buletin pusat pengajian kejuruteraan bahan dan sumber ... · rahim antara anak-anak yatim dengan...

PPKBSM MENGANJURKANBENGKEL BLUEPRINT PENDIDIKAN

TINGGI DAN AKREDITASI

9 April 2017 - Pusat PengajianKejuruteraan Bahan dan Sumber Mineraltelah mengadakan Bengkel BlueprintPendidikan Tinggi dan Akreditasi bermulapada 7 hingga 9 April 2017, bertempat diHotel Casuarina, Ipoh, Perak DarulRidzuan. Bengkel ini adalah bertujuanuntuk melahirkan sebuah pelan strategikyang mampu melonjakkan nama PPKBSMdi samping menjadi garis panduan untukmencapai matlamat yang ditetapkan.

Seramai 56 orang peserta yang terdiridaripada staf akademik di PusatPengajian telah bertungkus lumus selama3 hari mengadakan perbincangan didalam kumpulan-kumpulan kecil. Setiapkumpulan membincangkan isu yang pel-bagai mengikut tajuk yang telah ditetap-kan. Antaranya adalah, Geran danPengiktirafan, Penerbitan, PascaSiswazah, Inovasi, Penjanaan Pendapatanserta Rangkaian dan Kerjasama. Setiapkumpulan mempunyai fasilitator danpenolong fasilitator bagi tujuan memu-dahcara perbincangan.

Pada penghujung program, setiapwakil kumpulan diminta untuk membuatpembentangan kepada pengurusan tert-inggi PPKBSM dan ahli kumpulan yang

lain. Hasil pembentangan telah mem-berikan gambaran yang jelas bahawabengkel ini telah berjaya mencapai tujuandengan menyediakan garis panduan yangmenyeluruh dalam pelbagai keperluan.

PENGIKTIRAFAN SAINS BAHANSERTA MINERAL DAN

PERLOMBONGAN

3 April 2017 – Universiti SainsMalaysia terus melonjak naik mendudukitangga ke 8 dalam Sains Bahan, Kertasdan Kayu, yang diiktiraf oleh Centre forWorld University Rankings (CWUR).Pencapaian ini adalah sesuatu yang mem-berangsangkan kerana telah terpilihdalam kalangan 26,000 institusi penga-jian tinggi di seluruh dunia termasuk uni-versiti terkenal di dunia.

Satu lagi pengiktirafan yang diterimaoleh USM melalui Kejuruteraan Mineraldan Perlombongan yang menduduki tang-ga ke 35 dalam penarafan QuacquarelliSymonds (QS) World University Rankingbagi tahun 2017. Selain daripada itu, USMjuga merupakan universiti kedua dalamnegara yang mendapat paling banyakkursus diiktiraf antara terbaik di duniamelalui penarafan QS ini.

ANUGERAH PERKHIDMATANCEMERLANG (APC)

2016

11 April 2017 - Naib CanselorUniversiti Sains Malaysia (USM), ProfesorDatuk Dr. Asma Ismail mengucapkan tah-niah dan syabas kepada 381 staf yangmenerima Anugerah PerkhidmatanCemerlang (APC) 2016 di MajlisPenghargaan Universiti di Hotel Vistana,Pulau Pinang. APC adalah tanda penghar-gaan Universiti kepada staf yang telahmencurahkan khidmat bakti yang cemer-lang kepada USM yang tercinta. Seramai276 penerima adalah dari Kampus Induk,61 dari Kampus Kejuruteraan dan 44 dariInstitut Perubatan dan Pergigian Termaju(IPPT) dari pelbagai gred jawatan danskim. Staf dari Pusat PengajianKejuruteraan Bahan dan Sumber Mineraljuga turut menerima Anugerah ini.Syabas dan tahniah diucapkan kepadapenerima APC 2016 iaitu :

• Profesor Dr. Ahmad Fauzi Bin Mohd Noor

• Profesor Dr. Zulkifli Bin Ahmad• Prof. Madya Dr. Pung Swee Yong• Dr. Hareyani Binti Zabidi• En. Junaidi Bin Ramli• En. Mohd Azam Bin Rejab• Cik Badilah Binti Baharom• Pn. Hasliza binti Mat Saad

ENJINIERBuletin Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Bahan dan Sumber Mineral

Bulletin for the School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering Universiti Sains Malaysia

JIL. 19 BIL. 01 No. ISSN: 1511-5275 http://www.usm.my JUN 2017

1Buletin Enjinier, Jun 2017

Gambar kenangan Bengkel Blueprint Pendidikan Tinggi dan Akreditasi.

bersambung ke m/s 2...

Semoga penerima-penerima APC2016 akan terus memberikan perkhid-matan yang cemerlang kepada PPKBSMdan juga USM. Semoga ianya juga menja-di pencetus semangat buat staf yang lainuntuk sama-sama meneruskan khidmatbakti yang cemerlang untuk UniversitiSains Malaysia.

PROF. KARIM CADANG PERBANYAKKAN BUDAYA PEMBELAJARAN ONLINE

22 Mac 2017 - Pusat PengajianKejuruteraan Bahan dan Sumber Mineraltelah menjemput Prof. Dr. Abdul KarimAlias, Pengarah Pusat PembangunanKecemerlangan Akademik danPembangunan Pelajar, untuk memberikanceramah bagi Bengkel BlueprintKementerian Pendidikan Tinggi. Tujuanbengkel ini diadakan adalah kerana per-lunya semua pensyarah dan warga stafPPKBSM diberi pendedahan kepadaBlueprint Kementerian Pendidikan Tinggi

yang amat berguna dalam membantumelonjakkan nama universiti.

Prof. Abdul Karim yang juga meru-pakan salah seorang panel penulisBlueprint tersebut, banyak memberi pen-jelasan dan pandangan tentang blueprinttersebut agar ianya dijadikan satu pandu-an yang baik dalam perbincangan di per-ingkat PTJ nanti.

Selain pendedahan kepada blueprintPengajian Tinggi ini, Prof. Abdul Karimturut memberikan ruang dan peluangkepada pelbagai bidang khususnya dalammembangunkan modul pembelajaransecara maya yang merupakan salah satuagenda utama di dalam BlueprintPendidikan Tinggi.

Buletin Enjinier, Jun 2017 2

Editorial Board

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khairunisak

Abdul Razak

(Advisor)

Prof. Dr. Chow Wen Shyang(Chief Editor)

Dr. Shah Rizal Kasim

Dr. Raa Khimi Shuib

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pung Swee Yong

Dr. Hareyani Zabidi

Ms. Habsah Haliman

Assistant Editor

Ms. Hasnah Awang

Mr. Mohd Hafiz Ali bin Mohd Anuar

Gambar kenangan Penerima APC 2016.

bersambung dari m/s 1...

Prof. Dr. Abdul Karim Alias menyampaikan ceramah untuk Bengkel Blueprint

Kementerian Pendidikan Tinggi.

JELAJAH PROMOSI PPKBSM DANMAJLIS PENYAMPAIAN HADIAHPERTANDINGAN MENULIS ESEIBAGI PELAJAR MATRIKULASI

4 Mac 2017 - Jelajah promosi PPKBSMtelah berlangsung dari 17 Feb - 3 Mac2017 bertempat di enam buah KolejMatrikulasi iaitu Kolej Matrikulasi PulauPinang, Kolej Matrikulasi Pahang, KolejMatrikulasi Perlis, Kolej Matrikulasi Johor,Kolej Matrikulasi Kelantan dan KolejMatrikulasi Negeri Sembilan. Selain itu,sebelum sesi promosi dijalankan satu per-tandingan Menulis Esei bagi PelajarMatrikulasi turut diadakan bagi memupukminat pelajar matrikulasi khususnya ter-hadap program Ijazah Sarjana MudaKejuruteraan Bahan, Sumber Mineral danPolimer. Pertandingan Menulis Esei initelah dipengerusikan oleh Prof. Ir. Dr.Mariatti Jaafar. Semasa sesi promosidijalankan, hadiah kepada pemenangpertandingan esei turut disampaikan olehwakil yang telah dipilih oleh PusatPengajian. Sesi Jelajah Promosi ini diang-gotai oleh Prof. Dr. Zuhailawati Hussain(Dekan), Prof. Dr. Ahmad Fauzi MohdNoor, Prof Ir. Dr. Mariatti Jaafar, Prof.Madya Dr. Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif, Dr.Zuratul Ain Abdul Hamid, Dr. HareyaniZabidi, Dr. Suhaina Ismail, Dr. KhairulAnuar Shariff, Dr. Shah Rizal Kasim, Dr. KuMarsilla Ku Ishak, En. MohamadKhairuddin, En. Mokhtar Bin Mohamaddan En. Muhammad Sofi Jamil. Sambutanyang positif dan amat menggalakkanyang ditunjukkan oleh Pelajar Matrikulasidapat dilihat melalui foto-foto yangdirakam. Pelajar-pelajar yang ditemubualjuga menunjukkan minat mereka untukmelanjutkan pengajian mereka di dalamprogram yang ditawarkan oleh PPKBSM.

