UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

THE UTILIZATION OF UNUSED PADDY LANDS IN NEGERI SEMBILAN

Nyanen Thiran

FEP 1981 1

THE UTILIZATION OF UNUSED PADDY LANDS

IN NEGERI SEMBILAN

Nyanen Thiran

UNIVERSITI PERTANIAN MALAYSIA

THE UTILIZATION OF UNUSED PADDY LANDS

IN NEGERI SEMBI LAN

by

Nyanen Thiran

A thesi s submi tted in part i al ful fi l ment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Sci ence in Resource Economi cs

March 1 981

1

This thesis attached hereto entitled, "The Utilization of U nused

Paddy lands i n Negeri Sembi l an" prepared and submi tted by Nyanen Thi ran

i n partial fulfilment of the requi rements for the degree of Master of

Science in Resource Economics , i s hereby accepted •

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (DR. TAN BOCK THIAM ) External Exam iner

�--� �r ') // /' 1,,-/ ,/r 1'-.- _/, 0 �- (� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(PROF . R. T . SHAND ) Internal Examiner

i i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Th i s the s i s has been conducted under the superv i s i on of

Dr . Mohd . Ari ff Husse i n , Dean , Facu l ty of Resource Economi cs and

Agri busi nes s , Un ive rs i t i P�rtan i a n Mal aysi a . I am i ndeed i ndebted to

h im for hi s pati ence , g u i dance , adv i ce and i nval uab l e suggesti ons

duri ng the peri od I have been work i ng on thi s thes i s .

I am a l so i ndebted to Mr . Kha i ri Hj . Mohamed , Di rector-Genera l of

the Farmers ' Organi sati o n Author ity , Mal ays i a , Mr . Abdul Karim Abdul

Hami d , D i rector of F i nance and Adm i n i strati o n , Mr . Abdul Rahman Tai b ,

State D i rector and other staff of the Farmers' Organi sati o n Author i ty

for al l the i r assi stance and encouragement , wh i ch made i t poss i bl e for

me to compl ete thi s work .

My grati tude and thanks a re extended to Dr . Mohd . I sma i l Ahmad ,

Dr . Ahmad Mahdzan Ayob , Dr . Cheam Soon Tee , P rof . Kh i n Maung Kyi and

Dr . Mohamed Yusoff , of the Facu l ty of Resource Econom i c s and

Agri bus i ness , U n i vers i ti Pertan i an Mal ays i a , for the i r ass i stance and

guidance i n prov i di ng me wi th a c l earer u nders tandi ng of the concepts

and usage of the L i near Programmi ng Model and the Mul ti vari ate

Log l i near and Log i sti c model s . I al so wi s h to thank the many members

of the facul ty who provi ded me wi th u sefu l and stimul ati ng i deas

duri ng the facul ty staff s emi nars .

I wi s h to express my s i ncere g rati tude to U n i vers i ti Pertan ian

Ma l ays i a for the research g rant wh i ch made it poss i bl e for me to carry

i i i

out this research. My thanks is also extended to the Director and

staff of the Computer Centre , Un i vers i ty of Mal aya for al l thei r hel p

and adv i ce whi l e runni ng the Functi onal Mathemati cal Programme System

and the Log i t package programmes . May I express my thanks a l so to the

s taff of the E l ectroni c Data Process i ng Company , Kual a Lumpur , for

ass i st i ng me i n the punchi ng of the data cards . Further , I wi sh to

thank a l l the enumerators who a i ded i n carryi ng out the fi el d surveys

i n August 1 979 .

I n addi ti on to al l thi s , i t i s apt at thi s j uncture to express my

heartfel t thanks to the State D i rectors and the s taff of the Department

of Agri cu l tu re , Dra i nage and I rr i gati on Department , Veteri nary

Department , Fi sherie s Department and the Federal Marketi ng Authori ty ,

Negeri Sembi l an , for the i r i nval uabl e ass i stance and hel p .

My s i ncere appreci at ion and grati tude i s a l so extended to

Ms . Ai n i Mohd . Yusof for typi ng carefu l l y and pat i ently a l l the

materia l s of the thes i s .

F i nal ly, my wi fe and chi l dren have g i ven me a peacefu l refuge i nto

wh i ch I coul d retreat whenever the probl ems of the thes i s seemed beyond

me . They have been a source of encouragement and support throughout

th i s study and I wi s h to thank them for the i r l ove and support.

iv

ABSTRACT

Non -u tili zation of a li enated padd y lands in Negeri Sembilan h ad

posed serious problems to the State a s well as the Federal Government .

