capitolul iv elemente de fotografie judiciara.doc

7/25/2019 CAPITOLUL IV Elemente de fotografie judiciara.doc

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FOTOGRAFIE JUDICIAR{\f63 \u258\'3f}\plain\par\sl-179\fs18\par\sl-240\fs24\par\pard\pard\sl-290 \li7 \ri39 \fi384 \expndtw-3 \i \f20 \fs22 Fotografia alb-negru realizat{\f63 \u259\'3f} de Niepce, Daguerre,Sir Fox Talbot {\f63 \u351\'3f}i al{\f63 \u355\'3f}ii a fost adaptat{\f63 \u259\'3f} la nevoile cercet{\f63 \u259\'3f}rii\plain\expndtw-3 \i \f20 \fs22 criminalistice de Bertillon, Reiss, iar la noi deNicolae {\f63 \u351\'3f}i {\f63 \u350\'3f}tefan Minovici, {\f63 \u351\'3f}i a evoluat la fotografia n culori {\f63 \u351\'3f}i apoi la\plain\expndtw-5 \i \f20 \fs22 fotografia de examinare {\f63 \u351\'3f}i la ceadigital{\f63 \u259\'3f}, fiind ast{\f63 \u259\'3f}zi indispensabil{\f63 \u259\'3f} pentru fixarea locului faptei {\f63 \u351\'3f}i a altor activit{\f63 \u259\'3f}{\f63 \u355\'3f}i\plain\expndtw-9 \i \f20 \fs22 procedurale desf{\f63 \u259\'3f}{\f63 \u351\'3f}urate pe parcursul unei anchete judiciare. Fotografia judiciar{\f63 \u259\'3f} secompleteaz{\f63 \u259\'3f} cu desenele ntocmite la\plain\expndtw-8 \i \f20 \fs22 fa{\f63 \u355\'3f}a locului, cu filmul judiciar {\f63 \u351\'3f}i videofonograma judiciar{\f63 \u259\'3f}, contribuind la identificarea infractorilor {\f63 \u351\'3f}i la probarea faptelor\plain\expndtw-9 \i \f20 \fs22 incriminate de lege pe care le-au s{\f63 \u259\'3f}vr{\f63 \u351\'3f}it.\plain\par\pard\sl-363 \li423 \ri3859 \fi3840 \expndtw-11 \b \f20 \fs28 1. Scurt istoric\up8 \fs18 1

\plain\par\sl-212\fs21\par\pard\pard\sl-318 \li36 \ri32 \fi386 \expndtw-13 \f20 \fs24 Inven{\f63 \u355\'3f}ia fotografiei se\i bazeaz{\f63 \u259\'3f}\i0 pe principiul camerei obscure, descoperit, se pare, de Aristotel (384-322 . Hr.) sau\plain\expndtw-12 \f20 \fs24 atribuit de diferi{\f63 \u355\'3f}i autori, pe rnd,lui Roger Bacon, Leonardo da Vinci, Papnutio, Rheinhold, Frisius, Cardan, Barbaro\plain\expndtw-15 \f20 \fs24 {\f63 \u351\'3f}i Benedetti.\plain\par\pard\sl-317 \li24 \ri37 \fi386 \expndtw-7 \f20 \fs24 n anul 1570, napolitanul Gianbatista della Porta (1538-1615) a inventat obiectivul fotografic, m{\f63 \u259\'3f}rind, cu o\plain\expndtw-6 \f20 \fs24 lentil{\f63 \u259\'3f} convergent{\f63 \u259\'3f}, c

