buku panduan pentaksiran kemahiran berfikir aras-tinggi 2.docx

8/18/2019 Buku Panduan Pentaksiran Kemahiran Berfikir Aras-Tinggi 2.docx

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cover KBAT_BARU PUNYEE_Layout 1 12/11/13 4:06 PM Page 1

LEMBAGA PEPERIKSAAN

KEMENTERIAN PENDIDIKAN MALAYSIA,

ARAS 1, 2, 5 - 13, BLOK E11, KOMPLEKS E,

PUSAT PENTADBIRAN KERAJAAN PERSEKUTUAN,

62604, PUTRAJAYA, MALAYSIA

www.mo.!o".m#$%&

isi_Kemahiran_Aras_Tinggi_TERBARU_jus._Layout 1 12/16/13 2:27 PM Page 9

PENT

AKS

IR A

N

KEMA'IR ANBER

AR ASTI

N((I

)IKIR


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BAB 1 &*+/*


3/177


1.0 &*+/*

1.1 Konsep Pentaksiran

Pentaksiran adalah proses mendapatkan maklumat denan

menunakan pel!aai kaedah dan pendekatan sama ada "ormati"#

sumati"# "ormal dan in"ormal# dalaman dan luaran !ai mendapatkan

e$idens %an !oleh dipertim!ankan dan seterusn%a mem!uat

penhakiman tentan sesuatu produk pendidikan.

Proses /% + ** %*!$+/**$o&/ #*! ++/ *+ #*! /!** *+m*&+* /% #*! /*/.

Maklumat /% "/* #*!m*!!m* &+/ m/%m + & #*! /+/.

Penhakiman m&* &o &+/m*!* +*+*! &*&/*

&*//* m/.

Produk %m o*+ &*//*m&* &*!+*, m/** */%/$ #*! /&o% m/+% m%%/ &o &*//*.

P*+/* % /%/+ !/

78 Po m*&+*!m* +*+*! &+/o*! %m

&m%9*.

78 A+/"/+/ #*! /9%**m &*!9* *

&m%9*.

78 A+/"/+/ #*! /9%** +*.

D%mo*+ &*//*,

&*+/* m&* + 78 A+/"/+/ #*! +9*&/o %m &o &m%9* *+ m*&+* /%#*! m*!m/ +/"/+/ &m%9* #*! /.m*!/*, m*!m&%*,mo*, mm/* o * m*!/*+&+/* m%m+

+*+*! /% &m%9*o*! %o* !/ +9* ++*+.

&


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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI

1.& (iri Pentaksiran

1.&.1 Skor %an mempun%ai

dar)ah kesahan dan

ke!olehper*a%aan

%an tini

+ Skor /%m*!* %m *+ *omo, :, &*#+* */mo%. So m+/% mm&*#/

+ M*/m /*/ +9* *+ mm+/* &m/mm&*#/ :m* *m/* #*! % *++ *!* #*! %/*. ; /*/* m*!*!* &%//*

&m/* o %m %*!* &m/ + &*+/.

1.&., Ke!olehtad!iran

9 * *

o%&#* #*! +/*!!/*+ mm+/* /%*& %o* + m*!%*w/w* /*+/+/ &*+/*

&*//* *!*.

+ Ke!olehtad!iran /% // &+/ #*! m9 & %//*** 9-9 %* &+/9%** *!* m %m

&o &*!9/* * &*+/*#*! /%** m

+ Kesahan /% // o &+ + &*+/*

*! *!* %"*** &&* o /+*+ m*!!m* &+/

%o* %m & #*! /+/.

* o%.

1.&.- Kemudahta"siran

+ Kemudahta"siran m9

+ Ke!olehper*a%aan /% // o & mm&* 9/*

*! *!* +&+** +%* o /+ *+m*!!m* &+/ %o*%m & #*! /+/.

1.&.& Keo!)ekti"an

+ Keo!)ekti"an m9 &+&+* o*! &m/mm/ /& 9w&* ++&+* o*! &*+/ mm/* o %o*.

+ Ko9+/:* &m/* o/*/ o% /&+/*!+* *!*m*#/* &+*

++ %m mm/*m%m+ +*+*! %o*

* o #*! /&o%,m*//m/*/* %o* *m*&+/ +9* + 9/* *

&*+/* /+ /*.

1.&. Kekomprehensi"an

+ Kekomprehensi"an m9 & **!* /*+m*#*! mm&*#/ /+m #*!mw/%/ m o9+/: &*+/*!%m m+ &%9* ++*+.

&m* + m

&*o* #*! o9+/: * o /%* m%%/ m#+ &*#%*.

,


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1., Kesahan dan

Ke!olehper*a%aan

K* * o%&#*m&* o*& &*+/*!%m &*+/* &*//*.K-*# mm&*#/ *!*#*! &+ * m*9/ +o*!! +m %m &/**!* #*!

/+* *!* %/+/ + &o &*+/*.

1.,.1 Konsep Kesahan

'/% &*+/* /*#+* %m

*+ o //+ m o #*!

/&o% o*! m/ /+m*!!m* + mm/*m%m+ +*+*! & #*! /+/.

S+ 9/* *% m*! & #*! &++*# /. All of

what we want to measure, andnothing but what we want to

measure… 7To*/, 1


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1.,.1.1 Kesahan Kandunan

K* **!* & *#

L*! /*/ &% *+ mm+/*o*+ #*! /9/ *!*m*!!** /+m ++ &+

m%/+* &m/* mw/%/ +/& & &*+/*!/+m+/ +& **!* 9/**+ m**+* m

&%9* #*! /9* /+ *m*&/ %m */ #*!

**!* 9/* /+ +*+ +%. Pm/* 9/* &++*#/& m&% #*! mw/%/

& #*! * / +/9/.

L?/m*#, &o ++ /!**

%m 9/* &*&/*. U9/* &*&/* //* * / *+ *+ m*! +& &*!*

&*!+* + m/* ++*+%m + m+ &%9* #*!

mm/%* o*+ #*! */9/ /+ +%/ % * *%& m*#/* + +/**+ /9/* 9/*.

U9/* &*&/* #*! / *+ * //* *!* / %m*&/ o9+/: &*!9* #*!+% /++&* %m +9-+9

&%9* #*! /&%9/./9, //+ m%%/ &*#m* // O9+/: /**! *!***!* 9/* ** *+*# ! &+ m**+*

* **!* 9/* ++.M/%*#, ! B M%# /*!/*

m*!9/ &*!+* /+m %m +9 @K+ Nm, m

+/* 9/* #*! //*m+/% &+ mm*/ o9+/: 9/* /+.

L*! &+m % *!*mm+ &m&%* & #*!/+/ /& %* +/*#*! /o% * **!*

m+ &%9* #*! /9*. U9/*#*! /+/ /+ m+/% /*%//*!* /+m+/ *+ mm+/** / !/ &* *%"***#.

mm* &%!/ o*+ #*!/ * /%*!* /+m #*!m*&/ *+ m*!!m*

&*!* %o* +& o*+

/+ %m +9 ++.

O% /+, * **!* 9/* !*+*! & %"** +/* +/*! % #*! /*!/*/&+/* + /+/ o%

&*+/. K&&* 9/* /+m*!/%* o 9/* #*! mm&m*!!m* &+/ %o*%m & #*! /+/.


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P &/*!+ &m%* D*!* mm/* JSU

&m/** 9/*, &m/* &% &%//+, 9/* &*&/* &+mm/%/ +/* #*! / %m mm/* &+* #*! mw9* ***!*.

U /*/ &% /%/ *!*9/* +& S+* P%9*7SP8 * '/* S+* P%9*7'SP8 *+ mm+/* o9+/:

&*+/* * & #*! *

/9/ + /+/.

mw/%/ o9+/: &*+/* #*!/*!/* /9/.

O% /+, %"** % &#*! /+/ %m +* m+

&%9*. So *# * m*9/%"* &/% /+m #*! //*m*&+/ m&%* , 9%

&/:// 9/*, /%m, o*+* /+/ + * #*!S%&++,

m*&+ &m/*

m%m+%

/&*.

m*#/* J% S&/:// U9/* M*% &&*7JSU8. JSU /% 9% #*! 7re!resentati"e8 &% % & #*!mm*+ &m/* m*!/%*+ m&% +!* 9/* #*!

+&+ %m +* m+ &%9* /+/. I+m #*! //*

mw/%/ - & *% mw/%/ %/+&* /%m,* //+ %"** * &%!/* /+m, &%!/*&&*. &*#o%* * &%!/

* #*! /+*.

Ko*& %"** * &&* /!m* %m R9 1.

/

0)ian A - item2

;&* +*

S!/* %"*T/ &&*7not re!resentati"e8

/+m

R9 1

0)ian A - item2

;&* +*

R%"*;&&*7re!resentati"e8


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9/177


P?* #*! w9 *+ - *+ /*/ % /& &, //+

Aspek

Po

T9* 9/*

Kesahan Ramalan

D+ /+/ #*!/m&% %%w+ /&+ 9/*.

P+/***#

+m& &!** o 9/* %mm*% &+/%o* & m&*.

Kesahan Serentak

D+ /+/ #*! /m&%% & m #*!m&/ m *!* +9/*.

M** * Lm** 7158,+% mm&o%*

/* m o 9/*#*! /!*+/* *!* +/+/ #*! /m&%**!* %/* #*! ! *! &. '% /*/ &+/!m* o% 9 #*!

