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TRANSCRIPT
QUESTION PAPER
FOKUS MENUJU GEM LNG FOKUS MENUJU GEMIILNG
CHAPTER 14
CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMERS
JKD KIMIA KLUANG, JOHOR DARUL [email protected]
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TE 2009 Perak P2A1 1. Diagram 1.1 shows the soap anion which consist of two parts, part A and part B. Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan anion bagi sabun yang mempunyai dua bahagian, bahagian A dan B.
Diagram 1.1 / Rajah 1.1 (a) (i) State the name of parts : Nyatakan nama bagi bahagian : A : ... B : ... [2 marks] (ii) Which part is soluble in water? Bahagian manakah yang larut dalam air? . [1 mark] (iii) A soap anion is not effective in hard water. Sabun tidak berkesan di dalam air liat. State the name of ion presents in hard water? Namakan ion yang hadir dalam air liat? [1 mark] (b) Diagram 1.2 shows the label of margarine which is on sale in Ahmad shop. Rajah 1.2 di bawah menunjukkan label pada marjerin yang dijual di kedai Ahmad.
Diagram 1.2 / Rajah 1.2 (i) Based on the information in Diagram 1.2, Name the food additive used in the margarine. Berdasarkan maklumat dalam rajah 1.2, Namakan bahan tambah makanan dalam marjerin tersebut. ..... [1 mark][email protected]
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(ii)
State the function of food additive in (b)(i). Nyatakan fungsi bahan tambah makanan dalam (b)(i). . [1 mark]
(iii) Give another example of food additives which has the same function as in (b)(ii). Berikan satu contoh lain bahan tambah makanan yang sama fungsinya seperti di (b)(ii). ......................................................................................... [1 mark] (c) Ali takes tranquilizers under doctors prescription. Ali mengambil trankuiliser dengan preskripsi doktor. (i) Psychotherapeutic medicines are divided into three categories based on the symptoms. State the category of tranquilizers in psychotherapeutic medicines? Ubat psikoteraputik terbahagi kepada tiga kategori berdasarkan gejala tertentu. Nyatakan kategori ubat psikoteraputik bagi trankuiliser? . [1 mark] (ii) What happens if Ali takes tranquilizers in excess? Apakah yang terjadi jika Ali mengambil trankuilizer secara berlebihan? . [1 mark]
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TE 2010 Times P2A1 2. Diagram 1 shows the structural soap and detergent.Rajah 1 menunjukkan struktur sabun dan detergen.
O R C O- Na+ R O
O S O-Na+
Soap / Sabun
O Detergent / Detergen Diagram 1 / Rajah 1
(a)
Name the process of making soap Namakan proses pembuatan sabun. ... [1 mark]
(b)
Between soap and detergent, which is more suitable as cleansing agent in sea water? Explain why. Antara sabun dan detergent, manakah yang lebih sesuai bertindak sebagai agen pembersih dalam air laut? Jelaskan mengapa. .. .. [2 marks]
(c)
State two advantages of using detergent compared to soap. Nyatakan dua kebaikan menggunakan detergen berbanding sabun. [2 marks] Table 1 shows the several food additives and examples. Jadual 1 menunjukkan beberapa bahan tambah makanan beserta contoh. Food additives Example Bahan tambah makanan Contoh Preservatives Sodium nitrite Bahan pengawet Natrium nitrit Flavouring agent Monosodium glutamate (MSG) Agen perisa Mononatrium glutamat Table 1 / Jadual 1
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(d)
(i)
State the function of preservatives. Nyatakan peranan bahan pengwet. ...
[1 mark] (ii) Besides as preservatives in the frozen meat, state another function of sodium nitrite. Disamping sebagai bahan pengawet terkandung dalam daging beku, nyatakan peranan lain natrium nitrit..
[1 mark](e) (i) Name one traditional preservative. Namakan satu bahan pengawet tradisional. ...
[1 mark](ii) Explain how the substance in (b) (i) can prevent food from spoiled? Terangkan bagaimana bahan dalam (b)(i) boleh menghalang makanan dari rosak? . .
