cuba embargo negative - ddi 2013 ss

8/13/2019 Cuba Embargo Negative - DDI 2013 SS

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Cuba Neg


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Human Rights Advantage


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4/36

Turn

Oppression DA-Newest studies prove-Castro tyranny only gets worse as the US

eases sanctions-turns the aff

Darby 2k13[Brandon, reporter for Breidbart--http://www.breitbart.com/Big-Government/2013/01/05/Cuba-Human-Rights-Abuses-Increasing-Despite-US-Sanctions-Easing -Jan 3, 2013--SR]Cuba was singled out by Human Rights Watch in 2011 as being the only Latin American

country that represses virtually all forms of political dissent. It is difficult to understand how

such tyranny could get worse. Both Reuters and the Miami Herald report that Cuban Security agents broke their

previous records of government political repression in 2012 with 6,602 confirmed detentions of political dissidents. In 2011

there were 4,123 confirmed political arrests which was even higher than the 2,704 arrests

from 2010. Both Reuters and the Miami Herald based their data on a 2012 year-end report from the Cuban Committee for

Human Rights and National Reconciliation. To understand what Cuban political repression consists of, the Human Rights

Watch 2012 World Reports section on Cuba describes: In 2011 Ral Castros government

continued to enforce political conformity using short-term detentions, beatings, public acts ofrepudiation, forced exile, and travel restrictions."Illumination into Cubas political repression can be seen in the

Miami Heralds January 4, 2013 article titled Human Rights Activist Says Dissident Arrests Up In 2012, that quotes Cuban human

rights activist Elizardo Snchez Santa Cruz as stating:...the number of political prisoners, which dropped to

about 40 after ruler Ral Castro freed more than 120 in 2010-2011, climbed again last year

with the trials and convictions of about 30 Cubans on political charges.Those releases were due to anagreement with the Catholic church in 2010 pushing for an ease on US sanctions against the Castro regime. Other Latin Americannations, political leaders like Senator Kerry and Congressman Collin Peterson, as well as a letter by 74 Cuban dissidents calling for

ending the US travel ban on Cuba all supported easing sanctions. US sanctions have eased substantially, though

still stringent in many regards.The pace of the sanctions easing increased substantially after then presidentialcandidate Barack Obamas May 23, 2008 speech in Miami, Florida, in favor of rolling back Cuban American travel to Cuba.

Human Rights Watch stated in their 2012 World Report on Cuba that the US was a Key

International Actor in the human rights abuses in Cuba and went further in blaming the USand Israel for preventing a decrease in human rights abuses in Cuba. The report states:The United States' economic embargo onCuba, in place for more than half a century, continues to impose indiscriminate hardship on Cubans, and has failed to improvehuman rights in the country. At the United Nations General Assembly in October, 186 of the 192 member countries voted for a

resolution condemning the US embargo; only the US and Israel voted against it.After placing blame on the US and

Israel for Fidel and Raul Castros decisions to abuse their citizens, Human Rights Watch reports that BarackObama has taken actions to ease the sanctions, and thereby ease the suffering of the Cuban people. The report states:In January2011 US President Barack Obama used his executive powers to ease people -to- people travel restrictions, allowing religious,educational, and cultural groups from the US to travel to Cuba, and permitting Americans to send remittances to assist Cubancitizens. In 2009 Obama eliminated limits on travel and remittances by Cuban Americans to Cuba, which had been instituted during

George W. Bushs administration. Unfortunately, the data presented by Human Rights Watch and the

the Cuban Committee for Human Rights and National Reconciliation seems to disprove the

analysis of Human Rights Watch that the US was a major player in the human rights abuses in

Cuba due .Human Rights Watch was correct to identify that Barack Obama seriously reduced the bite of US sanctions in

2011 . This would make 2012 the first complete year to benefit from the reductions in US

sanctions. Regardless of 2012 being a complete year of eased sanctions, the human rights

abuses have increased substantially.
http://www.breitbart.com/Big-Government/2013/01/05/Cuba-Human-Rights-Abuses-Increasing-Despite-US-Sanctions-Easinghttp://www.breitbart.com/Big-Government/2013/01/05/Cuba-Human-Rights-Abuses-Increasing-Despite-US-Sanctions-Easinghttp://www.breitbart.com/Big-Government/2013/01/05/Cuba-Human-Rights-Abuses-Increasing-Despite-US-Sanctions-Easinghttp://www.breitbart.com/Big-Government/2013/01/05/Cuba-Human-Rights-Abuses-Increasing-Despite-US-Sanctions-Easing


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Plan Does Nothing

Change in embargo policy wont deter the Castro regime

Sabitini 2k9 *Christopher, analyst for Americas Quarterly--

http://www.americasquarterly.org/node/454--February 23-]What effect does the U.S. embargo have on human rights? Its clearly done little to improve them. Humanrights today are certainly no better than when the initial embargo was slapped on the regime by the administration of President

Kennedy in 1962. In fact theyve gotten worse.But does an immediate change in policy bring real change?

Unlikely.And this is something that quite frankly rankles me. The argument used by those who want to lift

the embargo that the policy has failed for 50 years so lets try something new doesnt hold any

logicor at least a very lazy one. There are a number of things that dont mean that the inverse

automatically makes them true. Sure, maybe the embargos failed on its primary goal; but

reversing it doesnt necessarily mean success .
http://www.americasquarterly.org/node/454http://www.americasquarterly.org/node/454


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Util First

Util outweighs liberty

Taylor 3(Robert, professor of philosophy @ Princeton, Rawls Defense of the Priority of

Liberty: A Kantian Reconstruction. Princeton University Press. Philosophy & PublicAffairs 31,No. 3, Pg 24. Project MUSE) HDNote that although the Priority of Liberty cannot be the focus of a realistic overlapping consensus,something analogous to it might be the focus of a constitutional consensus, that is, a "consensus on constitutional principles . . .

rather than on a conception of justice." 27 Specifically, adherents of radically differentreasonable comprehensive

doctrines might be able to agreeon a constitutional analogue of the Priority of Liberty(civil

libertarianism)thateffectively disallowed violations of the basic liberties under any circumstances; thisapproach might be institutionalized in part through a combination of written bills of rights and judicial review. Kantian liberalsand others who endorse the Priority of Liberty [End Page 269] could be expected to support such a constitutional practice for

obvious reasons. Liberal utilitarians (who support "special priority" for the basic liberties) might also support it: if they thought

that basic liberties would otherwise be severely eroded through legislative encroachment, then they might endorse such civillibertarianism as a "second-best" corrective. Perhaps the other major comprehensive doctrines would sign on for similar reasons.

This constitutional consensus would be unlikely to evolve into an overlapping consensus, however, for the reasons noted above:

adherents of some reasonable comprehensive doctrines(e.g., liberal utilitarianism) are simply unable to

endorse the Priority of Liberty, and neither their objections nor their doctrines are likely to

disappear with the passage of time.