PROF. ESAH HAMZAH (EXTERNAL EXAMINER FOR

MATERIALS ENGINEERING) VISIT TO SMMRE

24 May 2017 - The external examinerfor Materials Engineering Program, Prof.Dr. Esah Hamzah came for a visit on 22nd

to 24th May 2017 to evaluate the programand have discussion with the academicstaffs. Prof. Esah, from Department ofMaterials, Manufacturing and IndustrialEngineering, Faculty of MechanicalEngineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysiahas more than 30 years of teaching expe-rience in Materials Engineering, and hasbeen appointed as external examiner forother Materials Engineering Programmein Malaysia. Among the agenda wasmeeting with academic staffs and under-graduate students, visit to laboratories,review examination papers and relevantaccreditation documents, and discussionabout accreditation process. Prof. Esahalso gave an interesting talk on ‘MicrobialInfluence Corrosion (MIC) and Inhibition

Strategies for Low-Carbon Steel’ on 24th

May. LAWATAN AKREDITASI KEJURUTERAAN POLIMER

7 Mac 2017 - EAC membuat lawatanke PPKBSM untuk proses akreditasiKejuruteraan Polimer. Pihak EAC diang-gotai oleh Prof. Dr. Nor Kamariah BintiNoordin dan Prof. Dr. Sharifah Aishah bintiSyed A. Kadir. Lawatan ini adalah penila-ian susulan (continous assessment) bagicohort 2015 dan 2016. Isu-isu yang dini-lai merupakan perkara yang telahdibangkitkan semasa lawatan akreditasisebelum ini. Beberapa pensyarah danpelajar juga telah dipanggil untuk berbin-cang dengan ahli panel untuk memper-olehi maklumat yang lebih terperinci.Lawatan akreditasi ini telah berjalan den-gan lancar.


Jelajah promosi PPKBSM di (a) Kolej Matrikulasi Pulau Pinang, (b) Kolej MatrikulasiPahang, (c) Kolej Matrikulasi Perlis, (d) Kolej Matrikulasi Johor, (e) Kolej Matrikulasi

Kelantan dan (f) Kolej Matrikulasi Negeri Sembilan.

Prof. Dr. Esah Hamzah visit to laboratory.

Prof. Dr. Esah Hamzah (first row, 3rdfrom the left) with Materials Engineering

academic staffs.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

PEMBENTANGAN PROJEK TAHUN AKHIR PPKBSM

20 Julai 2017 – Pembentangan projektahun akhir oleh pelajar PPKBSM telahberjaya dijalankan selama dua hari seba-gai memenuhi syarat bagi melayakkanpelajar masing-masing mendapat IjazahKejuruteraan Bahan, Sumber Mineral danPolimer. Pembentangan dilaksanakansecara berkumpulan yang mana setiapkumpulan terdiri daripada 4-5 orang pela-jar. Manakala, panel penilai terdiri daripa-da pensyarah PPKBSM. Seramai 124orang pelajar tahun akhir PPKBSM terlibatdi dalam pembentangan ini, dengan 48orang dari Kejuruteraan Bahan, 39 orangdari Kejuruteraan Sumber Mineral dan 37orang dari Kejuruteraan Polimer.

Sesi pembentangan bagi setiap pela-jar adalah selama 20 minit, dengan 15minit pembentangan dan 5 minit sesi soaljawab. Pelbagai projek penyelidikan yangtelah dijalankan selama dua semestertelah berjaya dibentang oleh para pelajarmengikut bidang yang diikuti. Sesi pem-bentangan berakhir dengan kata-katanasihat dari para pensyarah PPKBSM dansesi bergambar bersama pelajar.

PROGRAM LAWATAN IKATAN UKHWAH

MAHASISWA

25 Februari 2017- Program LawatanIkatan Ukhwah Mahasiswa bersama anakyatim dari Pertubuhan Bela Didik Anak-anak Yatim Islam (BEDAYA) Kulim telahdianjurkan oleh persatuan pelajarMIMATES, PPKBSM. Program ini telah dis-ertai oleh 38 orang pelajar dan 6 orangstaff PPKBSM. Lawatan ke rumah NurKasih ini merupakan salah satu daripadaaktiviti kebajikan MIMATES yang diran-cang bagi mengeratkan hubungan silatur-rahim antara anak-anak yatim denganpelajar-pelajar MIMATES dan staff PPKB-SM. Pelbagai aktiviti telah dirancang sep-anjang lawatan diadakan. Program dimu-lakan dengan sesi berkenalan dan diikutidengan aktiviti gotong-royong di bebera-pa kawasan sekitar rumah anak yatim.Aktiviti berkumpulan bersama anak yatimjuga dilakukan bagi menarik minat mere-ka terhadap sains and teknologi, seterus-nya memberi semangat kepada merekauntuk tekun belajar. Sumbanganbarangan untuk anak-anak yatim turutditerima daripada Pertubuhan HarapanTranskrian Malaysia (TRAM). Pada akhirlawatan ini penyerahan sumbanganberbentuk wang turut diadakan di manaPengarah Program Ikatan UkhwahMahasiswa bersama Anak Yatim menyer-ahkan sumbangan kutipan dari wargaPPKBSM kepada wakil Pengurus RumahAnak Yatim BEDAYA.

MESYUARAT AGUNG TAHUNANKELAB SUKAN & REKREASI (KSR)

PUSAT PENGAJIAN KEJURUTERAANBAHAN & SUMBER MINERAL

(PPKBSM)

19 April 2017 - Mesyuarat agung tahu-nan ketiga Kelab Sukan & Rekreasi (KSR)Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Bahan &Sumber Mineral (PPKBSM) telah diadakanpada pukul 3 petang di Dewan SeminarPPKBSM. Mesyuarat ini telah dihadiri oleh70 orang ahli KSR kesemuanya. Majlisdimulakan dengan bacaan doa oleh En.Mohd Azam Rejab diikuti oleh ucapanaluan daripada Pengerusi KSR sesi2015/2017, Prof. Dr. Ahmad Fauzi MohdNoor dan juga dekan PPKBSM, Prof. Dr.Zuhailawati Hussain. Seterusnya, Dr.Zuratul Ain Abdul Hamid selakuSetiausaha KSR sesi 2015/2017 telahmembentangkan laporan tahunan aktivitiKSR disusuli dengan majlis penyampaianhadiah dan sumbangan. Ahlijawatankuasa (AJK) KSR bagi sesi2015/2017 kemudian telah dibubarkanoleh Prof. Dr. Ahmad Fauzi Mohd Noordiikuti dengan pelantikan AJK KSR yangbaru bagi sesi 2017/2019. JawatankuasaKSR yang baru telah dibentukdipengerusikan oleh Dr. Khairul AnuarShariff, Dr. Raa Khimi Shuib (TimbalanPengerusi), Dr. Yanny Marliana BabaIsmail (Setiausaha) dan Dr. Tuti KatrinaAbdullah (Bendahari). Di dalam ucapanpertama beliau, Dr. Khairul Anuar Sharifftelah menyeru semua ahli KSR untukmemberikan sepenuh kerjasama dansokongan kepada pucuk pimpinan KSRbagi sesi 2017/2019 supaya segala peran-cangan yang akan disusun dapatdijalankan dengan jayanya.


Gambar kenangan pelajar tahun akhir

bersama staf akademik. Dari atas, (a)

Program Kejuruteraan Bahan, (b) Program

Kejuruteraan Sumber Mineral, dan (c)

Program Kejuruteraan Polimer.

Program lawatan Ikatan Ukhwah Mahasiswa PPKBSM di Pertubuhan Bela Didik Anak-anak

Yatim Islam, Kulim.

(a)

(b)

(c)

CERAMAH “THESIS WRITING ANDFORMATTING”

10 Februari 2017 – Kelab Pelajar IjazahTinggi (PGSC), Pusat PengajianKejuruteraan Bahan dan Sumber Mineral(PPKBSM) telah menganjurkan satuceramah akademik kepada pelajar pascasiswazah PPKBSM bertajuk “ThesisWriting and Formatting”. Ceramah telahdisampaikan oleh Prof. Madya Dr. RidzuanZakaria, pensyarah dari Pusat PengajianKejuruteraan Kimia, USM. Objektif pro-gram ini adalah untuk berkongsi mak-lumat tentang format terkini dan carapenulisan thesis yang baik dan cemer-lang. Ini secara tidak langsung akanmembantu proses viva untuk berjalandengan lancar. Ceramah telah diadakandi Bilik Seminar PPKBSM dan dihadiri olehseramai 50 orang peserta. Pelbagaipengisian yang bermanfaat telah dikongsioleh Prof. Madya Dr. Ridzuan Zakaria ten-tang teknik penulisan thesis yang berke-san beserta mutiara kata pembakarsemangat kepada peserta yang hadir.

PPKBSM MENYERTAI PROGRAM“FREE MARKET”

14 Mei 2017 - “Free Market” merupakansatu program yang dianjurkan oleh SkuadJom Bantu yang merupakan sebuahbadan bukan kerajaan (NGO). Objektifprogram ini ialah untuk menyemaisemangat kemasyarakatan di sampingmembantu golongan yang memerlukan.Konsep program ini bermula denganproses mengutip derma atau sumbangansama ada dalam bentuk barangan,makanan atau wang ringgit. Sumbangantersebut akan disalurkan ke lokas-lokasiterpilih. Kelab Pelajar Ijazah Tinggi(PGSC) PPKBSM diketuai oleh TimbalanDekan Penyelidikan, Pengajian Siswazahdan Bahagian Jaringan Industri danMasyarakat, Prof. Madya Dr. Khairunisakbinti Abdul Razak telah menyertai beber-apa siri program “Free Market” di sekitardaerah Kerian dengan membawa sejum-lah sumbangan dari staf dan para pelajardari PPKBSM. Syabas dan jutaan terimakasih kepada semua yang telah memban-tu menjayakan program ini.