[2 marks]
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TE 2009 Perlis P2A3 3. (a) Benzoic acid is an example of food additives that can be used when processing food. Asid benzoik adalah satu contoh bahan tambah makanan yang boleh digunakan semasa memproses makanan. (i) What is meant by food additives? Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan bahan tambah makanan? [1 mark] (ii) What is the function of benzoic acid? Apakah fungsi asid benzoik? [1 mark] (iii) What type of food additives that makes the texture of ice cream smooth and fine? Apakah jenis bahan tambah makanan yang menjadikan tekstur ais krim halus dan sekata? [1 mark] (iv) The implication of taking excess food additives can cause side effects. State one side effect to the consumer. lmplikasi pengambilan bahan tambah makanan yang berlebihan boleh menyebabkan kesan sampingan. Nyatakan satu kesan sampingan kepada pengguna. [1 mark] (b) Antibiotic, psychotherapeutic medicine and analgesic are several types of medicine used to cure patients. Antibiotik, ubat psikoterapeutik dan analgesik merupakan beberapa jenis ubat yang digunakan untuk mengubati pesakit. Table 3 shows the information about types of medicine. Jadual 3 menunjukkan maklumat tentang jenis jenisubat. Type of medicine Jenis ubat Antibiotic Antibiotik Psychotherapeutic medicine Ubat psikoterapeutik Table 3 / Jadual 3 Example Contoh Penicillin Penisilin Tranquilizer Trankuilizer
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(i)
What are the functions of penicillin and tranquilizer? Apakah fungsi penisilin dan trankuilizer? Function of penicillin: Fungsi penisilin: Function of tranquilizer: Fungsi trankuilizer: [2 marks]
(ii)
Doctor advised the patient to finish all the antibiotic given. After two days of taking antibiotic, the patient feels healthy and stops taking the antibiotic. What is the effect of this action to the patient? Doktor menasihatkan pesakit untuk menghabiskan semua antibiotik yang diberikan Selepas dua hari mengambil antibiotik, pesakit tersebut berasa sihat dan berhenti mengambil antibiotik itu. Apakah kesan tindakan ini terhadap pesakit? ... ... [1 mark]
(iii) Diagram 3 shows the structural formula of aspirin. Rajah 3 menunjukkan formula struktur bagi aspirin.
Diagram 3 / Rajah 3 Write the molecular formula and empirical formula of aspirin? Tuliskan formula molekul dan formula empirik bagi aspirin? Molecular formula: Formula molekul: Empirical formula: Formula empirik: [2 marks]
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(iv) Calculate the relative molecular mass of aspirin. [Relative Atomic Mass: C=12, H=1, O=16] Hitung jisim molekul relatif bagi aspirin. [Jisim atom relatif: C=12, H=1, O=16]
[1 mark]
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TE 2010 SBP P2A2(b) 4. (b) The sulphuric acid produced from the above process is used to manufacture detergent. Diagram 2.2 shows the structural formulae of the detergent. Detergent dissolves in water to form detergent anions Asid sulfurik yang terhasil daripada proses di atas digunakan untuk membuat detergen. Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan formula struktur bagi detergen. Detergen larut dalam air membentuk anion detergen.
Diagram 2.2 / Rajah 2.2 (i) State the type of reactions involved during the preparation of detergent. Nyatakan jenis tindak balas yang terlibat dalam penyediaan detergen. 1. ... 2. .. [2 marks] (ii) Label the hydrophilic part and the hydrophobic part of the detergent anions in Diagram 2.2 Labelkan bahagian hidrofilik dan bahagian hidrofobik bagi anion detergen dalam Rajah 2.2 [2 marks]
(iii) Detergent is more effective as cleaning agent in hard water compared to soap. Explain why. Detergen lebih berkesan sebagai agen pencuci dalam air liat berbanding sabun. Terangkan mengapa. ... ... . [2 marks]
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TE 2010 Perlis P2A3 3 3 3 5. The mixture of 5.0 cm palm oil and 50 cm of 5 mol dm sodium hydroxide solutions are boiled in a beaker. Glass rod is used to stir the mixture. 3 Then three spatula of solid sodium chloride and 50 cm of distilled water are added. The mixture is heated for another 5 minutes and then allowed to cool. Campuran 5.0 cm3 minyak sawit dan 50 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 5 mol dm-3 didihkan dalam bikar. Rod kaca digunakan untuk mangacau campuran itu. Kemudian tiga spatula pepejal natrium klorida dan 50 cm3 air suling ditambahkan. Campuran dipanaskan lagiselama 5 minit dan kemudian disejukkan. (a) (i) Name the process involved. Namakan proses yang terlibat. [1 mark] (ii) Sodium chloride is added to the mixture. Why? Natrium klorida ditambah kepada campuran. Kenapa? [1 mark] (b) Diagram 3.1 shows part of the washing action of soap particles on a cloth stained with grease. Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan sebahagian daripada tindakan pencucian oleh zarah-zarah sabun ke atas kotoran bergris pada kain.
