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8/14/2019 ethnorafik

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A. Pengertian Etnografi

Etnografi berasal dari kata etnos yang boleh didefinisikan sebagai suku bangsa

dan graphein yang berarti gambaran. Jadi etnografi adalah gambaran tentang suku-suku

bangsa. Menurut J.A. Cliffton, kesatuan social dalam etnografi ditandai oleh:

1. Dibatasi oleh 1 desa atau lebih

2. Bahasa dan loghat

3. Political Administracion

4. Identitas bersama

5. Wilayah geografi

6. Kesatuan ekologi

7. Ilmu penetahuan dan sejarah yang sama

8. Frekuensi interaksi yang tinggi

9. Susunan social mempunyai kecenderungan yang seragam

Ethnography presents the results of a holistic research method founded on the idea that a

system's properties cannot necessarily be accurately understood independently of each

other. The genre has both formal and historical connections totravel writing and colonial

office reports. Several academic traditions, in particular the constructivist and relativist

paradigms, employ ethnographic research as a crucial research method. Somecultural

anthropologists consider ethnography the essence of the discipline.[citation needed]

Cultural and social anthropology

Cultural anthropology and social anthropologywere developed around ethnographic

research and theircanonical texts which are mostly ethnographies: e.g.Argonauts of the

Western Pacific (1922) by Bronisaw Malinowski,Coming of Age in Samoa(1928) by
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_writinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_writinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonauts_of_the_Western_Pacifichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonauts_of_the_Western_Pacifichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronis?aw_Malinowskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_of_Age_in_Samoahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_of_Age_in_Samoahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_of_Age_in_Samoahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_writinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonauts_of_the_Western_Pacifichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonauts_of_the_Western_Pacifichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronis?aw_Malinowskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_of_Age_in_Samoa


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Margaret Mead, TheNuer(1940) by E. E. Evans-Pritchard, orNaven (1958) byGregory

Bateson. Cultural and social anthropologists today place such a high value on actually

doing ethnographic research thatethnologythe comparative synthesis of ethnographic

informationis rarely the foundation for a career.[citation needed]

Cultural anthropologists, such as Clifford Geertz, study and interpret cultural diversity

through ethnography based on fieldwork. It provides an account of a particular culture,

society, or community. The fieldwork usually involves spending a year or more in

another society, living with the local people and learning about their ways of life.

Ethnographers are participant observers. They take part in events they study because it

helps with understanding local behavior and thought.

Within cultural anthropology, there are several sub-genres of ethnography. Beginning in

the late 1950s and early 1960s, anthropologists began writing "bi-confessional"

ethnographies that intentionally exposed the nature of ethnographic research. Famous

examples include Tristes Tropiques by Claude Lvi-Strauss, The High Valley by Kenneth

Read, and The Savage and the Innocentby David Maybury-Lewis, as well as the mildly

fictionalizedReturn to Laughterby Elenore Smith Bowen (Laura Bohannan). Later

"reflexive" ethnographies refined the technique to translate cultural differences by

representing their effects on the ethnographer. Famous examples include "Deep Play:

Notes on a Balinese Cockfight" by Clifford Geertz,Reflections on Fieldwork in Morocco

byPaul Rabinow,The Headman and Iby Jean-Paul Dumont, and Tuhami by Vincent

Crapanzano. In the 1980s, the rhetoric of ethnography was subjected to intense scrutiny

within the discipline, under the general influence ofliterary theory andpost-

colonial/post-structuralistthought. "Experimental" ethnographies that reveal the ferment

of the discipline include Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild Man by Michael
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Meadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._E._Evans-Pritchardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Batesonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Batesonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Batesonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Batesonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Geertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieldworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristes_Tropiqueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_L?vi-Strausshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Maybury-Lewishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Bohannanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Geertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rabinowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rabinowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rabinowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Dumont&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vincent_Crapanzano&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vincent_Crapanzano&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcolonialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcolonialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-structuralisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-structuralisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-structuralisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Taussighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Meadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._E._Evans-Pritchardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Batesonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Batesonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Geertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieldworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristes_Tropiqueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_L?vi-Strausshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Maybury-Lewishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Bohannanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Geertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rabinowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Dumont&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vincent_Crapanzano&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vincent_Crapanzano&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcolonialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcolonialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-structuralisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Taussig


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Taussig,Debating Muslims by Michael F. J. Fischer and Mehdi Abedi,A Space on the

Side of the RoadbyKathleen Stewart, andAdvocacy after Bhopalby Kim Fortun.