PROGRAM “JOURNAL CLUB ANDPOSTGRADUATE (PG) COFFEE

MORNING”

5 Mei 2017 - Program anjuran KelabIjazah Tinggi (PGSC) PPKBSM ini bertu-juan sebagai satu wadah untuk para pela-jar pasca siswazah berkongsi dan berbin-cang mengenai pengalaman dan hasilkerja penyelidikan masing-masingbersama warga PPKBSM. Program“Journal Club and PG Coffee Meeting”dianjurkan setiap dua minggu pada hariJumaat bermula jam 8.30 pagi sehingga9.30 pagi di Bilik Seminar PPKBSM. Dua

pelajar dipilih secara rawak akan mem-bentangkan hasil penyelidikan masing-masing diikuti denga sesi soal jawab.Semoga program yang dirancang ini akandapat meningkatkan lagi kecemerlanganPPKBSM di dalam bidang penyelidikan.

INDUSTRIAL VISIT TO CONTINENTAL TYRE ALOR SETAR

KEDAH

17 May 2017 - 20 Polymer Engineeringstudents (2nd year) visited ContinentalTyre Alor Setar, Kedah, as one of theactivity for the subject EBP 204/3(Elastomeric Materials) accompanied byAssoc. Prof. Dr. Nadras Othman. The stu-dents were given a short briefing byCommunication Manager of ContinentalTyre Alor Setar, Ms Serala about the com-pany background, safety and regulationsbefore entered the manufacturing line.The students visited five departments

which are basic material, components,assembling, vulcanization and qualitycontrol. At the end, on behalf of USM,Assoc. Prof. Dr Nadras Othman gave asouvenir to Miss Jun, Human ResourcesExecutive, Continental Tire Alor Setar. Itwas a good experience for the polymerengineering students and hope the stu-dents will get the benefits from this activ-ity.


Ceramah "Thesis Writing and Formatting".

Program "Free Market".

Pertandingan Soduku 2017: Trofi Prof. Zainal Arifin Ahmad.

Polymer Engineering students visit to

Continental Tyre Alor Setar, Kedah.

PROGRAM BERCORAK SANTAIBERSAMA ALUMNI KEJURUTERAAN

SUMBER MINERAL

12 April 2017- Program KejuruteraanSumber Mineral, PPKBSM telah men-gadakan satu program bercorak santaibersama alumni Program KejuruteraanSumber Mineral. Tiga orang alumni telahdijemput sebagai ahli panel ke programini. Alumni yang dijemput adalah Ir. MohdNazri Bin Salleh (Kuari Pati Sdn. Bhd),Encik Prakash Teoh (Lhoist (M) Sdn. Bhd)dan Encik Nur Shahrin Bin Mohd Zain(Lime & Lime Products Sdn. Bhd).Pelbagai maklumat turut dikongsi olehahli panel berdasarkan skop pekerjaanmereka serta perspektif industri terhadapciri-ciri yang perlu ada pada graduanKejuruteraan Sumber Mineral. Sesi soaljawab pula telah memberi peluang kepa-da pelajar untuk berinteraksi denganalumni terutama berkaitan dengankemahiran yang diperlukan oleh pihakindustri apabila para pelajar bergraduasikelak.

MAJLIS PERPISAHAN DAN PENGHARGAAN STAF PPKBSM

10 Mac 2017 – Majlis perpisahan danpenghargaan staf PPKBSM telah diadakandi Dewan Seminar PPKBSM. Majlis bertu-juan meraikan tiga orang staf yangbertukar tempat bertugas iaitu Puan NorAsmah Bt. Redzuan (ke PejabatPengarah, Kampus Kejuruteraan), CikNoor Hakishah Bt. Samsudin (ke HalEhwal Pelajar, Kampus Kejuruteraan) danPuan Norhaizan Bt. Mahamad Shari (keJabatan Pembangunan, KampusKejuruteraan). Majlis telah disempur-nakan oleh Dekan PPKBSM, Profesor Dr.Zuhailawati binti Hussain. Profesor Dr.Zuhailawati di dalam ucapannya mer-akamkan jutaan terima kasih dan peng-hargaan di atas khidmat yang telahdiberikan dan berharap hubungan silatur-rahim yang sedia terjalin akan dapatdikekalkan walaupun tidak bertugas diPPKBSM lagi.


Program bercorak santai bersama Alumni

Kejuruteraan Sumber Mineral.

Gambar kenangan majlis perpisahan staf pentadbiran Cik Noor Hakishah (lima dari

kiri) dan Puan Nor Asmah (enam dari kiri).

website: rcm-amc2017.eng.usm.my


List of SMMRE Postgraduate Students Viva from January - June 2017

No. Student Nama / Date Degree Title of Thesis Name of Supervisor

1 Ahmad Kamil Fakhruddin

Mohd Mokhtar

16 Jan 2017

M.Sc Fabrication of 3-D Porous Cordierite for Air Filter

ApplicationAssoc. Prof. Dr. Hasmaliza Mohamad (PU)

2 Muhamad Afiq Bin Misman

23 Jan 2017

Ph.D The Effect of Amino Functional Starch on the

Mechanical and Degradation Properties of

Carboxylated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Latex Films

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Azura A. Rashid (PU)Dr. Zuratul Ain Abdul Hamid (PB)

3 Teoh Ee Lian

23 Jan 2017

M.Sc Effects of Phosphorus Flame Retardant on the

Flame Resistance and Thermal Properties of

Poly(Lactic Acid)/Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Blends

Profesor Dr. Chow Wen Shyang (PU)Profesor Ir. Dr. Mariatti Jaafar @ Mustapha (PB)

4 Wan Dalina Wan Ahmad

Dahalan

23 Feb 2017

Ph.D Fabrication and Properties of Multi-Walled Carbon

Nanotubes Filled Woven Glass Fibre Reinforced

Epoxy Laminated Hybrid Composites

Profesor. Ir. D.Mariatti Jaafar @ Mustapha (PU)Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tan Soon Huat (PB)

5 Noorulnajwa Diyana Bt

Yaacob

17 Mac 2017

Ph.D Mechanical, Physical, Thermal and Biodegradation

Studies Of Paddy Straw Powder Filled Polylactic

Acid And Poly (3-Hydroxybutyrate- CO-3-

Hydroxyvalerate ) Biocomposites

Profesor Dr. Hanafi Ismail (PU)Assoc. Prof. Dr. Azhar Abu Bakar (PB)

6 Nyein Nyein

31 Mac 2017

Ph.D Characterization Of Silver Modified TiO2 Nanotube

Arrays For Solar Cell Applications Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zainovia Lockman (PU)Profesor Dr. Azizan Bin Aziz (PB)

7 Maclive Anak Agam

15 Jun 2017

Ph.D Two-Dimensional Slope Stability Analysis of Kota

Bunyih Tailings Dam, Pengkalan Hulu Using Limit

Equilibrium Methods and Finite Element Method -

Shear Strength Reduction

Dr. Mohd Hazizan Bin Mohd Hashim (PU) Dr. Hareyani Bt Zabidi (PB)

8 Meng Sopheak

21 Jun 2017

M.Sc Preparation and Characterization of

Polyimide/Ceramic Nanofibers Composite FilmsProfesor Dr. Zulkifli Bin Ahmad (PU)Profesor Dr. Hanafi Bin Ismail (PB)Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tan Soon Huat (PB)