Diagram 3.1 / Rajah 3.1 (i) State the part of a soap particle that is soluble in water. Nyatakan bahagian zarah sabun yang larut dalam air. [1 mark] (ii) What is the effect of soap on the surface tension of water? Apakah kesan sabun ke atas ketegangan permukaan air? [1 mark]
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(iii) Based on Diagram 3.1, explain how does the anion of soap act on grease. Berdasarkan Rajah 3.1, terangkan bagaimana anion sabun bertindak ke atas gris. [2 marks]
Beaker P Bikar P
Beaker Q Bikar Q
Diagram 3.2 / Rajah 3.2 (c) Based on Diagram 3.2 Berdasarkan Rajah 3.2 (i) What is the difference between soft water and hard water? Apakah perbezaan antara air lembut dan air liat? [2 marks] (ii) In which beaker is the soap more effective as cleaning agent? Explain why. Dalam bikar manakah sabun lebih berkesan sebagai agen pembersih? Terangkan mengapa. [2 marks]
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TE 2009 Kedah P2A6 6. Structure A and B represent molecules of two common cleaning agents, soap and detergent. Struktur A dan B mewakili molekul bagi dua bahan pencuci, sabun dan detergen. Structure A / Struktur A
Structure B / Struktur B
(a)
Name the cleaning agent for Namakan bahan pencuci bagi Structure A : Structure B : ...... .......... [2 marks]
(b)
Soap is prepared by heating a mixture of a strong alkali solution and palm oil. Sabun disediakan dengan memanaskan satu campuran alkali kuat dan minyak kelapa sawit. (i) Name the reaction for preparation of soap. Namakan tindak balas bagi penyediaan sabun. . [1 mark] (ii) Name one strong alkali used in preparing soap Namakan satu alkali kuat yang digunakan dalam penyediaan sabun. . [1 mark] (iii) Name the homologous series to which palm oil belongs to. Namakan siri homolog bagi kelapa sawit . [1 mark]
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(c)
The statement below is about soap and detergent. "The cleansing action of a detergent is more effective than soap in hard water" Explain the above statement. Kenyataan berikut adalah berkenaan sabun dan detergen. Tindakan pencucian detergen lebih efektif daripada sabun dalam air liat Terangkan kenyataan di atas. ..... ..... [2 marks]
(d)
Table 6 shows the functions of three types of medicine. Jadual 6 menunjukkan fungsi tiga jenis ubat. Function Fungsi 1. Relieve pain Mengurangkan kesakitan 2. Kills or prevent the reproduction of bacteria Membunuh atau penghalang pertumbuhan bakteria 3. Changes the emotions and behaviour of the patient Mengubah emosi dan perlakuan pesakit Table 6 / Jadual 6
Type of medicine Jenis ubat
Complete Table 6 by writing the type of medicine in the spaces provided. Lengkapkan jadual 6 dengan menulis jenis ubat di ruang yang disediakan. [3 marks] TE 2010 Penang P2A6 7. Diagram 6.1 shows the flow chart for the preparation of detergent B. Rajah 6.1 menunjukkan carta aliran untuk penyediaan detergen B. O CH3(CH2)nCH2OH Process P Proses P CH3(CH2)nCH2 O S O H
O Alkyl sulphonic acid Asid alkil sulfonik sodium hydroxide solution Process Q larutan natrium hidroksida Proses Q O CH3(CH2)nCH2 O S O- Na+ O Detergent B / Detergen B Diagram 6.1 / Diagram [email protected]
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(i)
Name Detergent B Namakan Detergen B . [ 1 mark]
(ii)
State the process Q Nyatakan proses Q . [1 mark]
(b)
Based on the structure of detergent B, circle and label the hydrophilic part and hydrophobic part. Berdasarkan struktur detergen B, bulatkan dan labelkan bahagian hidrofilik dan hidrofobik. O CH3(CH2)nCH2 O S O H O [2 marks]
(c)
The cleansing action of a detergent is more effective than soap in hard water. Tindakan pencucian detergen adalah lebih berkesan daripada sabun dalam air liat. (i) What is hard water? Apakah air liat? . [ 1 mark] (ii) Explain why detergent is more effective than soap in hard water. Terangkan mengapa detergen adalah lebih berkesan daripada sabun dalam air liat. . . [2 marks]
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(d)
Diagram 6.2 shows a label of food packages. Rajah 6.2 menunjukkan satu label pembungkus makanan
MINT CANDY ICE CREAM AIS KRIM MINT CANDYIngredients: Bahan-bahan:Glucose syrup, Menthol, Brilliant Blue Sirup glukos, Mentol, Brilliant Biru
Product by: Produk oleh: Wonder Company, Serdang,Selangor. Net Weight: 500g Berat Bersih: 500g Exp.Date: 03112012 Tarikh Luput: 03112012