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Science Cooperation Advantage


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Bilateral Cooperation Advantage Counter-Plan

The Republic of Cuba should-

-Minimize delays in getting approval visas for NGOs

-Expedite permits for all components of projects-Approve multiple entry visas of NGO representatives

Counter-plan uniquely solvesempirics prove

Their Author-Boom 2k12 [Brian, analyst for the Advance Science Serving Community--http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/files/biodiversity-without-borders_science__diplomacy.pdf --September 2k12]The ecological stakes are too high for Cuba and the United States to rely on anything short of

a government-to-government accord to formalize, catalyze, and facilitate cooperation on

environmental problems of mutual concern.Various models forsuch an agreement exist: the

United States has joint statements on environmental cooperation with Spain and Italy, an

agreement on air quality with

Canada, and a memorandum of understanding onenvironmental protection with India, among others. Such a bilateral agreement could logically take advantage of thecollective experiences of the U.S.-based environmental NGO community in conducting collaborative initiatives with Cuban counterparts over many

years and, in some cases, decades. The focus of such a bilateral agreement should be on helping to

facilitate the activities by NGOs that are currently underway and encouraging new initiatives

by NGOs in consultation with and the approval of Cuban authorities.The elements of such an agreement

should take into account the difficulties mentioned above and the following considerations: Project Approvals: Before cooperative

projects can begin, one or more Cuban agencies need to approve. It would be ideal to have

this process more clearly defined and streamlined to minimize delays in getting approvals

visas for representatives of NGOs conducting approved projects should be expedited and

ideally approved for multiple entries into Cuba, perhaps renewable annually for the duration

of the project. Permits: Permits for all the components of projects (e.g., to collect specimens, to enter and

collect or monitor in protected areas, to import research equipment, to export biological specimens, etc.) should be expedited for approved projects.
http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/files/biodiversity-without-borders_science__diplomacy.pdfhttp://www.sciencediplomacy.org/files/biodiversity-without-borders_science__diplomacy.pdf


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Easing Regs Advantage Counter-Plan/PIC

Text: The United States federal government should adopt measures to ease

regulations restricting academic and scientific exchanges

This solvesempirics prove

Johnson 2k12 [Stephen, senior for Center for Strategic and International studies--http://csis.org/files/publication/120821_Johnson_U.S.-CubaExchanges_Web.pdf -- August 2012-- SR]In 1974, the Nixon administration adopted measures to ease regulations restricting academic

and scientific exchanges, measures that the Carter administration took even further.8 Thus,

academic and scientific exchange between U.S. researchers and Cuban counterparts grew

during this period:In 1977, the first participation of Cuban scholars in the Congress of the Latin American StudiesAssociation (LASA), took place in Houston, Texas.In 1978, two Cuban intellectuals, researching literature, linguistics and law, visited

Yale, Har- vard, Princeton, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1979, a delegation from the School for

Advanced International Studies of Johns Hopkins University, funded by the Ford Foundation,

visited the University of Havana; that trip initiated a regular exchange between the twoinstitutions.In the1980s and 1990s, U.S. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration cruises entered

Cuban waters to perform marine research.9 This period of relatively increased cooperation in the realm

of scientific and academic exchanges culminated with a memorandum of understanding signed by the Cuban

Academy of Sci- ences and the Smithsonian Institution in 1980.10 Subsequently, the United States tightened policies toward Cuba,and in October 1985, President Ronald Reagan signed legislation making visits by Cuban intellectuals to the United States moredifficult, based on the fact that their employer was the Cuban government. That year, all Cuban scholars from the Centro de studiosde Amrica were denied visas to participate in the LASA Congress in Albuuerue, ew Mexico.11 Subseuent scholarly meetingsofCubans and Americans took place in Mexico, Canada, and Cuba.12
http://csis.org/files/publication/120821_Johnson_U.S.-CubaExchanges_Web.pdfhttp://csis.org/files/publication/120821_Johnson_U.S.-CubaExchanges_Web.pdf


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SQUO Solves

Scientific exchange is high-despite the embargo

AAAS 2k12 [Advance Science Serving Society-

http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2012/0501cuba.shtml-2k12- SR]They are next-door neighbors, sharing all the amenities and challenges of the neighborhoodoceans teeming with life, the risk of tropical diseases, a changing climate that may be giving

rise to bigger and more frequent hurricanes. And yet, because the neighbors are barely on speaking terms, they

cannot share the opportunities and the responsibilities that come with solving the challenges.Today, however, scientists in

both Cuba and the United States are exploring whether a thaw in relations between the two

nations could allow for a range of new or expanded joint research projects that could bring

benefits to both nationsand others in the Caribbean Basin. Recent visits and consultations facilitated by AAAS and theAcademia de Ciencias de Cuba (Academy of Sciences of Cuba) underscored that both sides see potential for substantive science

collaboration. The recent visits showed that the Cuban mindset is really ready to reach out, saidPeter Agre, a Nobel laureate in chemistry and a former president of AAAS, who returned in March from his third visit to the nation.

The scientists would have no trouble working together... The Cubans are understandably

proud of their science, and they see us very positively. I would anticipate if we could normalize relations anddo science as a starting point, then really good things could happen.
http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2012/0501cuba.shtmlhttp://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2012/0501cuba.shtml


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A2 Environment Cooperation

Their Machlis evidence-just says there are a few strains to science

collaboration-not that there isnt any now-Squo sufficiently solves

A. US is already cooperating with Cuba on the environment-recent easing of

restrictions and NGOs solve

Their Author Boom 2k12 [Brian, analyst for the Advance Science Serving Community--http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/files/biodiversity-without-borders_science__diplomacy.pdf --September 2k12]Fortunately, some NGOs in the United States have had successover the years in working

collaboratively with their Cuban counterparts on shared environmental issues. The

experiences of such NGOs can inform a way forward in structuring an enhanced mechanism

for bilateral cooperation . Also fortunately, on January 14, 2011, the Obama administration announced

new rules that ease some restrictions on U.S. citizenstravel and remittances to Cuba, whichwill collaterally encourage more bilateral environmental collaboration as well .

B. US-Cuba is already cooperating on marine life bio-d

Ordonez 2k12 [Francoreporter for McClatchy--http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2012/05/21/149603/scientists-work-to-bridge-political.html#.UfB2SGTwJJw -May 21, 2012SR]VINALES, Cuba Cuban and American scientists have joined forces in an effort to protect baby sea

turtles and endangered sharks. Theyre studying Caribbean weather patterns that fuel the

hurricanes that have devastated the Southeastern United States.In the process, theyre chipping away at a

half-century of government feuding, helping to bring the nations together for talks on vital matters, such as what to do in case of an oil spill.The

two countries are so geographically close, and the environmental concerns so similar, that scientistssay its crucial to combine forces.If were going to have any hope of protecting o ur environment in the future, from climate change to our sharedresources in the Gulf of Mexico, we have to collaborate, said Dan Whittle, the Cuba program director at the nvironmental Defense Fund.

C. Cubas top environmental official is cooperating with the US now

Haven 2k13 [Paul, reporter for the Associated Press-http://news.yahoo.com/under-radar-cuba-us-often-together-182659594.html -April 10, 2013-- SR]HAVANA (AP) Cuba and the United States may be longtime enemies with a bucket overflowing

with grievances, but the fast return of a Florida couple who fled U.S. authorities with their two

kidnapped children in tow shows the Cold War enemies are capable of remarkable

cooperation on many issues.Indeed, diplomats and observers on both sides of the Florida

Straits say American and Cuban law enforcement officers, scientists, disaster relief workers,Coast Guard officials and other experts work together on a daily basis, and invariably express

professional admiration for each other. "I don't think the story has been to ld, but there is a real warmth in just the sort of day-to-day relations between U.S. and Cuban government officials," said Dan Whittle, who frequently brings scientific groups to the island in his role as

Cuba program director for the Environmental Defense Fund. "Nearly every time I talk to American officials they say

they were impressed by their Cuban counterparts. There really is a high level of mutual

respect." Almost none of these technical-level interactions make the headlines, but examples are endless. Just last week, Cuba's top

environmental official Ulises Fernandez and several island oil experts attended a conference
http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/files/biodiversity-without-borders_science__diplomacy.pdfhttp://www.mcclatchydc.com/2012/05/21/149603/scientists-work-to-bridge-political.html#.UfB2SGTwJJwhttp://www.mcclatchydc.com/2012/05/21/149603/scientists-work-to-bridge-political.html#.UfB2SGTwJJwhttp://news.yahoo.com/under-radar-cuba-us-often-together-182659594.htmlhttp://news.yahoo.com/under-radar-cuba-us-often-together-182659594.htmlhttp://news.yahoo.com/under-radar-cuba-us-often-together-182659594.htmlhttp://news.yahoo.com/under-radar-cuba-us-often-together-182659594.htmlhttp://www.mcclatchydc.com/2012/05/21/149603/scientists-work-to-bridge-political.html#.UfB2SGTwJJwhttp://www.mcclatchydc.com/2012/05/21/149603/scientists-work-to-bridge-political.html#.UfB2SGTwJJwhttp://www.sciencediplomacy.org/files/biodiversity-without-borders_science__diplomacy.pdf


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in New York of the International Association of Drilling Contractors after the State

Department expedited their visas .