PELANTIKAN STAF BARU

BIL NAMA JAWATAN TARIKH

LANTIKAN

1 DR. YANNY MARLIANA BT. BABA ISMAIL PENSYARAH UNIVERSITI DS51 01/08/2016

2 DR. NIK AKMAR BIN REJAB PEGAWAI PENYELIDIK Q41 16/01/2017

3 DR. NURUL'AIN BINTI JABIT PENSYARAH UNIVERSITI DS45 (KONTRAK) 03/05/2017

STAF CUTI SABATIKAL 2017

BIL NAMA JABATAN/PUSAT PENGAJIAN ASAL-TEMPAT BARU TARIKH LANTIKAN

1 EN. MOHD HAFIZ ALI BIN MOHD ANUAR PPKK --> PPKBSM 01/03/2017

2 EN. KHAIRUDIN BIN ZAINOL UKKP --> PPKBSM 15/02/2017

3 PN. NAJMAH BINTI SABRI QA --> PPKBSM 15/02/2017

4 PUAN NOR ASMAH BINTI REDZUAN PPKBSM --> PEJABAT PENGARAH 01/03/2017

5 CIK NOOR HAKISHAH BINTI SAMSUDIN PPKBSM --> HEPPA 01/03/2017

6 PN. NORHAIZAN BINTI MAHAMAD SHARI PPKBSM --> JABATAN PEMBANGUNAN 15/02/2017

STAF BERTUKAR TEMPAT BERTUGAS

BIL NAMA JAWATAN TARIKH

LANTIKAN

1 PROF. IR. DR. SRIMALA A/P SREEKANTAN PENSYARAH UNIVERSITI GRED KHAS C VK7 23/01/2017 -22/10/2017


KEJURUTERAAN BAHAN

TAHUN 1

CARRIE TIE JIA LING

CATHERINE CHONG KAI TZE

CHAN HUAN QUAN

CHAN YONG CHIEN

CHENG ZHE CHIAN

HEMALATHA POOBALAN

H'NG ZI XIAN

LAI YOKE SIEW

LIM LING XIN

LOGARAJAN MUTHALIAR A/L

RAMASAMY

LOOI KAH FUNG

TAN HUI FANG

TAN KAI QI

TEO LING WEY

TEOW AI WEEN

YEO YING HUI

TAHUN 2

AIMAN SAFWAN BIN AZMAN

ANG XUE YONG

DEBORAH ODETTE MOIZIN

ISAMUDDIN BIN MOHAMED IQUBAL

KHOK YI THUNG

LEE MOI GING

LIM SIN JOU

LIM WAN XUAN

NG YI CHENG

ONG CHIA CHIA

PAULINE KONG SWEE KEI

SOO QIAN YEE

TAN MING XI

TAN YEE WERN

TAN ZHI HUI

YAP SAW YIN

TAHUN 3

CHAI SHIR YING

CHOO HONG HAN

CHU CHIA SHIN

EE CHUN WEI

HEAH SOO MEI

IVON TIEW

JACQUELINE LEASE

KOAY TZE YEN

KONG CHEE XIAN

LEE JIA SHENG

NORAZLAN BIN MUSTAR

OOI LHAANG CHEE

SEOW PEK YING

WONG CHEE LEONG

WONG JIA YING

WONG SHI CHIN

YEW LIH WEI

TAHUN 4

AARON TAN CHENG SHIONG

ASMA AMIRA BINTI BADROL HISHAM

ATIF SADAQI BIN ZAINORDIN

CHEAH WEI KIAN

FAIZ ZUHAIRY BIN REDZUAN

FUN YAN CHIN

KHOR YONG LING

LEE ANGIE

LIM CHUN MING

LIM ZE EN

MUHAMAD DZULNAWARIN BIN KAMAL

BAHRIN

MUHAMMAD SYAHIR BIN JUHARI

MUHAMMAD SYAZWAN BIN MOHD

NOOR

NOOR SUHAIZA BINTI CHE ENDUT

NOR AZMIRA BINTI SALLEH @ RAMLEE

NUR AMIERA BINTI ZULKIFLI

NUR ATIQAH BINTI SAHARUDDIN

NURUL ASYIQIN BINTI ABD HALIM HAFIZ

ONG GUAT LING

ONG YEE CHIN

OOI CHIA YING

SOO KUAN LIM

SOO SOCK KUAN

TAN JIA SHENG

TAN JOO KEAN

TAN PENG PHIN

TEH JIN JIAN

THOR JIN ANN

WONG KAE YUAN

KEJURUTERAAN SUMBER MINERAL

TAHUN 1

DIVANESVARRAN A/L VEARSU

KELVIIN RAJJ A/L KARUPAYA

TAHUN 2

NUR AZLINAH BINTI ABDUL RAHMAN

TAHUN 3

SUCHITRA A/P PERUMAL

NORFATEHA BINTI AB HAN

NUR NADHIRAH BINTI ZAILAN

TAHUN 4

MAISARAH BINTI AHMAD BAKARI

NURAMIZAH BINTI ABDUL RAHIM

NOOR HAFIZAH BINTI AB RAHIM

AHMAD ASHRAF BIN RAMLI

NURFADZLIN SYAKINA BINTI MD NOR

SITI NURBA'INAH BINTI MOHD BAIN

WAI WENG SIN

KIMBERLY TAY SHU YEN

MOHAMMAD HAFIZUDDIN BIN MOHD

SAFRI

MUHAMMAD HARITH IRFAN BIN KHAIRUL

ANWAR

FARAHDYANA BINTI RAMLY

FATIN ASYHIKIN BINTI MOHD SHARIFF

MUHAMMAD AZLI AZAM BIN BASIRUM

AKMAL HAKIM BIN KHALID

MUHAMMAD AIMAN BIN SHAHIFULNAAS

RUSELLA IRA RUNELLA BINTI BASIRUN

KEJURUTERAAN POLIMER

TAHUN 1

ANG SHEONG YEE

CHENG MIN XIAN

CHENG WEI HAN

CHONG KAH KEI

CHOO JUN HUI

HO JOE YEE

LEONG WEI JUANG

LINGESWARRAN A/L BALASUBRAMANI-

AM

NG CHIN YING

SIM SEE YI

TAN YUN HUN

TAHUN 2

ABDUL AZIZ BIN SALEH

ANG LEE YONG

BONG POH YEE

CHAI JUNYI

CHAN PEI WEN

CHUAH KIAN SHIANG

LIM YUAN TING

OO YEW HUI LIK

PITIPHONG SRISUWAN A/L IA LUN

TAN MEI PING

TAN SIEW MIAN

TEW MAEI NEE

TAHUN 3

CHOW LI CHIN

CHUA JING TING

DARRYL WONG JUN CHEN

NG CHI LOON

ONG MUN YEE

SIEW TUCK SEONG

YAP CIA LING

YAP SOON YOU

TAHUN 4

AHMAD FAKHRUGHAZI BIN MUHAMMAD

AMIRA FITRIYANIE BINTI ABD WAHID

CHAI POI SENG

CHIEW KUAN ZHENG

GAN IVY

GOH YIK XIANG

JONG CHENG KIAT

LAW YEONG SHYANG

LEONG SIEW THUNG

LIM SHU BEE

LOH LEH HEE

MAIZATUL AKMALIAH BINTI OSMAN

NEO EN PEI

NURUL AMIRA IZZATIE BINTI ROSLLY

SHERYLYN JOUTI

SITI NORHAYATI BINTI MOHAMED ROS

SOO HUI FEN

TEH YE SAM

THAI GAR LOCK

WAN AZRINA BINTI MOHD WAHID

ZUFARINA AQILA BINTI LUKMAN SABRI

SENARAI SIJIL DEKAN SEMESTER II, SIDANG AKADEMIK 2016/2017SIJIL DEKAN

Visitors to the SMMRE (January to June 2017)

No. Date Name Organization Purpose1. 19.01.2017 Sebastian Fontana Universite de Lorraine, France Research Collaboration

2. 03.02.2017 Kazunori SatoTakaomi KabughashiAkio Takahashi

Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan Research Collaboration

3. 21.02.2017 Mike WortDenmark Ocampo

Selinsing Gold Mine Research Collaboration

KOSISWA USM KEJURUTERAANNAIB JOHAN PERTANDINGANAKHIR HI-PER @ PERINTIS

USAHAWAN KOPERASI

22 Mei 2017 - USM di bawah KoperasiSiswa USM Kejuruteraan Nibong TebalBerhad (KOSISWA) telah menjadi naibjuara Program HiPer@Perintis UsahawanKoperasi membawa pulang wang tunaisebanyak RM70,000.00 dan tiket melan-cong ke Langkawi. Program ini adalahanjuran Kementerian Perdagangan DalamNegeri, Koperasi dan Kepengunaan(KPDNKK), Suruhanjaya Koperasi Malaysia(SKM), Institut Keusahawanan Negara(INSKEN), Maktab Koperasi Malaysia(MKM) dan Angkatan Gerakan KoperasiKebangsaan (ANGKASA). KOSISWAadalah merupakan finalis 6 teratas ke per-ingkat akhir yang diadakan bertempat diBangunan Matrade pada 22 Mei 2017.Program HiPer@Koperasi UsahawanKoperasi ini merupakan satu programkeusahawanan yang menggalakkanpenglibatan semua pelajar IPTA dankolej-kolej vokasional melalui koperasiinstitusi masing-masing. Program ini akanditayangkan pada bulan Julai 2017 harisabtu jam 9:00 malam di RTM 1 sebanyak8 episod.

Sebanyak 150 penyertaan telah memuatnaik video masing-masing. Peringkatsaringan telah diadakan, sebanyak 77koperasi telah berjaya melepasi peringkatini. Bagi melayakkan diri keperingkatseterusnya 77 koperasi ini perlu bertand-ing melalui perbentangan ”BusinessPitching”, 6 koperasi sahaja yang layak keperingkat akhir. Bagi menjadikan per-tandingan ini lebih mencabar para kop-erasi perlu menyelesaikan cabaran-cabaran yang telah diberikan iaitu penye-diaan Rancangan Perniagaan produk,Jualan Langsung, Kolaborasi denganpihak ketiga, Pelancaran Produk danpemasaran melalui media social mengikutjustifikasi yang telah ditetapkan oleh para

barisan juri yang terdiri daripada artis,wakil SKM, INSKEN, ANGKASA dan MKM.

Yang menariknya, kesemua pesertasamada pelajar dan staf adalah daripadaPusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Bahan danSumber Mineral dibantu oleh BahagianHal Ehwal Pelajar dan Alumni (BHEPA)dan Pusat Keusahawan Universiti (PKU).Berikut adalah senarai pelajar dan staf ygterlibat.Pelajar:1. Nur Diyana Syazni Sharin

(Pelajar Kejuruteraan Polimer)2. Nur Raihan Ridzwan

(Pelajar Kejuruteraan Bahan)3. Azfar Husni Idris

(Pelajar Kejuruteraan Bahan)4. Muhd Azrin Abd Jamil

(Pelajar Kejuruteraan Bahan)5. Mohd Aminuddin Zahari

(Pelajar Kejuruteraan Sumber Mineral)6. Muhammad Syazwan Norilham

(Pelajar Kejuruteraan Sumber Mineral)7. Muhammad Afiq Misman

(Pelajar PhD)

Staf:1. Prof. Madya Ahmad Badri Ismail

(PPKBSM)2. Ir. Mohammad Azwan Mad Naser

(PPKBSM)3. En. Muhd Nur Badri Mohd Nazli (BHEPA)Tahniah diucapkan kepada staf dan pela-jar PPKBSM.

