ANATOMI FISIOLOGI SISTEM ANATOMI FISIOLOGI SISTEM LIMFATIK & IMUNLIMFATIK & IMUN

OlehOlehMAYUSEF SUKMANAMAYUSEF SUKMANA

ANATOMI FISIOLOGI SISTEM LIMPATIK & IMUN

Fungi

Protozoa

Large parasites

PENGERTIANPENGERTIANImmunityImmunity– The ability of the body to fight infection and/or foreign The ability of the body to fight infection and/or foreign

invaders by producing antibodies or killing infected invaders by producing antibodies or killing infected cells.cells.

Immune SystemImmune System– Semua mekanisme yang digunakan badan untuk Semua mekanisme yang digunakan badan untuk

mempertahankan keutuhan tubuh, sebagai mempertahankan keutuhan tubuh, sebagai perlindungan terhadap bahaya yang dapat ditimbulkan perlindungan terhadap bahaya yang dapat ditimbulkan berbagai bahan dalam lingkungan hidupberbagai bahan dalam lingkungan hidup

Sistem limpatikSistem limpatik- Sistem yg berperanan dalam menjaga kekebalan - Sistem yg berperanan dalam menjaga kekebalan tubuh.tubuh.

Foreign InvadersForeign Invaders

Called Called PathogensPathogens– Viruses, bacteria or Viruses, bacteria or

other living thing that other living thing that causes causes disease/immune disease/immune response.response.

AntigensAntigens– Toxins that pathogens Toxins that pathogens

produce that cause produce that cause harm to an organism.harm to an organism.

Pathogens Pathogens

Fungi

Viruses

Protozoa

Bacteria Large parasites

ORGAN/JARINGAN/KELENJAR PD SISTEM IMUNORGAN/JARINGAN/KELENJAR PD SISTEM IMUN

ORGAN/JARINGAN/KELENJAR PD ORGAN/JARINGAN/KELENJAR PD SISTEM IMUNSISTEM IMUN

Adenoid dan TonsilAdenoid dan Tonsil Terletak Terletak di pintu masuk ke tekak di pintu masuk ke tekak berfungsi menghalangi bakteri berfungsi menghalangi bakteri dan kuman masuk melalui dan kuman masuk melalui mulut.mulut.

KKelenjar Liurelenjar Liur Terletak dalam pipi dan di bawah lidah. Air Terletak dalam pipi dan di bawah lidah. Air liur mengeluarkan bahan yang melawan penyakit. liur mengeluarkan bahan yang melawan penyakit.

Kelenjar Air Mata (Lakrima)Kelenjar Air Mata (Lakrima) Terletak di atas sudut luar Terletak di atas sudut luar mata yang mengeluarkan air mata yang berfungsi untuk mata yang mengeluarkan air mata yang berfungsi untuk mencuci debu dan kotoran di mata. Air mata juga mencuci debu dan kotoran di mata. Air mata juga mengandung lysozyme – bahan yang melawan bakteri.mengandung lysozyme – bahan yang melawan bakteri.

Membran MukusMembran Mukus Lapisan lembab yang melapisi Lapisan lembab yang melapisi beberapa organ – seperti hidung dan tekak, beberapa organ – seperti hidung dan tekak, mengeluarkan mukus, cairan yang melindungi kita dari mengeluarkan mukus, cairan yang melindungi kita dari bakteri dan menangkap kuman serta debu. bakteri dan menangkap kuman serta debu.

Timus Timus Timus sangat Timus sangat penting keberadaannya penting keberadaannya bagi bayi yang baru lahir, bagi bayi yang baru lahir, tanpa timus sistem imun tanpa timus sistem imun bayi akan mati. Timus bayi akan mati. Timus menghasilkan timosin yaitu menghasilkan timosin yaitu hormon yang menguatkan hormon yang menguatkan reaksi sistem imun reaksi sistem imun Timus sbg tempat Timus sbg tempat pematangan pematangan Limposit- T.Limposit- T.

ORGAN/JARINGAN/KELENJAR PD ORGAN/JARINGAN/KELENJAR PD SISTEM IMUNSISTEM IMUN

Limpa;Limpa;Terletak disebelah kiri abdomen di daerah Terletak disebelah kiri abdomen di daerah hipogastrium kiri bawah iga ke-9, 10 dan 11.hipogastrium kiri bawah iga ke-9, 10 dan 11.Fungsi : memproduksi limposit, penghancuran Fungsi : memproduksi limposit, penghancuran eritrosit, menghasilkan antibodi. eritrosit, menghasilkan antibodi.