The State has approxi mately 36,456 acres of gazetted pad dy land but

only 43 per cent of the area are cul ti vated and utili zed for paddy

whi l e the remai n i ng 57 per cen t are left i dle . The broad

objecti ves of th is study are (1 ) to determi ne the facto rs , both

economic and non-economi c, that i nfl uenced farmers' deci sions to

leave their paddy lands i dle , and (2) to formulate an alternati ve

land use strategy wi th i n exi sti ng resource constra i nt s .

By means of log i t ana l ysi s, i t was reveal ed that shortage of

labour , ldw producti v i ty of paddy land , h i g h off-paddy farm i ncome ,

shortage of water supply and mUl ti ple land owners h i p were the

si gni fi cant vari ables that i nfluenced farmers' dec i s i o n to abandon

thei r paddy l ands .

A li near programming analysis, which was used to formul ate the

alternati ve l and use strategy , i ndi cates that the i dle paddy lands can

be economi cal ly uti li zed wi th the availabl e resources and Government

assi s tance . The pl an as a whol e advocates the adoption of an

activi ty mix compri si ng of ch illi est g reanpeast mai z e o r sugarcane

culti vation and the raisi ng of cows or freshwater f ish. The actual

act iv ity mix depends mai nly on the acreage to be operated .

v

The stability of the linear planning model was tested through a

sensitivity analysis and it was established that the linear planning

model was practical, stable, financially and economically feasible to

the paddy farmers.

The study recognises the potential problems that may arise from

increased production of the selected commodities if the plan were to be

implemented. Hence, it is recommended that further research be

undertaken in the area of marketing and processing to complement the

above study.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABSTRACT . . .

L IST OF TABLES

L I ST OF rICiURES

. . . . ... . . .

. . . . . . . . .

... . . . ... . . .

, . . . . . . . .

L I ST OF TABLES OF APPENDI CES

CHAPTER 1 I NTRODUCT ION . . .

CHAPTER 2

CHAPTER 3

CHAPTER 4

Objecti ves of Study . . Organ i sation of Study

RESOURCES OF NEGERI SEMBI LAN . Land U se Patterns . . . . . . Popu l ation and Labour Force . . . . Water Resource . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I rrigation I nfrastructure and Capi tal

ANALYT I CAL FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLOGY . Expl anatory Vari abl es . . . • • . . . . . .

Labour . . . . . . . . . . . Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivi ty of Papdy Farms . . . . . . . Off-Paddy Farm I ncome . . . Ownershi� . . • . . . . . .

Methods of Ana lys i s . . . . . . . Log i t Analys i s . . . . . . L i near Programmi ng . . . . . . .

The Li near Programmi ng Model The Acti vi ti es . . . . . . . The Constra i nts . . . . . .

The Aggregated Mode l . . . . . . The Matri x . . . . . . . . . . . Post Optima l Sens i t i v i ty Ana lys i s

Types and Sources o f Data . . . . . . . . . . . Samp l i ng Procedure . . . . . . . . . • .

NON-UT I L IZATI ON OF PADDY LANDS . . . . . . . . . Genera l Characteri sti cs of tne Farm Popul ati on The I ndependent Vari abl es • . . . . . . Resu l ts of Log i t Ana l ys i s . . . . . . . . . . Condi ti onal Probabi l i ty and El asti c i ty . . . .

vi

i i

iv

vii i

x

x i

1 8 8

9 9

1 2 1 9 22

27 2 7 28 30 31 32 32 33 35 39 40 42 43 48 51 5 1 53 53

56 56 59 63 65

CHAPTER 5

CHAPTER 6

CHAPTER 7

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDICES .

RESULTS OF T HE LINEAR PROGRAMMING ANALYS IS . •

The Primal Dual Ou tput . . . . . . •

The Optima l S o l ution Be nefit-Co st Anal ysis .

S ummary . . . . . . . . .

POST OPTIMAL ANALYSIS The Sensitivity Ana ly sis . . . . . . . . .

Varia tio ns in Rented Land . . . . . . . . Changes in Prices of Sel ected Enterpris e s • • .

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Appendix 1 Lo catio n and Tabu l atio n of S urvey Res ults

Appendi x 2 The Produ ction Budgets . . . . . . . . . .