PROGRAM RIADAH KE MONKEYBEACH

26 Februari 2017 - Persatuan pelajarPusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Bahan danSumber Mineral (PPKBSM), MIMATEStelah berjaya menganjurkan programriadah ke Monkey Beach. Aktiviti ini telahdihadiri oleh 4 orang staf dan 64 orangpelajar dari Pusat Pengajian KejuruteraanBahan dan Sumber Mineral. Aktiviti riadahini bertujuan untuk melahirkan maha-siswa dan mahasiswi yang seimbang darisegi rohani, jasmani dan intelektual. Disamping itu aktiviti ini juga dapat menger-atkan hubungan silaturrahim antara pela-jar dan staf dari PPKBSM.


Prof Madya Dr. Ahmad Badri Ismail (tiga dari kiri) dan pelajar PPKBSM berjaya men-

dapat naib juara Program HiPer@Perintis Usahawan Koperasi.

Program riadah di Monkey Beach anjuran MIMATES, PPKBSM.

Fabrication of Alpha and Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate Pellets:

Processing, Morphological andMechanical Properties

Kanchana Motham, Myo Myo Thu, NurAdriana Nazifa Abu Bakar, Tran Tran ThiThu Trang and Khairul Anuar Shariff *

School of Materials and MineralResources Engineering,Engineering Campus,

Universiti Sains Malaysia,Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang,

Malaysia.

Abstract: The processing of α-TCP and β-TCP that has a different sintering temper-ature, which is 1500°C and 1100°C,respectively influenced the resultingmicrostructure and mechanical propertiesof materials. This work is concerned withthe effects of the amount of porosity onthe relative hardness. The mixture ofCalcium Carbonate (CaCO3) andDicalcium Phosphate Dihydrate, DCPD(CaHPO4.2H2O) was uniaxially pressed at50 MPa and sintered at 1100 and 1500°Cwith a dwell time of 6 hours. The high sin-tering temperature of 1500°C where thematerial composed of α-TCP and β-TCPdue to slowly cooled influenced β-TCPappeared. α-TCP is only metastable atroom temperature, in that it typicallymust be rapidly cooled, or quenched,from high temperature (~1300 °C) to lockthe structure in place. The samples exhib-ited high shrinkage (21.54 %), lowamount of porosity (4.17%) and pos-sessed a hardness value of 119.17 HV. Incontrast, β-TCP at 1100°C increased theporosity and low hardness properties ofpellets. The change in hardness wasfound to be dependent on the relativeporosity and grain size. Porosity and grainsize played an important role in determin-ing the properties of sintered pellets.

1. Introduction Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) is a

calcium phosphate mineral with a Ca/Pmolar ratio of 1.5 and a chemical formulaof Ca3(PO4)2 [1]. The two most widelystudied forms alpha (α) and beta (β)phases. The β-TCP phase is stable below1150°C while the α phase is only stablebetween the range of 1150-1500°C.A recent study shows that α-TCP and β-TCP is currently used in several clinicalapplications such as dentistry,maxillofacial surgery, and orthopedics. β-TCP is the component of several commer-cial mono or biphasic bioceramics andcomposites and α-TCP is the major con-stituent of the powder component of var-ious bone cement [2, 3]. In spite of hav-ing the same chemical composition, α,and β-TCP differ considerably in theirstructure, density, and solubility, which in

turn determine their biological propertiesand clinical applications. β-TCP is usedmainly for preparing dense bioceramicsgranules and blocks, whereas the moresoluble and reactive α-TCP is used mainlyas a fine powder in the preparation of cal-cium phosphate cement. Although somecommercial bioceramics granules andblocks made of α-TCP may be found onthe market, β-TCP and α-TCP materialsare used in clinics for bone repair andremodeling applications [4].

α-TCP and β-TCP can be pre-pared using different starting powdersand more conveniently, from mixtures ofCa-P phases with the Ca/P ratio of 1.5.For example, they can be prepared byheating the homogenous mixture ofCaHPO4 (DCPA) and CaCO3 in the molarratio 2:1 at 1150-1200°C for at least oneday. α-TCP is then obtained by quenchingin liquid nitrogen, whereas prolongedheating until 900°C and lead to theproduction of β-TCP. Several authors alsoreported the synthesis of pure β-TCP byheating a DCPD:CaCO3 mixture at 930°Cfor 2 hours [5] or at 900°C for 14 hours[6].

Mostly, α-TCP phase is not wide-ly used in bulk or dense specimen forload- bearing application due to restrictedbiomedical applications and mainlyemployed in bone cement because of itshigh resorbability and reactivity. It wasreported that the solubility of α-TCP arehigher than β-TCP. In body fluids, thehigher local Ca2+ and PO43- concentrationcaused by the rapid dissolution of α-TCPbioceramic might interrupt the boneformation. In contrast, β-TCP showsremarkable osteoconductivity and bio-compatibility [7]. In this work, we studythe processing, morphological andmechanical properties of α and β-TCP pel-lets by mixing calcium carbonate (CaCO3)and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate(CaHPO4.2H2O).

2. Materials and MethodsDicalcium phosphate dihydrate

[DCPD:CaHPO4.2H2O] and calcium car-bonate (CaCO3) were mixed using a stoi-chiometry ratio of Ca/P: 1.50 and ballmilled for 6 hours at the speed of 200 rpmusing Zirconia media in a polyethylene jar.

The mixed powder was dried for 6 hoursat 60°C and the powder was ground usingan agate mortar and pestle. The powderwas uniaxially pressed at 50MPa and thegreen compacts were placed on Aluminaplate and sintered at 1100°C and 1500°Cwith a heating rate of 10°C/min.

X-ray diffractometry (XRD) wascarried out on the samples. In this analy-sis, the diffraction angle used between10°-90°. The phases were identified byusing X’Pert HighScore software and thediffraction pattern can be matched withstandard reference data, InternationalCenter for Diffraction Data (ICDD).

The morphology of the sinteredpellets was carried out by using FieldEmission Scanning Electron Microscope(FESEM). For this, the sintered compactswere polished using various grades of sil-icon carbide papers (grade 400-2000) andpolished with alumina solution with size1μm, 0.3μm, and 0.05μm. Thermal etch-ing was performed on the specimens inorder to reveal the grains, grain boundary,secondary phase and pores presence inthe pellets. After the thermal etchingprocess, the pellets sputtered with goldcoating for microstructure observation.The porosity measurement of the sinteredpellet was measured by using Archimedesmethod. The shrinkage of three speci-mens after the sintering process weredetermined as (D1- D2) /D1 where D1 isthe diameter of the green body beforesintering and D2 is the diameter after sin-tering. The Vickers hardness of the threesintered pellets was measured by Vicker’smicro hardness testing of sintered sam-ples using 3 kgf load. The indentation wasperformed on the polished surfaces withindentation time of 10 seconds.

3. Results3.1 Compositional analysis

From the Figure 3.1, the pellet sin-tered at 1500°C presents the highestpeak of α-TCP at position 30.77°.From theanalysis of the phase composition byRietveld method found both of α-TCP (98-007-8160)and β-TCP (98-007-6561)phase which is 78.4%


Article 1

Figure 3.1: Phase analysis at 1100°C, and 1500°C.

and 21.6%, respectively. On the otherhand, the pellet sintered at 1100°Ccontained only pure β-TCP (98-007-6561)phase with the highest peak of β-TCP at31.32°.

3.2 Morphological observations

Regarding on the microstructureobservation of the surface sintered pelletat 5000x magnification in Figure 3.2, itclearly can be seen that there is a changebetween the microstructure α-TCP and β-TCP, respectively. The samples sintered at1500°C exhibited smooth surface whilethose sintered at 1100°C has a rough sur-face. From Table 3.1, the average grainsize with sintering temperature ispresented. The average grain size α-TCPis 8.58 μm. However, the grain size for β-TCP is smaller than α-TCP.

3.3 Porosity analysis From Figure 3.3, the apparent

porosity of pellets decreases when thesintering temperature increased. α-TCPhas the low porosity (4.17%) and β-TCP is42.5%.

3.4 Shrinkage testFrom the Table 3.1, shrinkage increas-

es from 10.77% at 1100°C to 21.54% at1500°C. This result indicated that sinter-ing temperature affects the value ofshrinkage percentage for each pellet.

3.5 Hardness testFrom the Fig. 3.4, α-TCP sintered pel-

lets at 1500°C shows the higher hardnessresult (119.17 HV) than β-TCP the sin-tered pellets at 1100°C (21.87 HV).

4. Discussion The formation of new phases

appears due to the effect of sinteringtemperature. XRD patterns of both pelletshad a low degree of crystallinity as evi-denced by XRD patterns with relatively

broad and low intensity XRD peaks, whichwere attributed to the small crystallite sizecharacteristic of the apatite phase. FromFigure 3.1, β-TCP existed in α-TCP pelletthat was sintered at 1500°C due to amajor challenge with α-TCP that it is only

metastable at room temperature, in that ittypically must be rapidly cooled, orquenched, from high temperatures(~1300 °C) to lock the structure in place.If it is cooled slowly, β-TCP becomes theprincipal phase [8].

The microstructure of α-TCP inFigure 3.2 (a) shows that the grain parti-cles are non-uniformly distributed alongthe surface microstructure of α-TCP sam-ple. The average grain size for α-TCP is8.58 μm. It has a bigger grain size than β-TCP. The influence of higher sinteringtemperature might cause the smallergrain particles in the structure α-TCP andreduces the amount of porosity. It isproven that α-TCP has a small amount ofporosity and it will enhance hardness of α-TCP rather than β-TCP.