/+

Masa

04IAN...................KRITERIA

S**#, o 9/* m*%o /+/ ++&/ !/ **+, o 9/* * o /+/ /m/% & m #*!m +% mm&o% o /+/. O% /+, +9**# %

*+ m**+* m o /+/ &+ /!*+/* o% o

D%m o*+ /%/ 9, & * *+ /+** &/%! m/*+ *+ m%/+*!* *+ &+/ 9/**!* &+/ m !/ 9/*#*! %/**.

D%m * /*/, ! &%

9/* + +/. mm&o% -o

S!/ o*+o, &+ o /*"*+o/ &o*%/+/ #*! /+/*o% */ /!** *+ m*!!*+/* o &m/*#*! //* o% %/ &//+/ *+

m**+* // &o*%/+/ ++*+

&*!* ++ %m m#*! m&/ m * /o%/*

&+**#.

L*! /*/ /*# /9%**&/% + 9/* /*!!&!/ &*!!*+/ 9/* #*!

/*/"/C m*!!** +

5

mm*!+ m%m+ #*! +%%*m * m*!m/% m #*!

%m.


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;o*+o*#, o*! ! /*#Ko*+ m %/+/ &/o%o!/

m*o %o* * #*! /*/* w9 !/ &m+/**# m m**!* & & m%** 9 m%/. B%/m*!!** % &m/*!+*

!/ +9* ++.

O% 9 &*o* /+*m, m*!/* ! %/ &9/* + * &*%, /*#m/* #*! /://* &+ /9/

m%%/ 9/* + * &*% /+/.

U*+ m**+* ++ m*+&+*# 9/* /+ m*! m/* %o* m*9%** 9m%/, ! /+ * m*!o%/*o 9/* *!* o &m+/*.J/% o%/*# +/*!!/, m*! &+ m*!!** 9/* +* &*% & m &* !/

m*% m/* %o* %mm*9%** 9 m%/.

1.,.1., Kesahan Konstruk6

Gaasan

+/*! %. K* o*+ /%* #*! /+* *!*

&-& #*! +/ &+/&+/* *#+ ++&/w9 m%%/ &*//*, /&o+/+ +o/ * 9/* ++*+.

M*!/+ Po&m 71


11/177


K+% o*! ! /*!/* mm/*9/* + * &*% !/

m*! +/"/+/. S+% //** /+/*, 9/* +/"/+/ /*/

o% /*!!& mm&*#/ *

o*+, /*# o 9/* /+mm&*#/ &+%/* #*! &+*!* &+/m*!* #*! /+/& &m+/* ++/*! % #*! /*%&+/ o%

+o/ &/o%o!/ !/ +/:.

1.,.1.- 8aktor Mempenaruhi

Kesahan

P%!/ :+o mm&*!/* o 9/* * &+/%* &+/ #*! /+

i2 Kelemahan mem!ina !utiran

u)ian6soalan6item

78 Pm/* 9/* +/ m*!w% * 9/* *!* /

&/% mm/* 9/*.S/*# +/ &+%/*, m* o*+ +/ /oo*! o%

+o/ #*! m*/*#. I*/ %

m*!/* * 9/* /*/ +/m*! o*+ +/"/+/, ++o/ &/o%o!/ #*! m*#+*+/*! % /*/"/ +/: %

A%*# 9/* m*9/ +%%**! + +%% m*#* o %o* +/+ m% %m*/ o /& #*!* /*!! #*! +/*!!/.'% /*/ m* +/*$

+/ *. o%*$/+m +/ &+

O% /+, &+% /m*

w *+ m**+* *o*+ + 9/*, %*!-%*! #*! /+ &% //+/

m*//m/*/* %o*.

78 P*%/* #+ #*! m %m * + +!*.A* &% /+%/ *!* 9%! %o* &+ mm/*&o* & +!*.

78 P*!!** &**+ #*! +/ / *!*m %o*.

78 T&+ &+*9 %m /+m#*! mm* %o*

19

mm/* &o*.

M*!*%

&+/

o*+#*

!/9*! *

m* *!

* &+/

9/*

M*

/+*/&o+/

#*!

*!*!*

&+/9/* /&

+o/o*+

M*!

9//&o+/

**

*

%o!/+

m &//


12/177



78 K%* %m m*!*% &+/iii2 Gerak !alas *alon

o9+/: &*+/* %m +/* 9/* #*! /%*. K*! % &?* %m;o*+o*#, o*! &m/* o%* m*!/*+&+/*/*!/* m*!9/ m/* +!* /+m /&*!/ o% :+o m*!*%// ++&/ mm%*/+m #*! & +&

&// %o*. '% /*/ m*!/*/&*!/ o% mo/ %o*

:m*. P /*/ m / /%/ &&/*, &+/m**9* w w9+//* *+ +*!* /+m.

7:8 D/ !/ ++ 9/*, 9/* / /%/ 9 +/ o% +%% &* + +%% &*9*!. '%/*/ * m*99* ** ++ 9/* m&*m&% /& m&%*

/m*! * 9/*.

O% /+, %o* /*/ +/ &+

m*9w o%* *!* /.U* m* !/ /+m o9+/: * &/%/*$!*!* ++m*99* * o 9/*.

/+m #*! /m*.S/*# 9/* +%% &*, *+ m*&/ &+/#*! /&* * % /*/ *

m*99* 9 *o 9/* ++. S++ 9/*

/*# /m%* %*!* /+m #*! m *//+/ o% /+m #*! .

ii2 Kelemahan dalam mentad!ir

u)ian

D/ !/ &*+/* 9/*, *# *+ %m* #*! / % * m*99* *o 9/*. ;o*+o*#, m #*!/&*+* /+ +/ m*&/

!/ %o* m*!m* &o*+& + /+m, &+o%o*!*#*! +/ /% #*! //* o%

&*!w &&/* * &*#%w*!* m 9/*/9%**. D/ !/ &m*

&%, 9/* / m*!/* +/

mm&*#/ &+* &m*#*! +&/*/.

11


13/177


Rumusan Kesahan

# odel $lasi$al meng$ategori$an $esahan

$e!ada bebera!a %enis iaitu $esahan

$andungan, $esahan ber$aitan $riteria dan

$esahan $onstru$&gagasan.

'Setia! s$or mestilah sah dan boleh

di!ercayai. (a$tor yang menentu$an

$esahan s$or adalah rele"an dan

$ecu$u!ca$u!an

)re!resentati"eness*.

atau mewa$ili

+ Rele"an S$or hanya a$an men%adi

rele"an a!abila itemyang dibina

mene!ati $um!ulan sasar, %adual s!esifi$asiu%ian, $uri$ulum, $onte$s dan situasi serta

aras $esu$aran yang dihasrat$an.

-Cu$u!ca$u!an atau mewa$ili tem

yang dibina %uga henda$lah mewa$ili

ca$u!an $uri$ulum, $e!elbagaian item,$e!elbagaian cara !enyoalan dan !elbagai

aras $esu$aran yang dihasrat$an.

/S$or yang di!eroleh dari item atau

instrumen yang ditadbir$an $e!ada

1&

murid. S$or yang tida$ sah memberi $esan

yang besar terhada! $redibiliti dan integriti

sesuatu sistem !endidi$an.


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1.,.& Konsep Ke!olehper*a%aan

Ko%&#* m9 // o *! *!* +&+* *+%* o /+ *+ m*!!m* &+/ %o* %m & #*!

/+/.

Ko%&#* o /+ &+ *!* /*+m* &*+/* #*!/!**. A /*+m* /+ +%-+% &+ mm/* o #*!o*/+* & o*! %o* 9/ 9/* /+ /m/% %*! %/ *!**/* w +/ &*m* &*!%m* *+ 9*! m 9/* /+/m/%C

R9 2 m**9* :+o #*! m**+* o%&#* o.

K o % & #*

KETEP ATA N

S o

KETEKA LA N

R9 2

So #*! +&+ /&o% &/% o*! m*&+ o #*! +% %m &*+/* #*! /+ %*! %/ %m * #*! m. So #*!+% &% /&o% &/% + /*+m* /+/ %/-%/ &

&%!/ m&%* * m*!/%* o #*! m + m&/ m+/& %/ /+/*.

S%/*# o +/ o*/+* /* o% &mo% &+/%"** **!*, /* /*+m*, oo+ * !/*#.Ko%&#* 9! /+ *!* o*& +*!!*!9w* +*+/%/+/, +/%* * o*/+**. D%m % /*/, o%&#*&+ /!** *+ m*% o%* %o* *!* %/ +&+.So*! #*! o% /&#/ *# mm/%// m /:+ /+.

1,


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R9 3 m**9* o*& * * o%&#*.

Tidak boleh percaya

dan tidak sah

Boleh percaya

tetapi tidak sah

Kesahan rendah

Kebolehpercayaan rendah

R9 3

Boleh percaya

dan sah

I*+m* &*+/* 9! *# mm&*#/ /:+-/:+ #*!mmo%* o #*! //%* /&#/ * m*.

Ko%&#* 9/* /+ !/ 9 +%**+ &*!* +& + *.

S!/ o*+o, ! /*# & ! mm&o% &*!* #*!m +& + * #*! /+/m*! &/% m*!!**

&*/m*! #*! ? + *!* m*!!** &*/m*! #*! m%m m #*! ?.