SISTEM LIMPATIK

Meliputi :1.Nodus limpatikus 2.Organ/jar. limpatik3.Pembuluh limfe

NODUS LIMPATIKUS; NODUS LIMPATIKUS; - Terletak di hampir sel. Bag. - Terletak di hampir sel. Bag. TubuhTubuh- Menghasilkan limfosit.- Menghasilkan limfosit.- Melakukan fagosit - Melakukan fagosit bacteri/kuman yg masuk. bacteri/kuman yg masuk.

Pembuluh Limfe & Cairan Pembuluh Limfe & Cairan LimfeLimfe

Spt vena kecil tp byk katub.Spt vena kecil tp byk katub.Komposisi cairan limfe mirip Komposisi cairan limfe mirip

plasma darah mengandung plasma darah mengandung sejml limposit. Tdk ada sejml limposit. Tdk ada CO2 & sedikit O2.CO2 & sedikit O2.

Cairan limfe bergerak karena Cairan limfe bergerak karena adanya inspirasi/ekspirasi, adanya inspirasi/ekspirasi, kontraksi otot, grk tubuh, kontraksi otot, grk tubuh, pulsasi arteri, penekanan pulsasi arteri, penekanan jar. Luar tubuh & kontraksi jar. Luar tubuh & kontraksi instrinsik pembuluh limfeinstrinsik pembuluh limfe

Pembuluh Limfe mempunyai Pembuluh Limfe mempunyai 2 saluran :2 saluran :

1.1. Duktus Toraksikus/Duktus Duktus Toraksikus/Duktus Limpatikus Sinistra;Limpatikus Sinistra; tdp di tdp di depan vertebra lubalis menuju depan vertebra lubalis menuju ke bag. atas-vena ke bag. atas-vena brakiosefalika-vena kava brakiosefalika-vena kava superior. Mrp kumpulan dr superior. Mrp kumpulan dr pembuluh limfe yg berasal pembuluh limfe yg berasal dari kepala kiri, leher kiri, dari kepala kiri, leher kiri, dada sebelah kiri bg dada sebelah kiri bg abdomen, ekst bwh & alat abdomen, ekst bwh & alat rongga perut. rongga perut.

2.2. Duktus Limpatikus Dekstra;Duktus Limpatikus Dekstra;menerima cairan limfe dr pemblh limfe yg menerima cairan limfe dr pemblh limfe yg berasal dr kepala kanan, leher kanan, dada berasal dr kepala kanan, leher kanan, dada kanan, & lengan kanan yg bermuara pd vena kanan, & lengan kanan yg bermuara pd vena subklavia dekstra.subklavia dekstra.

Innate (nonspecific) immunity Innate (nonspecific) immunity First line: External defensesFirst line: External defenses

External defenses

Two major types of defensesTwo major types of defenses

INNATE (NONSPECIFIC)IMMUNITY

Rapid responses to a broad range of microbes

ACQUIRED (SPECIFIC) IMMUNITY

Slower responses to

specific microbesExternal defenses Internal defenses

SkinMucous membranes

Secretions

Phagocytic cells

Antimicrobial proteins

Inflammatory response

Natural killer cells

Humoral response(antibodies)Cell-mediated response(cytotoxic lymphocytes)

Invadingmicrobes

(pathogens)

Microbes

MACROPHAGE

Vacuole Lysosomecontainingenzymes

Phagocytic cellInnate immunity Innate immunity

Second line: Internal defensesSecond line: Internal defenses

Phagocytes Phagocytes – Attach to and ingest invading Attach to and ingest invading

microorganismsmicroorganisms– Initiates the inflammatory Initiates the inflammatory

responseresponseMacrophages Macrophages – migrants or in lymph – migrants or in lymph organsorgans

Antimicrobial proteinsAntimicrobial proteins– Complement systemComplement system – lysis of – lysis of

invading cells, triggers inflammationinvading cells, triggers inflammation– InterferonsInterferons – activate – activate

macrophages, prevent cell-to-cell macrophages, prevent cell-to-cell spreadspread

1

2

3

4

5

6

Inflammatory responseInflammatory response

Innate immunity Innate immunity Second line: Internal defenses (con’t.)Second line: Internal defenses (con’t.)

http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anisamples/dynamicillustrations/inflammatory.html

Chemicals involved• Histamines• Prostaglandins• Chemokines• Pyrogens

Innate immunity Innate immunity Second line: Internal defenses (con’t.)Second line: Internal defenses (con’t.)

