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UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
THE UTILIZATION OF UNUSED PADDY LANDS IN NEGERI SEMBILAN
Nyanen Thiran
FEP 1981 1
THE UTILIZATION OF UNUSED PADDY LANDS
IN NEGERI SEMBILAN
Nyanen Thiran
UNIVERSITI PERTANIAN MALAYSIA
THE UTILIZATION OF UNUSED PADDY LANDS
IN NEGERI SEMBI LAN
by
Nyanen Thiran
A thesi s submi tted in part i al ful fi l ment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Sci ence in Resource Economi cs
March 1 981
1
This thesis attached hereto entitled, "The Utilization of U nused
Paddy lands i n Negeri Sembi l an" prepared and submi tted by Nyanen Thi ran
i n partial fulfilment of the requi rements for the degree of Master of
Science in Resource Economics , i s hereby accepted •
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (DR. TAN BOCK THIAM ) External Exam iner
�--� �r ') // /' 1,,-/ ,/r 1'-.- _/, 0 �- (� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(PROF . R. T . SHAND ) Internal Examiner
i i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Th i s the s i s has been conducted under the superv i s i on of
Dr . Mohd . Ari ff Husse i n , Dean , Facu l ty of Resource Economi cs and
Agri busi nes s , Un ive rs i t i P�rtan i a n Mal aysi a . I am i ndeed i ndebted to
h im for hi s pati ence , g u i dance , adv i ce and i nval uab l e suggesti ons
duri ng the peri od I have been work i ng on thi s thes i s .
I am a l so i ndebted to Mr . Kha i ri Hj . Mohamed , Di rector-Genera l of
the Farmers ' Organi sati o n Author ity , Mal ays i a , Mr . Abdul Karim Abdul
Hami d , D i rector of F i nance and Adm i n i strati o n , Mr . Abdul Rahman Tai b ,
State D i rector and other staff of the Farmers' Organi sati o n Author i ty
for al l the i r assi stance and encouragement , wh i ch made i t poss i bl e for
me to compl ete thi s work .
My grati tude and thanks a re extended to Dr . Mohd . I sma i l Ahmad ,
Dr . Ahmad Mahdzan Ayob , Dr . Cheam Soon Tee , P rof . Kh i n Maung Kyi and
Dr . Mohamed Yusoff , of the Facu l ty of Resource Econom i c s and
Agri bus i ness , U n i vers i ti Pertan i an Mal ays i a , for the i r ass i stance and
guidance i n prov i di ng me wi th a c l earer u nders tandi ng of the concepts
and usage of the L i near Programmi ng Model and the Mul ti vari ate
Log l i near and Log i sti c model s . I al so wi s h to thank the many members
of the facul ty who provi ded me wi th u sefu l and stimul ati ng i deas
duri ng the facul ty staff s emi nars .
I wi s h to express my s i ncere g rati tude to U n i vers i ti Pertan ian
Ma l ays i a for the research g rant wh i ch made it poss i bl e for me to carry
i i i
out this research. My thanks is also extended to the Director and
staff of the Computer Centre , Un i vers i ty of Mal aya for al l thei r hel p
and adv i ce whi l e runni ng the Functi onal Mathemati cal Programme System
and the Log i t package programmes . May I express my thanks a l so to the
s taff of the E l ectroni c Data Process i ng Company , Kual a Lumpur , for
ass i st i ng me i n the punchi ng of the data cards . Further , I wi sh to
thank a l l the enumerators who a i ded i n carryi ng out the fi el d surveys
i n August 1 979 .
I n addi ti on to al l thi s , i t i s apt at thi s j uncture to express my
heartfel t thanks to the State D i rectors and the s taff of the Department
of Agri cu l tu re , Dra i nage and I rr i gati on Department , Veteri nary
Department , Fi sherie s Department and the Federal Marketi ng Authori ty ,
Negeri Sembi l an , for the i r i nval uabl e ass i stance and hel p .
My s i ncere appreci at ion and grati tude i s a l so extended to
Ms . Ai n i Mohd . Yusof for typi ng carefu l l y and pat i ently a l l the
materia l s of the thes i s .
