best practice for offshore platform...

BEST PRACTICE FOR OFFSHORE PLATFORM DEFORMATION SURVEY

USING GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM

MOHAMAD NAZRI BIN MASNAN

Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

DECEMBER 2015

BEST PRACTICE FOR OFFSHORE PLATFORM DEFORMATION SURVEY

USING GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM

MOHAMAD NAZRI BIN MASNAN

A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

Master of Science (Geomatic Engineering)

Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

DECEMBER 2015

iii

DEDICATION

To my beloved Mom and Dad, Wife and Kid and all the families..

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Assalammualaikum wbt. First of all thanks to Allah S.W.T for giving me a

beautiful and blessed life and giving me the chance to finish this thesis. I would also like

to take this opportunity to thank a number of individuals who have assisted me in

completing the paper.

To start it off, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisors, Associate

Professor Kamaluddin Omar for assisting me in this project and providing invaluable

advice, comment and guidance until the conclusion of the whole paper.

I would also like to acknowledge the Geomatics Department of PETRONAS

Carigali Sdn Bhd, especially Head of Department, Mr. Razali Ahmad, the two Technical

Professionals of the department, Dr. Martin Rayson and Sr. Safaruddin Kamaruddin for

their endless assistance and guidance during the process of completing the project and

the whole thesis. Without their constant support, the research would have not been done

in a proper and appropriate manner.

Last but not least, I would also like to express my appreciation and affection to

my beloved parents, Mr. Masnan Mohd Azir, and Mrs. Musalmah Md Kari, together

with my wife Mrs. Nor Izan Syahmi Zulkifli and both of my boy & girl, Mohamad

Shaquille Arean and Nor Kayla Reefqa, for being my pillar of strength and main

inspiration for me to go the extra miles in striving to complete this research as what it is

today.

v

ABSTRACT

Offshore Platforms are one of the most important assets for Oil and Gas Company, and

PETRONAS (Malaysia National Oil Company) is no exemption. Offshore platform started to be

built around 1970s in the Malaysian waters and some of these platforms are still in production

until today. Due to the age of some of these platforms that are already exceeding 30 years, there

are issues with the structural integrity, thus the necessity for measurement and assessment have

arisen. Pulai-A platform, one of PETRONAS platform located offshore Terengganu falls into

this category. The method chosen in this research for the platform survey is Global Navigation

Satellite System (GNSS), a highly precise solution to accurately demonstrate the real platform

movement in three dimensions with a proven track record and rapid emergence of geodetic

technologies and infrastructures in the global scale. The main objective of this research is to

analyze in details the two different survey campaigns carried out using different GNSS

methodology in 2006 and 2012. The research methodology used is by comparing the differences

in the GNSS data acquisition, processing and results between these two epochs. There is also a

study on project management impact for different GNSS technical approach, on how the new

technique could save cost and time. After the analysis, results show that up to 80% cost-saving

and 50% time-saving could be achieved by applying the new GNSS development into the

survey process. The research concludes that application of improved GNSS methodology would

certainly improve results and project quality. A best practice on how to use GNSS method to

measure old and existing offshore platforms is proposed, based on the improvement applied in

the 2012 campaign compared to the more conventional methodology in 2006. The proposed best

practice is meant to be the pioneer in a more formal guidelines establishment for offshore

platform survey using GNSS methodology in the future.

vi

ABSTRAK

Pelantar luar pesisir adalah salah satu aset yang paling penting untuk Syarikat Minyak

dan Gas, dan PETRONAS (Syarikat Minyak Nasional Malaysia) tidak terkecuali. Pelantar luar

pesisir mula dibina sekitar tahun 1970-an di perairan Malaysia dan beberapa platform ini masih

beroperasi sehingga hari ini. Oleh kerana usia beberapa platform ini sudah melebihi 30 tahun,

terdapat isu dengan integriti struktur pada pelantar, oleh itu keperluan untuk pengukuran dan

penilaian telah timbul. Pelantar Pulai-A adalah salah satu pelantar PETRONAS yang terletak di

luar pesisir Terengganu termasuk dalam kategori ini. Kaedah yang dipilih untuk kajian ini adalah

kaedah sistem navigasi satelit global (GNSS), iaitu penyelesaian yang sangat tepat untuk

menunjukkan pergerakan sebenar sesebuah pelantar dalam tiga dimensi yang mempunyai rekod

lepas yang terbukti, juga dipacu perkembangan pesat teknologi dan infrastruktur geodetik dalam

skala global. Objektif utama kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji secara terperinci dua kempen kaji

selidik yang berbeza dilakukan dengan menggunakan kaedah GNSS pada tahun 2006 dan 2012.

