Cu \nebv¡v t\m¡pt¼mÄ i¦cm

Nmcycpambn _Ôs¸Sp¯n tIctfmÂ¸ n̄bnÂ {]Ncn¡p¶ IYbpw shdpw sI«p

IYbmbn am{XsamXp§p¶p.

sImÃw tXmân

sX¡v Ipct¡Wn sImÃhpw, hS¡v ]émb\n sImÃhpw Øm]nXamb

Xnsâ kvacWmÀ°amWv sImÃhÀjw Bcw`n¨sX¶ hmZamWv "sImÃw tXmân

'¡m[mcw. sImÃ hÀjmcw`¯n\p ap³]p Xs¶ ]e tcJIfnepw sImÃw \K

cs¯¡pdn¨v ]cmaÀiap-v. ssN\bnse XmMv hwi tcJIÄ 618þ917 Ime§fnÂ

sImÃhpambn hym]mc_Ôw ]peÀ¯nbXnsâ km£yamWv. IqSmsX Ipct¡Wn sImÃhpw ]émb\n sImÃhpw sImÃhÀjmcw`¯n\v ap³]pXs¶ B t]cpI

fnÂ Adnbs¸«ncp¶p F¶Xpw Cu hmZ¯nsâ bpànsb tNmZyw sN¿p¶p.

sImÃhÀjmcw`hpambn _Ôs¸Sp¯n C\nbpsamcp]mSv A`yql§Ä \ne

\nÂ¡p¶p-v.tNc km{amPyw ]eÀ¡mbn Zm\w sNbvXXn\p tijw tNc·mÀ s]cp

amÄ CÉmw aXw kzoIcn¨p. a¡bv¡p t]mbXnsâ HmÀ½bv¡mbmWv G.Un. 825 Â

sImÃhÀjw Bcw`n¨sX¶mWv asämcp hmZw. sX¡³ sImÃs¯ cmtaizc {]Xn


42/51



jvTbpambv _Ôs¸«mWv sImÃhÀjmcw`w Fs¶mcp hmZhpw \ne\vev¡p¶p-v.

G.Un. 825 Â sImÃ¯p h¶ {InkvXy³ kapZmbw AhnsSsbmcp ss{IkvXh

tImf\n XpS§nbXnsâ kvacWmÀ°sa¶pw IYIÄ {]Ncn¡p¶p-v.

k]vXÀjn hÀj¯nsâ AYhm imkv {XkwhÂkc¯nsâ ]cnjvIcn¨ cq]

ambncn¡mw sImÃhÀj¯n¶m[mcw F¶ s{]m^. kpµcw ]nÅbpsS hmZ¯n\m

Wn¶p IqSpXewKoImcw. ImivaoÀ XpS§n ]e `mK§fnepw k]vXÀjn hÀjw

Ime K W \ bv¡mbn D] tbm Kn ̈ n cp ¶p. "euInI hÀjw' F¶p IqSn t]cpÅ

k]vXÀjn hÀj¯nsâ {]tXyIX \qdp hÀjw sIm-v Hcmhr¯n ]qÀ¯nbmhp

Ibpw ho-pw H¶pw F¶v ASp¯ Bhr¯n Bcw`n¡pIbpwsN¿p¶p F¶XmWv.

{InkvXphÀjt¯mSv 76 Iq«nbmÂ k]vXÀjn hÀjw In«pw._n.kn. 76 Â Bcw`n¨

k]vXÀjn hÀjw G.Un. 24 Â F¯pt¼mÄ \qdp hÀjambn G.Un. 25 Â ho-pwH¶v F¶ \nebnemWv Iq«pI. G.Un. 124 Â ho-pw Hcp XhW IqSn 100 hÀjw

XnIbp¶p. GUn. 125 ho-pw H¶v Fs¶®n XpS§pw. Bcy·mcpsS hcthmsS

bmImw ChnsS sImÃhÀjw Bcw`n¨Xv . AhÀ h¶Xn\ptijw tIcf¯nÂ \qdnsâ

Nm{InI{Iaw ]qÀ¯nbmhp¶Xv. G.Un. 824 Â BWv. At¸mÄ G.Un. 825 ]gb

coXnbnÂ H¶v F¶v F®s¸«p. 925 Â F¯nbt¸mÄ ]gb a«nÂ H¶v F¶p IW

¡m¡msX \qänsbm¶v F¶p IW¡m¡m³ XpS§n F¶ hmZ¯n\mWv {]m_yw

IqSpXÂ. Cu hmZw hnizmktbmKyamsW¦nepw sImÃhÀjw sX¡v Nn§w H¶mw

Xn¿Xnbpw hS¡v I¶n H¶mw Xn¿Xnbpw Bcw`n¡p¶sX´p sIm-msWt¶m,

k]v

i sem.ba malayalam complementary course - kerala padanam _ poorvakala keralam

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