F i nal ly, my wi fe and chi l dren have g i ven me a peacefu l refuge i nto
wh i ch I coul d retreat whenever the probl ems of the thes i s seemed beyond
me . They have been a source of encouragement and support throughout
th i s study and I wi s h to thank them for the i r l ove and support.
iv
ABSTRACT
Non -u tili zation of a li enated padd y lands in Negeri Sembilan h ad
posed serious problems to the State a s well as the Federal Government .
The State has approxi mately 36,456 acres of gazetted pad dy land but
only 43 per cent of the area are cul ti vated and utili zed for paddy
whi l e the remai n i ng 57 per cen t are left i dle . The broad
objecti ves of th is study are (1 ) to determi ne the facto rs , both
economic and non-economi c, that i nfl uenced farmers' deci sions to
leave their paddy lands i dle , and (2) to formulate an alternati ve
land use strategy wi th i n exi sti ng resource constra i nt s .
By means of log i t ana l ysi s, i t was reveal ed that shortage of
labour , ldw producti v i ty of paddy land , h i g h off-paddy farm i ncome ,
shortage of water supply and mUl ti ple land owners h i p were the
si gni fi cant vari ables that i nfluenced farmers' dec i s i o n to abandon
thei r paddy l ands .
A li near programming analysis, which was used to formul ate the
alternati ve l and use strategy , i ndi cates that the i dle paddy lands can
be economi cal ly uti li zed wi th the availabl e resources and Government
assi s tance . The pl an as a whol e advocates the adoption of an
activi ty mix compri si ng of ch illi est g reanpeast mai z e o r sugarcane
culti vation and the raisi ng of cows or freshwater f ish. The actual
act iv ity mix depends mai nly on the acreage to be operated .
v
The stability of the linear planning model was tested through a
sensitivity analysis and it was established that the linear planning
model was practical, stable, financially and economically feasible to
the paddy farmers.
The study recognises the potential problems that may arise from
increased production of the selected commodities if the plan were to be
implemented. Hence, it is recommended that further research be
undertaken in the area of marketing and processing to complement the
above study.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABSTRACT . . .
L IST OF TABLES
L I ST OF rICiURES
. . . . ... . . .
. . . . . . . . .
... . . . ... . . .
, . . . . . . . .
L I ST OF TABLES OF APPENDI CES
CHAPTER 1 I NTRODUCT ION . . .
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4
Objecti ves of Study . . Organ i sation of Study
RESOURCES OF NEGERI SEMBI LAN . Land U se Patterns . . . . . . Popu l ation and Labour Force . . . . Water Resource . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I rrigation I nfrastructure and Capi tal
ANALYT I CAL FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLOGY . Expl anatory Vari abl es . . . • • . . . . . .
Labour . . . . . . . . . . . Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivi ty of Papdy Farms . . . . . . . Off-Paddy Farm I ncome . . . Ownershi� . . • . . . . . .
Methods of Ana lys i s . . . . . . . Log i t Analys i s . . . . . . L i near Programmi ng . . . . . . .
The Li near Programmi ng Model The Acti vi ti es . . . . . . . The Constra i nts . . . . . .
The Aggregated Mode l . . . . . . The Matri x . . . . . . . . . . . Post Optima l Sens i t i v i ty Ana lys i s
Types and Sources o f Data . . . . . . . . . . . Samp l i ng Procedure . . . . . . . . . • .
NON-UT I L IZATI ON OF PADDY LANDS . . . . . . . . . Genera l Characteri sti cs of tne Farm Popul ati on The I ndependent Vari abl es • . . . . . . Resu l ts of Log i t Ana l ys i s . . . . . . . . . . Condi ti onal Probabi l i ty and El asti c i ty . . . .
vi
i i
iv
vii i
x
x i
1 8 8
9 9
1 2 1 9 22
27 2 7 28 30 31 32 32 33 35 39 40 42 43 48 51 5 1 53 53
56 56 59 63 65
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 7
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES .
RESULTS OF T HE LINEAR PROGRAMMING ANALYS IS . •
The Primal Dual Ou tput . . . . . . •
The Optima l S o l ution Be nefit-Co st Anal ysis .
S ummary . . . . . . . . .
POST OPTIMAL ANALYSIS The Sensitivity Ana ly sis . . . . . . . . .