Appe ndix 3 The Average Ex-Farm Price s as Note d in Negeri Sembil an During the Periods Between 1972 a n d

vii

Page

69 69 74 74 77

80 81 81 85

88

94

102

102

123

1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Appendix 4 The Soil Suitabil ity C l as sification for

Paddy La nds in Negeri S embilan • 140

Appendix 5 Cus tomary Land . . . . . . . . . 144 Appendix 6 The Field S urvey Question naire 148

viii

LIST OF TABLES

Table

I Distribution of Acreage Under Paddy by State, 1975 • 4

II Size Distribution of Paddy in Peninsular Malaysia by State, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . 5

III Paddy Lands in Negeri Sembilan by District, 1978 . 7

IV Population and Land Area in Negeri Sembilan 11

V Land Use Pattern in Negeri Sembi lan, 1975 13

VI Size Distribution of Paddy Farms in Negeri Sembilan, 1979 1 4

VII Estimated Labour Supply for Negeri Sembi1an (1970-1990) . 16

VI II Types of Employment in Negeri Sembi1an 17

IX Internal Migration in Negeri Sembilan, 1970 18

X Average Annual Rainfall of Negeri Sembi1an (1879-1971 ) . 20

XI The Estimated Supply and Demand of Water in Negeri Sembilan, 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

XII Sources of Water Supply for the Off-Season Paddy

21

Crop in Negeri Sembilan, 1965-1970 . . . . . . 23

XIII Irrigated Paddy Areas in Negeri Sembilan, 1978 . 24

XIV Costs of Irrigation Schemes in Negeri Sembilan, 1976 • • 24

XV Average Capital Investment Per Farm by Districts, 1977 . 25

XVI Availability of Hired Labour by Month

XVIa The Linear Programme Matrix

46

52

XVII Paddy Farm Size Distribution in Negeri Sembi1an, 1979 . 54

XVIII Type and Nature of Occupation Among Farm Families in Negeri Sembi1an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 57

XIX Age Distribution of Farm Families, Negeri Sembi lan, 1979 58

Table

XX Reasons for Internal Migration • • • • • •

XXI Reasons for Non-Utilization of Paddy Lands in

Page

58

Negeri Sembilan, 1979 . . . . . . . • • . 60

XXI I Descriptive Statistics of the Explanatory Variables, 1 979 . . . .. . .. .. .. • • . .. .. • . . .. .. • .. . . . . 61

XXI I I Mean Statistics of Explanatory Variable: A Comparison Between Cultivated and Abandoned Paddy

Land, Negeri Sembilan, 1 979 . . . . • . . . . . . . 61

XXIV Regress;onCoeffi ci ent, Standard Error, t-rati 0 and Chi-Square . • . • . • . . • . . . . . • . . . . . • 64

XXV Estimates of Conditional Probability and Elasticity 67

XXVI

XXV I I

The Primal Dual Output for Rows of the Linear Programming Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Primal Dual Output for Columns of the Linear Programming Model . . • • • . . . . • • . • • •

70

73

XXVI I I The Optimum Solution for the Linear Programming Model 75

XXI X Benefit-Cost Computation for the Linear Programming Model . • . . 76

XXX An Economic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 78

XXXI Optimum Plan at Specified Levels of Rented Land 82

XXXI I Returns to Investment and labour at Different Levels of Rented Land . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

XXXI I I Optimum Plan at Different Levels of Specified Activities 86

Fi gu re

2 3

4

L I ST OF FIGURES

Paddy Growing Areas , Peni nsu l ar Mal aysia . . •

The Pol itical Boundari es of Negeri Sembi1an

The Paddy Growing Areas of Neger; SemQil an • .

Soil Suitabil ity Cl assification for Paddy Land in Negeri Sembi1an . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

x

Page

2

1 0

1 03

140

xi

LIST OF TABLES OF APPENDICES

Tab l e Page

2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13

14 15 16 17

18 19 20

Parti cul ars Pertai n i ng the Head of Farm Househo l d . 105 Farm Fami ly S i ze

The Age Range Wi thi n the Farm Fami ly Chi l dren .

The Number of Persons Who are Sti l l Supported by tbe Househol d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Educational Leve l o f Members of the Farm Fam i l y .

The Reasons fo r I nterna l Mi gration

Nature of Occupat ion . . . .

Sources o f Farmers I I ncome

I ncome from Paddy i n a Month

Farmer ' s Tota l I ncome Per Month • •

Farmer ' s Tota l Monthly Expendi ture

Paddy Land wi th I rri gation Fac i l i ti es . .