Diagram 6.2 / Rajah 6.2 (i) Name one food additives used in the ice cream Namakan satu bahan tambah makanan yang digunakan di dalam aiskrim ... [ 1 mark] (ii) State the function of the food additive in (d)(i). Nyatakan fungsi bahan tambah makanan dalam d(i) ... [ 1 mark] (iii) Ethyl butanoate is an example of ester. Draw the structural formula of ethyl butanoate. Etil butanoat adalah satu contoh ester. Lukiskan formula struktur bagi etil butanoat
[ 1 mark]
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TE Perak 2008 P2A6 8. Diagram shows a label of food packages. Rajah menunjukkan satu label pembungkus makanan
ICE CREAMIngredients: Non-dairy milk, sugar, ethyl butanoate, ascorbic acid and sunset yellow. Product by: Cool Company, Exp. Date : 02092009 Petaling Jaya, Selangor. Net weight: 750g a) (i) Name one food additive used in the ice cream. Namakan satu bahan tambah makanan dalam ais krim itu [1 mark] (ii) State the function of food additive in (a)(i). Nyatakan fungsi bahan dalam (a)(i) .................................................................................................................................... [1 mark] (iii) Ethyl butanoate is an example of ester. Draw the structural formula of ethyl butanoate. Etil butanoat adalah satu contoh ester. Lukiskan formula struktur bagi etil butanoat.
[1 mark]
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(b)
Diagram shows the flow chart for the preparation of detergent R. Rajah menunjukkan carta aliran untuk penyediaan detergen R.
CH2(CH2)nCH2OH
Process Asulphuric acid
CH3(CH2)nCH2-
alkyl sulphonic acid sodium hydroxide solution Process B
CH3(CH2)nCH2(i) Name detergent R Namakan detergen R .................................................................................................................................... [1 mark] (ii) State the process A and process B. Nyatakan proses A dan proses B Process A : Process B : .. [2 marks] (iii) Based on the structure of detergent R, circle and label the hydrophilic part and hydrophobic part Berdasarkan struktur detergen R, bulatkan dan labelkan bahagian hidrofllik dan hidroforbik.
CH3(CH2)nCH2(iv) Give one example of additive in detergent. Berikan satu contoh bahan tambah dalam detergen. .................................................................................................................................... [1 mark] (v) State one advantage of using detergent as a cleaning agent compare to soap. Nyatakan satu kelebihan menggunakan detergen sebagai agen pencuci berbanding sabun. .................................................................................................................................... [1 mark][email protected]
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TE 2010 Perak P2B7 9. (a) Psychotherapeutic medicines
Stimulant
Antidepressant Figure 7.1 / Rajah 7.1
Antipsychotic
Figure 7.1 shows the classification of psychotherapeutic medicines. Rajah 7.1 menunjukkan pengkelasan bagi ubat psikoterapeutik. (i) What is the meaning of psychotherapeutic medicines? Apakah maksud ubat psikoterapeutik? [1 mark] (ii) State the function of stimulant, antidepressant and antipsychotic as psychotherapeutic medicines. Nyatakan fungsi stimulan, antidepresan dan antipsikotik sebagai ubat psikoterapeutik. [3 marks]
(b)
Cleaning agent X Agen pencuci X
Cleaning agent Y Agen pencuci Y
Figure 7.2 / Rajah 7.2 Figure 7.2 shows two types of cleaning agent. Compare cleaning agent X and Y. Rajah 7b menunjukkan dua jenis agen pencuci. Bezakan agen pencuci X dan Y [6 marks]
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(c) Salt Garam Monosodium glutamate Mononatrium glutamat Diagram 7.3 / Rajah 7.3 Diagram 7.3 shows a list of food additives in a sample of food. Rajah 7.3 menunjukkan satu senarai bahan tambah makanan yang terdapat dalam satu sampel makanan. Lecithin Lesitin VitaminC Vitamin C
(i)
Classify the ingredients above into their type of food additives. Kelaskan bahan-bahan di atas mengikut jenis bahan tambah makanan. [4 marks]
(ii)
Explain how salt and monosodium glutamate functions as food additives. Terangkan bagaimana garam dan mononatrium glutamat berfungsi sebagai bahan tambah makanan. [6 marks]
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TE2010 Pahang P2B8 10. Diagram 8 shows the label of soft drink. Rajah 8 menunjukkan label satu minuman ringan.