SEM observation of samples sin-tered at 1100°C showed the presence oflarge pores which explained the low hard-ness of this sample. However, as the sin-tering temperature increased there was agradual reduction in porosity. Since thehigh temperature is 1500°C, the influenceof sintering temperature occur due to thenucleation growth of a lot new grain par-ticles in the sintered pellet increased.High sintering temperature increase thesurface energy to diffuse the small grainparticles into a large grain and also toreduce the size of porosity of the powdercompact quickly.

Shrinkage of the pellets happeneddue to the rapid driving force of the diffu-sion of grain particles inside the powdercompact of the pellet. High temperature,1500°C, help to increase the surfaceenergy to diffuse the small grain particlesinto a large grain and also to reduce thesize of porosity of the powder compactquickly. The shrinkage happened duringthe intermediate stage of interconnectedpores. When the center of grain particlesapproaching on another, it will shrink orclosing the open pores inside the compactpowder structure. At the same time, thegrains grow. Hence, it results in the com-pactness shrinkage and thus shrinks inthe diameter of the sintered pellet.

Low hardness obtained for sam-ples sintered at 1100°C was attributed tothe high porosity of the material. α-TCPhas higher hardness than β-TCP due tothe higher sintering temperature. This isdue to the increase of the sintering tem-


Figure 3.2: Microstructure analysis via FESEM (a) α-TCP (Magnification:1000X), (b)

β-TCP(Magnification:1000X), (c) grain measurement α-TCP (Magnification:1000X)

and (d) Grain measurement β-TCP (Magnification:5000X) after sintering process.

Table 3.1: Grain measurement of α-TCP and β-TCP.

Figure 3.3: Porosity analysis of sintered

pellets.

Table 3.1: Shrinkage (%) of different sintering temperature.

Figure 3.4: Vickers hardness of sintered

pellet.

perature increases nucleation with moregrain growth. Meanwhile, those new smallgrains diffused into each other to becomelarger grains. Consequently, the grainboundaries increased and lead to thehigher hardness of the sintered pellet.

5. ConclusionIn this study, α-TCP and β-TCP pellets

were prepared from the mixture of CaCO3

and DCPD by uniaxially pressing and sin-tering at different temperature 1500°Cand 1100°C, respectively. β-TCP resultedin low shrinkage. In contrast, α-TCPincreases in shrinkage due to the rapiddriving force of the diffusion of grain par-ticles inside the powder compact of thepellet. SEM microstructure showed β-TCPhas a large amount of pores anddecreasing amount of porosity for α-TCP.Further studies are necessary in order tounderstand the difference between α andβ phases as starting materials for bioma-terials application.

6. References1. Mathew, M., L. Schroeder, B. Dickensand W. Brown (1977), The crystalstructure of α-Ca3 (PO4)2 . ActaCrystallographica Section B: StructuralCrystallography and Crystal Chemistry,1977. 33(5): p. 1325-1333.2. Bohner, M., Calcium orthophosphates inmedicine: from ceramics to calcium phos-phate cements. Injury, 2000. 31: p. D37-D47.3. Dorozhkin, S.V., Calcium orthophos-phate cements for biomedical application.Journal of Materials Science, 2008. 43(9):p. 3028-3057.4. Carrodeguas, R.G. and S. De Aza, α-Tricalcium phosphate: synthesis, proper-ties and biomedical applications. ActaBiomaterialia, 2011. 7(10): p. 3536-3546.5. Yang, X. and Z. Wang, Synthesis ofbiphasic ceramics of hydroxyapatite andβ-tricalcium phosphate with controlledphase content and porosity. Journal ofMaterials Chemistry, 1998. 8(10): p.2233-2237.6. V Vallet-Regi, M., M. Gordo, C. Ragel,M. Cabañas and J. San Roman (1997),Synthesis of ceramic-polymer-drug bio-composites at room temperature. SolidState Ionics, 1997. 101: p. 887-892.7. Xie, L., H. Yu, Y. Deng, W. Yang, L. Liaoand Q. Long (2016), Preparation, charac-terization and in vitro dissolution behaviorof porous biphasic α/β-tricalcium phos-phate bioceramics. Materials Science andEngineering: C, 2016. 59: p. 1007-1015.8. Berger, G., R. Gildenhaar, U. Ploska, F.C. Driessens and J. Planell (1997), Short-term dissolution behaviour of some calci-um phosphate cements and ceramics.Journal of Materials Science Letters, 1997.16(15): p. 1267-1269.

Polymer blends for toughening or processibility improvement

Arjulizan Rusli

School of Materials and MineralResources Engineering,Engineering Campus,

Universiti Sains Malaysia,Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang,

Malaysia

Concept of Polymer blendsPolymer blends have attracted muchattention as an easy and cost effectivemethod to tune properties of polymericmaterials to suit various applications.Polymer blend is a mixture of two or morepolymers that are mixed together to pro-duce material with different propertiesthan the pure components. The compo-nents could be (but not limited) thermo-plastic-thermoplastic, thermoplastic-ther-moset or thermoplastic-elastomer.The properties of the blend dependstrongly on the state of miscibilitybetween components and completelymiscible polymer blends (i.e. systems thatare single phase at a molecular level andexhibit a single glass transition) are rare.Most of the commercial polymer blendsare either partially miscible or immisciblein nature but offer beneficial and attrac-tive properties which often designated ascompatible blends.Blending of two polymers usually resultsin phase separation due to chemicalincompatibility between the componentsin which the homo-interactions betweenthe monomer units in one component arestronger than the hetero-interactionbetween differing monomer units of thetwo components. The degree of miscibili-ty/phase separation is determined by theinterfacial energy between components(i.e. the work required to increase theinterface)[1]. Blends with high interfacialenergy have a higher tendency to phaseseparate into a coarse morphology.Partially miscible blends which possess

attractive properties in the absence ofspecific compatibilizers normally have lowinterfacial tension, high interfacialstrength and adequate adhesion betweencomponents, and as a result often have afiner morphology. Meanwhile, immiscibleblends that have low interfacial strengthand gross phase-separated morphologiesusually show poor physical and mechani-cal properties and are thus unsuitable formost practical applications. In addition,changes in temperature (due to heatingor cooling), pressure (e.g. a pressureramp in an extruder) and composition cancause an initially miscible single phaseblend into a two phase blend or viceversa.Thermoplastic and thermoset blendsIt should be noted that polymer can beclassified into linear or branched polymer(thermoplastic) and network orcrosslinked polymers (rubbery elastomersand rigid thermosets). Due to the differ-ence in the properties of thermoplasticsand thermosets, their blending can pro-vide a synergistic and complementaryeffect and yield a variety of properties tosatisfy specific performance require-ments. Investigations ofthermoplastic/thermoset blends [2] aremainly driven by the need to toughen abrittle thermoset by the addition of a duc-tile thermoplastic without sacrificing theexcellent properties of the thermoset orthe desire to improve the processibility ofa high glass transition temperature (Tg)thermoplastic with a thermoset as a reac-tive plasticizer. However, the presence oftwo components with different physicaland chemical properties results in a muchmore complex system. For example, ther-moplastic-thermosets blends do not haveone single phase diagram but many dueto the fact that the entropy of mixing (andperhaps the enthalpy of mixing) changesduring cure.In thermoplastic and thermoset blends,inhomogeneity is not only caused by ther-mal/pressure induced phase separations,as in thermoplastic-thermoplastic or ther-moplastic-solvent blends, but also can bedue to reaction-induced phase separation


Article 2

Figure 1: Reaction induce phase

separation in thermoplastic-thermoset blends.

such as in thermoplastic network blendsor network-network blends (interpene-trating polymer networks).For a blend of initially homogeneouscrosslinking monomer and thermoplastic,once the polymerization commences themolecular weight of the crosslinking sys-tem will increase and thus reduce theentropy of mixing. Then, at a certainstage in the reaction, a homogeneousblend may no longer be thermodynami-cally favoured and phase separation mayoccur, producing thermoset- or elastomer-rich and thermoplastic-rich phases withvarious morphologies. The process isschematically illustrated in Figure 1 forthermoplastic-thermoset blends (thermo-plastic-elastomer blends give analogousstructures).

Compared with common ther-moplastic-thermoplastic blends, the struc-tural development of thermoplastic-ther-mosets blends can be complicated by theoccurrence of chemical gelation of thethermosetting component, phase separa-tion, vitrification of thermoplastic-rich orthermoset-rich phases and chemicalgrafting of the thermoplastic onto the net-work. Furthermore, because diffusion oflarge polymer molecules through a vis-cous or gelled matrix is very slow, no sig-nificant phase separation occurs aftergelation and it may be prevented evenprior to gelation [3]. As a result, theirmorphology and final mechanical proper-ties depend on the competition betweenthe entropically driven onset of phaseseparation of the blends (which is trig-gered by polymerization) and the kineti-cally controlled cessation of phase sepa-ration caused by the onset of gelation [4].Thus, factors such as the chemical natureof the constituents, the volume fraction ofthe constituents and curing conditions(i.e. curing agents and cure temperature)can significantly change the morphologyand thus the properties of the thermo-plastic-thermoset blends.

Thermoplastics for tougheningimprovement of thermosets

Thermosets such as epoxiespossess many desirable properties suchas good dimensional stability, thermal sta-bility and solvent resistance due to theircrosslinked characteristic. However, thischaracteristic also contributes to theirrigidity, lack of toughness and brittleness.Various methods can be used to improvethese properties such as modification onthe themosetting resin itself, addition offibres and particulates or incorporation ofa dispersed toughening phase. The firstmethod includes chemical modification onthe monomer backbone to improve flexi-bility of the polymer chain or an increaseof the monomers molecular weight tolower the crosslink density or a decreasein the functionality of monomer whichalso decreases crosslink density. The last

method of improving properties is toincorporate a second polymeric phase.This second phase can be either rigid orsoft.