laritatea {\f63 \u351\'3f}i luminozitatea imaginii ob{\f63 \u355\'3f}inute pe peretele opus al camerei obscure. n 1611,\plain\expndtw-7 \f20 \fs24 astronomul Johannes Kepler a construit o camer{\f63\u259\'3f} obscur{\f63 \u259\'3f} portabil{\f63 \u259\'3f} n form{\f63 \u259\'3f}de cort {\f63 \u351\'3f}i a reu{\f63 \u351\'3f}it s{\f63 \u259\'3f} proiecteze\plain\expndtw-7 \f20 \fs24 imaginea obiectelor exterioare pe o m{\f63 \u259\'3f}su{\f63 \u355\'3f}{\f63 \u259\'3f} orizontal{\f63 \u259\'3f}, putnd fi urm{\f63\u259\'3f}rit{\f63 \u259\'3f} cu creionul.\plain\par\pard\sl-316 \li24 \ri43 \fi394 \expndtw-4 \f20 \fs24 Englezul Dollond {\f63 \u351\'3f}i suedezul Klingenstierna au realizat, n 1757, primele lentile f{\f63 \u259\'3f}r{\f63 \u259\'3f} abera{\f63 \u355\'3f}ii cromatice,\plain\expndtw1 \f20 \fs24 infirmnd scepticismul marelui fizician englez Newton,

manifestat cu 10 ani nainte de propunerea\plain\expndtw-7 \f20 \fs24 matematicianului Euler de a se confec{\f63 \u355\'3f}iona asemenea lentile. Din p{\f63 \u259\'3f}cate, cei doi inventatori au p{\f63\u259\'3f}strat secretul\plain\expndtw-8 \f20 \fs24 doar pentru ei. n 1814, fizicianul german Fraunhofera pus bazele teoretice ale corela{\f63 \u355\'3f}iei abera{\f63 \u355\'3f}iei cromatice {\f63 \u351\'3f}i a\plain\expndtw-9 \f20 \fs24 abera{\f63 \u355\'3f}iei de sfericitate, dar a p{\f63 \u259\'3f}strat {\f63 \u351\'3f}i el secretul.\plain\par


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\pard\sl-317 \li22 \ri47 \fi391 \expndtw-6 \f20 \fs24 Primele imagini au fost ob{\f63 \u355\'3f}inute n 1802, de T. Wedgwood, pe suprafa{\f63 \u355\'3f}a unor piei sensibilizate la lumin{\f63 \u259\'3f}\plain\expndtw-5 \f20 \fs24 cu ajutorul nitratului de argint, dar imaginile disp{\f63 \u259\'3f}reau n foarte scurt timp.\plain\par\pard\sl-319 \li12 \ri48 \fi391 \expndtw-5 \f20 \fs24 n 1822, fizicianul francezNicephore Niepce (1765-1833) a realizat primele imagini durabile, folosind ca\plain\expndtw-5 \f20 \fs24 strat fotosensibil o pelicul{\f63 \u259\'3f} sub{\f63 \u355\'3f}ire de bitum de Iudeea (un amestec de asfalt {\f63 \u351\'3f}i petrol), depus pe o pl{\f63 \u259\'3f}cu{\f63 \u355\'3f}{\f63 \u259\'3f} de\plain\expndtw-6 \f20 \fs24 zinc. Placa era expus{\f63 \u259\'3f} opt ore n plinsoare, pentru dizolvarea bitumului cu esen{\f63 \u355\'3f}{\f63 \u259\'3f} de lavand{\f63 \u259\'3f}, realizndu-se\plain\expndtw-7 \f20 \fs24 fixarea imaginii. Ulterior, Niepce a nlocuit pl{\f63\u259\'3f}cile de zinc cu pl{\f63 \u259\'3f}ci de cupru argintate, pe care le sensibiliza cu\plain\expndtw-2 \f20 \fs24 vapori de iod, formndu-se un strat de iodur{\f63 \u259\'3f} de argint care era mai sensibil{\f63 \u259\'3f} la lumin{\f63 \u259\'3f}dect bitumul de\plain\expndtw-7 \f20 \fs24 Iudeea. Prima imagine stabil{\f63 \u259\'3f} a fostrealizat{\f63 \u259\'3f} n 1826, {\f63 \u8222\'3f}Vedere de la fereastra din Le Gras", fiind recunoscut{\f63 \u259\'3f}\plain\expndtw-6 \f20 \fs24 de majoritatea speciali{\f63 \u351\'3f}tilor fiind c