D%m &*!* &*&/* %o* &%, ! & ! &+* 9/** +% !/ 9/* #*! m *+ #*! /+/* & m&%*#*! m & m #*! ?.

Ko*& +o/ &*!9/* m*#+* w o /& 7obser"ed score8, //+ o #*! /&+/ /& o*! %o* %m + 9/*mm&*#/ om&o**.

1-


16/177



D om&o** ++ /%

78 So * 7true score8- * * o%* %o*

78 So %+ 7error score8- /* o% %+ + &*!*

Skor di*erap :

Skor se!enar ; Skor ralat

T 0 T 1 2

3 4

T 0 Skor dicerap

3 T 0 4 Skor sebenar

2 0 Skor ralat

O% /+, /+ o% mm+ *!!&* w +/ o #*! m*9/* * !/ o%* o*!.

P%/ o%&#* %%*# /w/%/ o% *omo #*! */%/ *+0 /*!! 1 #*! m**9* +/%* + 9/*.

Anastasi (1961), Thorndike (1969),

Dick & Hegerty (1971), Martuza

(1977), Karmel & Karmel (1978),

Hopkins & Stanley (1981),

mengemukakan tiga kaedah

untuk menghitung pekali

kebolehpercayaan sesuatu ujian,

iaitu:

78 K T+ - R++

78 K B*+ S%/

78 K B% D

1


17/177


1.,.&.1 8aktor Mempenaruhi

Ke!olehper*a%aan

P%!/ :+o #*! mm&*!/o%&#* o 9/*. A*+

7///8 Pm&%* /+m

I+m-/+m #*! /!** %m+ 9/* % *+ m*!9/!/* +/+ #*! m*9/

#*! &*+/*! /% &+*9 & o%*

7/8 Tm&o 9/*o*!. O% /+, /+m ++*% m&* m&%mw/%/ %* +/+ +*+*!

Sm/* &*9*! +m&o 9/* o%* o*!. Pm/%/*&++*# m/* +/*!!/ #*! +/ +&+ m*#*o%&#* o 9/* /+* +m&o 9/* &+mm/* &m&%* #*!%/ / / !/ +/*! %#*! * /, m%* o*! /!*!! o% +*.

7//8 R%+ w

P+/ o*! -

%*# "/* %+ &*!*.A/+*#, o 9/* /+ +/ o%/&#/.

7/"8 Komo!** /+m

I+m 9/* #*! omo!* /% /+m-/+m #*! mm&*#/ &m*/ !/ &+/ + &%*! *+ /&/%/. B!/ 9/* *+ o9+/:

m*!/+ * %/%/*!*#. * &/%/*, &/%/* 9w&*

S*! &* #*! % m+/% omo!*. '% /*/ m*&+ m*#* &+/ +/&-+/& o&#* m+/% /+*

. M/%*#, m 9/*,+/-+/ *#/ //*! / %/%/*!

*+ + m %/* * #+/* *+ /&/%/ o% %o*.

%o*. K* /*/ *m*#* &* o**+/%o* * "/* o %+ *mm&*!/ o "/* #*!/&. ;o*+o %/* %+ w % &+/ /+, %+/, +!*!*

mo/ * /.

P/ &*+/ #*! m*!*%/*

9/* *% m*#/** * &/+* 9/* #*!/ + &+* &*+/*9/* #*! m&*.

1/

Jw&* * /++o *#+/ / /*!! %o* #*! /9/+%% m m*!*% &+/

9w&* + * 9w&*.

K+/omo!** o&#* o%m*99* o%&#* o 9/*.

7"8 A* & /+m

A* +/ 9% & /+m +/*+m* m*#* m/ %/* +/ mm/* &o* #*!/+*.


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7"/8 L +/ /*!* oo+ m/

7"//8 T* /+m

7"///8 S9+/"/+/ &*/%/

S9+/"/+/ &*/%/ + &*+/ ++m %m & 9+/:. I*/

+m% m/* +T* /+m #*! +/ /m*!m*!/+ *. B/%*!*/+m #*! +%% *# !/ /+m

* +/*!!/ + * * %m +-+/*+m* * m*!/%* o #*! +/ +&+.

&*!%m* &*/%/, %+/* #*!/+/m o% &*/%/, mo/ &*/%/* +& /+* &*/%/ +/m%** +!* &*o*.

S!/ m*, * * o%&#* mm&*#/ *!*&+ *+ + m %/* * /*:* #*! /+ /& o #*!

o% /&#/ +/ m+/*# * %/*# /*:* #*! /+

/& o #*! m+/*# o% /&#/.

R9 4 m**9* *!/+ * *!* o%&#*.

Ke!olehper*a%aan

7K+%* + +*& /%&* w8

Kesahan

7T*& /+

/%&*/+m+/8

T/*!!/

R*

T/*!!/ R*

N/%/ *

K&+* /& &%!/ &*!*

R9 4

13


19/177


1.,., Baaimana Menurankan

Ralat Penukuran

7/8 A* & /+m * /*+m**% 9%, +&+ *m.

7//8 Tm&o 9/* / *!* /%*!* /+m * * /+m$9/*.

7///8 L m*&+/ oo+.

7/"8 Pm&%* /+m *%mw/%/ %/+&* /%m *

/%*!* /+m mm/ !/+/& om/* #*! /9/.

7"8 T* /+m *+/*!!/, * * **% / * /m*!m*!/+ &/*/& #*!/++&*.

7"/8 P*+/* 9/* +w% *+*.

7"//8 P+* &m* %/o9+/: * m /:m/.

7"///8 P * ! / % * / * + m *

&*+/* #*! %/ +%/+/ *+w%.

7/F8 P*/%/ + &*+/ //*%+/* * m/* #*!m*&/.

7F8 U9/* *% /+/*%m * #*! / //+m*!/+ m #*! /++&*,

/& !*!!*$//*!* %*!-%*! *+

m*!%* &*/&*.15

nfo Ring$as

Kebolehpercayaan

1 5onse!$eboleh!ercayaanadalahmeru%u$$e!ada$ete$alan sesuatu instrumen a!abila

ditadbir$an. Satu6satu instrumen

diangga! boleh di!ercayai se$iranya

menghasil$an $e!utusan yang sama

setia! $ali ditadbir$an.

2 (a$tor yang menentu$an

$eboleh!ercayaanadalah

$ete!atan dan $ete$alan.

3 5ete!atannstrumen yangm e m ! u n y a id a r % a h$eboleh!ercayaan yang tinggidiandai$an mem!unyai s$or yang

lebih te!at tentang seseorang murid

itu. ni ber$ait ra!at dengan ralat

!engu$uran di mana inde$s ralat !engu$uran yang lebih $ecil memberi

ma$na lebih tinggi dar%ah

$eboleh!ercayaannya dan lebih

te!at memberi$an ma$lumat dan

ramalan tentang murid.

4 5ete$alan (a$tor ini !entingu n t u $m e n % a m i n$eboleh!ercayaan s$or teta!i

s$or yang te$al tida$ semestinya sah,bergantung $e!ada fa$tor6fa$tor

yang wu%ud semasa s$or itu

di!eroleh. 7i$a sesuatu instrumen

ditadbir$an ber$ali6$ali $e!ada

! e l b a g a i $ u m ! u l a n d a n

menghasil$an s$or yang sama atau

ham!ir sama setia! $ali ditadbir$an

menun%u$$an instrumen tersebut

mem!unyai dar%ah $eboleh!ercayaan

yang tinggi.


20/177



1.- Konstruk

Ko*+ /% & #*! /+/ + /. Ko*+ 9!m&* /m*/ m*/ #*!

*+ o*/+ + +

Ko*+ *+ o*/+ o%/%/+ m+ &+/+/*!!/, + * %/*-%/*.

;o*+o

J//m T/*!!/

Ko*+ *+ + +/ o% /%/+ m+

O%

P*!+*

Km/*

N/%/ + /&

/+, o*+ m*9/

//+ #*! /+* *!* &*!+*, m/* * /m*/ #*! /*!/* /*!**+ /m*!* m%%/ /%*/%/ + /&. &m%9* + m+

Menikut E!el 17372, &*%/ /+m*% 9% +*+*! &

&oo %m m*!/%* 9/* //+

m**+* apa %an inin diukur,* mm+ &+* !aaimana

menukurn%a.

&%9*. Ko*+ #*! / %m /*+m* &*+/* !/+ m+ &%9* /*% &+/

* S+* P%9* 7SP8, **# /& '/* S+*P%9* 7'SP8 + + m+

&%9* ++.

17


21/177


D%m S+* P%9* &%, +m&+ #*! m*9/ 9* +m %mm*!*% &+/ o*+ /% Matlamat *

Ko*+ #*! /+/ o% /+!o/* &

Konstruk

Penetahuan

Ko*+ /*/m*! 9

m* m/ :m* + &

%& m%%/ &o &m%9*.

;o*+o P*!+*

+*+*!+m/*o%o!/

P*!+*+*+*! mo:o%o!/

P*!+*

+*+*! :+ P*!+*

+*+*! +* P*!+*

+*+*! &/*/&* !*%//

P*!+*+*+*! +o/ *++

&9

Kemahiran

Ko*+ /*/m*! 9

m* m/ &#m%* +

%& m%%/ &o &m%9*.