Diagram 8 / Rajah 8 (a) Based on the ingredient used, classify the type of food additives that contained in this soft drink. Berdasarkan ramuan yang digunakan , kelaskan jenis bahan tambah yang terkandung dalam minuman ringan. [4 marks] (i) Patient B suffered from tuberculosis that caused by certain bacteria. What types of medicine that can be used to treat patient B? Pesakit B menghidap batuk kering yang disebabkan oleh bacteria tertentu. Apakah jenis ubat yang boleh digunakan untuk merawat pesakit B? [1 mark] (ii) Explain why patient that takes penicillin must complete the whole course of the medicine prescribes to him even if he feels better. Jelaskan mengapa pesakit yang mengambil penicillin mesti menghabiskan kesemua ubat yang disyorkan walaupun beliau telah sihat. [4 marks]
(b)
Part X / Bahagian X
Part Y / Bahagian Y
Diagram 8.2 / Rajah 8.2 (c) Name part X and part Y. State the solubility of each parts in water and grease. Namakan bahagian X dan bahagian Y. Nyatakan keterlarutan setiap bahagian di dalam air dan gris. [4 marks]
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(d)
Diagram 8.3 shows a set-up of apparatus when a student carried out two experiments to investigate the cleansing effect of soap and detergent on oily stained cloth in hard water. Rajah 8.3 menujukkan susunan radas apabila seorang pelajar menjalankan dua eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan pembersihan bahan pencuci oleh sabun dan detergen ke atas kotoran berminyak dalam air liat. Experiment Eksperimen Experiment I: Experiment II: Eksperimen I: Eksperimen II: Soap + hard water Sabun + air liat Arrangement of apparatus Susunan radas Detergent + hard water Sabun + air liat
Cloth with oily stain Kain kotor yang berminyak Observation Pemerhatian Oily stain remained Kotoran berminyak kekal
Cloth with oily stain Kain kotor yang berminyak Oily stain disappeared Kotoran berminyak hilang
Diagram 8.3 / Rajah 8.3 Compare the cleansing effect between Experiment I and Experiment II. Explain why there are differences in observations. State the substance which is more suitable as a cleansing agent to remove stain in hard water. Bandingkan kesan pembesihan antara Experimen I dan Experimen II. Terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan dalam pemerhatian tersebut. Nyatakan bahan yang lebih sesuai sebagai bahan pencuci kotoran berminyak dalam air liat. [7 marks]
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TE 2008 Pahang P2B8 11.