Farmer's Reasons for Non-Uti l i zation of Paddy Lands i n Negeri Semb i l an

Types of Rented Land

Rate of Renti ng Paddy Lands in Negeri Semb i l an

Paddy Vari eti es Used

Agri cul tura l Too l s and Impl ements Used in Land Preparati on i nthe Paddy Fi el ds

Paddy Yi el ds

Di stri buti on of Customary Lands . •

Types of Land Use on Customary Land .

106 107

108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116

117 118 119 120

121 122 146 147

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The importance of ri ce i n the l ife of the great majori ty of Asians ,

needs no emphas i s . For most of them ri ce i s thei r stapl e food . The

whol e popul ation of Mal ays i a practi cal ly consumes ri ce despi te the

fact that i n 1 979 , Mal ays i a produced merely 85 per cent of i ts

domesti c requi rements whi l e the bal ance was imported from Chi na and

Thai l and (Economi c Report , 1 979 , p . l 09 ) .

In Peni nsul ar Mal ays i al

ri ce or paddy cul ti vation is only next to

rubber i n terms of acreage and l abour uti l i zati on. It occupies

approximately 1 7 per cent of the total cul ti vated l and i nvol v i ng about

20 per cent of the economi cal l y acti ve popul ation . However , i t

contri butes only fi ve per cent to the gross domesti c product (Th i rd

Mal ays ia Pl an 1 976-1 980 , p . 1 1 9 ) .

The total acreage of l and under p�ddy cul ti vation i n the country

is about 1.5 million acres2 (Ministry of Agriculture , 1978, p.183). Most of the paddy areas are l ocated wi thi n 50 mi l es of the major

ri vers especial ly i n Kedah , Kel antan , Perak , Sel angor and Trengganu.

However, paddy i s al so bei ng cul ti vated i n scattered areas i n the

states of Johore , Negeri Sembi l an and Pahang (Figure 1 ) .

1 Unl ess otherwise stated subsequent reference to Mal ays i a refers onl y to Peni nsul ar Mal ays i a .

2 Thi s acreage i ncl udes both the mai n season and off-season crops of wet and dry paddy as shown in Tabl e I .

FIGURE 1 PADDY GROWING AREAS, PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

FIGURE 1 PENINSULAR

MALAYSIA

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=,:,:",==",-,--�"'�..;.' , .:; I".�.' .I. � .]&111141 1

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2

N

3

Table I shows the distribution of land under paddy by state in

Peninsular Malaysia. As shown in the table, the total area in Kedah

and Kelantan alone accounts for approximately 52 per cent of the paddy

acreage. In these two states, paddy occupies more than 45 per cent of

the total land area utilized for agriculture.

Table I also shows that 62.5 per cent of the paddy areas are

utilized for the main season wet paddy, 35.8 per cent for the off­

season wet paddy and 1 . 7 per cent for dry paddy. There has been very

little increase in paddy acreage during the past 10 years for both the

wet paddy main season crop and dry paddy. The main increase has

generally come from the off-season crop due to increases in the double

cropping areas.

In general paddy is being cultivated in small farms. The average

farm size ranges from half an acre to five acres. Table II provides the

size distribution of paddy farms by state. As shown in the table,

paddy farms in the States of Perl is, Kedah and Selangor are

comparatively larger than those in the other states. In these states

the average farm size is at least 3 . 6 acres. The average paddy farms

in the States of Johore, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang are generally below

2 acres. Negeri Sembilan has the lowest farm average of 1.1 acres.