Too many alt causes to environment cooperation-bureaucracy, delays, and

technical problemsBoom 2k12 [Brian, analyst for the Advance Science Serving Community--http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/files/biodiversity-without-borders_science__diplomacy.pdf --September 2k12]Environmental projects conducted in collaboration with Cuban organizations must be

approved by an array of Cuban agenciesand at various levels within those agenciesdepending on

the nature of the project. This can be a daunting procedure for U.S.-based NGOs attempting to initiate

collaborative activities in Cuba, but even NGOs experienced in the process of project

approval can have delays and frustrations. Some of the impediments are related to technical

problems (e.g., spotty Internet connections and difficulty transmitting large file attachments via email) or to changes in key administrative personnel at agencies. The most important Cubanagency for most projects is the Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnologa y Medio Ambiente (CITMA), but depending on the situation other entities must give high-level approval for environmental projects. Forexample, the Jardn Botnico Nacional (JBN) reports administratively to the Ministerio de Educacin Superior, so projects with the JBN need to be approved by that ministry, in addition to CITMA.

Projects taking place in Cubas numerous protected marine and terrestrial areas must beapprovedby the Centro Nacional de reas Protegidas (CNAP), which is part of CITMA. The major impediment with respect to

conducting collaborative environmental projects in Cuba is what can be a complex, non-

linear, and slow approval process.
http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/files/biodiversity-without-borders_science__diplomacy.pdfhttp://www.sciencediplomacy.org/files/biodiversity-without-borders_science__diplomacy.pdf


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No Impact: Bio D

The environment is resilient

Easterbrook 96(Gregg, sr editor, The New Republic, former fellow at the Brookings Institute,

A Movement on the Earth, p. 25, JM)"Fragile environment" has become a welded phrase of the modern lexicon, like "aging hippie" or "fugitive financier." But the

notion of a fragile environment is profoundly wrong. Individual animals, plants, and people

are distressingly fragile. The environment that contains them is close to indestructible . The

living environment of Earth has survived ice ages; bombardments of cosmic radiation more

deadly than atomic fallout; solar radiation more powerful than the worst-case projection for ozone

depletion; thousand-year periods of intense volcanism releasing global air pollutionfar worse than that made by any

factory; reversals of the planet's magnetic poles; the rearrangement of continents; transformation of plains into

mountain ranges and of seas into plains; fluctuations of ocean currents and the jet stream; 300-foot vacillations in sea

levels;shortening and lengthening of the seasons caused by shifts in the planetary axis; collisions of asteroids and

cometsbearing far more force than man's nuclear arsenals; and the years without summer that followed these impacts. Yet

hearts beat on, and petals unfold still. Were the environment fragile it would have expired many

eons before the advent of the industrial affronts of the dreaming ape . Human assaults on the

environment, though mischievous, are pinpricks compared to forces of the magnitude nature is accustomed to resisting.

No extinction

The Economist, 09(The conomist, January 15, 2009, Second life: Biologists debate thescale of extinction in the worlds tropical forests, http://www.economist.com/node/12926042,

Hensel)A RARE piece of good news from the world of conservation: the global extinction crisis may have beenoverstated. The world is unlikely to lose 100 species a day, or half of all species in the lifetime ofpeople now alive, as some have claimed. The bad news, though, is that the lucky survivors are tiny tropical insects that fewpeople care about. The species that are being lost rapidly are the large vertebrates that conservationists were worried about in the

first place. Thisnew viewof the prospects for biodiversity emerged from a symposium heldthis week at theSmithsonian Institutionin Washington, DC, but the controversy over how bad things really are has been brewing since 2006.

That was when Joseph Wright of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama and Helene Muller-Landau of the Universityof Minnesota first suggested that the damage might not be as grim as some feared. They reasoned that because population

growth is slowing in many tropical countries, andpeople are moving to cities, the pressure to cut

down primary rainforest is falling and agriculturally marginal land is being abandoned, allowingtrees to grow. This regrown secondary forest is crucial to the pairs analysis. Within a few decades of land beingabandoned, half of the original biomass has returned. Depending on what else is nearby, these newforests may then be colonised by animals and additional plants, and thus support many of the species foundin the original forest. Dr Wright andDr Muller-Landautherefore reckon that in 2030 reasonably unbrokentropical forest will still cover more than a third of its natural range, and after that date its areaat least inLatin America and Asiacould increase. Much of this woodland will be secondary forest, but even so they suggest that in Africa only

16-35% of tropical-forest species will become extinct by 2030, in Asia, 21-24% and, in Latin America, fewer still. Once forestcover does start increasing, the rate of extinction should dwindle.


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A2 Biotech

Biotech inevitable.

D'Haeze, 7

[Wim, Bio-Engineer in Chemistry and received his Ph.D. in Biotechnology at Ghent University,Senior Technical Writer in the pharmaceutical, "Blooming Biotech and PharmaceuticalIndustries," 10-15, The Science Advisory Board,http://www.scienceboard.net/community/perspectives.193.html]Whoever regularly follows the news will recognize that the Biotech and Pharmaceutical Industry isstill expandingboomingin theUnited States and Europe, but also in major Asian countries such as India, China, and Japan. Apattern that is often observed for pharmaceutical companies is headquartering in a majorlocationin the United States or Europe while branching elsewhere inthe United States, Europe, and/or Asia.Those processes are highly dependent on how successfully drug candidates move through the drug development pipelines and onhow the drug development process is organized, planned, and executed. Research and Development hubs are located at the Eastcoast (e.g., New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Atlanta, and Northern and Central New Jersey) and West coast (e.g., San Francisco, Los

Angeles, San Diego, and Seattle) of the United States and throughout major cities in Europe, but multinational companies

have been or are stepping on land in countries throughout Asiaas well.

Reasonsfor the latter

development may include substantial cheaper labor as compared to that in developed countries andthe ability to produce medicines close to the market place. During recent years, India, for example, hasbecome the home of a few hundred registered biotech and pharmaceutical companies and isnow positioned within the top-5 producers of pharmaceuticals. Interestingly, the majority of its export (e.g.,production of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (DTP) vaccine) goes to developing countries. Companies such as Biocon, Novo Nordisk,Aventis Pharma, Chiron Behring Vaccines, GlaxoSmithKline, Novozymes, Eli Lilly & Company, and Advanced Biochemicals are allrepresented in major Indian cities, including Bangalore, Calcutta, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Pune, and New Delhi. In 2005, Indian biotechand pharmaceutical companies represented a revenue of more than US$1 billion and the governmental goal articulated by theIndian Department of Biotechnology is to create a biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry generating US$5 billion in revenues

annually and representing one million jobs by roughly three years from now. The government tries to achieve thisgoal in part by facilitating foreign-owned companies to establish in India, making it easier forinvestors by centralizing the process, creating at least ten new science parks by 2010, financially

supporting new drug discovery proposals and research, and by supporting small biotech andpharmaceutical businesses and start-up companies.
http://www.scienceboard.net/community/perspectives.193.htmlhttp://www.scienceboard.net/community/perspectives.193.html