Kaedah penyelidikan yang digunakan adalah dengan membandingkan pengumpulan data GNSS

diantara dua epok dari segi pemprosesan data dan keputusan. Terdapat juga kajian mengenai

kesan pengurusan projek hasil pendekatan teknikal GNSS yang berbeza tentang bagaimana

teknik baru dapat memberi penjimatan kos dan masa. Selepas analisis, keputusan menunjukkan

penjimatan kos sebanyak 80% dan juga 50% dari segi penjimatan masa boleh di capai dengan

menggunakan pembangunan GNSS yang baru ke dalam proses pengukuran. Kajian dapat

disimpulkan bahawa dengan penggunaan kaedah GNSS terbaru, ianya akan meningkatkan

kualiti keputusan pengukuran dan juga kualiti projek. Dicadangkan satu amalan terbaik

penggunaan kaedah GNSS bagi tujuan mengukur pelantar luar pesisir yang lama dan sedia ada

dengan mengambil kira perubahan yang diguna pakai dalam kempen tahun 2012 berbanding

kaedah yang lebih konvensional pada tahun 2006. Cadangan amalan terbaik ini adalah bertujuan

untuk menjadi perintis dalam penghasilan garis panduan yang teratur untuk kajian pelantar luar

pesisir menggunakan kaedah GNSS pada masa akan datang.

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

TITLE i

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES xiii

LIST OF FIGURES xiv

LIST OF ABBREVIATION xvi

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Chapter Overview 1

1.2 Background of Study 2

1.3 Problem Statement 4

1.4 Objectives of Study 6

1.5 Scope of Study 7

1.6 Significances of Study 8

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1.7 Chapter Summary 9

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 10


2.2 Introductions to Offshore Structures 11

2.3 Asset Management for Ageing Platforms 14

2.3.1 Integrity Issues for Ageing Structures 16

2.3.2 Structural Integrity Managements 18

System (SIM)