Varia tio ns in Rented Land . . . . . . . . Changes in Prices of Sel ected Enterpris e s • • .
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Appendix 1 Lo catio n and Tabu l atio n of S urvey Res ults
Appendi x 2 The Produ ction Budgets . . . . . . . . . .
Appe ndix 3 The Average Ex-Farm Price s as Note d in Negeri Sembil an During the Periods Between 1972 a n d
vii
Page
69 69 74 74 77
80 81 81 85
88
94
102
102
123
1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Appendix 4 The Soil Suitabil ity C l as sification for
Paddy La nds in Negeri S embilan • 140
Appendix 5 Cus tomary Land . . . . . . . . . 144 Appendix 6 The Field S urvey Question naire 148
viii
LIST OF TABLES
Table
I Distribution of Acreage Under Paddy by State, 1975 • 4
II Size Distribution of Paddy in Peninsular Malaysia by State, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . 5
III Paddy Lands in Negeri Sembilan by District, 1978 . 7
IV Population and Land Area in Negeri Sembilan 11
V Land Use Pattern in Negeri Sembi lan, 1975 13
VI Size Distribution of Paddy Farms in Negeri Sembilan, 1979 1 4
VII Estimated Labour Supply for Negeri Sembi1an (1970-1990) . 16
VI II Types of Employment in Negeri Sembi1an 17
IX Internal Migration in Negeri Sembilan, 1970 18
X Average Annual Rainfall of Negeri Sembi1an (1879-1971 ) . 20
XI The Estimated Supply and Demand of Water in Negeri Sembilan, 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
XII Sources of Water Supply for the Off-Season Paddy
21
Crop in Negeri Sembilan, 1965-1970 . . . . . . 23
XIII Irrigated Paddy Areas in Negeri Sembilan, 1978 . 24
XIV Costs of Irrigation Schemes in Negeri Sembilan, 1976 • • 24
XV Average Capital Investment Per Farm by Districts, 1977 . 25
XVI Availability of Hired Labour by Month
XVIa The Linear Programme Matrix
46
52
XVII Paddy Farm Size Distribution in Negeri Sembi1an, 1979 . 54
XVIII Type and Nature of Occupation Among Farm Families in Negeri Sembi1an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 57
XIX Age Distribution of Farm Families, Negeri Sembi lan, 1979 58
Table
XX Reasons for Internal Migration • • • • • •
XXI Reasons for Non-Utilization of Paddy Lands in
Page
58
Negeri Sembilan, 1979 . . . . . . . • • . 60
XXI I Descriptive Statistics of the Explanatory Variables, 1 979 . . . .. . .. .. .. • • . .. .. • . . .. .. • .. . . . . 61
XXI I I Mean Statistics of Explanatory Variable: A Comparison Between Cultivated and Abandoned Paddy
Land, Negeri Sembilan, 1 979 . . . . • . . . . . . . 61
XXIV Regress;onCoeffi ci ent, Standard Error, t-rati 0 and Chi-Square . • . • . • . . • . . . . . • . . . . . • 64
XXV Estimates of Conditional Probability and Elasticity 67
XXVI
XXV I I
The Primal Dual Output for Rows of the Linear Programming Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Primal Dual Output for Columns of the Linear Programming Model . . • • • . . . . • • . • • •
70
73
XXVI I I The Optimum Solution for the Linear Programming Model 75
XXI X Benefit-Cost Computation for the Linear Programming Model . • . . 76
XXX An Economic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 78
XXXI Optimum Plan at Specified Levels of Rented Land 82
XXXI I Returns to Investment and labour at Different Levels of Rented Land . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
XXXI I I Optimum Plan at Different Levels of Specified Activities 86
Fi gu re
2 3
4
L I ST OF FIGURES
Paddy Growing Areas , Peni nsu l ar Mal aysia . . •
The Pol itical Boundari es of Negeri Sembi1an
The Paddy Growing Areas of Neger; SemQil an • .
Soil Suitabil ity Cl assification for Paddy Land in Negeri Sembi1an . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x
Page
2
1 0
1 03
140
xi
LIST OF TABLES OF APPENDICES
Tab l e Page
2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13
14 15 16 17
18 19 20
Parti cul ars Pertai n i ng the Head of Farm Househo l d . 105 Farm Fami ly S i ze
The Age Range Wi thi n the Farm Fami ly Chi l dren .