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16/36

Lifting the embargo doesnt do anythingalt causes overwhelm

Johnson 2k12 [Stephen, analyst for Center for Strategic and International studies--http://csis.org/files/publication/120821_Johnson_U.S.-CubaExchanges_Web.pdf -- August 2012-- SR]First, the most common mistake is failure to anticipate hot-button issues that prevent

exchanges from taking place or could stop them midstream. U.S. foreign service officers whohave servedin Havana warn that anything openly political in Cuba will be immediately

stopped. Moreover, U.S. official participation is not generally welcome in Cuba and,should it become

apparent during an event, would immediately raise tensions. Events held in the United States, or even in a third

country, are subject to scrutiny. Cuban authorities can easily misconstrue the appearance of political

motives or even political side conversations among program participants. Institutions that aredeveloping exchange programs to bring Cubans to the United States should closely monitor media reporting, as sensational publicity

can negatively affect current and future endeavors.Second, U.S. or third-country civil society groups might

express concerns over the wisdomof inviting and donating airline tickets to scholars from a

state governed by a hostile dictatorship. Likely areas of collaboration such asthe arts, business

administration, and science and technology may not be politically dangerous topics on their own,

but the intent of exchanges is often in the eye of the beholder. A complicating factor is that host

organizations would need to establish close relationships with regime officials, for now in the foreign affairs and possibly the interiorminis- tries. That effort requires careful handling and knowledge of U.S. laws.
http://csis.org/files/publication/120821_Johnson_U.S.-CubaExchanges_Web.pdfhttp://csis.org/files/publication/120821_Johnson_U.S.-CubaExchanges_Web.pdf


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Sugar Cane Advantage


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Air Pollution DA

Air Pollution DA- sugar cane ethanol production causes air pollution-and

prevents future production

UC Merced 2k11[University of California Mercedsenior researchers analysis--http://www.ucmerced.edu/news/study-shows-sugarcane-ethanol-production-causes-air-pollution -December 15, 2011-SR]The burning of sugarcane fields prior to harvest for ethanol production can create air pollution

that detracts from the biofuels overall sustainability,according to research published recently

by a team of researchers led by scientistsat the University of California, Merced.UC Merced graduate student Chi-Chung Tsao was the lead author on the paper and was aided in the study by UC Merced professors Elliott Campbell and Yihsu Chen.The study published online this week in the Nature Climate Change journal focused on Brazil, the worlds top producer of

sugarcane ethanol and a possible source for U.S. imports of the alternative fuel.There is a big strategic decision our

country and others are making, in whether to develop a domestic biofuels industry or import

relatively inexpensive biofuels from developing countries, Campbell said. Our study shows

that importing biofuels could result in human health and environmental problems in the

regions where they are cultivated.

That causes extinction

Driesen 2003Professor of Law, Syracuse, Buffalo Environmental Law Journal (David,, Fall,2002 / Spring, 2003, p. LN)

Air pollution can make life unsustainable by harming the ecosystem upon which all life

depends and harming the health of both future and present generations.The Rio Declarationarticulates six key principles that are relevant to air pollution. These principles can also be understood as goals, because theydescribe a state of affairs [*27] that is worth achieving. Agenda 21, in turn, states a program of action for realizing those goals.

Between them, they aid understanding of sustainable development's meaning for air quality. The first principle is that "human

beings. . . are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature",because they are

"at the center of concerns for sustainable development." n3 While the Rio Declaration refers to human health, its reference to life"in harmony with nature" also reflects a concern about the natural environment. n4 Since air pollution damages both

human health and the environment, air quality implicates both of these concerns.
http://www.ucmerced.edu/news/study-shows-sugarcane-ethanol-production-causes-air-pollutionhttp://www.ucmerced.edu/news/study-shows-sugarcane-ethanol-production-causes-air-pollutionhttp://www.ucmerced.edu/news/study-shows-sugarcane-ethanol-production-causes-air-pollutionhttp://www.ucmerced.edu/news/study-shows-sugarcane-ethanol-production-causes-air-pollution


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Water Pollution DA

Water Pollution DA- Sugarcane production causes water pollution

Zuurbier and Vooren. 2008 [Peter Zuurbier and Jos Van De Vooren. "Contributions to Climate Change Mitigationand the Environment." Sugarcane Ethanol. Wageningen Academic P U B L I S H E R S, 2008. Web. 6 July 2013..SR]Water pollution has been a severe environmental problem in sugarcane production regionsuntil early 80s in Brazil when legislation was implemented to ban direct discharge of vinasse (Martinelli and Filoso, 2008;

Smeets et al., 2008). The main industrial sources of pollutants of sugarcane industry are

wastewater from washing of stems before processing and vinasse produced during

distillation. These by-products have a large potential of water contamination due to a high

concentration of organic matter, which increases the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5)

of water bodies receiving such effluents(Gunkel et al., 2007). While the Brazilian standards for wastewateremission are BOD5 of 60 mg/l, values for wastewater from cane washing are up to 500 mg/l and > 1.000 mg/l for vinasse

(Gunkel et al., 2007; Smeets et al., 2008). In addition, agro-chemicals residues have been found as a important component ofwater pollution in areas of intense sugarcane production (Corbi et al., 2006; Silva et al., 2008).

Water pollution turns the aff and causes extinctionKhan & Haq, 12- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University,Department of Botany, Hazara University International Journal of RecentScientific Research- Pollution load in industrial effluent and ground water due tomarble industries in district buner, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Water pollution is a major global problem which requires ongoing evaluation and revision of

water resource policy at all levels. It has been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause

of deaths and diseases(Pink and Daniel, 2006) and that it accounts for the deaths of more than

14,000 people daily(West and Larry, 2006). Surface and groundwater have often been studied and managed as separateresources although they are interrelated (Denver, 1998). Surface water seeps through the soil and becomes groundwater.

Industrialization plays a vital role in growth and development of any country.In Pakistan industrialestate establishment was started with the introduction of 1st five years plane 1955-1960, which laid emphasis on the establishment

of large estates in the country (Nasrullah et al., 2006). The rapid industrialization has direct and indirect

adverse effect on our environment as it discharges untreated effluents which cause air, water,

soil and soil solid waste pollution (Reston, 2001). Untreated water near the point of disposal,

create foul smell and bad odor(Kulkarni, 1979).This bad odor is due to decomposition of floatingsolids present in untreated sewage. The net result is large scale pollution of the water bodies

which may act as a source of water supply for domestic use of inhabitants of localities. This

loss of water quality is causing health hazards and death of human, livestock and death of

aquatic lives, crop failure and loss of aesthetics(Anonymous 1992).


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Solvency

No piece of evidence that indicates-the US would even trade Sugar Cane

Ethanol-post plan

Cuba doesnt even have an ethanol industry

Their Author-Specht 4/24 (Jonathan, professor at the University of California at Davis, Raising Cane: CubanSugarcane thanols conomic and nvironmental Effects on the United States,http://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdf,pg.172-173)To speak of a Cuban sugarcane-based ethanol industry is, at this point, largely a matter of

speculation.46 Because of the anti-ethanol views of Fidel Castro (who has said that ethanol should be discouraged because it

diverts crops from food to fuel),47 Cuba currently has almost no ethanol industry . In the words of Ronald

Soligo and Amy Myers Jaffe of the Brookings Institution, Despite the fact that Cuba is dependent on oil

imports and is aware of the demonstrated success of Brazil in using ethanol to achieve

energy self-sufficiency, it has not embarked on a policy to develop a larger ethanol industry

from sugarcane.

Worker shortage-means they dont solve

Their Author-Specht 4/24 (Jonathan, professor at the University of California at Davis, Raising Cane: CubanSugarcane thanols Economic and Environmental Effects on the United States,http://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdf,pg.172-173)Like all new capitalist industries to emerge in the post-Castro era, whatever ethanol industry

arises will have to deal with the painful transition from socialism to capitalism. The Cuban sugarcane

ethanol industry will face similar challenges to other private sector industries that arise in the post-Fidel era.