2.3.3 The Importance of Structural 20

Integrity Monitoring

2.3.4 Types of Hazard and Consequences 21

2.3.5 Process safety for Operational Practicality 22

2.4 Geodetic Infrastructures 23

2.4.1 Global Infrastructure 24

2.4.1.1 International GNSS Services (IGS) 25

Stations

2.4.1.2 IERS, ITRS & ITRF 29

2.4.2 Local Infrastructure 30

2.4.2.1 MyRTKnet 30

2.5 Previous Research on Platform Deformation 33

Survey

2.6 Sundaland Plate Motion 35


3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 40


ix

3.2 Overview of Research Methodology Process 42

3.3 Research and Project Planning Stages 43

3.4 Literature Review and Appraisal 45

3.5 Historical Project Assessment: 46

Case Study of 2006 GNSS Deformation Survey

Campaign at Pulai-A

3.5.1 GNSS Processing Strategy for 2006 49

Deformation Survey Campaign

3.5.2 Final Results for 2006 Pulai-A 50


3.6 Present Practice: Case Study of 2012 GNSS 52

Deformation Survey Campaign at Pulai-A

3.6.1 GNSS Processing Strategy for 2012 55


3.6.1.1 GNSS Data Network Adjustment 57

3.6.1.2 Fundamental Layer of GNSS 59

Data Processing

3.6.1.3 Secondary Layer of GNSS Data 61

Processing

3.6.1.4 Deformation Analysis and Velocity 62

Estimation

3.6.2 Final Results for 2012 Pulai-A 64


3.7 Proposal of the Best Practice for Offshore

Platform Deformation Survey using GNSS Method


x

4 DISCUSSION, ANALYSIS AND PROPOSAL: 68

BEST PRACTICES FOR OFFSHORE PLATFORM

DEFORMATION USING GNSS


4.2 Discussion & Analysis - 2006 GNSS Approach 69

Shortcomings

4.2.1 Realization of Global Frame for 70

Explicit Coordinates Definition –

2006 Campaign Review

4.2.2 Utilization for Local & Regional Network 73

as Secondary Layer Processing–


4.2.3 Determination of Velocity Field for 76

Deformation Analysis–


4.2.4 Project Management Analysis – 77

2006 Campaign

4.3 Discussion & Analysis – Present GNSS Approach 80

Advantages

4.3.1 Realization of Global Frame for 80

Explicit Coordinates Definition –


4.3.2 Utilization for Local & Regional 83

Network as Secondary Layer Processing –


4.3.3 Determination of Velocity Field for 84

Deformation Analysis –


4.3.4 Project Management Analysis – 86

xi

2006 Campaign

4.4 Best practices for Offshore Platform Deformation Survey 89

Using GNSS Technique

4.4.1 Survey and Project Planning 90

4.4.2 GNSS Network Design 92

4.4.3 Management of Data Acquisition Stage 93

4.4.3.1 Choosing the Appropriate GNSS 94

Equipment

4.4.3.2 Pre-installation and Establishment of 95

GNSS Station

4.4.3.3 GNSS Data Observation 98

4.4.3.4 GNSS Processing & Adjustment Strategy 99

4.4.3.5 Preliminary Layer Processing 100

4.4.3.6 Fundamental Layer Processing – 101

Coordinates Definition

4.4.3.7 Secondary Layer Processing 104

4.4.3.8 Velocity Estimation & Deformation 106

Analysis

4.4.4 Reporting 107

4.4.5 Periodical Campaign Frequency and Interval 108


5 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS 111

5.1 Conclusions 111

5.1.1 Best Practices in GNSS Acquisition 112

& Processing Improves Data Quality for

Offshore Platform Deformation Analysis

5.1.2 Enhanced Subsidence and Deformation 113

Analysis

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5.1.3 Add Value for Project Resource 114

Optimization

5.2 Recommendations 114

5.2.1 Application of Best Practices in 114

Upcoming PETRONAS Deformation

Survey Project

5.2.2 Consider ‘Real-time & Continuous’ 115

GNSS for Remote and Automated

Monitoring

5.2.3 Upgrading ‘Best Practices’ to 116

‘Guidelines’ with Further Study

REFERENCES 117

xiii

LIST OF TABLES

NO. TABLE PAGE

2.1 SIM processes and associated issues affecting life extension 17

3.1 Three benchmark at Pulai-A platform 48

3.2 Changes of Ellipsoidal Height Value of Pulai-A Station in 51

2003, 2005 and 2006

3.3 Changes of Lateral Value of Pulai-A Station in 2003, 2005 51

and 2006

3.4 GNSS Observation Session in September 2012 53

3.5 Observation Epochs for IGS Stations 56

3.6 Observation Epochs for MyRTKnet stations 56

3.7 Elevation Comparisons of GNSS stations between Sept 2012 65

and June 2011

3.8 Lateral Movements Comparisons of GNSS stations between 66

Sept 2012 and June 2011

4.1 Cost Analysis Table for 2006 Pulai-A Survey 79

4.2 Data Availability and Observation Epochs of selected 81

MyRTKnet and Pulai-A station

4.3 Data Availability and Observation Epochs of selected 82

IGS station

4.4 Cost Analysis Table for 2012 Pulai-A Survey 88

4.5 Recommended Static GNSS Observation Parameters 99

xiv

4.6 Recommended Preliminary Processing Parameter 101

4.7 Fundamental Layer Recommended Processing Strategy 104

4.8 Secondary Layer Recommended Processing Strategy 105

xv

LIST OF FIGURES

NO. FIGURE PAGE

2.1 Schematic of Typical Offshore Platform Construction 11

2.2 Schematic of Installation Schemes for Offshore Platform 13

Deck and Equipment Modules

2.3 Overview of Ageing Structures Managements 15

2.4 SIM Process (O’Connor, 2005) 18

2.5 Comparison of GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and COMPASS 26

(medium earth orbit satellites) orbits with International

Space Station, Hubble Space telescope and geostationary

orbits and the nominal size of the earth. (IGS, 2012)