The Number of Persons Who are Sti l l Supported by tbe Househol d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Educational Leve l o f Members of the Farm Fam i l y .
The Reasons fo r I nterna l Mi gration
Nature of Occupat ion . . . .
Sources o f Farmers I I ncome
I ncome from Paddy i n a Month
Farmer ' s Tota l I ncome Per Month • •
Farmer ' s Tota l Monthly Expendi ture
Paddy Land wi th I rri gation Fac i l i ti es . .
Farmer's Reasons for Non-Uti l i zation of Paddy Lands i n Negeri Semb i l an
Types of Rented Land
Rate of Renti ng Paddy Lands in Negeri Semb i l an
Paddy Vari eti es Used
Agri cul tura l Too l s and Impl ements Used in Land Preparati on i nthe Paddy Fi el ds
Paddy Yi el ds
Di stri buti on of Customary Lands . •
Types of Land Use on Customary Land .
106 107
108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116
117 118 119 120
121 122 146 147
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The importance of ri ce i n the l ife of the great majori ty of Asians ,
needs no emphas i s . For most of them ri ce i s thei r stapl e food . The
whol e popul ation of Mal ays i a practi cal ly consumes ri ce despi te the
fact that i n 1 979 , Mal ays i a produced merely 85 per cent of i ts
domesti c requi rements whi l e the bal ance was imported from Chi na and
Thai l and (Economi c Report , 1 979 , p . l 09 ) .
In Peni nsul ar Mal ays i al
ri ce or paddy cul ti vation is only next to
rubber i n terms of acreage and l abour uti l i zati on. It occupies
approximately 1 7 per cent of the total cul ti vated l and i nvol v i ng about
20 per cent of the economi cal l y acti ve popul ation . However , i t
contri butes only fi ve per cent to the gross domesti c product (Th i rd
Mal ays ia Pl an 1 976-1 980 , p . 1 1 9 ) .
The total acreage of l and under p�ddy cul ti vation i n the country
is about 1.5 million acres2 (Ministry of Agriculture , 1978, p.183). Most of the paddy areas are l ocated wi thi n 50 mi l es of the major
ri vers especial ly i n Kedah , Kel antan , Perak , Sel angor and Trengganu.
However, paddy i s al so bei ng cul ti vated i n scattered areas i n the
states of Johore , Negeri Sembi l an and Pahang (Figure 1 ) .
1 Unl ess otherwise stated subsequent reference to Mal ays i a refers onl y to Peni nsul ar Mal ays i a .
2 Thi s acreage i ncl udes both the mai n season and off-season crops of wet and dry paddy as shown in Tabl e I .
FIGURE 1 PADDY GROWING AREAS, PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
FIGURE 1 PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA
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,: \ '" 'UAN' \ " \ \
� PUM � ... :
rf, '\ " . ,. � " 14'� " ! .. '1'''" J,'I
-. , ..... , ., A- ·.� . t�·
...... rlLANf", '" 'f # .f, ..: '. ' ,
: . ' ,. ... '-. 1... • .. t • r ........ , ", •• :-� ,. " . ,, ' .
. .' . , .. ,.. . ,
J - .. '" I II .' .., .. , "
I Il"'" � :" , i �� I' '-. • ' .. 4."'4 .. • • .. . ... -,' ... ·II!'�·"'.& I . � ••
=,:,:",==",-,--�"'�..;.' , .:; I".�.' .I. � .]&111141 1
•
2
N
3
Table I shows the distribution of land under paddy by state in
Peninsular Malaysia. As shown in the table, the total area in Kedah
and Kelantan alone accounts for approximately 52 per cent of the paddy
acreage. In these two states, paddy occupies more than 45 per cent of
the total land area utilized for agriculture.
Table I also shows that 62.5 per cent of the paddy areas are
utilized for the main season wet paddy, 35.8 per cent for the off
season wet paddy and 1 . 7 per cent for dry paddy. There has been very
little increase in paddy acreage during the past 10 years for both the
wet paddy main season crop and dry paddy. The main increase has
generally come from the off-season crop due to increases in the double
cropping areas.