One of these challenges will be simply a lack of people with skills necessary for any

industry.According to Edward Gonzalez and Kevin McCarthy of the RAND Corporation, *A+s a result of 40-plus years ofcommunism, the labor force lacks the kinds of trained managers, accountants, auditors, bankers, insurers, etc., that a robust

market economy reuires.53

No demand for a sugar ethanol industry

Their Author-Specht 4/24 (Jonathan, professor at the University of California at Davis, Raising Cane: CubanSugarcane thanols conomic and nvironmental Effects on the United States,http://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdf,pg.172-173)Given that the Cuban sugar industry lived and died by its ties with the Soviet Union for

several decades of the Twentieth Century,50 Cuba will likely be quite wary of investing too

much in the creation of a sugarcane ethanol industrythat it perceives as being largely a creature of U.S.

energy and agricultural policy. Therefore, the creation of a significant sugarcane ethanol industry in Cuba

will require a large increase in domestic demand for ethanol.
http://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdfhttp://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdfhttp://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdfhttp://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdfhttp://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdfhttp://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdf


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A2: Food Crisis

Food wars are a myththeres zero empirical evidence

Salehyan 7(Idean, Professor of Political Science University of North Texas, The New

Myth About Climate Change, Foreign Policy, Summer,http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3922)First, aside froma few anecdotes, there islittle systematic empirical evidencethat resource

scarcityand changing environmental conditions lead to conflict. In fact, several studies have shown that

an abundance ofnatural resources is more likely to contribute to conflict. Moreover, even as theplanet has warmed, the number of civil wars and insurgencies has decreased dramatically. Data collected by researchers

at Uppsala University and the International Peace Research Institute, Oslo shows a steep decline in the number of armed

conflicts around the world. Between 1989 and 2002, some 100 armed conflicts came to an end, including the wars in

Mozambique, Nicaragua, and Cambodia. If global warming causes conflict, we should not be witnessing this downward

trend. Furthermore, if famine and drought led to the crisis in Darfur, why have scores of environmental catastrophes failed

to set off armed conflict elsewhere? For instance, the U.N. World Food Programme warns that 5 million people in

Malawi have been experiencing chronic food shortages forseveral years. Butfamine-wracked

Malawi has yet to experiencea major civil war. Similarly, theAsian tsunami in 2004killed hundreds

of thousands of people, generated millions of environmental refugees, and led to severe shortages ofshelter,

food, clean water, and electricity. Yet the tsunami, one of the most extreme catastrophes in recent history, did notlead toan outbreak of resource wars. Clearlythen, there is much more toarmed conflict than

resource scarcityand natural disasters.

Wont go to war over food- empiricsChang 2/21/11Gordon G Chang, Graduated Cornell Law School Global Food Warshttp://blogs.forbes.com/gordonchang/2011/02/21/global-food-wars/In any event, food-price increases have apparently been factors in the unrest now sweepingNorth Africa and the Middle East. The poor spend up to half their disposable income on edibles,making rapid food inflation a cause of concern for dictators, strongmen, and assorted autocrats

everywhere. So even if humankind does not go to war over bad harvests, Paskal may be right whenshe contends that climate change may end up altering the global map. This is not the first time inhuman history that food shortages looked like they would be the motor of violent geopolitical change. Yetamazing agronomic advances, especially orman Borlaugs Green Revolution in the middle of the 20thcentury, have consistently proved the pessimists wrong. In these days when capitalism is being blamed formost everything, its important to remember the power of human innovation in free societiesand theefficiency of free markets.


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Relations Advantage


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Alternative Causes

A. North Korea is a stronger alt cause to relations

OReilly 7/18 [Andrew, reporter for Fox News Latino--

http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2013/07/18/north-korean-ship-puts-us-cuban-relations-on-ice-experts-say/ -2013 SR]North Korea and Cuba have had steady diplomatic ties for decades,but these relations picked up steam

in 2001 when a Cuban delegation visited the North Korean capital, Pyongyang. Cuba is also one of the few countries

globally to maintain close ties to the government of Kim Jong-un and is one of the four countriesalongwith China, Iran and Syriato reject the weapons embargo that the UN Security Council ordered against the Asian nation in 2006.

Cuba might have much to lose over soured relations with the U.S., but North Korea doesnt

appear concerned if it angers the U.S.or not. From a number of controversial missile tests to closing the border fortime with U.S. ally South Korea, Pyongyang has traditionally drawn both the ire of the United States and much of the international

community.Some experts worry that the latest incident involving Cubas dated weaponry is a sign of the

North Korean cozying up to the U.S.s traditional backyard neighbors.The very fact of the relationshipbetween Cuba and North Korea argues for a better look at whats going on in Havana, said Susan Kaufman Purcell, the director if

the University of Miamis Center for Hemispheric Policy.

It means that North Korea has projected itself intothe Western Hemisphere and is only 90 miles from the U.S.The reaction from Washington

has been mixed, with the State Department holding back any formal condemnation until more information is released byPanamanian authorities while anti-Castro lawmakers have denounced the incident as another reason that Cuba is a dangerousnation.

B. Political incompatibility

Hanson and Lee 2k13 [Stephanie and Brianna, analysts for the Council for Foreign Relations--http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113 -January 2013-- SR]A fundamental incompatibility of political views stands in the way of improving U.S.-Cuban

relations, experts say . While experts say the United States wants regime change, "the most important objective of

the Cuban government is to remain in power at all costs," says Felix Martin, an assistant professor at Florida

International University's Cuban Research Institute. Fidel Castro has been an inspiration for Latin American leftists

such as Venezuelan President Hugo Chvez and Bolivian President Evo Morales, who have

challenged U.S. policy in the region .

C. Guantanamo Bay

Hanson and Lee 2k13 [Stephanie and Brianna, analysts for the Council for Foreign Relations--http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113 -January 2013-- SR]Cuba indicated after 9/11 that it would not object if the United States brought prisoners to

Guantanamo Bay. However, experts such as Sweig say Cuban officials have since seized on the U.S. prison

camp--where hundreds of terror suspects have been detained--as a "symbol of solidarity"

with the rest of the world against the United States. Although Obama ordered Guantanamo to be closed by January 22,2010, the facility remains open as of January 2013, and ma ny analysts say it is likely to stay in operation for an extended period.
http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2013/07/18/north-korean-ship-puts-us-cuban-relations-on-ice-experts-say/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2013/07/18/north-korean-ship-puts-us-cuban-relations-on-ice-experts-say/http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2013/07/18/north-korean-ship-puts-us-cuban-relations-on-ice-experts-say/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2013/07/18/north-korean-ship-puts-us-cuban-relations-on-ice-experts-say/


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they will be successful at securing an adequate quantity of the material, even though, obviously, they can't do the second

task before accomplishing the first. Similarly, assembling and supplying an adequately equipped machine shop is

effectively an independent task from the job of recruiting a team of scientists and technicians to work within it. Moreover,

members of this group must display two qualities that, although combined in hurdle 9, are essentially independent of

each other: they must be both technically skilled and absolutely loyal to the project. Assessing the probabilities. In

seeking to carry out their task, would-be atomic terrorists effectively must go though an exercise that looks much like

this. If and when they do so, they are likely to find their prospects daunting and accordingly uninspiring or even

dispiriting. To bias the case in their favor, one might begin by assuming that they have a fighting chance of 50 percent of

overcoming each of these obstacles even though for many barriers, probably almost all, the odds against them are muchworse than that. Even with that generous bias, the chances they could successfully pull off the

mission come out to be worse than one in a million, specifically they are one in 1,048,567. Indeed, theodds of surmounting even seven of the twenty hurdles at that unrealistically, even absurdly, high presumptive success

rate is considerably less than one in a hundred. If one assumes, somewhat more realistically, that their chances at each

barrier are one in three, the cumulative odds they will be able to pull off the deed drop to one in well over

three billion--specifically 3,486,784,401. What they would be at the (entirely realistic) level one in ten boggles themind. One could also make specific estimates for each of the hurdles, but the cumulative probability statistics are likely

to come out pretty much the same--or even smaller. For example there may be a few barriers, such as number 13, where

one might plausibly conclude the terrorists' chances are better than 50/50. However, there are many in which the

likelihood of success is almost certainly going to be exceedingly small--for example, numbers 4, 5, 9, and 12, and,

increasingly, the (obviously) crucial number 1. Those would be the odds for a single attempt by a single group, and there

could be multiple attempts by multiple groups, of course. Although Allison considers al-Qaeda to be "the most probable

perpetrator" on the nuclear front (2004, 29), he is also concerned about the potential atomic exploits of other

organizations such as Indonesia's Jemaah Islamiyah, Chechen gangsters, Lebanon's Hezbollah, and various doomsdaycults (2004, 29-42).21 Putting aside the observation that few, if any, of these appear to have interest in hitting the United