2.6 Global distribution of stations of the IGS network 28

2.7 The MyRTKnet permanent GPS stations as reference stations 32

2.8 Observed & Modelled Velocities for MASS station for 36

Peninsular Malaysia (Kee et.al, 2005)

2.9 Co-seismic motion of Aceh Earthquake for Peninsula 37

Malaysia (Kee et.al, 2005)

2.10 Co-seismic motion of Nias Earthquake for Peninsula 38

Malaysia (Kee et.al, 2005)

3.1 Research Methodology 42

3.2 Four reference stations 47

3.3 Three benchmark at Pulai-A platform 48

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_navigation_system

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_Earth_orbit

xvi

3.4 Antenna height checking by survey crew at Pulai-A 54

3.5 Flow of GNSS data processing and adjustment 58

3.6 Selected stable IGS stations 59

3.7 Selected MyRTKnet stations and Pulai-A platform 60

3.8 Combination of Fundamental & Secondary Network Station 62

4.1 The IGS stations used as reference stations for 2006 71

Campaign

4.2 Sundaland Tectonic Plate Boundaries 73

4.3 Selected Onshore Control Station in 2006 75

4.4 Summary of operation for previous campaign 78

4.5 Summary of operation for 2012 campaign 87

4.6 Example of Global IGS Stations to be Selected 92

4.7 Examples of JUPEMS’s Permanent CORS Stations to be 93

Selected (Peninsular Malaysia)

xvii

LIST OF ABBREVIATION

E&P : Exploration and Production

3D : Three Dimensional

AC : IGS Analysis Centers

AIUB : Astronomical Institute University of Berne

AME : PETRONAS Approved Medical Examiner

BOSET : Basic Offshore Safety Training

C/A-codes : GNSS Coarse Acquisition codes

cm : centimeter

CORS : Continuously Operated Reference System

CRP : common reference point

DoD : Department of Defense of United Stated

DoY : Day of Year

ERP : Earth Rotation Parameters

etc : etcetera

FPSO : Floating Production and Storage Offloading

ft : feet

GDC : IGS Global Data Center

GDM2000 : Geocentric Datum of Malaysia 2000

GNSS : Global Navigation Satellite System

GPS : Global Positioning System

IAG : International Association of Geodesy

ICRF : International Celestial Reference Frame

IERS : International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems

Service

IGS : International GNSS Service

IMCA : International Marine Contractor Association

InSAR : Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar

IPVPN : Internet Protocol Virtual Private Network

ITRF : International Terrestrial Reference Frame

xviii

ITRF2000 : International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2000



JUPEM : The Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia

kilometer : km

LEO : Low Earth Orbiter

MASS : Malaysia Active GNSS System

mm/yr : milimeter per year

MOPU : Mobile Offshore Production Unit

MyRTKnet : Malaysian Real-Time Kinematic network

OGP : Oil & Gas Producers Association

P-codes : GNSS Precise codes

PCSB : PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd

PMO PCSB : PCSB Peninsular Malaysia Operation

PPP : Precise Point Positioning

PTW : Permit to Work

QC : Quality Control

QIF : Quasi-Ionosphere-Free

RINEX : Receiver Independent Exchange Format

RM : Ringgit Malaysia

RMS : Root Mean Square

RTK : Real Time Kinematic

SA : Selective Availability

SIM : Structural Integrity Managements

SIO : Scripps Institute of Oceanography

SLR : Satellite Laser Ranging

SOW : Scope of Work

SSB : Sarawak SHELL Berhad

SV : space vehicles

TGO : Trimble Geomatic Office

TRC : Technical Review Committee

TTC : Trimble Total Control

UCSD : University of California, San Diego

UTM : University Teknologi Malaysia

VLBI : Very Long Baseline Interferometry

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Chapter Overview

It is strongly recommended to start every chapter a little introduction and

overview about what will be discussed within the chapter. This would provide the

readers a little outlook on what to expect while browsing through each chapter while at

the same time trying to understand to message that are tried to convey across. In this first

chapter as commonly done in typical research thesis, we started off with a brief

explanation of the research in the background of study. The elaboration of issues and

problems to be solved were explained in problem statement part, before specifically

categorizing the research aims and objective together with scope of study to determine

the wideness of research. The chapter would be capped off with the significance of study

to list down chain of peoples who would benefit once the study is completed.