In general paddy is being cultivated in small farms. The average
farm size ranges from half an acre to five acres. Table II provides the
size distribution of paddy farms by state. As shown in the table,
paddy farms in the States of Perl is, Kedah and Selangor are
comparatively larger than those in the other states. In these states
the average farm size is at least 3 . 6 acres. The average paddy farms
in the States of Johore, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang are generally below
2 acres. Negeri Sembilan has the lowest farm average of 1.1 acres.
As shown in Table I, the total area for all crops in Peninsular
Malaysia is approximately 8.6 million acres. However, more than a
million acres or approximately 12 per cent of the total acreage are
TABLE I DISTRIBUTION OF ACREAGE UNDER PADDY BY STATE, 1975
Acreage Acreage Under Acreage of Paddy Planted under2a 11 Paddy
States crops Acres 1 % Main Off
Season Season Dry Paddy
Johore 1,907,008 14,190 0.7 9,030 5,160
Kedah 1 ,063,040 524,260 49.3 293,270 226,880 4,110
Kelantan 634,560 247,730 39.0 173,550 67,500 6,680
Malacca 318,581 34,540 10.8 27,910 6,630
Negeri Sembilan 652,024 35,790 5.5 18,880 16,910
Pahang 1,138,483 59,650 5.2 49,270 4,270 6,110
Penang 182,037 77 ,980 42.8 38,000 39,980
Perak 1,272 ,967 182,140 14.3 199,750 60,350 2,040
Per1is 124,463 98,930 79.5 65,630 33,000 300
Se1angor 844,249 100,110 11.8 50,510 49,600
Trengganu 439,197 95,270 21. 7 73,910 16,620 4,740
Total 8,576,609 1,470,590 17. 1 919,710 526,900 23,980
Source: 1 Ministry of Agriculture, Statistical Digest 1975, Kuala Lumpur, 1978
2 I.F. Wong, The Present Land Use of Peninsular Malaysia 1975, Ministry of Agriculture, Kuala Lumpur 1979. .J::o
TABLE II SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF PADDY FARMS IN PENINSULAR MALAYS IA BY STATE, 1972
Average Percentage of Paddy Farm Size (in acres) paddy
States farm Below 1- 2.9- 3.0- 4.0- 5.0- 7.50- 10 and size 1 1. 99 2.99 3.99 4.99 7.49 9.99 above (acres) acre
Johore 1.5 5 60 27 3 3 2 0
Kedah 4.0 8 19 18 12 10 20 6 6
Ke1antan 2.3 8 26 32 16 10 7 1 0
Malacca 2.1 21 32 24 7 6 7 2 1
Negeri Sembi1an 1.1 45.7 22.5 17.4 8.6 3.0 2.8 0 0
Pahang 1.7 16 38 26 11 6 3 1 0
Penang 2.5 9 31 23 13 11 11 2 0
Perak 2.6 14 26 19 12 9 15 4 1
Perlis 4. 1 3 11 19 16 13 25 8 5
Se1angor 3.6 3 14 5 40 13 18 5 2
Treng.ganu 2.3 14 23 29 11 10 10 3 0
Peninsular 3. 1 10 23 21 14 10 15 4 3 Malaysia
Source: Selvadurai, Pad; Farming in West Malaysia, 1972. (J1
6
l eft i dl e . About 30 per cent of the i dl e agri cul tural l and had been
found to consi st of those al i enated for paddy (Mi ni stry of Agri cul ture ,
1 979. p . 6).
Non-uti l i zati on of al ienated agricul tural lands ha� posed a
seri ous probl em to the Government as substanttal amount of potenti al
revenue had been l ost .1
I n the State of Negeri Sembi l an the probl em of
i dl e paddy l ands is ver� .KUte. The State has approximately 36 ,456
acres of gazetted paddy l and and only 1 5 ,672 acres of the l and have
been cul ti vated and uti l i zed for paddy. Thi s impl i es that 20 , 784
acres or 57 per cent Qfal1 the gazetted padd� land are laft idl e
(Tabl e I I I). If al l the paddy l and i n the State were to be ful ly
cul ti vated an estimated 1 4 mi l l i on �antanqs of paddy woul d have been
produced . 2
The problem of i dl e paddy lands in Neger; Sembi lan�r i n Mal aysi a.
i n general , has not been empi ri cal l y exami ned. This study wi l l
attempt to exami ne the probl em wi th a vi ew o f i denti fyi ng i ts causes
and to suggest a l ternati ve uses of the i d l e l and.