a fotografie din lume. Developarea pl{\f63 \u259\'3f}cii se f{\f63 \u259\'3f}ceacu vapori de mercur, dar\plain\expndtw-2 \f20 \fs24 rezultatele nu erau satisf{\f63 \u259\'3f}c{\f63 \u259\'3f}toare. n 1826 l va cunoa{\f63 \u351\'3f}te pe compatriotul s{\f63 \u259\'3f}u, pictorul {\f63 \u351\'3f}i ntreprinz{\f63 \u259\'3f}torul\plain\expndtw-7 \f20 \fs24 Louis Mande Daguerre (1787-1851), care era {\f63 \u351\'3f}i el pasionat de problema fix{\f63 \u259\'3f}rii imaginii. Din 1829 se vaderula\plain\expndtw-9 \f20 \fs24 un contract de colaborare ntre cei doi. Dup{\f63 \u259\'3f} 4 ani de colaborare, Niepce moare, iar cercet{\f63 \u259\'3f}rile sunt continuate de\plain\expndtw0 \f20 \fs24 Daguerre, care reu{\f63 \u351\'3f}e{\f63 \u351\'3f}te, n 1835, s{\f63 \u259\'3f} pun{\f63 \u259\'3f} la punct procedeul dagherotipiei,

de fapt o perfec{\f63 \u355\'3f}ionare a\plain\expndtw-5 \f20 \fs24 procedeului realizat de partenerul lui. Anul oficialal descoperiri fotografiei este considerat 1839, cnd marele\plain\expndtw0 \f20 \fs24 savant Francois Arago (1786-1853) a f{\f63 \u259\'3f}cut o comunicare n acest sens la Academia de {\f63 \u350\'3f}tiin{\f63 \u355\'3f}e din Paris,\plain\expndtw-2 \f20 \fs24 atribuindu-i meritul doar lui Daguerre, dar statul francez i va acorda o important{\f63 \u259\'3f} rent{\f63 \u259\'3f} viager{\f63 \u259\'3f} {\f63 \u351\'3f}i fiului

\par\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw72\colsr81\colno2\colw10125\plain\sl-226\fs23\par\pard\pard\sl-129 \li7 \ri0 \expndtw-1 \f20 \fs12 1

\par\column\plain\sl-258\fs26\par\pard\pard\sl-199 \li0 \ri40 \expndtw-4 \f20 \fs18 \cf44 Alexandru Dicu,\i Manualul fotografului amator,\i0 Editura {\f63 \u350\'3f}tiin{\f63 \u355\'3f}ific{\f63 \u259\'3f}, 1961, Bucure{\f63 \u351\'3f}ti, pp. V-VIII; prof. dr. ing. Iuliu Pogany,\i Fotografia\i0 {\f63 \u8212\'3f}\i de la

\par\sect\sectd\sbknone\plain\pard\sl-211 \li7 \ri45 \expndtw-2 \i \f20 \fs18 \cf44


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teorie la practica.,\i0 Editura {\f63 \u350\'3f}tiin{\f63 \u355\'3f}ific{\f63 \u259\'3f} {\f63 \u351\'3f}i Enciclopedic{\f63 \u259\'3f} Bucure{\f63 \u351\'3f}ti, 1967, pp. 9-12; Roger Taylor,\i Itnpressed by light,\i0 British Photographsfrom\plain\expndtw0 \f20 \fs18 \cf44 Paper Negatives, 1840-1860, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New-York, 2007; Pierre Jean Amar,\i La photographie\i0 {\f63 \u8212\'3f}\i histoire d'un art)\plain\expndtw0 \f20 \fs18 \cf44 Editeur Edisud, Aix-en-Provence, 1993; MichaelR. Peres, editor in chief,\i Focal Encyclopedia of photography\i0 (fourth edition), Focal Press,\plain\expndtw-5 \f20 \fs18 \cf44 Elsevier, New York, 2007.\plain\par\pard\sl-227 \li7 \ri4598 \fi5062 \expndtw-1 \f20 \fs19 1

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