;o*+o Km/*

m*!&%// Km/*

mm+&+*

Km/*mm*/*! ?

Km/*m*!&%//m%m+

Km/*m*!*%//

Km/* m*/%/

Nilai dan Sikap

Ko*+ /*/m*! 9

m* m/ /+ o%mm&m* *m*!m%* /&#*! &o/+/: %&

m%%/ &o

&m%9*.

;o*+o Pm//* !%o%

7&m//* /+/* +/:8

P*!#+* *m%* */%/m*/$

B+/


22/177



1.-.1 (iri Konstruk =an Berkualiti

!2 Boleh diukur

T& + o*+ %m // m/ &+ /+*+*

d2 Rele$an B/+* *!* &- & #*! /&%9/ o% m/ 9

1.-.& >omain Koniti"

To*om/ O9+/: P*//*B%oom 71


23/177


P #*! /&o% +/ *&. Ke"ahaman

m*9/ !/* /&++ &*!+* %m m*+% K:m* /% o%* o!*/+/: o*!. J/ &*!+* /+ #*! m%/+* &*!!**//m&* %m /*!+* +*& &*!+* +*& /+/ *! &m//* %*9+, * +/ mm%* + +/

&*!+* /+ * % !/m%m+ #*! &%/*! //+!***# & /*/"/ /+.

mm/%* /m&%// +& &*!+* ++.

B%oom * *-**#M%m+ /*/ o% /%* mm!/* :m* &m% %m *+ % &/%/9/ *!* m*!!** /+m #*!

*+ &*!/*!+* m% +%%. B%oom * *-**#mm!/* &*!+* &

& om&o** /% &+/#*! /+

/. P*!+* +*+*!+m/*o%o!/

//. P*!+* +*+*! :+

+/! m/* o!*/+/:, //+ &*+9m*, /*+&+/ *+&o%/.

a2 Penter)emahan

P*+9m* /% o%*

m*#+* + o*&

#*! /+/ *!* &+*

+ /mo% #*! %/*.

A*+ +/"/+/ #*! m%/+*///. P*!+* +*+*! :m* & &/*!+

&%?/m*$o*"*/o*%

/". P*!+* +*+*! +*

". P*!+* &*!%** +!o/

"/. P*!+* +*+*! /+/

"//. P*!+* &m+oo%o!/$

"///.P*!+* +*+*! &/*/&* !*%//

/F. P*!+* +*+*! +o/* ++

&&

&*+9m* /%

M*+9m %/+%/& + &

%/*

M* /& *+ /mo% & *+ "%+ %/*#

Mm %-G*

Mm o m?/


24/177



!2 Interpretasi

I*+&+/ /% o%* m*!*! /+ !/*-

!/* %m + + om*// * m*#+* %m

*+ %/* 7"% + !:/8 *!* m*!%* m*

+ om*// /+.

A*+ +/"/+/ #*! m%/+* :m* & &/*!+ /*+&+/ /%

M*#+* &*#+*, &/+/w

+ o*& *!* m*!!** o%* #*! +*//, m*!

* + o*+ %*# +

m/*!**# +*& m*!

m* * +9* %.

M*!/*+&+/* *

!:/ &+/ !:,

+, &+, 9%, +*

& *+ "%+ %/*#.

Mm&9% m ++ *!/ +

* o*+.

&,isi_Kemahiran_Aras_Tinggi_TERBARU_jus._Layout 1 12/16/13 2:32 PM Page 32

Nm*


25/177

m/

m/ o%*2 Ekstrapolasi

E+&o%/ /% m/*#*! m%/+* /*+&+/

++&/ m%m&/ m%m+

m*!!** &*!+* ++*+ m*#%/* &m%*#*! . '% /*/ * +

&m%* #*! m*!**!/ //+ %m* #*!

#*! +&+ %m +

om*// **. Km/*

?%m*#.

/& m%

/*/ m*!/%* m%*,

/*:* + *!!*S!/ o*+o, m/ +/ o%*# m** *m + *!

* &m+/*,

&*!%m*, o, +*

*+ m*#%/* &m%* .

+

+ + +* %. D%m /+/ /*/, m/ m*!!** /, o*&, &/*/&,+o/, m, &o *

A*+ +/"/+/ #*! m%/+* !/*# #*! +% /&%9/:m* & &/*!+ *+ m*!+/ ++&o%/ /% &m%* %m /+/ .

Mm+ /m&%* w%T/*! % m/ !/

/& &m+/*, &*!+* * &*!%m*

Mm+ m%* *+, + + !:

Mm+ 9*!* * *+/** %m + /+/

,. Aplikasi

A&%// /% o%* o!*/+/: %m m*!!** &/*/& *!*%// +*+*! + m%

m*#%/*+ +!* & &/*!+ /*/ % &+/

#*! /+

M*!*% &+/ +!* /+m

/. m**+* 9*/ ** +!* #*!//*

//. m*!+&/* & #*!

+/ /+*///. m*#* m% %m

*+ + o #*!m /%/*

%m /+/ . M*!/*!+/ &/*/& +

P &/*!+ /*/, m/ +% &*mm&*#/ &*!+* /

!*%// #*! /+**+ /!**

* &*!%m* %&.

&-

M%*

m%

&*#%/*


26/177



A*+ +/"/+/ #*! m%/+* &%// &/*/& * !*%// &*#%/*m% /%

Ko%* m*!*% &+/

&/*/& + !*%// #*!

/+* *+ m*#%/*

m% %m /+/

M**+*

%/*!*!* &/*/& +

!*%// /+ / *+

/!**

M**!* :*om*M*!*% &+/

&*!%/* +*+*!

!*%// *+

m*#%/* m%

Mm/*

9+/:// +& +

+/** + &+* %m m%

#*! *!* m*!!**

&/*/& + !*%//

#*! **

#*! *!*m*!!** &/*/& +

!*%//

Mm%* & #*!

* % *!*

m*!!** &/*/& +

!*%// **

&


27/177


-. Analisis!2 Analisis Perkaitan

A*%// /% o%* o!*/+/: *+ mm/* + +om*// & %m* +

!/*-!/**# /*!! + *+ &+%/* *+ %m* + !/* #*! mm/* +om*// /+ &+ /%/+ *!*

9%.

B%oom m-m *!***# mm!/* m/*m*!*%// & +/! &/*!+//+ *%// %m*, *%//

&/+* * *%// o!*//.

a2 Analisis Elemen

A*%// %m* /% m/*

m*!*% &+/ & &oo

#*! +&+ %m +

+ om*// &+/ *!!&*, &**!*, /:+, :*!/, */%/

* !/*#.

A*+ +/"/+/ #*! m%/+*m/* m*!*%// %m*/%

M*!m * m*!*% &+/ :+ /&

&*#+* + om*// M*!m /m&%*

/& &*#+* #*!m*#oo*!*#

M*!*% &+/ *!!&* #*!+/ /*#+* &%//+ %m + om*//

M*!*% &+/ mo+/: %m%/*

&/

A*%// &/+* /% m/*mm&%/+* %/*! /+**+ %m* + !/*

%m + + om*// &+/

&/+*

/&o+/ *!* &m+/*,

*!!&* *!* 9, *

/+ * !/*#.

A*+ +/"/+/ #*! m%/+*m/* m*!*%// &/+*/%

M*!*% &+/ &/+* 9*!* /m&%*

M**+* /*/&o+/ *!* m%m+#*! //* * *!!&*#*! /+

M*!*% &+/ + & #*! %"* *!* &*/%/*

M*!*% &+/ &/+* * /+ %m +

&/+/w 9

M*!*% &+/ &/+* * * %m:*om* o*om/


28/177



*2 Analisis


29/177


. Sintesis

a2 Penhasilan Set Komunikasi

S/*+/ /% m/* o!*/+/:#*! m*!!*!* %m*-%m* * !/*-!/**+ mm*+ + +om*//. P/*!+ /*/ m%/+*

&o m*#* *m*!!*!* + *+ mm*+ ++, &m*+ o #*! +/ 9%%m*#.

=an 0nik

P/*!+ /*/ /+* *!*

m/* *+ m*!/%*

&o &+/ %/*,

+%/*, /, &/m* +

!/*#.

A*+ +/"/+/#*!

m%/+*

B*/*! *!* m/* m/* &*!/%* +

o!*/+/:, m/* /*+/ %/ /:+ &m//* & *

om*// #*! */ /%

+/:, //+ 9w&* + M*!m* / &m* m/ ! **/.

B%oom m-m *!***# mm!/* m/*

/*+/ & +/! &/*!+, //+ &*!/%* + om*// #*!*/, &*!/%* *!* + +o&/ * &*!/%* + +

&+%/* & +.

&5

&*%/* + &**!* o!*// #*! /

M*%/ &*, /+,*!* + &//

M*/&+ %!


30/177



!2 Penhasilan (adanan Satu

Set


31/177


/. Penilaian

P*/%/* /% m/* o!*/+/: #*! &%/*! +/*!!/ %m To*om/ B%oom.P*/%/* /% o%* mm+ &+/m*!* *!* m*!!** * /+/ #*! &/w/ *+ m**+* /*, +&+*,&*, ** +*+*! */%/, m*, &*&+, &*#%/*,

&o, &o * !/*#.