1 losses in potenti al revenue i ncl ude the non-payment of Qui t Rents and i rrigati on water rates by the farmers , reducti on i n agri bus i ness activ i ties and paddy production .
2 Based on at l east a s i ngl e crop of paddy at an average yi el d of 387 gantangs per acre .
Di stri ct
Rembau
K. P i l ah
Jel ebu
Tamp; n
TABLE I I I PADDY LANDS I N NEGERI SEMB I LAN , BY DISTRI CT , 1 978
Total P addy l a nd I dl e paddy avai l ab l e currently l and paddy l and bei ng ( acres ) l
( acres ) uti l i sed ( ac res )
7 , 260 2 , 525 4 ,725
1 6 , 554 6 , 850 9 , 704 . 3 , 790 2 , 305 1 , 485
2 , 663 1 , 468 1 , 1 95
P . D; ckson 1 , 058 387 67 1
Seremban 5 , 1 31 2 , 1 27 3 ,004
Total 36 , 456 1 5 , 6 72 20 , 784
Source: Department of Agri cu l ture , Penyata Kel uasan Sawah-Sawah Neger; Semb i l an (M i meograph), January 1979 , Seremban.
7
1 The defi ni ti on of i dl e paddy l and i s based on the M i n i stry of Agri cul ture , Laporan Tanah-Tanah Terb i ar ( 1979 p . 2 ) wh i ch speci fi e s that a l l paddy l ands unuti l i zed for three years or more are consi dered abandoned l and . The bas i s for the sel ecti on of the three years benchmark i s to be consi stent wi th regul ations sti pul ated i n Nati onal Land Code , 1965 and the Paddy Cu lt i vators ( Contro l of Rent and Securi ty of Tenure ) Ordi nance , 1955 .
Objectives of Study
The ma i n objecti ves of th i s study are :
( 1 ) To exami ne factors that contri bute to the non-uti l i zati o n of
the paddy l ands i n Negeri Sembi l an .
8
( 2 ) To suggest an a l ternat i ve l and use for the paddy l a nds wi th i n
the framework of present constra i nts .
Organ i sati on of Study
Chapter 2 wi l l attempt to prov i de an understandi ng of the
resources that are ava i l abl e i n Negeri Sembi l an . Chapter 3 wi l l
prov i de an i ns i ght i nto the methodol ogy and some of the theoreti cal
concepts a ssoci ated wi th the mathemati cal mode l s i n the study .
Factors that are thought to be contri buti ng to the non-uti l i zati on of
the paddy l and wi l l be di scussed i n Chapter 4 . Chapter 5 prov i des the
optimal solutions to the Linear Programming model. To assess the
stab i l i ty of the optima l sol uti o n provi ded by the L i near Programmi ng
model , a s ens i ti vi ty a na lys i s wi l l be di scus sed i n Chapter 6.
Chapter 7 conta i ns a summary , concl u s i ons a nd recommendat i ons for
future research .
CHAPTER 2
RESOURCES OF NEGERI S EMBI LAN
The State of Negeri Sembi l an i s l ocated i n the south western part
of Peni nsu l ar Ma l ays i a , l y i ng between l ati tudes 2- 23 ' N and 3· 1 0 ' N ,
and l ongi tudes 1 01- 42 ' E and 1 02- 43' E . It i s bounded i n the north
and northeast by the State of Pahang i n the west and northwest by the
State of Sel ango r , and i n the south by the State of Mal acca ( Fi gure 2).
The State essent i al ly has an equatori a l c l imate wi th no d i st i nctly
marked seasons . The da i ly temperatures are in the range of 78°-89° F ,
and rel ati ve humi d i ty i s around 96 per cent . Negeri Sembi l an i s one of
the states that recei v e an annua l ra i nfal l bel ow 1 00 i nches .