Most of the earlier studies whichaimed to overcome the brittleness of ther-mosets, especially epoxies, involve theaddition of a small amount of reactiveoligomers such as amino terminated buta-diene-acrylonitrile (ATBN) and carboxylterminated butadiene-acrylonitrile (CTBN)[5]. These modifications can significantlyimprove the fracture toughness of epoxiesespecially when the two phases have aco-continuous morphology with sufficientinterfacial adhesion between the twophases. However, such improvementcould not be observed in rigid, tightlycrosslinked, high Tg epoxy networks(such as with tri- and tetrafunctionalepoxy resins and aromatic amine curingagents). In addition, the presence of rub-ber particles with unsaturated doublebonds can expose the material to oxida-tive degradation while some reported [6]reduction of mechanical properties andcrosslink density thus reducing their hightemperature performance and their appli-cability in areas such as aerospace orelectronics.

Recently, thermosets have beenblended with low concentrations of ther-moplastics as an alternative to reactiverubbery oligomers and most of the ther-moplastic/thermoset blends are aimed atmodifying the brittleness of thermosets.In addition to the toughness improve-ment, the introduction of a thermoplasticalso maintains a high Tg and stiffness andreduces thermal stress of thermosetswhich normally not occurred in the use ofrubber as an impact modifier. Eventhough thermoplastics are not as good aselastomers in promoting shear yielding inthe thermoset matrix, thermoplastics canbe a more effective toughener in a tightlycrosslinked matrix due to the ability of thethermoplastic itself to undergo shearyielding and plastic deformation and helpin the dissipation of energy [7].

The complication with the appli-cation of a thermoplastic as a toughening

agent for a thermoset, compared withother tougheners such as reactive elas-tomeric oligomers, lies on high initial vis-cosity of the solution due to the presenceof high molecular weight thermoplasticthus requiring longer processing time todissolve the thermoplastic in the ther-moset [8].

Thermoset monomer as reactiveplasticizers in thermoplastic

In some cases thermoplasticsare blended with another thermoplastic inorder to reduce the processing tempera-ture. For example Polyphenylene oxide(PPO) is usually blended with polystyrene(PS) or polyamides which lowers the vis-cosity and thus avoids degradation, butthis also reduces the Tg of the final prod-uct. In contrast to the blending of ther-moset resins with small quantities of engi-neering thermoplastics, thermosetmonomers may be added to thermoplas-tics in order to tune their processabilityand this area of research has not beenwidely explored. In this system, the ther-moplastic is the main component and themonomers, prior to their polymerization,act as reactive ‘plasticizers’, or reactivesolvents that decrease the viscosity of themelt so that it may be processed at lowertemperatures. However, instead of remov-ing the solvent after the shaping step, thereactive solvent is polymerised in situ. Asa consequence of the in situ polymerisa-tion of the reactive solvent (i.e. the reac-tive plasticizer), the resulting morphologyis either co-continuous or has crosslinkedparticles dispersed in the matrix of thethermoplastic. Consequently, the resultingmaterial properties are dominated by thethermoplastic without the necessity toremove a solvent. The concept in a sim-plest situation could be presented as inFigure 2. Virtually no residual small mole-cules are present in the matrix phase pro-vided that the monomer is polymerised attemperatures in the vicinity of the Tgs ofthe thermoplastic and thermoset [9].This area of research was initiated byVenderbosch et al. [10] who used PPO as


Figure 2: Schematic representation of thermosetting monomers as reactive

plasticizer in improving processibility of thermoplastic.

a matrix material for continuous carbonfibre reinforced composites by applying asolution impregnation route with epoxyresin as a reactive plasticizer. They report-ed that the method capable of minimizingthe oxidative and thermal sensitivity ofPPO, enhancing flow and reducing pro-cessing temperature of the PPO.Meanwhile, Schut et al. [11] used anepoxy resin to facilitate processing of syn-diotactic polystyrene and reported thatthese blends can be processed at temper-atures lower (above 220°C) than normalprocessing temperature of syndiotacticpolystyrene (>290°C).

Applicability: The use of a reactive plasticizer is not lim-ited to ‘intractable’ polymers, but can alsobe useful for processing readily tractablepolymers which are generally easy toprocess by more conventional techniques.Here the low viscosities obtained by addi-tion of the reactive plasticizer enables theapplication of alternatives processingroutes, such as pouring or casting. Thesuccessful improvement of thermoplasticprocessability in the presence of a ther-moset monomer also aids in the incorpo-ration of a filler.

Challenge: To be an effective reactive plasticizer, themonomer must only slowly react at theprocessing temperature of the blend. Ifthe monomer cures rapidly, gelation andphase separation of the monomer willoccur before the thermoplastic is mould-ed. On the other hand, if the polymeriza-tion is too slow, the resin will remainlargely unreacted at the end of processingoperation and will impair the properties ofthe thermoplastic. In addition, it is desir-able that the reactive monomer not forma network (i.e. gel) at a low degree ofconversion such as step growth polymer-ization epoxies and allylic monomers [12,13], because development of acrosslinked structure prevents furtherprocessing. In addition the thermosettingmonomer should be initially miscible withthe thermoplastic in order to reduce theTg of the thermoplastic.

Conclusion It is evident that the incorporation of acrosslinkable monomer, which can act asreactive plasticizer during processing ofengineering thermoplastic, can potentiallyreduce the Tg and viscosity of theuncured blend and thus improve the pro-cessibility of the thermoplastic. After pro-cessing, the original properties of thethermoplastic may also be recovered.Most researchers have used epoxymonomers that undergo step growthpolymerization and only a few studiesreported the use of chain growth poly-merizing monomers that can undergogelation at relatively high conversion suchas allylic monomers to improve the pro-

cessibility of thermoplastics.

References:[1] S Rostami, Polymer blends: Structureand properties, in: KHJ Buschow, RWCahn, MC Flemings, B Ilschner (Eds.)Enclyclopedia of Materials: Science andTechnology, Elsevier Science Ltd, 2001,pp. 7202-6.[2] JP Pascault, RJJ Williams, Formulationand characterization of thermoset-ther-moplastic blends, in: DR Paul, CB Bucknall(Eds.) Polymer blends vol. 1: Formulation,John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2000,pp. 379-415.[3] M Wang, Y Yu, X Wu, S Li,Polymerization induced phase separationin poly(ether imide)-modified epoxy resincured with imidazole, Polymer, 45 20041253-9.[4] BJP Jansen, HEH Meijer, PJ Lemstra,Processing of (in)tractable polymers usingreactive solvents: Part 5: Morphologycontrol during phase separation, Polymer,40 1999 2917-27.[5] ME Frigione, L Mascia, D Acierno,Oligomeric and polymeric modifiers fortoughening of epoxy resins, EuropeanPolymer Journal, 31 1995 1021-9.[6] RA Pearson, AF Yee, Tougheningmechanisms in elastomer-modified epox-ies, Journal of Materials Science, 24 19892571-80.[7] CB Bucknall, AH Gilbert, Tougheningtetrafunctional epoxy resins using poly-etherimide, Polymer, 30 1989 213-7.[8] J-P Pascault, H Sautereau, J Verdu,RJJ Williams, Themosetting polymers,Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, 2002.[9] WWGJ van Pelt, JGP Goossens, HEHMeijer, PJ Lemstra, Processing ofintractable polymers using reactive sol-vents. 6. A new reactive solvent conceptbased on reversible depolymerisation,Polymer, 43 2002 5699-708.[10] RW Venderbosch, HEH Meijer, PJLemstra, Processing of intractable poly-mers using reactive solvents: 1. Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether)/epoxyresin, Polymer., 35 1994 4349-57.[11] J Schut, M Stamm, M Dumon, J Galy,J-F Gerard, Reactive processing of syndio-tactic polystyrene with an epoxy/aminesolvent system, MacromolecularSymposia, 202 2003 25-35.[12] WD Cook, GG Liang, M Lu, GPSimon, E Yeo, Diallyl orthophthalate as areactive plasticizer for improving pvc pro-cessibility. Part i: Polymerization kinetics,Polymer, 48 2007 7291-300.[13] A Rusli, WD Cook, K Saito, Allylicmonomers as reactive plasticizers ofpolyphenylene oxide. Part iii – rheologicaland mechanical properties, EuropeanPolymer Journal, 49 2013 4072-86.

Physico-chemical Studies ofActivated Carbon Produced from

Bamboo Sawdust

Hajar Nurhani, Nurhidayah Muthalib,Suhaina Ismail

Strategic Mineral Niche Area, School ofMaterials and Mineral Resources

Engineering, Engineering Campus,Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal

14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

AbstractThe aim of this work is to investigate theinfluence of carbonization time, car-bonization temperature and heating rateon the percentage removal and theamount of adsorption of Arsenic at equi-librium. The activated carbon was pre-pared using physiochemical method withKOH as an activation agent. Design ofexperiment was made based on FullFactorial Design with (23 + s) run. Therange of carbonization temperature usedwere 417 ˚C to 433 ˚C, carbonizationtime between 31 min to 43 min andheating rate were 2.5 ˚C/min to 12.5˚C/min. Batch adsorption test was con-ducted to evaluate the performance ofactivated carbon produced based on itsremoval percentage and amount ofArsenic adsorption. Accordingly, the bestactivated carbon produced at the mediumlevel condition was 37.5 minutescarbonization time and 7.5˚C/ minheating rate at 425 ˚C where it producesthe highest removal percentage of45.55% and 5.389 mg/g adsorptionamount. The most significant factors thatinfluence the adsorption performance ofthe activated carbon were heating rate.