B%oom m-m *!* *-

**# mm!/* o%**+ mm+ &*/%/* &

&/*!+, //+ &*/%/* *

"/* %m* * &*/%/* * "/* %*.

a2 Penilaian Berdasarkan E$idens

>alaman

P/*!+ /*/ /% m/*

!2 Penilaian Berdasarkan E$idens

Luaran

P/*!+ /*/ /% m/*mm+ &+/m*!* +&

+ /% 9 */+/ * &/w/* #*! /mo% /*/"/ #*! m/ %m

/*! **. A*+ +/"/+/#*! m%/+* m/* m*/%/

* "/* %* %

m m + & + / m * ! * *!* m*/%/ %/+/ /%m*!!** m%m+ %m ++ om*//.

A*+ +/"/+/ #*! m%/+*m/* m*/%/ *"/* %m* /%

M*!*% &+/ +&+*,

&m* */ */+/.

H%!/m*&* & +*1


32/177



R9 5 m**9* &*m/* #*! +% /%* o%

Lo/* A*o*.

Terminoloi Asal

P*/%/*

S/*+/

A*%//

A&%//

K:m*

P*!+*

KATA NAMA

Terminoloi Baharu

M*/&+

M*/%/

M*!*%//

M*!&%//

Mmm/

M*!/*!+

KATA KER4A

7 8erdasar$an Pohl, '999, :earning to Thin$,Thin$ing to :earn, !.;8

R9 5

,1


33/177


Lo/* A*o* m* &*!!** + *m & + 9 *

+& ++/*!!/ %m &m//* o!*/+/: % m*/&+. R9 6m**9* +o*om/ B%oom #*! /m m%.

MEN(IPTA

M*#+* %m* *+ mm*+ / +

++ #*! M/&+, m*!!*!*, m*!, mm/*

PEMIKIRAN

ARAS

TINGGI

MENILAI

Mm+ &+/m*!* * /+/ #*!

&/:/ M*!/+/, mm+ /&o+/, mm/ 9$&*&+,

mm+ &+*

MENGANALISIS

M*/** m%m+ & om&o**-om&o** *+ mmm/ ++ o!*//*# * &*!*

*+ om&o**Mm*/*! ?, m*!, m*#%/* m%,

m*!/*

MENGAPLIKASI

M*!!** m%m+ %m /+/ #*! M**9 , m*9%**, m*!!**

MEMA'AMI

M**!* / + o*&M*!/*+&+/*, m/*!*, mm, m*!%,

m**!*

MENGINGATM*!/*!+ m% m%m+

M*+/:, m*!*% &+/, m*#*/*, m*m, m%%

R9 6

S%/* +o*om/ B%oom, +&+ 9! To*om/ SOLO #*! //* o%

B/!! * ;o%%/ 71


34/177



a2 Tahap Prestuktural

P +& /*/

!2 Tahap 0nistruktural

D / & / * ! + / * /o*! m/ o%m m + & / + *m % m + , + +

%m* #*! //*++&/ ++ & ++ &, + +

m % m + # * ! o * / + 9 . M / + /

m m & * # / : m *

#*! m*%m * m* +*+*! &/+*++.

o*! m/ +/ mmm/ *!

&m%*, m%m+ + & # * !/m*. M%m+#*! /%/+ +/ /+*,+ / + * *

+&/.

*2 Tahap Multistruktural

M/ / &/*!+ /*/m m / % / / m m & *

m*!*!/+* *#

m%m+ + + ?++&/ &*!* ++%*# *! +&+.M/ &# mm+/m&%* * + %/ m%m+ #*!o*/+. I*/"/ 9! &#mm/* &o* +&m% *!* &++!/ #*! +&/.

,,



35/177

d2 Tahap Relational M / m m & * # /

:m* #*! m*%m+& m%m+, + +%m* #*! /m* + & # m * ! * ! / + *

m m%m+, + +%m* ++

& * +* /#*! m* + o*&.M/ o% :// /*+/:, mm+ /m&%**!* * *m%m+, + + *#*! /m*.

,-

e2 Tahap A!strak

Lan)utan

M/ &#* :// o*&+%,mm& m*!*!/+-* * 9 %m

& #*! **++&/ 9! %m /*!

/ % 9*!*.M/ &+ mm+! * % / / , : / /

/ * + / : *

+ / : , & +m*!* *!* + / : , m m + / & o + / , m * /

/ m & % * *m*&**# &/+/ .


36/177



1.-., >omain A"ekti"

To*om/ #*! %?/m /!**!/ &**!* o*+ #*!m*! om/* :+/: +% //*o% K+wo%, B%oom * M/71


37/177


1.-.- >omain Psikomotor

To*om/ #*! %?/m /!** !/ &**!* o*+ #*!m*! om/* &/omo+o //* o% A*/+ 'ow 7128. To*om//*/ mm&*#/ %/m //+

//. P!*

/. P!*:%+/:

>omain

Psikomotor

". P!*m/ /". K&#*

:/?/%

///. K&#*

&&/

D &+m / + m*! &!* mm #*! &++ //o% +/& *-* #*! *om%. P** ! % &*+/*! %m

mm&m*! m/* %/* #*! %/ +/*!!/.

S%/* +o*om/ #*! /m*, +&+ 9! +o*om/ #*! //* o%

& &*!9/ * &*+/ %/* &+/ Ew Bo*o, '%#*, (!*

* %/*-%/* ++&/ &*!!***# +/ m%. Pm/* /*+m*

&*+/* *# m*o/ * + mm/* +o*om/ #*! &+mm&+/*!+* /*! &*+/* / */ /*/.

,/


38/177



1. Konteks

Ko*+ + +9 % +m&+ &*+/* + o*+ /+/%**. I m&* !/*-!/* ++*+ m+ &%9* */*% &+/ /& S+* P%9*. Ko*+ %?/m*# /*#+*m*!/+ w* ++*+ %m + /*!. U*+ mm+/* %/&+*#*! m*#%, o*+ /*# /!/* & &o*+.

1./ Aras Kesukaran

D/+*+* * +/! &

P/*!+ &*!+* + m/* 7 :e"el of $nowledge or s$ills8

K%?/m* 7 (amiliarity8

K*m* 7Com!le>ity8

R9 > m**9* +/! & #*! /&+/m*!* %m m**+* * + /+m KBAT.

Aspek

Tahap Penetahuan

atau Kemahiran

Kelaiman

Keren*aman

A7 8asic8

L?/m

7 (amiliar 8

R/*!

7Sim!le8

Aras Mudah

R9 >

Aras Sukar

L*9+*

7 Ad"ance8

B

7 No"el 8

R*m

7Com!le>8

Semakin ke kanan, semakin tinggi kemahiran berfikir diperlukan oleh murid

untuk menjawab item/soalan, maka semakin sukar aras kesukaran item/soalan

berkenaan.

,3


39/177


1.3 Kata Tuas

K+ +! /% + 9K+ +! mm&*#/

#*!

++&+

/+m &#*!

/+* #*! *!+ &+*!* o9+/: &*+/*

:*!/ *+ #*! m*!!** /+mm*#+* +!* **. K+ +!#*! * /m&/* o% mm#*!*o% &*%/ /+m. K+ *m* +!*

,5

+! m*!*%o* *+ mm/*&o* #*! 99*!* +!* /+m.

O% /+, &m/%/* *

&*!!** + +!#*! / & +/+m % *!+ &*+/*!.

K!!%* m*!!**

+ +! #*! +&+*!* + &*%/ /+m

* m*!/+* %o*

!!% mm/* &o*

&+/ #*! /+*

%m /+/ &*o*.

+ /+m. H% !/m*&*, + +!

*% !/ +

o9+/: &*+/* 9.

'% /*/ m//* *+&+ + +! #*!m &/% //+**!* +!* /+m #*!

%/** * m*!/%*

9*/ &o* #*! %/**

&%.

T&+ + +! #*!&+ // *// *+

m*#+* +!* /+m.

H% !/m*&*,

+&+ + +! #*!mm%* oo*!*/& & &+*

%/* *+ m*9/*

&*#m&/* +!* /+m

++ %/ 9%.


40/177



(ontoh Kata Tuas

Bil. Kata TuasRespons =an >iharapkan

1

2

A*%//*

A*!!*

Mm+ &*#+* +&/*/ +*+*! +

& + & #*! /om*//*Mm/* */%/ *+/++/: #*! /*!!&/ *!* o*+ *

&+/m*!*$//++*+

+ &*!+*

3 A& Mm/* m%m+ #*! +

&/:/ 4 B!/m* Mm&/%*$mm/ &**!* +*+*!