CH3
CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2 COO Na +
Part X Bahagian X Diagram 8.1 / Rajah 8.1 (a)
Part Y Bahagian Y
Name part X and part Y. State the solubility of each parts in water and grease. Namakan bahagian X dan bahagian Y. Nyatakan keterlarutan setiap bahagian di dalam air dan gris. [4 marks] Diagram 8.2 shows a set-up of apparatus when a student carried out two experiments to investigate the cleansing effect of soap and detergent on oily stained cloth in hard water. Rajah 8.2 menunjukkan susunan radas apabila seorang pelajar menjalankan dua eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan pembersihan bahan pencuci oleh sabun dan detergen keatas kotoran berminyak dalam air liat. Experiment / Eksperimen Experiment I: Experiment II: Eksperimen I: Eksperimen II: Soap + hard water Sabun + air liat Arrangement of apparatus Susunan radas Detergent + hard water Detergen + air liat
(b)
Cloth with oily stain Kain kotor yang berminyak Observation Pemerhatian Oily stain remained Kotoran berminyak kekal
Cloth with oily stain Kain kotor yang berminyak Oily stain disappeared Kotoran berminyak hilang
Diagram 8.2 / Rajah 8.2 Compare the cleansing effect between Experiment I and Experiment II. Explain why there are differences in the observations. State the substance which is more suitable as a cleansing agent to remove stain in hard water. Bandingkan kesan pembersihan antara Eksperimen I dan Eksperimen II. Terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan dalam pemerhatian tersebut. Nyatakan bahan yang lebih sesuai sebagai bahan pencuci kotoran berminyak dalam air liat. [6 marks][email protected]
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(c)
Patient X, Y and Z are suffering from dental pain, pneumonia and depression respectively. What are the medicines that can be used to treat patients X, Y and Z ? Pesakit X,Y dan Z mengalami sakit gigi , pneumonia dan depresan. Apakah ubatan yang boleh digunakan untuk merawat pesakit X, Y dan Z. [3 marks] Based on your answer in (c), Berdasarkan jawapan anda di (c ), (i) State one precaution that should be followed by patient X while taking the medicine. Explain why. Nyatakan satu langkah berjaga-jaga yang perlu diikuti oleh pesakit X apabila mengambil ubat. Jelaskan mengapa. [2 marks] (ii) Explain why patient Y must complete the whole course of the medicine prescribes to him even if he feels better. Jelaskan mengapa pesakit Y mesti menghabiskan kesemua ubat yang disyorkan walaupun beliau telah sihat. [3 marks] State two side effects of the medicine taken by patient Z. Nyatakan dua kesan sampingan terhadap ubat yang diambil oleh pesakit Z. [2 marks]
(d)
(ii)
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TE 2010 KL P2C10 12. (a) Food preservatives are substances added to food so that the food can be kept for longer periods of times. Using two suitable examples, explain how they work as preservatives. Bahan pengawet makanan adalah bahan yang ditambahkan kepada makanan supaya makanan boleh disimpan pada jamgka masa yang lebih lama. Dengan menggunakan dua contoh yang sesuai terangkan bagaimana bahan tersebut bertindak sebagai bahan pengawet. [4 marks] (b) The following is the information about two children. Berikut adalah maklumat mengenai dua orang kanak-kanak. Age Umur 2 year 2 tahun 3 year 3 tahun Disease Penyakit High fever Demam panas Whooping cough Batuk kokol
Based on the information above, Berdasarkan maklumat di atas: (i) Name the modern medicines that can be used to treat the each of the disease. Namakan ubat moden yang boleh digunakan untuk merawat setiap satu penyakit tersebut. [ 2 marks] State the precautions that should be taken by the parents while giving the medicines to their children. Nyatakan peraturan yang perlu diambil oleh ibu bapa apabila memberi ubat kepada anaknya. [2 marks]
(ii)
(iii) Explain the effects if the precautions stated in (b)(ii) are not followed properly. Terangkan apakah kesan jika peraturan dalam (b)(ii) tidak diikuti dengan sempurna. [2 marks] (c) Table 10 shows the food additives that are added to a certain food by two chefs. Jadual 10 menunjukkan bahan tambah makanan yang ditambah kepada makanan tertantu oleh dua orang tukang masak. Chef Wan Chef Man Turmeric Kunyit Sugar, salt and spice Gula, garam dan rempah Garlic Bawang putih Tartrazine Tartrazin Monosodium glutamate Mono natrium glutamat
Ascorbic acid Asid askorbik Table 10 / Jadual 10 24
Based on Table 10, Berdasarkan Jadual 10, (i) categorise the food additives. Include in your answer the function of each type of food additives kategorikan bahan tambah makanan tersebut. Dalam jawapan anda nyatakan fungsi bagi setiap jenisnya. (ii) explain the disadvantages of using any two food additives. terangkan keburukan menggunakan salah satu dari dua bahan tambah makanan tersebut. [10 marks]