Natural killer (NK) cellsNatural killer (NK) cells– Attack virus-infected body Attack virus-infected body

cells and cancer cellscells and cancer cells– Apoptosis (cell death) in Apoptosis (cell death) in

cells attackedcells attacked

Specific (acquired) immunitySpecific (acquired) immunityThird line of defenseThird line of defense

LymphocytesLymphocytesFound in blood and lymphFound in blood and lymphTypesTypes

1.1. B – cells – B – cells – mature in marrowmature in marrow

2.2. T – cells – T – cells – mature in thymusmature in thymusHelperHelperCytotoxicCytotoxic

Display specificity to Display specificity to antigensantigens ( (antibody antibody generatorgenerator))Have membrane-bound Have membrane-bound antigen-receptorsantigen-receptors

The Pathway of Specific Immune The Pathway of Specific Immune ResponseResponse

Pathogens

Pathogens eaten by Macrophage

Displays portion of Pathogen on surface

Helper-T cell recognizes Pathogen

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Activates B- CellActivates Cytotoxic

T- Cell

Memory B-CellMemory T-Cell

Kills Infected CellsAntibodies

Immune Response ExplainedImmune Response Explained1.1. Antigen infects cells.Antigen infects cells.2.2. Macrophage ingests antigen and displays portion on its surface.Macrophage ingests antigen and displays portion on its surface.3.3. Helper T- Cell recognizes antigen on the surface of the Helper T- Cell recognizes antigen on the surface of the

macrophage and becomes active.macrophage and becomes active.4.4. Active Helper T-Cell activates Cytotoxic T-Cells and B-Cells.Active Helper T-Cell activates Cytotoxic T-Cells and B-Cells.5.5. Cytotoxic T-Cells divide into Active Cytotoxic T-cells and Memory Cytotoxic T-Cells divide into Active Cytotoxic T-cells and Memory

T – Cells.T – Cells.6.6. Active Cytotoxic T-Cells kill infected cells.Active Cytotoxic T-Cells kill infected cells.7.7. At the same time, B-Cells divide into Plasma Cells and Memory At the same time, B-Cells divide into Plasma Cells and Memory

B- Cells.B- Cells.8.8. Plasma cells produce antibodies that deactivate pathogen.Plasma cells produce antibodies that deactivate pathogen.9.9. Memory T and Memory B cells remain in the body to speed up Memory T and Memory B cells remain in the body to speed up

the response if the same antigen reappears.the response if the same antigen reappears.10.10. Supressor T-Cells stop the immune response when all antigens Supressor T-Cells stop the immune response when all antigens

have been destroyed.have been destroyed.

Immune Response SummaryImmune Response SummaryAntigen

Macrophage

Helper T - Cell

Active Cytotoxic T-Cell Active B - Cell

Kills Infected Cells Memory T- Cell Plasma Cell Memory B-Cell

Antibodies

Deactivates Antigens

Displays copy of antigen on surface of cell

Cellular Immunity Antibody Immunity

Passive .vs. Active ImmunityPassive .vs. Active Immunity1.1. Active ImmunityActive Immunity

This is immunity where the body is “actively” producing antibodies This is immunity where the body is “actively” producing antibodies to fight infection.to fight infection.

Ex: You have a throat infection and you are actively creating Ex: You have a throat infection and you are actively creating antibodies to fight it.antibodies to fight it.

Vaccination:Vaccination:An injection of a An injection of a weakened strainweakened strain of an of an infectious microbe (pathogen) that causes the body to infectious microbe (pathogen) that causes the body to undergo active immunity (produce antibodies).undergo active immunity (produce antibodies).

2.2. Passive ImmunityPassive ImmunityThis is immunity where antibodies are given to a This is immunity where antibodies are given to a person from the blood of another person or animal.person from the blood of another person or animal.This immunity only lasts for a short period of time.This immunity only lasts for a short period of time.

ex: Breastfeeding mothers pass antibodies to ex: Breastfeeding mothers pass antibodies to their children through the milk.their children through the milk.

Active immunityActive immunityOwn system Own system develops antibodiesdevelops antibodiesDevelops naturally Develops naturally in response to in response to infectioninfectionDevelops following Develops following immunizationimmunizationLong-lasting Long-lasting protection but may protection but may take a long timetake a long time

Passive immunityPassive immunityAntibodies are passed Antibodies are passed from mother to fetus from mother to fetus via the placentavia the placentaAntibodies are passed Antibodies are passed from mother to infant from mother to infant via breast milk via breast milk (colostrum)(colostrum)Antibodies may be Antibodies may be injected into a injected into a nonimmune personnonimmune personImmediate, short-term Immediate, short-term protectionprotection