$*$%*!$9/*5 B*/*!* M*#+* + m*9%* &m*

* &?* *+ + %/ &

6 B*!** M*!/%* + + $&o!m

>

=

<

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

B?*

B/%B/**

B/**!*

B+/*

B+*

B**

;*!*

;/

;++*

m*!!** &//*$ #*! /m*!/+ %*!-%*! ++*+M*#+* %/**$+/m* *+

+ %/ &M*#+* m$w+$+* &o Mm+ + m*!!** $%+++*+

Mm/ &**!*$&**!* /& &%!/ & M*#+* ** *!* %/%$o*+o$:+ !/ oo*!*-oo*!*

M*!m* &*#+* #*! o% /9/* /&o+/ /**#

Mm+ &*!m&/* !/ + */%/ &9/+* ++*+

Mm/ &**!*$/$&*&+ *!*mm&+/m*!* & &o/+/: + *!+/: Mm/* + */%/$*$& m*!*% &+/ *!* m*!!** ++*+ + m*!/+*! /*!Mm* + mo* +m%m+

,7


41/177


1>

1=1<

20

2122

23

24

25

26

2>

;/&+*

;/**D/*

D:/*//*

D/ m*)o*

)om+*

(%*

(m/-

*(/*

'/+*!*

M * ! / % * $ m w 9 * $ m * / + *

+ *!* # ://* + /m!/*/ +

+/"/+/M*!/* + & !/*Mm+ /m&%* * +Mm/ +*!* #*! /*!+ ++&/ 9%+*+*! m* + &+* $/+/%$+m/*o%o!/M*#+* +m&+$*

Mm/ &**!*$&*#+* *!*m*m&* & + & ++*+M*#/*$m*#* m%m+ m*!/++ &/*/&$&o$&+* ++*+

M*!/* &/+/w + :+ o*o%o!/Mm/ &**!* *!* m*!!**!m 9

Mm/ // &*+/*! mm *+ + &o$+/**Mm/ */%/ *++/: *!* m%**%!o/+m 7%*!-%*! ++*+8 +

m*!!** m2= '*!/+* Mm+ + &+%/* *

& //$:+o 2< '/* Mm&/%*$m*/+* + *!*

&*9*! %$+&/*/30 I%+/* M*9%* *!* o*+o$!m 9

$931 I*+&+/* Mm/ m%m+ + m* %/* !/

+ om*//32

33

34

35

-9

I/*

J%*

J%*

Km*

Mm** m%m+ #*! &/:/ / *!

#*! +%Mm+ ** +*+*! &$m%m+$

m*!/+ //-// + +* ++*+ #*!+% /++&*Mm/ &**!* +*+*! + *!*oo*!* &# m /:m/

Mm/ &*&+ m m*#oo*! +mm*!*!


42/177



36

3>

3=

3<

40

41

K*% &+/

K%/://*

L%*

L

L&o*

L*

Mm/ &+*9 + m%m* +&+ &$*$&*#+* #*!

/*%/ + /m *!* 9%M * ! m & % * $ m m ! / - ! / * $

m%%* + & + m&%*$+!o/ * m* %/+/$/+/$//$/:+

M*** *$+ mm/* &*!!/%*#*! &/:/ +& + 9* & 9$!:$+$/%+/ * !/*#Mm/ &m* *+ 9$!m 9$&+ * +/mm%* &/*/*Mm/+ m%m+ +*+*! +* %/* + +%/

M*#/* *!* + &# m*!* &**9$+o%o

42 L*!&* M*!//* m%m+$*/%/ #*! &/:/ &*! & 9%$9$#+ #*!//*

43

44

45

464>

4=

Lo*

L/

M*

M*!& Nm*

N/%/*

M%/ *!* !/*$o*!*$o+* &

w*$*+$*!* ++*+Mm/ &m* *+ !:/$9$

!m 9$!: !/ m*!!m* + * + & *!* m*!!** %+* m*!/+ * + % ++*+M*#+* &/%/*

Mm/ Mm/ &*!!/%* #*! &/:/ +& +

*$/+/%$+m/*o%o!/$&o

Mm+ &+/m*!* +& + &4< N#+* Mm/ 9w&* #*! &/:/ +*&

mm%*oo*!*

&**!* %*9+$/*$

50 O!*//* Mm+ + * & #*! +%/**! *+ /%**

51 O+* M*#* o *+ %+ m?/ o+ * o #*!

-1


52


43/177

P** Mm+ &*#/*

#*! +

* 9$/mo%$m%m+ +*+*! &*#+* *! &/://$:*!/$

53Pm* &%// + %/*#

M**9* &m* &*!* %m + &

+&

54

55

P*!*

P+/*

M**+m* !/* + m*!/+** &o #*! +%M%* &o m*#m*! *!*m*!!** + &m+/

56 P/*!+* Mm+ &m/*!+* & &m*!/+ $+& ++*+

5> P/%/ M**+* m%m+ #*! +/ 5=5<

P%o+Rm%*

M**$m%/ +/+/-+/+/ !:

Mm/ + */%/ #*! /9*!m* * &o% + o++*+

60 R*+* Mm+ !/ $%*$&%* +/**$ &o+o+/&$mo%

61

62

63

Ro*

R/*!*

Rm*

M*++* &+* 9/*$&/m*$+$

&m+/* m*!/+ :om+M*#+* + *!&*$&*#+*$

&+/* &*$&+ * m*!%*

**!* +m #*! %Mm+ + /m&%* *+$m%m+$&+/*

64 S** Mm/ &**!*$/ #*! o%

65

66

S/*

S%/*

/&%//* %m + /+/M * ! * $ m w 9 * $ m * # / & * $

m%*!&*$m*#* + m*!/+:om+ * &/*/& #*! ++*+Mm/ & :+$//$o*&$&/*/&$+o/ &/:/$*+ &o/* +*&mm/ *!*$&/+*$&**!*%*9+ !/ +/& +*#

6> S/& M*!*% &+/ /*/"/ %m o*+ ++*+6=

-&

S* Mm+ + +* *!* m*!!**$&/*/&$&%*$+m*


44/177



6<

>0

>1

>2

S#o*

T:/*

T/:*

T**

Mm/ &**!*$/$&*&+ #*! o%/&%//* %m + /+/ *!*

mm&+/m*!* & &o/+/: + *!+/: M*!% + * m%m+ #*!//Mm/ +*!* #*! /*!+ ++&/ 9%+*+*! m* + &+* $/+/%$

+m/*o%o!/M%+* /mo% #*! /*/

>3 T*+* Mm+ + &+* %&

>4

>5

>6

>>

T*+*

T*!*

T/+*

T9m*

m*!m/% / & & !/ &+/m*!*M*#+* **$+&+* +*!* mm/* +/M*#+* :+ *!* oo*!* +m*9%* + *!* Mm/* + *!* m**9* $ *+ m*m/*#M** + *+ om*// &

+ *+ om*// %/* +*& m*!

* mm&/%* m* om*// ++>= T*&o//* M*! * *o+ & * #*!

><=0

=1

T*T%/

T*9*

M*! + & *+$*/+ %/*M*++ :$*!$/mo% #*! +m*!/%* m%m+$/ *+ +M*#+* + *!* +/

=2 U/ Mm+ + &* *!*

=3

U m*!!** $&/*/& ++*+

M*!!** %+ &*! m*&+* */%/ * + */+*#

*+

=4 U% Mm/ &**!*$&*&+$om*$/+/ =5

=6

=>

U*!&*

U*9

H9

M*#+* + m+m %m *+ #*! /*/Mm/* !/* m*!/+ *9* + #*!

/++&*Mm+ &+/m*!* +& +

& *!* m*!m/% / &%!/ &

m /*, *, %/* +*!*

-,


45/177


Jadual di bawah menunjukkan hubungkait antara konstruk dengan

kata tugas berdasarkan Taksonomi Bloom yang disemak semula.

Konstruk

Menaplikasi

Menunakan

penetahuan6

!ahan6idea6

stratei6konsep6

prinsip6teoridalam situasi

!aharu

--

Kata Tuas6

Kata Ker)a Proses

M*!/+*! M*!/ Mo M**9 M*! / M*9* / Mm*!*

M*9%** M*#m*! M*!!** M*!/+% M*9% *!*

o*+o M*!*!! Mm/* M*#%/* Mm*/&%/

M*!9 Mm+ +* Mm&+/* Mm?*

M*!!** &*!* *!* m

M*#* m*!/++m*

Mm+ 9/*

M*+9m M*!&/m* M*+9m

Stem

B/ o*+o %/* !/

A /*/ %%m C

A& :+o #*!* * 9/ C

A& o%* #*!* * +*# 9/ C

D/& m%m+#*! , / + +*

K*#+* m*#*! %"* *!* C

A& #*! /&#/o% &*%/ C

A& *!**+ *!* C

A& /$ +m !/ C

A& m%*!*C


46/177



Konstruk

Menanalisis

Menasinkan

maklumat

kepada

komponen?

komponen

untuk memahami

dan mem!uat

perhu!unan

antara

komponen

Menilai

Me@a)arkan

keputusan atau

tindakan %an

telah diam!ilataupun menilai

idea6!ahan6

maklumat6

kaedah

!erdasarkan

kriteria %an

spesi"ik

Kata Tuas6

Kata Ker)a Proses

M*/** Mm/%/ M*//* M*% M*!/*!* Mm+ */* M*#%/*

m% Mm+ /m&%*

M*!w% &mo%

M*+:/ M*!/+/ M*#oo*! Mm Mm&+** Mw9*

M*!9/ M*!*

o*o*!* Mm+ &+* Mm*

Stem

A& :*!/ C

A& &*&+ *+*+*! C

A& */* *m*!*/ ...C

A& % *!!&*#*! C

Y*! m* %/ /$ &*+/*!$%o!/$

$/ ... C

A &*#%/*#*! / *+ C

A& &*&+ *+*+*! ... C

B!/m* *m*!*%/* C

A& *!* *+*+*! ... C B/ %*

A& * ... + C

A& &* * 9/...C

-



47/177

Konstruk Kata Tuas6

Kata Ker)a Proses

Stem

Mereka*ipta6

Men)ana Idea

Mena!unkan

idea6komponen

denan

menunakan

pemikiran %an

kreati" untuk

menhasilkan

idea6struktur!aharu

M*!!*!* M**! M/*!* Mm/* M*! M *+ M*/&+ M*!o*&/* M*!*%o!/ Mm+ !m*

m*+%

Bom*// M*!&/m* Mm+ /&o+/ M*:/*/*

o&/ M*m/ M*%/

Bo% * m

*+. C

(** **// *+

A& #*! % 9/ C

B!/m* %!/* o% +

*+ C

B!/m* * o% m*!9/ C

B& * o% C

1.5 Respons Murid

A&/% mm/* /+m, &*%/ /+m m+/ mm//* :om+ &o* #*! &% //* o% m/. )om+ &o* o% // %m *+/o+omo * &o%/o+omo.