Keywords: Activated carbon, Arsenic,Bamboo sawdust, Physicochemicalmethod

IntroductionArsenic-bearing tailing from the wastewater of gold mine have become the mineenvironmental issue as arsenic is knownas toxic. Arsenic effects on human healthis a serious matter as even a small con-sumption of arsenic contaminated watercan cause lethal disease like skin cancerand cardiovascular disease. The arsenicconcentration of 0.05 mg/L in drinkingwater has been set by World HealthOrganization (WHO) as the upper permis-sible limit. Hence, the only way is toremove the arsenic. There are a lot ofstudies on methods of Arsenic removalhad been carried out such as ionexchange, coagulation/precipitation, sedi-mentation, filtration, magnetic separationand many more [1]. From the studies,adsorption process happens to be thebest way and activated carbon has been


Article 3

chosen as a favourite as it has high sur-face area with optimum micropore size[2]. Activated carbon being producedfrom coal and coconut shell commerciallybut the cost is unbearable. Hence, anoth-er study was carried out to determine thesuitable material for activated carbon(AC) production which is cheaper and effi-cient [3]. The aim of present work is todevelop suitable adsorbent from agricul-tural residue which is bamboo in thisresearch. Apart from that, the relationshipbetween carbonizing variables (carboniza-tion temperature, carbonization time andheating rate) with the percentage removaland the amount of adsorption at equlibri-um were investigated. The design ofexperiment was made using the FullFactorial Design from Minitiab 16.

Methodology

MaterialsBamboo was collected from ForestResearch Institute Malaysia (FRIM). Typeof bamboo used was GigantochloaScortechini. The sample obtained was insize of 500 µm to 600 µm grounded into75 µm.ChemicalsAll chemicals used were supplied byMerck and in analytical grade. In ICP test-ing, high purity water from Elga Ultrapuresystem was used throughout the work.Design of ExperimentThis project was designed by Full Factorialwith three control factors which were car-bonization temperature (X1), carboniza-tion time (X2) and heating rate (X3). A 23

full factorial design model was generatedwhich obtained 11 run. Table 1 shows thecontrol range of parameters used. Table 2tabulates the run order of this work basedon Full Factorial Design.

Preparation of Activated CarbonThe physico-chemical activation methodwas used in preparing the activated car-bon which involved two main stages ofprocess. The first part involved carboniza-tion of the raw bamboo sawdust under aninert atmosphere (Nitrogen) at high tem-perature. The raw material was car-bonized by using Lenton Tube Furnace1200°C at three different parameterswhich are temperature range, soakingtime and the heating rate. The modification of this method wasmade based on different material used inthis study. About 15 g of samples wereplaced in the alumina boat and heated inthe tube furnace. The Nitrogen gas waspassed through the tube furnace duringthe heating at rate 300oC/min. The charwas produced after the carbonizationprocess. The char was weight beforetreated with alkaline. About 2 g of thechar was mixed with KOH with ratio of2:1:2 (KOH : char : distilled water) whichwere 4 g of KOH pellets and 4 ml of dis-tilled water mixed with 2 g of char. Thechar was then placed in a crucible and leftfor about 30 minutes at room tempera-ture. Then the char was dried in the ovenfor 24 hours. The char was then ready foractivation at 650°C, 10 °C/min heatingrate for 2 hours.The product from activation process wasthen treated with 250 ml of 0.5M HCl forabout 30 minutes. Then the solution wasfiltered, washed using distilled water anddried at 150oC.

Adsorption Test

100ml of As solution was placed in theErlenmeyer flask. The pH level of thesolution was adjusted by using 1 M HCland NaoH. About 0.10 g of activated car-bon was added into Arsenic solution.

Solution was agitated using a magneticbar for 24 hours at room temperature.20ml of Arsenic solution was taken at (2,4, 6, 8 and 24) hours. All samples were fil-tered using 42 µm filter paper. The resid-ual of As concentration was determinedusing ICP-MS (Perkin Elmer 7300 DV).The wavelength of As was 193.696 nmwhere the detection limit was 0.05 ppm.

Results and DiscussionPercentage Removal (%)

Based on Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)generated by Full Factorial ‘P’ value indi-cated two significant factors. There weretwo ways interaction and (carbonizationtime * heating rate). These show therewere significant interactions betweenthese parameters. From the ANOVAresults, a regression equation model canbe expressed in order to predict percent-age removal in the range of variablestudy, as shown in Equation 1.

Y1=11.43+1.96X2–6.03X3 +1.99X2X3 (1)

Based on the regression equation it wasnoted the carbonization temperature waspositively affected the percentageremoval of As and heating rate was neg-atively affected. These revealed increas-ing temperature and lowering heatingrate produced a lot of As removal. In gen-eral, the interaction or main effect withthe highest P value was removed from theselection of terms to get the best ANOVAanalysis result. The main effect plot ofpercentage removal is shown in Figure 1.The result indicated that carbonizationtime affected the percentage removalmore than carbonization temperature andheating rate. The line on the main effectplot for carbonization time had the steep-est slope and plotted in increasing linear


Table 1: Control factors and levels.

Table 2: Experimental runs of 23+s factorial design in term of coded values.

Factors Code Levels

Lows Medium High

Carbonization time (min) X1 31.5 37.5 43.5

Carbonization Temperature (oC) X2 417 425 433

Heating rate (°C/min) X3 2.5 7.5 12.5

Run Order Coded factor

X1 X2 X3

1 0 0 0

2 - + -

3 + - -

4 + + +

5 + + -

6 0 0 0

7 - + +

8 0 0 0

9 - - +

10 + - +

11 - - -

line than the line on main responses ofother variables. This results showed thatcarbonization time rate influenced in thepercentage removal of Arsenic.

Based on ANOVA for adsorption at equi-librium the significant coefficient factorsare X1X3 and X2X3, with P values of 0.043and 0.040 respectively. This result wascoherent with the ANOVA analysis for per-centage removal. The ANOVA resultdemonstrated the regression equationwhich expressed as shown in Equation 2.The equation functions as in considera-tion to predict the amount of adsorptionat equilibrium produce when react withvariables.

Y2 = 2.0825 + 0.5113X1 + 0.0360X2 –0.6395X3 – 0.7865X1X3 + 0.08027X2X3 +0.4307X1X2 X3 (2)

The regression equation indicates car-bonization time and temperature havepositive impact on adsorption at equilibri-um. In contrast heating rate has negativeimpact on adsorption. The slower heatingrate enhances the development of micro-porosity which leads to the increasing ofthe amount of adsorption at equilibrium[4]. This acknowledges increasing car-bonization time and temperature anddecreasing heating rate yield best adsorp-tion at equilibrium [5]. From the maineffect plot for each variable on theamount of adsorption at equilibrium (fig-ure not shown), the result revealed thatthe carbonization time gave the mosteffect to the amount of adsorption com-pared to carbonization temperature andheating rate. The line on the carboniza-tion time main effect plot graph had thesteepest slope that the line on other vari-ables. This result showed that carboniza-tion time highly influenced the adsorptionat equilibrium of arsenic.

Overall, the removal percentage and theamount of adsorption at equilibrium showdirectly proportional relationship. Asobserved, the optimum removal percent-age and amount of adsorption obtained atthe highest carbonization time but thelowest carbonization temperature andheating rate.

In this study, the result showed the high-est percentage removal of 45.55% andthe amount of adsorption at equilibriumof 5.389 mg/g. Table 3 displays overallyield for percentage As removal and theamount of adsorption at equilibrium.

Conclusion

All carbonization variables, which are car-bonization time, carbonization tempera-ture and heating rate give significanteffect on the quality of the activated car-bon produced. The design of experiment

using Full Factorial Design approach wassuccessfully applied to obtain the mainsignificant effect for preparing activatedcarbon with a high potential removalcapacity. This study therefore indicates the mainsignificant effect that influenced the per-formance of the activated carbon adsorp-tion properties were the interaction ofcarbonization time (X1) and heating rate(X2). Based on the experimental data, the high-est removal percentage of Arsenic can beobtained when the temperature is setaround 417°C with 38 minutes of car-bonization time and 7°C/min of heatingrate. The highest percentage removal andthe amount of adsorption at equilibriumare 45.55% and 5.389 mg/g, respective-ly.

References

[1] Kartinen, E.O., Martin Jr., C.J. (1995),An overview of arsenic removal process-es, Desalination 103, 78-88.

[2] Zhang, W., Chang, Q.G., Liu, W.D.,Jiang, W.X., Li, B.J., Fu, L.J. (2007),Selecting activated carbon for water andwastewater treatability studies, Environ.Prog. 26, 289-298.[3] Alslaibi, T., Abustan, I., Ahmad, M., &Foul, A.A., (2013), Review: Comparison ofAgricultural By-products Activated CarbonProduction Methods Using Surface AreaResponse. CJASR, 528-538.[4] Ip, A.W.M, Barford, J.P., McKay, G.,(2007), Production and Comparison ofHigh Surface Area Bamboo DerivedActivated Carbons. BioresourceTechnology 99 (2008) 8909-8916.[5] Sudirman, A.R. (2015), Preparation ofactivated carbon from bamboo sawdustfor arsenic removal, Dissertation,Universiti Sains Malaysia. 24-34.


Table 3: Responses for each run.

Figure 1: Main effect plot for each variable on percentage removal of arsenic.

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