2

1.2 Background of Study

As widely known, the Exploration and Production (E&P) stage of oil and gas is a

very costly activities economically and also a very time-consuming process. The

operation, be it on land or offshore, must be planned thoroughly in making sure all the

resources are utilized prudently, and failing that, one could lost fortune and even worse

it could endanger assets and peoples life, as well as tarnishing a good reputation. In

Malaysia, most of E&P activities are being done offshore. Therefore, a lot of offshore

structure being built since the early 1970s to cater Production of oil and gas activities.

These offshore structures include offshore platform, Mobile Offshore Production Unit

(MOPU), Floating Production and Storage Offloading (FPSO) and subsea developments

structure. In Malaysian waters alone, we have more than 200 offshore platforms to cater

for extraction of oil and gas operation.

These offshore platforms are either built in clusters or stand-alone individual

platform, manned and also unmanned. The biggest platform being built is 8 legged

platforms, followed by 4 legged, 3 legged, and Mono-Port. Few platforms (normally 8

legged and 4 legged) connected to each other by bridges form a cluster. In a cluster or

complex, the platform connected may have difference function such as Production

Platform, Drilling platform, Gas platform, Living Quarters and few other uncommon

functions.

Most offshore platforms, especially the one which was built on gas field, are

prone to having subsidence and other movements. Even small deformation could cause

damages since most platforms are being connected with pipelines, wells and also another

platform. It is crucial to be able to measure these movements in order to ensure the

integrity and reliability of the platform to avoid unwanted incidents and protecting the

multi billion dollars of investments, as well as maintaining and maximizing

productivities.

3

In this day and age, there are few different methods that have been used for the

purpose of monitoring and measuring deformation of the offshore platforms. Among the

tools and methods used are the Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), three

dimensional (3D) laser scanning and water level sensors. These methodologies are

commonly used onshore, but rarely has the testimony offshore, especially in measuring

deformation which require highly accurate capabilities to detect such a small structural

movements. Therefore, the most viable option we have to measure three dimensional

movements of an offshore structure is using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)

technique, since the GNSS (since the beginning of Global Positioning System (GPS)

days) has been proven to be the most feasible in getting the accurate and reliable

subsidence value.

4

1.3 Problem Statement

Platform deformation and subsidence issue is one of the major issues concerning

the offshore structural integrity, as it is not new in oil and gas industry worldwide. In

Malaysia, Sarawak SHELL Berhad (SSB) and PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd (PCSB)

have had experiences in significant deformation occurred at their platforms in recent

years, especially the old platforms and complex which has accumulated in excess of 30

years old in operational nature. Apart from general fatigue of these structures after long

years in production, the type of reservoir and field also play a part in contributing

subsidence proneness. As an example, gas field are more prone to subsidence compared

to oil, and carbonate reservoir would result in more severe subsidence over long

production years compared to the clastic reservoir (E.Kosa, 2012). These factors

defining the pressing need for us to continuously monitor subsidence and deformation in

delicate manner for us to make decisions on the structures and reservoir in the end.

The rates of deformation experienced in these platforms have been measured

using various methods, with geodetic precise measurements being the most dominant

routine to be used to determine subsidence. The reason Geodetic method became the

most common and trusted method to detect subsidence and deformation of an offshore

platform, is because the capability of achieving accuracies and detecting movements up

to millimeter with the most cost-effective and workable manner. Other more

complicated technique might also capable of achieving more or similar level of

accuracy, but due to its costly nature as well as highly impracticable manner, it seems

less favorable to become the solution. With the exciting developments of the Geodetics

infrastructure in Malaysia on top of state-of-the-art already-available global Geodetics

network, measuring deformation using GNSS always have the edge over any other

technique, mainly due to the fact that GNSS present infrastructures is able to achieve

millimeter accuracy in positioning works.

5

As deformation and subsidence are one of the main concerns of structural

integrity, we need to also bear in mind that the South East Asia region is located on the

Sunderland crustal plate, which is recently proving to be among the most seismically

active plate in the world with at least 3 major earthquakes in the last 5 years (Jhonny et

al. 2004). There have been quite a number of studies and researches being done to assess

methodologies of measuring subsidence, but not one of these studies have taken into

account the important factor such as the tectonic plate movement and Sundaland plate

analysis into the whole equation.