D/o+omo /% m/

mm/ 9w&* +% +

%, + m *+

9w&* +% * oo*!$+/ m *+ 9w&*

%. R&o* /o+omo

% /* *!*

/+m &o* + *

/+m o9+/:.

-/

Po%/o+omo /% m/

mm/ &o* &%!/.

R&o* &o%/o+omo %

*+ /+m$+!* &o*

+ &+/ o%*m*9%** 9/ 9/ $&/m*,

mm&m* +/*,m*!/%* # %/*,m*%/ %&o* 9/*, /%

*!* +%/ * &o+:o%/o.


48/177



M/ * mm/* &%!/ 9w&*$m*!**! &%!/m*!/** 9w&* +%/.

R&o* /*/ * mm*+ ! mm/* &+*$m &m*#*! / !/ m*!*!* %+ %m &*!*.

1.7 Item

1.7.1 Konsep Item

I+m /% & + %+ #*!/!** *+ m*&+*&o* /& m/ !/"/* /% &m%9* #*!

o% /&+/m*!* %m &*+/* + o*+ + &m/* o*#.

1.7.& Komponen Item

T// /&

78 R*!*!*$+/m%

M*!**!/ m%m+ %m *+ &+/*, 9, 9%,%%.

7///8 P*!!** &%!/ *+ m%m+ 7mi>ed te>t 8 &+/!:, 9%, &+/*, :o+o, %%.

7/"8 P*!!** + #*! %/*!

/+* *+ + m %/*7multi!le te>t 8.

78 T!*

A& #*! &% //* !/

&o*.

78 A*

B!/m* mm/*&o*.

78 O&#* 7!/ /+m o9+/: * &/%/*8

P/%/* Jw&*.

R*!*!* +// /& &%!/ 9*/ //+

7/8 P*!!** + &**#$ +* 7continuouste>t 8. S+ #+ % */++/% * /*# #+-#+//* *+ m*9/ +

&*!!*.

7//8 P*!!** + * +* 7non continuous te>t 8.

78 P+* Pm*$SmP*o* 7!/ /+m 9+/:8

K &m/* o m m*!!** &*o* *%/+/%+ / o%/+/.

;o*+o om&o** /+m %&+/ /+

-3


49/177


(ontoh Komponen Item


50/177



(ontoh Komponen Item Su!)ekti"

S+m 7R*!*!*$+/m%, * * +!*8

M%m+ /+ /+* *!* + * +/+/%*o*om/.

Mm**!*! *!* m*/*!+

+*, * &++% m*! :

* /? +*/ *+ m*!*!* &/*9m*.

7/8 A& * +/+/%* o*om/ ++C1 m

7//8 B!/m* - #*! /*#+* &+m*!w% * +/+/%* o*om/ ++C

6 m

P+* Pm*

7/8 I*:%/

7//8 )1 M*/* :'1 Ko &/*9m* m*/*!+'2 Jm% &/*9m* 9+'3 Jm% +*!* m*/*!+

) - :+' - /*

)2 M*/* /? +*/'4 K&#* * &!*!*

mm/ &/*9m* 9+'5 Jm% &/*9m* 9+

'6 Pm/*+* %/ 9+'> P*w* w*! %m

o*om/ 9+m/mm 6 m

-7


51/177


1.7., Item Peninatan dan Item

Pemikiran

I+m o% /%/://* !/P*!/*!+* 7 Recall tem8 *Pm//* 7Thin$ing tem8.

I+m P*!/*!+* /% /+m #*!mm%* &*!/*!+* *+ m*9w*#. I+m &*!/*!+*m&* /+m * *m/ +/ mm%* KBAT *+

a2 Kelan*aran

Ko%* #*! /&m* m%%/ &*!/%* / #*! *#, &*&+, &**!* * ://* #*! /&m* m%%/%/*, !:/ + +%/.

!2 Kelu@esan

Ko%* m*!m*!* +mm&%!/* + /

m*&+* &o*, *# &**!*, ://* %mmm%* # /*!+*.

I+m Pm//* /% /+m #*!mm%* %o* m*!&%//*

m/* :// *+ m*9w*#.

M/ &% m%* & &o + +/*!+ &m//* &+/

m*!&%//, m*!*%//, m*/%/

&%!/ , +!o/ * &.

*2 Ke)elasan

Ko%* m*!/* /, &*&+, &**!* * ://* *!* +&/*/ /+m+/.

d2 Keaslian

* m*9* / %mm*#%/* + +!* #*!//. Km/* :// % %

* &%!/. Pm//* +/: *

&m//* /+/ % *+ 9*/

m/* :// #*! &%/&m*!* %m // &%9.

Pm//* +/: % /:+

!*+/:. I m%/+* &*!/%*

Ko%* m*!/%* +/, &*&+ * ://* #*!

, % / * *#m&%* /*/"/ 9 #*!m*!!***#.

O% /+ +/& /+m #*! m*!9/m/* :// m/ &%%

& /+/ +&*

&*!/* / #*! + Situasi6stimulus di!ekalkan+& + om*//.Pm//* +/: o% /%/+ m%%/ + Set penetahuan6kemahiran

/+/ &+/ %**,%w*, 9%* * %/*.Kw9* &m//* +/: o%

/%/+ m%%/ &+*9 ++*+.

9

+ Peluan !ai pen)anaan idea

+ Peluan menhasilkan produk


52/177



S%/*# Pm//* K/+/ % /:+ "%+/:. I m%/+* *%//#*! o9+/:, 9/+ * !/!/ +& +/& m%m+, + * om*//.

Pm//* /+/ o% /%/+ m%%/ /+/ &+/ o9+/:*, 9/+* *

!/!/*. Kw9* &m//* /+/ o% /%/+ m%%/ &+*9 ++*+.

1.7.- Item

*/ #*! //* + m*!m* &o* *//. O% "/* /&o% *!* ! * !m m o /+m mm&mm/* m%m % ! & /*/"/ +*+*! &m*!*//*# /&& o!*/+/:, :+/:, m/* * /&.

I+m o9+/: / /!** *+ m*+/ &*!+*, :m*,m/* /*+%+% * m/* ://.

K &*o* /% */ m //+ *# m%/+* + 9w&* +%, + m *+ 9w&* +% * oo*! m *+ 9w&*%. R&o* m/ % /:+ /o+om.

Kekuatan u)ian o!)ekti" se!aai instrumen pentaksiran

Mm& m%/&+/ o #*!

%

M #*! /&*+*

/!** ://*

P*o* o% /%*

*!* &+ * ://*

E"/* /&o% *!*! * !m m

o /+m mm& mm/

m%m % !

& /*/"/ m*!*/

&m*!* //*# /

& o!*/+/:, :+/:,

m/* * /&

Kelemahan u)ian o!)ekti" se!aai instrumen pentaksiran

H9 **!*

*+ m*

M/ +/ &+

m*!m* / *//

* &o* +

1


53/177


1.7.-.1 4enis Item

Item =an Ber!entuk

Memilih Respons

• Aneka Pilihan

• Aneka Gabungan

• Penegasan/Alasan

• Padanan

• Benar/Palsu

• Isi Tempat Kosong

• Pernyataan Betul/Salah

1.7. Item Su!)ekti"

Item =an Ber!entuk

Menemukakan Respons

• lsi Tempat Kosong

• Objektif Bergred

(?raded =b%ecti"e)

I+m 9+/: /% /+m #*! mm** 9+/"/+/ %m &o* #*!//*. I+m /*/ /!** &# %o* o% mm&m* %m*

&*!+* * m/* #*! /m/%//.

;%o* o% mm/* &o* *!* m*!m* &%!/ 9w&*

#*! /:+ &o%/o+om. O% /+, /+m /*/ mm& //* *+ m*!9/

+& o!*/+/: #*! %/ +/*!!/ &+/ m*+/ m/* m*!*%//,

m*/*+/ + mm+ &+/m*!* +*+*! + & #*!mm%* %o* m*!&%//* m/* ://.

I+m 9+/: 9! mm/* * #*! ! % & %o* *

9 / !/ mm&m* &o*, ++&/ 9! &*9*! + &*

&o* /+.

&


54/177



1.7..1 4enis Item Su!)ekti" I+m &o* + / *+ m*! o*+ #*! mm%*

I+m 9+/: +// /& +/! m/ m*!!** & *+, //+ I+m R&o* T om/*/ m/* &+/7 E>tended Res!onse8, I+m R&o* m*!/*+&+/, m*#%/*T 7R+/+ R&o*8 * m% * mm+ &+*.I+m B++ 7S++8.