States except for al-Qaeda (to be discussed more fully below), the odds would remain long even with multiple attempts. If

there were a hundred determined efforts over a period of time, the chance at least one of these would be successful comes

in at less than one one-hundredth of one percent at the one chance in two level. At the far more realistic level of one

chance in three it would be about one in 50 million. If there were 1000 dedicated attempts, presumably over several

decades, the chance of success would be less than one percent at the 50/50 level and about one in 50,000 at the one in

three level.22

Even if terrorists acquired a bomb delivery would be extremely difficult

simple human error would cause failures.

Ayson 10Centre for Strategic Studies @ Victoria UniversityRobert Ayson, Centre for Strategic Studies, Victoria University of Wellington. After a Terrorist

uclear Attack: nvisaging Catalytic ffects. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7

July 2010 , pages 571593. InformaWorldIn the event that a terrorist group does acquire a nuclear weapon, there are

additional hurdles to cross before detonation becomes a reality. The group must be

able to ready and deploy the weapon: it needs an effective delivery system to get the weapon to its intendedtarget. This delivery system does not need to be especially sophisticated or expensive. A nuclear-armed terrorist group would

be unlikely to regard an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) as its preferred mode of delivery, and might favor the

combination of a shipping container to bring the weapon into a port and then a truck to bring the weapon to a midtown

location for detonation. But even crude and everyday delivery systems need to be effective. Justas an ICBM needs to be able to launch successfully, and survive the outer atmosphere before returning to the earth's lower

layers, evading any military countermeasures that might be in its way, the terrorists'

nuclear weapon needs to be loaded in the container of a ship that needs to transit and

dock successfully, evading law enforcement, customs, and similar countermeasures in

place as Ferguson and Potter note.16 The weapon would then need to be transferred to

the truck, which needs a competent driver and crew, and that then needs to evadeeven the most elementary obstacles on its way to the center of the city. Something as

simple as a defective tail-light or some nervous driving that alerts the attention of

traffic police might be enough to stop the attempt late in its tracks. But let it be assumed thatthe members of a terrorist group have transferred their weapon to the very place to which they wish to detonate it, or at least

to a place where the detonation can occur with very serious consequences. They then need to do this successfully. They

need to understand any firing mechanism, which itself needs to work. They could well

require mastery of any launch codes, fail-safe keys, or other such security devices that

are attached to a bomb if this has been obtained off theshelf,17 unless Allison's concerns that


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such protections are only maintained in some of the world's arsenals18 apply in the given situation. If the terrorist

group has only one nuclear weapon(remembering that obtaining one and only one nuclear weapon would

still be quite an achievement) the pressures on them would still be immense.In this example of what the

nineteenth-century military philosopher Carl von Clausewitz famously referred to as friction,19 simple human error

could result in a dud explosion. A mass casualty attack could still result from an incomplete explosion:Zimmerman and Lewis estimate that A failed detonation, one that produced only a few tens of tons of yield, could kill

10,000 people in just a few hours if the device exploded in a crowded financial center.20 But it would still represent thegroup's failure to maximize the physical impact of a genuine weapon of mass destruction. All of this is not to

suggest that the acquisition, deployment, and detonation of a nuclear device can be

ignored as a complete impossibility. It is simply to be reminded that like all other

strategic actors, terrorists will be faced by a series of potential obstacles in each link

of the chain. Despite the images of inscrutability, determination, and sheer mendacity, terrorists are fallible

human beings, and the groups to which they belong are also prone to the serious

organizational errors found in other social systems.


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Shunning DA


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1NC

Cuba is still one of the largest human rights abusers-recent actions prove

HRW 2k13 [Human Rights Watch, April--http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/18/universal-

periodic-review-hrw-submission-cuba-SR]Cuba remains the only country in Latin America that represses virtually all forms of political

dissent. In 2012 the government ofRal Castro continued to enforce political conformity using

short-term detentions, beatings, public acts of repudiation, travel restrictions, and forced

exile.During its first UPR review, Cuba rejected all recommendations addressing the arbitrary

detentions of political prisoners, the lack of protection of human rights defenders, and restrictions on freedom ofexpression. Since then, Human Rights Watch has continued documenting cases of serious abuses of these rights.The Cubangovernment released dozens of political prisoners in 2010 and 2011 on the condition that they accept exile in exchange for their

freedom. Yet while the overall number of political prisoners has declined, the government has increasingly relied

upon arbitrary arrests and short-term detentions to restrict the basic rights of its critics,

including the right to assemble and move about freely . Meanwhile, the government continues to

sentence dissidents to long-term prison sentences in closed, summary trials, or hold them for

extended periods without charge.

Reject engagement with human rights abusers moral duty to shun.

Beversluis 89Eric H. Beversluis, Professor of Philosophy and Economics at Aquinas College,holds an A.B. in Philosophy and German from Calvin College, an M.A. in Philosophy fromNorthwestern University, an M.A. in Economics from Ohio State University, and a Ph.D. in thePhilosophy of ducation from orthwestern University, 1989 (On Shunning Undesirable

Regimes: Ethics and conomic Sanctions, Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, Number 2, April,Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via JSTOR, p. 17-19)A fundamental task of morality is resolving conflicting interests. If we both want the same piece of land, ethics provides a basis forresolving the conflict by identifying "mine" and "thine." If in anger I want to smash your [end page 17] face, ethics indicates that yourface's being unsmashed is a legitimate interest of yours which takes precedence over my own interest in expressing my rage. Thusethics identifies the rights of individuals when their interests conflict.But how can a case for shunning be made on this view ofmorality? Whose interests (rights) does shunning protect? The shunner may well have to sacrifice his interest, e.g., by foregoing abeneficial trade relationship, but whose rights are thereby protected? In shunning there seem to be no "rights" that are protected.For shunning, as we have seen, does not assume that the resulting cost will change the disapproved behavior. If economic sanctionsagainst South Africa will not bring apartheid to an end, and thus will not help the blacks get their rights, on what grounds might it be

a duty to impose such sanctions?We find the answer when we note that there is another "level" of moral duties.