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TE 2008 Sarawak P2C10 13. (a) Using suitable examples, explain why an alloy is harder than the pure metal. Dengan menggunakan contoh yang sesuai, jelaskan mengapa aloy lebih kuat daripada logam tulen. [6 marks] (b) (i) State two reasons for using food additives in food processing. Nyatakan dua sebab penggunaan penambah perasa makanan dalam pemprosessan makanan. [2 marks]
(ii)
State two types of food additives. Give an example for each food additive and explain their function. Nyatakan dua jenis penambah perasa makanan. Berikan contoh bagi setiap penambah perasa dan jelaskan kegunaannya. [6 marks] What is soap? Apakah itu sabun? [2 marks] State two differences between soap and detergent. Nyatakan perbezaan antara sabun dan detergen. [4 marks]
(c)
(i)
(ii)
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TE 2008 Perlis P2C10 14. (a) Describe a laboratory experiment to prepare a soap by using a namely oil and alkali. State how to verify the product formed is soap. Terangkan eksperimen makmal untuk menyediakan sabun dengan menggunakan minyak dan alkali yang dinamakan. Nyatakan bagai mana anda mengesahkan hasil yang terbentuk itu adalah sabun. [10 marks] (b) Table 10 shows the observations for two experiments to investigate cleansing effect of soap and detergent on oily stain in hard water. Jadual 10 menunjukkan pemerhatian bagi dua eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan pencuciaan sabun dan detergen ke atas kotoran berminyak dalam air liat. Experiment Eksperimen I Observation Pemerhatian
Pakaian Cloth
Soap + hard water Sabun + air liat Oily stains Kotoran berminyak
Oily stains remained Kotoran berminyak kekal
II
Pakaian Cloth
Detergent + hard water Detergen + air liat
Oily stains disappeared Kotoran berminyak hilang
Table 10 / Jadual 10
Based on Table 10, explain why there are differences in observation by comparing the cleansing effect of soap and detergent in hard water. Berdasarkan Jadual 10, terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan dalam pemerhatian dengan membandingkan kesan pencucian sabun dan detergen dalam air liat. [6 marks] (c) A patient is suffering from tuberculosis for a period of time. Suggest a type of medicine that should be taken and the prescription should be followed by the patient. Seorang pesakit mengalami batuk kering dalam suatu tempoh masa yang lama. Cadangkan jenis ubat yang patut digunakan dan aturan yang perlu dipatuhi oleh pesakit itu. [4 marks] 27
TE 2009 Malacca P2C10 15. (a) The following equation shows a reaction in the preparation of soap in a laboratory. Persamaan berikut menunjukkan suatu tindak balas dalam penyediaan sabun dalam senuah makmal. Oil + Concentrated alkali Soap + Glycerol Sabun + Gliserol
Minyak + Alkali pekat
Describe a laboratory experiment to prepare soap by using a named oil and alkali. Describe how to verify the product formed is soap. Huraikan satu ujikaji makmal bagi penyediaan sabun dengan menggunakan satu minyak yang dinamakan dan alkali. Huraikan juga bagaimana untuk mengesahkan hasil yang terbentuk adalah sabun. [8 marks] (b) A student discovered that his shirt has oily stains. He washed it with soap. Seorang pelajar mendapati bajunya terkena kotoran berminyak. Dia mencuci bajunya menggunakan sabun. Explain the cleansing action of soap on the oily stain. Terangkan tindakan pencucian sabun ke atas kotoran berminyak. [8 marks]
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(c)
A student carried out two experiments to investigate the cleansing effects of soap and detergent on oily stains in hard water. Table 10.1 shows the set up of apparatus and the observations for the two experiments. Seorang pelajar menjalankan dua eksperimen bagi mengkaji kesan pencucian sabun dan detergen ke atas kotorn berminyak dalam air liat. Jadual 10.1 menunjukkan susunana radas dan pemerhatian untuk dua eksperimen. Experiment Eksperimen I Oily stain remained Kotoran berminyak kekal Observation Pemerhatian
Pakaian Cloth II
Soap + hard water Sabun + air liat Oily stains Kotoran berminyak
Pakaian Cloth
Detergent + hard water Detergen + air liat
Oily stains disappeared Kotoran berminyak hilang
Table 10.1 / Jadual 10.1 Compare the cleansing effects between Experiment I and II. Explain why there are differences in the observations. Bandingkan kesan pencucian antara Eksperimen I dan Eksperimen II. Terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan dalam pemerhatian yang diperolehi. [4 marks]
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