For PCSB’s platforms which all of them are located in the seismically-active

Sundaland plate, understanding the plate movement characteristic quickly becoming an

integral part in determining the final deformations and movement values for these

platforms to ensure the final results would really represents the structural anomaly

changes after the movement of the plate, which might or might not affect the

deformation, was removed during the processing and analysis. The remote structures

offshore are always in danger of being affected by these seismic plate movements and

the integrity of these structures is always in question.

6

1.4 Objectives of Study

The way it is measuring deformation and movements of structures was just a

small step in understanding the whole structural integrity issue for an offshore platform.

However, in order to be relevant and fit for a master research project, the aim of the

research was designed to propose the best practices of measuring deformation of an

offshore platform using GNSS technique to be in line with the structural integrity

monitoring as well as recent developments in Geodetics application & infrastructure.

In order to achieve this research aim, we formulate three main research objectives,

which are:

a) To Analyze the Previous and More Recent Deformation Survey

Campaign at Offshore Platform using GNSS approach

- Analysis of the method used for the purpose of offshore platform

deformation monitoring using GNSS in the past, how it was performed

operationally, and results & data analysis complete with comparisons

with more recent campaign to discuss the results in terms of technical as

well as overall project management.

b) To propose the best practices for offshore platform survey using GNSS

technique based on latest GNSS development and Geodetic

Infrastructure

- To provide the best practices for GNSS observation method for offshore

platform deformation, taking into account its practicality, feasibility and

data reliability.

7

1.5 Scope of Study

Scope of study is the focus of research where the subject being discussed. The

scopes of the study for this investigation are:

a) The deformation monitoring methods that will be assessed in this research

are Geodetic method using GNSS only.

- There are various methods that could be used to determine offshore

platform movements, but for this research purpose, only Geodetic method

will be discussed since other method most probably do not have any

relationship with all the Geodetics infrastructure development around this

region.

b) These monitoring methods will only be applicable to monitor existing

offshore platforms in Malaysian waters only.

- The research design would be very much different with so many elements

to consider if the GNSS methodology is to be applied since the very

beginning of the platform design.

- Pulai-A is the research subject for this topic, as it is the platform in

Peninsular Malaysia water which has been in operation more than 30

years, and because of the historical evidence of deformation as well as

legacy monitoring data availability.

8

1.6 Significances of Study

This research is important as for now, there is still no standard guidelines being

established in PETRONAS as well as in Oil and Gas global practice, let alone

methodology using GNSS with the purpose of monitoring deformation as well as

ensuring the integrity of an offshore platform.

By completing the study, the benefits would have an impact on the overall

business scale, where these advantages could be heeded:

a) The improved methodology would be useful as it would be the first of its

kind in the industry that has been introduced to act as indicator for

deformation of an installation, to inspect the overall platform integrity.

b) The improved methodology would be a useful assistance for Structural

engineers to understand more about the trend of the structures, offshore

platforms relationship with a moving plate underneath, as well as how the

GNSS baseline processing method is important as the more structured

and more cohesive way of measuring movements of the installation.

c) The improved methodology; which is some kind of a breakthrough in the

surveying technologies and geo-dynamism science, would be the

milestone for the Surveying and Geodetic people in oil and gas industry

as the results of survey would be more convincing after elimination of

most ambiguities, such as realization of global frame in relation with

local network, determination of coordinates definition and velocity

estimation for deformation analysis.

.

9

1.7 Chapter Summary

The first chapter, Introduction, the discussion started off with the Background of

Study where the discussion is about the important elements of offshore platforms in oil

and gas business. Old platforms that have been operated more than 30 years could prove

to be a challenge in maintaining productivity level, thus monitoring these old platforms

became an integral part in ensuring the structural overall integrity. In the problem

statement also there are remarks on the type of reservoir and fields, in which also could

play a determining factor in platform deformation proneness.

After understanding issues, the Objective of Studies is designed to review, assess

and evaluate two different survey campaigns to measure offshore platform deformation

using GNSS technique. One being in 2006 and the more recent were done in 2012. The

final objective is to propose the best practice for offshore platform deformation survey

using GNSS technique. The chapter was capped off with a bit of list on the beneficial

parties should the study be completed.

117

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