78 I+m R&o* T

I+m &o* + % o*+o/+m 9+/:. I+m &o* +

/:+ &o%/o+om * m*!**!

M/&* !/+, 9 * /*/++% & &%* +!*,+/m% * &om&+ #*! //. I+m

9*/ /*/ mmo%* m/mm&m* &o &m//* /+/* +/: m & &*+/.

&%!/ m*!/** 9w&* P*o* o%/+/ %/ //& m/ +%/. I+m /!** *+ &o* #*!/*/ mm/* * & + * m/ &%m/ *+ m**! *mm*+ 9w&*. M/ m*!m* /, &*&+ *+*!!&* m, m*!o!*///, mm/* 9 #*! %o!/,mm*+*!* &*/%/*

&m//*, + m*!/+* &m//** &*.

Kekuatan item respons ter!uka

M*!*% &+/, mm/%/,

m*!o!*// *

mm&m*

+ & + /

%m *+ +om*//

M*#+ *m*!!*!* &%!/

&*!+*, / *

m%m+ /& &%!/

m &m%9*

m*!*%&+/ * mm/%/ // */ /& &*!+* *//,m*#* / * // /+ *+*# m*%/*# *!* #*! %o!/ * &+ /:m/. O%/+, &+* &m* #*!//* &%% 9%, +&/*/* om&*/:.

M*!/%* +

/ #*! %/

Mm+ &+/m*!*

* &*/%/* +*+*!+ / +

m%m+

M*o/ &%!/ &/%/*,

+ &*+*

!/ m*#%/* m%

,


55/177


Kelemahan item respons ter!uka

P*o* &o* &%9

/%* 9+/:

* o% mm/* *

%o

Mm%* m #*!

&*9*! *+ mm/ o

*/*! *!* /+mo9+/:

Mm%* &m/ #*!+%+/ *+ mm/ o

!2 Item Respons Terhad

Mm%* m/ m*%/*!* *+ +%/* #*!

9% * o% /.

B*+ +%/* #*!

*! 9% *

/ * m*#*

&m/ m*!&/

m% *+ mmm/

/ + m%m+ #*!

/m&/*. I*/ m*!/*

o% m*99* o

m/.

I+m &o* + &% **!* m*!* *+ *&o* m/. B*+ &o* /*# /* m%%/ o& #*! /o%* m #*! /&*+*.

M*% &*9*!*# &o* % / !/ *!* 9w&* #*!//*. B/*# /+m /*/ mm%* m/ mm/* &o* %m+ :, + & #+, + + &*!!*. I+m KBAT 9*/ /*/mm%* & m*!9/ m/* &%//, m/* mm+&+*, m/* m*#%/* m% * m/*-m/* %/*.

D*!* m*!* *+ * &*9*!*# &o* m/, &m*%/ +% * &+ m*/*!!/* o%&#* o 9/*.

I+m /*/ /!** &# m/ o% mm&m* %m* &*!+* * m/* #*! /m/%//. M/ o% mm/ &o**!* m*!m* &%!/ 9w&* #*! /:+ &o%/o+om. O% /+,/+m /*/ mm& //* *+ m*!9/ +& o!*/+/: #*! %/ +/*!!/&+/ m*+/ m/* m*!*%//, m*/*+/ + mm+

&+/m*!* +*+*! + & #*! m* mm%* m/m*!&%//* m/* ://.

-


56/177



P*o* o9+/: ! * &*o* *%/+/% %/ / /!***+ &o* #*! ! + / m* 9/+* * +&+* &o*

% /+m*.

Kekuatan item respons terhad

B&# mm:o* +!* /+m & +

+9* #*! .

Kelemahan item respons terhad

R&o* m/ %+. O% /+ /+m 9*/

/*/ *! &# *+

m*+/ m+*!*

&m//* m/

*2 Item !erstruktur

T/ &+

m*!m&%* "/*

#*! m*&/ +*+*!

m/* :// m/

Km*!/** *#

mm/* &o*

m*

I+m ++ % o*+o /+m 9+/: #*! mm** 9+/"/+/%m &o* #*! //*.

I+m ++ /% + // +!* /+m #*! /m* *!**

7/8 T&+ &/+* *+ +/& +!* *!* +/m%

7//8 T&+ &/+* *+ +/& // +!* /+m * &o* +/ #*!

//* m&* %* &o #*! **

I+m ++ mm*+*!* + /+/ + * & &%9

#*! m*!*/ &%9 mm/* &o* m&/ /+/ &m%9*-

&*!9*. I+m ++ o% 9! /!** *+ m*+/ &*!+* * m/* %m + & m %m /+/#*! m, om&%, %?/m * * %?/m. S+/m% #*! %?/m /!**

% %m *+ !m 9, 9%, + %/, !m :o+o * &+/*.


57/177


1.7.3 Rumusan

Se*ara umumn%a item %an !aik perlu mempun%ai *iri !erikutC

T&+ m*+/ & #*!

* /+/

T!* * * 9%

A#+ &*, &+, 9% *+ & m

K*/ 9w&* +/ /:+

&#*!, +%% mm, &%/*!

&*9*!, &%/*! m*o*9o%, &%/*!

%*!&

S+m +/ mm/ &**7%8 & 9w&* 7%/*!

/+m8 + wo o/+/o*

R*!*!* :*!/. I+mm+/ /* &*!*!*

T/ *!+/: !*

T+ +%

L / *!*oo+ m m&%*

M*!!** /+/% #*! /,+/*/ * /+/m mm

T%* +/ //&% / m*-m* m

/

T/ / 9*+/*, +*/,

m&%* o/o-o*om/, %o/

!o!:/

T/ m*#*+ % */+/:

!m, #, +*/ 7+*/8

P/%/* 9w&* omo!* /!/ &*9*! &/%/* 9w&*,

9*/, m&%*

M*#o% & #*! &*+/*!

/ !/ o*+ * /+/.

T/ w9 m*#o% & #*!

+%% +&*/% * +/

mm&*#/ &*+/*!*

J% ++ , #+,&/, +/%

T* *, : , :

/% *% +&+

Bo% m*//m/*/* m/

#*! %/** &#*. B*

/+m +%% **! //+ /+m

#*! /9*! o% /9w o%

m m/ + /+m +%%

#*! +/ o% /9w

o% m m/


58/177



1.19 Peraturan

Pemarkahan

B!/ /+m o9+/:, *# 9*/ #*!mm/%/ &o*, &+*

&m* /% om* #*!

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Panduan @alam Pemar$ahan&Pens$oran

1 ar$ah diberi henda$lah ber!andu$an $e!ada !eraturan !emar$ahan dan seadil yang mung$in. ar$ah yang di!eroleh calon henda$lah sete$al yang

mung$in su!aya u%ian itu boleh di!ercayai dan sah bagi memenuhi ob%e$tif

u%ian itu diada$an.

2 ar$ah diberi berdasar$an $ete!atan %awa!an yang diberi oleh calonmengi$ut $ehenda$ soalan atau tugasan ber!andu$an !eraturan !emar$ahan.

7i$a %awa!an yang diberi tida$ mengi$ut $ehenda$ soalan atau tugasan,

walau!un dari segi fa$ta betul, mar$ah tida$ a$an diberi.

3 7umlah mar$ah yang diberi bagi sesuatu soalan bergantung $e!ada tugasan yang di$ehenda$i oleh soalan dan !eraturan !emar$ahan. Sema$in rencam dan

su$ar sesuatu tugasan atau soalan itu, sema$in banya$ mar$ah di!eruntu$$an.

4 ar$ah yang diterima oleh calon se!atutnya sama walau!un $ertas %awa!annya di!eri$sa oleh !emeri$sa yang berlainan. =leh itu, bagi memasti$an !er$ara ini, !emeri$saan henda$lah sentiasa di%alan$an dengan meru%u$ $e!ada

!eraturan !emar$ahan yang disedia$an.

5 ar$ah yang diterima oleh dua orang yang sama $ebolehannya dalam !er$ara yang diu%i se!atutnya sama banya$ walau!un $ertas %awa!an mere$a

di!eri$sa oleh !emeri$sa yang berlainan. =leh itu, !enyelarasan !emeri$saan

ber!andu$an !eraturan !emar$ahan henda$lah dila$sana$an sebelum !roses

mar$ah diberi.

6 ar$ah diberi$an $e!ada %awa!an soalan yang menun%u$$an bu$ti !enguasaan $onstru$ yang diu%i sama ada tentang $onse!, fa$ta atau!un

$emahiran. 7i$a terda!at bu$ti tersebut, ma$a mar$ah henda$lah diberi$an tan!a

ragu6ragu.

> Pemberian mar$ah tida$ di!engaruhi oleh !er$ara lain yang tida$ ber$enaandengan tugasan atau soalan yang diu%i. Antara !er$ara yang

tida$ ber$enaan ialah as!e$ tulisan, $esila!an membaca

soalan, !engenalan calon dan emosi !emeri$sa.

//


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BAB 2PENULISAN ITEM

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o s e s p e n i l a i a n i n i

h a r u s ! e r a k h i r d e n a n

k e t e t a p a n s a m a a d a i t e m i t u C

+ > i t

buku panduan pentaksiran kemahiran berfikir aras-tinggi 2.docx

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