[edit] Sociology

Sociologyis another field which prominently features ethnographies.Urban sociology

and theChicago School in particular are associated with ethnographic research, with

some well-known early examples being Street Corner Society by William Foote Whyte

andBlack Metropolis bySt. Clair Drake and Horace R. Caton. Some of the influence for

this can be traced to the anthropologistLloyd Warnerwho was on the Chicago sociology

faculty, and to Robert Park's experience as a journalist. Symbolic interactionism

developed from the same tradition and yielded several excellent sociological

ethnographies, including Shared Fantasy byGary Alan Fine, which documents the early

history of fantasyrole-playing games. Other important ethnographies in the discipline of

sociology includePierre Bourdieu's work on Algeria and France, Paul Willis'sLearning

To Labouron working class youth, and the work ofMitchell DuneierandLoic Wacquant

on black America. But even though many sub-fields and theoretical perspectives within

sociology use ethnographic methods, ethnography is not thesine qua non of the

discipline, as it is in cultural anthropology.

[edit] Other related fields

Psychology,economics, geography and cultural studies also produce ethnography.

Education,Ethnomusicology, Performance Studies,Folklore, andLinguistics are others

fields which have made extensive use of ethnography. The American anthropologist

George Spindler(Stanford University) was a pioneer in applying ethnographic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Taussighttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kathleen_Stewart&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kathleen_Stewart&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_school_(sociology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_school_(sociology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Corner_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Foote_Whytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Metropolis&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Clair_Drakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Clair_Drakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horace_R._Caton&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Warnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Warnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_interactionismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Alan_Finehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Alan_Finehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Willis_(cultural_theorist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Willis_(cultural_theorist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Duneierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loic_Wacquanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loic_Wacquanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_qua_nonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_qua_nonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnomusicologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Spindler&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Taussighttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kathleen_Stewart&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_school_(sociology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Corner_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Foote_Whytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Metropolis&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Clair_Drakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horace_R._Caton&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Warnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_interactionismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Alan_Finehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Willis_(cultural_theorist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Duneierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loic_Wacquanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_qua_nonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnomusicologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Spindler&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University


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methodology to the classroom.James Spradley is another well-known ethnographer,

especially for his book, The Ethnographic Interview, published in 1979.

Ethnographic methods have been used to study business settings. Groups of workers,

managers and so on are different social categories participating in common social

systems. Each group shows different characteristic attitudes, behavior patterns and

values.

[edit] Design Ethnography

Anthropologists like Daniel Millerand Mary Douglashave used ethnographic data to

answer academic questions about consumers and consumption. In this sense, Tony

Salvador, Genevieve Bell, and Ken Anderson describe design ethnography as being "a

way of understanding the particulars of daily life in such a way as to increase the success

probability of a new product or service or, more appropriately, to reduce the probability

of failure specifically due to a lack of understanding of the basic behaviors and

frameworks of consumers."[1]

Businesses, too, have found ethnographers helpful for understanding how people use

products and services, as indicated in the increasing use of ethnographic methods to

understand consumers and consumption, or for new product development (such asvideo

ethnography). The recent Ethnographic Praxis in Industry (EPIC) conference is evidence

of this.[citation needed] Ethnographers' systematic and holistic approach to real-life experience

is valued by product developers, who use the method to understand unstated desires or

cultural practices that surround products. Where focus groups fail to inform marketers

about what people really do, ethnography links what people say to what they actually do

avoiding the pitfalls that come from relying only on self-reported, focus-group data.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Spradleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Spradleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Miller_(anthropologist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Douglashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Douglashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_ethnographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_ethnographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_ethnographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Spradleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Miller_(anthropologist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Douglashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_ethnographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_ethnographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed


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[edit] Techniques

1. Direct, first-hand observation of daily behavior. This can include participant

observation.

2. Conversation with different levels of formality. This can involve small talk to

long interviews.

3. The genealogical method. This is a set of procedures by which ethnographers

discover and record connections of kinship, descent and marriage using diagrams

and symbols.

4. Detailed work with key consultants about particular areas of community life.

5. In-depth interviewing.

6. Discovery of local beliefs and perceptions.

7. Problem-oriented research.

8. Longitudinal research. This is continuous long-term study of an area or site.

9. Team research.

10. Case studies

Not all of these techniques are used by ethno
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