When Galtung speaks of "reinforcing morality," he has identified a duty that goes beyond specific acts of

respecting people's rights. The argument goes like this: There is more involved in respecting the rights

of others than not violating them by one's actions. For if there is such a thing as a moral order,

which unites people in a moral community, then surely one has a duty (at least prima facie)

not only to avoid violating the rights of others with one's actions but also to support that

moral order .Consider that the moral order itself contributes significantly to people's rights

being respected. It does so by encouraging and reinforcing moral behavior and by discouraging

and sanctioning immoral behavior. In this moral community people mutually reinforce each

other's moral behavior and thus raise the overall level of morality. Were this moral order to

disintegrate, were people to stop reinforcing each other's moral behavior, there would be

much more violation of people's rights . Thus to the extent that behavior affects the moral order, it indirectly affects

people's rights. And this is where shunning fits in.Certain types of behavior constitute a direct attack on
http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/18/universal-periodic-review-hrw-submission-cubahttp://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/18/universal-periodic-review-hrw-submission-cubahttp://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/18/universal-periodic-review-hrw-submission-cubahttp://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/18/universal-periodic-review-hrw-submission-cuba


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the moral order . When the violation of human rights is flagrant , willful , and persistent , the

offender is, as it were, thumbing her nose at the moral order, publicly rejecting it as binding her

behavior. Clearly such behavior, if tolerated by society, will weaken and perhaps eventually

undermine altogether the moral order. Let us look briefly at those three conditions which turn immoral behavior

into an attack on the moral order.An immoral action is flagrant if it is "extremely or deliberately conspicuous; notorious, shocking."

Etymologically the word means "burning" or "blazing." The definition of shunning implies therefore that those offenses requireshunning which are shameless or indiscreet, which the person makes no effort to hide and no good-faith effort to excuse. Suchactions "blaze forth" as an attack on the moral order. But to merit shunning the action must also be willful and persistent. We do notconsider the actions of the "backslider," the [end page 18] weak-willed, the one-time offender to be challenges to the moral order. Itis the repeat offender, the unrepentant sinner, the cold-blooded violator of morality whose behavior demands that others publicly

reaffirm the moral order. When someone flagrantly , willfully , and repeatedly violates the moral

order, those who believe in the moral order, the members of the moral community, must respond in a

way that reaffirms the legitimacy of that moral order . How does shunning do this?First, by

refusing publicly to have to do with such a person one announces support for the moral order

and backs up the announcement with action . This action reinforces the commitment to the

moral order both of the shunner and of the other members of the community. (Secretary of State

Shultz in effect made this argument in his call for international sanctions on Libya in the early days of 1986.)Further,

shunning may have a moral effect on the shunned person, even if the direct impact is not

adequate to change the immoral behavior. If the shunned person thinks of herself as part of

the moral community, shunning may well make clear to her that she is, in fact, removing herself

from that community by the behavior in question. Thus shunning may achieve by moral

suasion what cannot be achieved by "force."Finally, shunning may be a form ofpunishment, of

moral sanction , whose appropriateness dependsnot on whether it will change the person's behavior, but on

whether he deserves the punishment for violating the moral order. Punishmentthen can be

viewed as a way of maintaining the moral order , of "purifying the community" after it has been made

"unclean," as ancient communities might have put it.Yet not every immoral action requires that we shun. As noted above, we live

in a fallen world. None of us is perfect. If the argument implied that we may have nothing to do with anyone who is immoral, itwould consist of a reductio of the very notion of shunning. To isolate a person, to shun him, to give him the "silent treatment," is aserious thing. Nothing strikes at a person's wellbeing as person more directly than such ostracism. Furthermore, not every immoralact is an attack on the moral order. Actions which are repented and actions which are done out of weakness of will clearly violatebut do not attack the moral order. Thus because of the serious nature of shunning, it is defined as a response not just to anyviolation of the moral order, but to attacks on the moral order itself through flagrant, willful, and persistent wrongdoing. We can

also now see why failure to shun can under certain circumstances suggest complicity. But it is not that we have a duty to

shun because failure to do so suggests complicity. Rather, because we have an obligation to

shun in certain circumstances, when we fail to do so others may interpret our failure as tacit

complicity in the willful , persistent , and flagrant immorality .


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Block Overview

Vote against any invasion of human rightsevery instance is key

Petro 74

[Sylvester, Professor of Law at NYU, Toledo Law Review, Spring, p. 480, 1974http://www.ndtceda.com/archives/200304/0783.html]However, one may still insist, echoing Ernest Hemingway - "I believe in only one thing: liberty." And it is always well to bear in mind

David Hume's observation: "It is seldom that liberty of any kind is lost all at once." Thus, it is

unacceptable to say that the invasion of one aspect of freedom is of no importance because

there have been invasions of so many other aspects. That road leads to chaos, tyranny,

despotism, and the end of all human aspiration.Ask Solzhenitsyn. Ask Milovan Dijas. In sum, if one

believed in freedom as a supreme value and the proper ordering principle for any society

aiming to maximize spiritual and material welfare, then every invasion of freedom must be

emphatically identified and resisted with undying spirit.

Focus on magnitude masks everyday instances of violenceyou should

place a disproportionately high value on structural violence.

Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois, Professors of Anthropology @ Berkeley &

UPenn, 2004(Nancy and Philippe, Making Sense of Violence, in Violence inWar and Peace, pg. 19-22)This large and at first sight "messy" Part VII is central to (his anthology's thesis. It encompasses everything from the (outinized,burcaucrattzed, and utterly banal violence of children dying of hunger and maternal despair in Northeast Brazil {Schcper-Hughcs,Chapter 33) ro elderly African Americans dying of heat stroke in Mayor Daly's version of US apartheid in Chicago's South SideI'Klincnberg, Chapter 38) to the racializcd class hatred expressed by British Victorians in their olfactory disgust of the "smelly"working classes (Orwell, Chapter 36). In these readings violence is located in the symbolic and social structures that overdctcr- mineand allow the criminalized drug addictions, interpersonal bloodshed, and racially patterned incarcerations that characterize the US"inner city" to be normalized iBourgois, Chapter 37 and Wacquant, Chapter 39). Violence also takes the form of class, racial, political

self-hatred and adolescent self-destruction (Quesada. Chapter 35), as well as of useless (i.e. preventable), rawly embodied physicalsuffering, and death (Farmer, Chapter 34). Absolutely central to our approach is a blurring of categories and distinctions between

wartime and peacetime violence.Close attention to the "little" violences produced in the

structures, habituscs, and mentalitesof everyday life shifts our attention to

pathologies of class, race, and gender inequalities. More important, it interrupts

the voyeuristic tendencies of "violence studies" that risk publicly

humiliating the powerless who are often forced into complicity with social

and individual pathologies of power because suffering is often a solvent

of human integrity and dignity.Thus, in this anthology we are positing a violence continuum comprised of amultitude of "small wars and invisible genocides" (see also Schcpcr- Hughes 1996; 1997; 2000b) conducted in the normative socialspaces of public schools, clinics, emergency rooms, hospital wards, nursing homes, courtrooms, public registry offices, prisons,

detention centers, and public morgues. The violence continuumalso refers to the ease with

which humans are capable of reducing the socially vulnerable into

expendable nonpersonsand assuming the license - even the duty - to kill, maim, or soul-

murder. We realize that in referring to a \ iolenci* and a genocide continuum we arc flying in the face of a tradition ofgenocide studies that argues for the absolute uniqueness of the Jewish Holocaust and for vigilance with respect to restricted puristuse of the term genocide itself (seeKuper l985;Chaulk 1999; Fein 1990; Chorbajian 1999). But we hold an opposing and alternative

view that, to the contrary, it is absolutely necessary to make just such existential