As shown in Table I, the total area for all crops in Peninsular

Malaysia is approximately 8.6 million acres. However, more than a

million acres or approximately 12 per cent of the total acreage are

TABLE I DISTRIBUTION OF ACREAGE UNDER PADDY BY STATE, 1975

Acreage Acreage Under Acreage of Paddy Planted under2a 11 Paddy

States crops Acres 1 % Main Off

Season Season Dry Paddy

Johore 1,907,008 14,190 0.7 9,030 5,160

Kedah 1 ,063,040 524,260 49.3 293,270 226,880 4,110

Kelantan 634,560 247,730 39.0 173,550 67,500 6,680

Malacca 318,581 34,540 10.8 27,910 6,630

Negeri Sembilan 652,024 35,790 5.5 18,880 16,910

Pahang 1,138,483 59,650 5.2 49,270 4,270 6,110

Penang 182,037 77 ,980 42.8 38,000 39,980

Perak 1,272 ,967 182,140 14.3 199,750 60,350 2,040

Per1is 124,463 98,930 79.5 65,630 33,000 300

Se1angor 844,249 100,110 11.8 50,510 49,600

Trengganu 439,197 95,270 21. 7 73,910 16,620 4,740

Total 8,576,609 1,470,590 17. 1 919,710 526,900 23,980

Source: 1 Ministry of Agriculture, Statistical Digest 1975, Kuala Lumpur, 1978

2 I.F. Wong, The Present Land Use of Peninsular Malaysia 1975, Ministry of Agriculture, Kuala Lumpur 1979. .J::o

TABLE II SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF PADDY FARMS IN PENINSULAR MALAYS IA BY STATE, 1972

Average Percentage of Paddy Farm Size (in acres) paddy

States farm Below 1- 2.9- 3.0- 4.0- 5.0- 7.50- 10 and size 1 1. 99 2.99 3.99 4.99 7.49 9.99 above (acres) acre

Johore 1.5 5 60 27 3 3 2 0

Kedah 4.0 8 19 18 12 10 20 6 6

Ke1antan 2.3 8 26 32 16 10 7 1 0

Malacca 2.1 21 32 24 7 6 7 2 1

Negeri Sembi1an 1.1 45.7 22.5 17.4 8.6 3.0 2.8 0 0

Pahang 1.7 16 38 26 11 6 3 1 0

Penang 2.5 9 31 23 13 11 11 2 0

Perak 2.6 14 26 19 12 9 15 4 1

Perlis 4. 1 3 11 19 16 13 25 8 5

Se1angor 3.6 3 14 5 40 13 18 5 2

Treng.ganu 2.3 14 23 29 11 10 10 3 0

Peninsular 3. 1 10 23 21 14 10 15 4 3 Malaysia

Source: Selvadurai, Pad; Farming in West Malaysia, 1972. (J1

6

l eft i dl e . About 30 per cent of the i dl e agri cul tural l and had been

found to consi st of those al i enated for paddy (Mi ni stry of Agri cul ture ,

1 979. p . 6).

Non-uti l i zati on of al ienated agricul tural lands ha� posed a

seri ous probl em to the Government as substanttal amount of potenti al

revenue had been l ost .1

I n the State of Negeri Sembi l an the probl em of

i dl e paddy l ands is ver� .KUte. The State has approximately 36 ,456

acres of gazetted paddy l and and only 1 5 ,672 acres of the l and have

been cul ti vated and uti l i zed for paddy. Thi s impl i es that 20 , 784

acres or 57 per cent Qfal1 the gazetted padd� land are laft idl e

(Tabl e I I I). If al l the paddy l and i n the State were to be ful ly

cul ti vated an estimated 1 4 mi l l i on �antanqs of paddy woul d have been

produced . 2

The problem of i dl e paddy lands in Neger; Sembi lan�r i n Mal aysi a.

i n general , has not been empi ri cal l y exami ned. This study wi l l

attempt to exami ne the probl em wi th a vi ew o f i denti fyi ng i ts causes

and to suggest a l ternati ve uses of the i d l e l and.

1 losses in potenti al revenue i ncl ude the non-payment of Qui t Rents and i rrigati on water rates by the farmers , reducti on i n agri bus i ness activ i ties and paddy production .

2 Based on at l east a s i ngl e crop of paddy at an average yi el d of 387 gantangs per acre .

Di stri ct

Rembau

K. P i l ah

Jel ebu

Tamp; n

TABLE I I I PADDY LANDS I N NEGERI SEMB I LAN , BY DISTRI CT , 1 978

Total P addy l a nd I dl e paddy avai l ab l e currently l and paddy l and bei ng ( acres ) l

( acres ) uti l i sed ( ac res )

7 , 260 2 , 525 4 ,725

1 6 , 554 6 , 850 9 , 704 . 3 , 790 2 , 305 1 , 485

2 , 663 1 , 468 1 , 1 95

P . D; ckson 1 , 058 387 67 1

Seremban 5 , 1 31 2 , 1 27 3 ,004

Total 36 , 456 1 5 , 6 72 20 , 784

Source: Department of Agri cu l ture , Penyata Kel uasan Sawah-Sawah Neger; Semb i l an (M i meograph), January 1979 , Seremban.

7

1 The defi ni ti on of i dl e paddy l and i s based on the M i n i stry of Agri cul ture , Laporan Tanah-Tanah Terb i ar ( 1979 p . 2 ) wh i ch speci fi e s that a l l paddy l ands unuti l i zed for three years or more are consi dered abandoned l and . The bas i s for the sel ecti on of the three years bench­mark i s to be consi stent wi th regul ations sti pul ated i n Nati onal Land Code , 1965 and the Paddy Cu lt i vators ( Contro l of Rent and Securi ty of Tenure ) Ordi nance , 1955 .