There are a l together s i x d i stri cts i n the State . Each of the
d i stri cts i s further sub-di v i ded i nto sma l l er admi n i strative uni ts or
mukims ( F i gure 2 ) . There are 61 s uch mukims wi th i n the State (Tabl e IV ) .
Tabl e IV a l so shows that the State has a total l and area of
approximately 2 , 573 square mi l es ( or 1 ,646 , 9 1 9 acres ) . The estimated
total popu l ati on i s 481 ,491 persons , wi th approximately 62 per cent
l i v i ng i n the rural areas engaged mostly i n agri cu l tural acti v i t i es .
Land Use Pattern
Agri cu l ture and forestry are the two domi nant forms of l and use i n
the State . Agri cu l ture occup i es the coasta l p l a i ns and the footh i l l s
10
FJGURE 2 THE POL� TICAL 80U��D,�R!ES OF NEGERI SEM8ILAN
.. � ... '" -.. "'.
PARTICULARS
A- JELEBU MUKIM
,. 1C'''41101 .. 'TrfIAN, lUll , . �MI ... 11 4- IU TJ/IJ iii ,. II' /(LAW1Ji6 • ICJIAl-A K1.AWAN6 ;. 'IIA�o!�f ,. ".,4/f.
I
8 - SEREMBAN MUKIM:-
I. UIfU,N' ,. UTeL '.lA .. f. 11iUlMIAli ,�/( ,. liAPHU,AN 1. nIfT'! , • • ANTAlI
, , , " , "
MALACCA
OF DISTRICT
c - P. DICKSON
MUKIM :-S. JIMAII • I'ItCT .,cu,,, � I1WII-S. • lUll( '.H •• N' ;. /.IItHI
D - RE�lB.�U MUKIM :-
� "", � "A' ,. (lI,/d/ll' e. ., rv "ltll.I /CJ.J""il ,. 'IJ.1Ii ,. tlUMAIC ,. IAIX, t. II""EIC
•. ClIIIII(AIi ,. A(IUUI1 A.. II"'"'' 11.. ,.. "flUi ,"'"IIHA ,.. ,.11\1;//"1( If. HUH. lUi .... �IY' /J. T4JiJlII' 'Will.
REFCR��,'C�
It
t Scale : 8 miles to an inch
f , .
' .. , " .
... : ...... , .. ' "
E - KUALA PILAH
MUK1M ;-� HIIUA' ,,'u.tJ� J. TIA'Cf( f. 'UIT 11NHI ,. AW'Ni rtJtUi .. (/lI' 4("A" . J. JCASII ,. KV",. J;"'f>U t. SIU JiltluNrt
F - TAMPIN MUKIM :-
,./Un/l J. IClttrl J. rUGN' .. "'41.'H"J. 1- 'UA,' ,. "Y' 4 KIJ·tIItt f. T.IAIIN TUf.1I
•. � .. t. KUII o. �..,,,, fI. 116£11 If. 1 •• rIN' IIU 4. b4Ulrl a. "mil' Ut
- S�at<? 8oIJr:tja!"Y - D;str;c� BCt.;ndQry
\ . , T • I·.·)ir. .0'.\ r�c:; ..... \'�'_';<!n) 5cur I'':C!":/
TABLl: 1.' rOPULATION AND LAND AREA IN NEGERI SEMBILAN
No. of Land area Land Total Tota 1 Estimated Total rural Mukim ; n sq. acreage cultivated population n .. of farm popu1ati on
miles area ( acres ) famil i es
K. Pil ah 16 956 611 ,840 400,249 115,434 20,470 102,350
Jelebu 8 528 337,920 92,749 32,868 5,945 29,725
Seremban 8 367.3 235,072 173,358 168,948 15,845 79,225
Tampin 7 339 216,960 123,154 48,156 5,065 25,325
P. Dickson 5 223. 1 142,784 116,179 76,244 5,373 26,865
Rembau 17 159. 9 102,343 82,595 39,841 7,253 36,595
Total 61 2573.3 1,646,919 988,284 481,491 59,951 299,755
Source: State Department of Agriculture: Perangkaan Asas Pertanian Negeri Sembi lan, 1978.
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