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leaps in purposefully linking violent acts in normal times to those of

abnormal times. Hence the title of our volume: Violence in War and in Peace. If (as we concede) there is a moral risk inovcrextending the concept of "genocide" into spaces and corners of everyday life where we might noc ordinarily think to find it (andthere is), an even greater risk lies in failing to sensitize ourselves, in misrecognizing practices and sentiments daily enacted as norma-tive behavior by "ordinary" good-enough citizens. Peacetime crimes, such as prison construction sold as economic development toimpover- ished communities in the mountains and deserts of California, or the evolution of the criminal industrial complex into the

latest peculiar institution for managing race relations in the United States (Waquant, Chapter 39), constitute the "small wars andinvisible genocides" to which we refer. This applies to African American and Latino youth mortality statistics in Oakland, California,Baltimore, Washington DC, and New York City. These are "invisible" genocides not because they are secreted away or hidden fromview, but quite the opposite. As Wittgenstein observed, the things that are hardest to perceive are those which are right before oureyes and therefore taken for granted. In this regard, Bourdieu's partial and unfinished theory of violence (see Chapters 32 and 42) as

well as his concept of misrecognition is crucial to our task. Byincluding the normative everyday

forms of violence hidden in the minutiae of "normal" social practices - in the

architecture of homes, in gender relations, in communal work, in the exchange of gifts, and so forth - Bourdieu forces us to

reconsider the broader meanings and status of violence, especially the

links between the violence of everyday life and explicit political terror and

state repression. Similarly, Basaglia's notion of "peacetime crimes" - crimini di pace - imagines a direct relationship

between wartime and peacetime violence. Peacetime crimes suggests the possibil- ity that war crimes are merely ordinary, everydaycrimes of public consent applied systematic- ally and dramatically in the extreme context of war. Consider the parallel uses of rapeduring peacetime and wartime, or the family resemblances between the legalized violence of US immigration and naturalizationborder raids on "illegal aliens" versus the US government- engineered genocide in 1938, known as the Cherokee "Trail of Tears."Peacetime crimes suggests that everyday forms of state violence make a certain kind of domestic peace possible. Internal "stability"is purchased with the currency of peacetime crimes, many of which take the form of professionally applied "strangle-holds."Everyday forms of state violence during peacetime make a certain kind of domestic "peace" possible. It is an easy-to-identifypeacetime crime that is usually maintained as a public secret by the government and by a scared or apathetic populace. Most subtly,but no less politically or structurally, the phenomenal growth in the United States of a new military, postindusrrial prison industrialcomplex has taken place in the absence of broad-based opposition, let alone collective acts of civil disobedience. The publicconsensus is based primarily on a new mobilization of an old fear of the mob, the mugger, the rapist, the Black man. the undeservingpoor. How many public executions of mentally deficient prisoners in the United States are needed to make life feel more secure forthe affluent? What can it possibly mean when incarceration becomes the "normative" socializing experience for ethnic minority

youth in a society, i.e., over 33 percent of young African American men (Prison Watch 2002). In the end it is essential

that we recognize the existence of a genocidal capacity among Otherwise

good-enough humans andthat we need to exercisea defensive hypervigilance to the

less dramatic,permitted, and even rewardedeveryday acts of violence that render

participation in genocidal acts and policies possible{under adverse political or economicconditions). perhaps more easily than we would like to recognize. Under the violence continuum we include, therefore, allexpressions of radical social exclusion, dchumamzjtion. depersonal- ization, pseudospeciation, and rcification which normalizeatrocious behavior and violence toward others. A constant self-mobilization for alarm, a state of constant hyperarousal is, perhaps, areasonable response to Benjamin's view of late modem history as a chronic "state of emergency" (Taussig, Chapter 31). We arctrying to recover here the classic anagogic thinking that enabled Krving Goffman, Jules Henry, C. Wright Mills, and Franco Basagliaamong other mid-twcnricth-ccntury radically critical thinkers, to perceive the symbolic and structural relations, i.e., betweeninmates and patients, between concentration camps, prisons, mental hospitals, nursing homes, and other "total institutions."Making that decisive move to recognize the continuum of violence allows us to see the capacity and the willingness - if notenthusiasm - of ordinary people, the practical technicians of the social consensus, to enforce gcnocidal-likc crimes against categoriesof rubbish people. There is no primary impulse out of which mass violence and genocide are born, it is ingrained in the common

sense of everyday social life. The mad, the differently abled, the mentally vulnerable have often fallen into this category of theunworthy living, as have the very old and infirm, the sick-poor, and, of course, the despised racial, religious, sexual, and ethnicgroups of the moment. Erik Erikson referred to "pseudospeciation" as the human tendency to classify some individuals or socialgroups as less than fully human-a prerequisite to genocide and one that is carefully honed during the unremark- able peacetimes

thai precede the sudden, "seemingly unintelligible" outbreaks of mass violence.Collective denial and

misrecognition are prerequisites for mass violence and genocide. But so areformal bureaucratic structures and professional roles. The practical technicians of everyday violence in the backlands of NortheastBrazil (Schcper-Hughes Chapter 33), for example, include the clinic doctors who prescribe powerful tranquilizers to fretful andfrightfully hungry babies, the Catholic priests who celebrate the death of "angel-babies,"' and the municipal bureaucrats whodispense free baby coffins but no food to hungry families. Everyday violence encompasses the implicit, legitimate, and routinized


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Links

A. Travel restrictions

HRW 2k13 [Human Rights Watch, April--http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/18/universal-

periodic-review-hrw-submission-cuba-SR]The Cuban government forbids the country's citizens from leaving or returning to Cuba

without first obtaining official permission, which is often denied to those it views as detractors. For example,acclaimed blogger Yoani Snchez, who has been critical of the government, has been denied the right to leave the island at least 19times since 2008, including in February 2012, after she had been granted a visa to travel to Brazil for a documentary screening.

The Cuban government uses forced family separation to punish defectors and silence critics .

The government frequently bars citizens engaged in authorized travel from taking their

children with them overseas, essentially holding children hostage to guarantee their parents'

return.The government restricts the movement of citizens within Cuba by enforcing a 1997

law known as Decree 217. Designed to limit migration to Havana, the decree requires Cubans to obtain governmentpermission before moving to the country's capital. It is often used to prevent dissidents traveling to Havana to attend meetings andto harass dissidents from other parts of Cuba who live in the capital.

B. Prison ConditionsHRW 2k13 [Human Rights Watch, April--http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/18/universal-periodic-review-hrw-submission-cuba-SR]Before implementing the accepted recommendations made by China and Iran to share

experiences and good practices regarding the treatment of prisoners, the Cuban government

should address the dire conditions of its overcrowded, unhygienic, and unhealthy prisons, whichare currently leading to extensive malnutrition and illness. Prisoners who criticize the government, refuse to participate in

ideological "reeducation," or engage in hunger strikes and other forms of protest are often subjected

to extended solitary confinement, beatings, restrictions on family visits, and denial of medical

care. Prisoners have no effective complaint mechanism to seek redress, giving prison

authorities total impunity.

C. Forced Exile

HRW 2k13 [Human Rights Watch, April--http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/18/universal-periodic-review-hrw-submission-cuba-SR]The death of political prisoner Orlando Zapata Tamayo in February 2010, which followed his

85-day hunger strike, and the subsequent hunger strike by dissident Guillermo Farias created pressure on the

Cuban government to release the remaining political prisoners from the group of 75 (the 75

human rights defenders, journalists, and other dissidents who had been sentenced to long

prison terms in a massive crackdown in 2003). Yet while the final prisoners from the group of

75were released in 2011, the majority were forced to choose between ongoing prison sentences

and forced exile. Since that time, dozens of other prominent dissidents, journalists, and

human rights defenders have been forced to choose between exile and ongoing harassment

or even imprisonment.
http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/18/universal-periodic-review-hrw-submission-cubahttp://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/18/universal-periodic-review-hrw-submission-cubahttp://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/18/universal-periodic-review-hrw-submission-cubahttp://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/18/universal-periodic-review-hrw-submission-cubahttp://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/18/universal-periodic-review-hrw-submission-cubahttp://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/18/universal-periodic-review-hrw-submission-cubahttp://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/18/universal-periodic-review-hrw-submission-cubahttp://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/18/universal-periodic-review-hrw-submission-cubahttp://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/18/universal-periodic-review-hrw-submission-cubahttp://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/18/universal-periodic-review-hrw-submission-cubahttp://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/18/universal-periodic-review-hrw-submission-cubahttp://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/18/universal-periodic-review-hrw-submission-cuba

cuba embargo negative - ddi 2013 ss

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