Objectives of Study

The ma i n objecti ves of th i s study are :

( 1 ) To exami ne factors that contri bute to the non-uti l i zati o n of

the paddy l ands i n Negeri Sembi l an .

8

( 2 ) To suggest an a l ternat i ve l and use for the paddy l a nds wi th i n

the framework of present constra i nts .

Organ i sati on of Study

Chapter 2 wi l l attempt to prov i de an understandi ng of the

resources that are ava i l abl e i n Negeri Sembi l an . Chapter 3 wi l l

prov i de an i ns i ght i nto the methodol ogy and some of the theoreti cal

concepts a ssoci ated wi th the mathemati cal mode l s i n the study .

Factors that are thought to be contri buti ng to the non-uti l i zati on of

the paddy l and wi l l be di scussed i n Chapter 4 . Chapter 5 prov i des the

optimal solutions to the Linear Programming model. To assess the

stab i l i ty of the optima l sol uti o n provi ded by the L i near Programmi ng

model , a s ens i ti vi ty a na lys i s wi l l be di scus sed i n Chapter 6.

Chapter 7 conta i ns a summary , concl u s i ons a nd recommendat i ons for

future research .

CHAPTER 2

RESOURCES OF NEGERI S EMBI LAN

The State of Negeri Sembi l an i s l ocated i n the south western part

of Peni nsu l ar Ma l ays i a , l y i ng between l ati tudes 2- 23 ' N and 3· 1 0 ' N ,

and l ongi tudes 1 01- 42 ' E and 1 02- 43' E . It i s bounded i n the north

and northeast by the State of Pahang i n the west and northwest by the

State of Sel ango r , and i n the south by the State of Mal acca ( Fi gure 2).

The State essent i al ly has an equatori a l c l imate wi th no d i st i nctly

marked seasons . The da i ly temperatures are in the range of 78°-89° F ,

and rel ati ve humi d i ty i s around 96 per cent . Negeri Sembi l an i s one of

the states that recei v e an annua l ra i nfal l bel ow 1 00 i nches .

There are a l together s i x d i stri cts i n the State . Each of the

d i stri cts i s further sub-di v i ded i nto sma l l er admi n i strative uni ts or

mukims ( F i gure 2 ) . There are 61 s uch mukims wi th i n the State (Tabl e IV ) .

Tabl e IV a l so shows that the State has a total l and area of

approximately 2 , 573 square mi l es ( or 1 ,646 , 9 1 9 acres ) . The estimated

total popu l ati on i s 481 ,491 persons , wi th approximately 62 per cent

l i v i ng i n the rural areas engaged mostly i n agri cu l tural acti v i t i es .

Land Use Pattern

Agri cu l ture and forestry are the two domi nant forms of l and use i n

the State . Agri cu l ture occup i es the coasta l p l a i ns and the footh i l l s

10

FJGURE 2 THE POL� TICAL 80U��D,�R!ES OF NEGERI SEM8ILAN

.. � ... '" -.. "'.

PARTICULARS

A- JELEBU MUKIM

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8 - SEREMBAN MUKIM:-

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MALACCA

OF DISTRICT

c - P. DICKSON

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D - RE�lB.�U MUKIM :-

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E - KUALA PILAH

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F - TAMPIN MUKIM :-

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TABLl: 1.' rOPULATION AND LAND AREA IN NEGERI SEMBILAN

No. of Land area Land Total Tota 1 Estimated Total rural Mukim ; n sq. acreage cultivated population n .. of farm popu1ati on

miles area ( acres ) famil i es

K. Pil ah 16 956 611 ,840 400,249 115,434 20,470 102,350

Jelebu 8 528 337,920 92,749 32,868 5,945 29,725

Seremban 8 367.3 235,072 173,358 168,948 15,845 79,225

Tampin 7 339 216,960 123,154 48,156 5,065 25,325

P. Dickson 5 223. 1 142,784 116,179 76,244 5,373 26,865

Rembau 17 159. 9 102,343 82,595 39,841 7,253 36,595

Total 61 2573.3 1,646,919 988,284 481,491 59,951 299,755

Source: State Department of Agriculture: Perangkaan Asas Pertanian Negeri Sembi lan, 1978.

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