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PRESENTATION

CATASTROPHIC FIRE SUPPRESSION AND SAFE 

EVACUATION IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS USING 

BREATHABLE FIRE-SUPPRESSIVE ATMOSPHERE 

Conference on Tall BuildingsOctober 2003

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Presented by Igor K. Kotliar 

President

FirePASS Corporation

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INTRODUCTION

In industrialized countries, the cost of fire damage and fireprotection represents a significant percentage of the GDP.

 – In the USA, the cost of fire is approximately 2% of the GDP.

 – That is 100-200 billion annually. (Ahrens 2001)

During the last years, the United States and the world haveawakened to the threat of terrorist acts involving powerfulexplosive materials and the fires they cause.

Large and catastrophic fires resulting from terrorist attackspose an unprecedented challenge.

Presently, there is no existing technology to adequatelycombat catastrophic tall building fires

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INTRODUCTION cont.

Unfortunately, we now understand the devastating effect

 just one catastrophic fire can have on the global economy.

We can also see how thousands of lives can be lost

because of one inadequate protection regime. Nearly 50% of all fires are arson related.

For such an extreme problem calls for an immediate and

radical new approach.

It is time for you to open up your mind!

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FirePASS Technology Overview

FirePASS offers 7 new patents and a radical and newapproach to

Fire Prevention

Fire Suppression

Dual Mode Prevention & SuppressionMobile Fire Fighting Suppression Systems

Fire Escape

 All FirePASS solutions incorporate hypoxic (oxygenreduced) air.

Hypoxic air can prevent ignition and suppress fires The FirePASS Concept is based on 7 years of extensive

experience and research

FirePASS’ mother company, Hypoxico Inc. specializes inthe health and medical applications of hypoxic air.

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1. FirePASS Prevention

Why extinguish fires when you

can actively prevent them?

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FirePASS Prevention

FirePASS-P is the first system in the world thatcan totally prevent ignition of Class A, B, and Cfires.

FirePASS-P system constantly generates, and

ventilates Hypoxic air containing 15-16%O2.  At this oxygen concentration, nearly all ignition

scenarios are prevented.

In terms of O2 available for respiration, it is

equivalent to being in a passenger plane or beingin a mountain resort without this discomfortassociated with low pressure.

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FirePASS PreventionNormal Atmosphere (all altitudes)

21%

78%

1%

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Other 

FirePASS Prevention Environment

16%

83%

1%

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Other 

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FirePASS Prevention

 Although there is less

percentage of O2 in a

FirePASS-P

environment, the

absolute amount of 

oxygen in terms of 

oxygen partial

pressure is equivalent

to moderate altitude.

Oxygen

%

Equivalent

 Altitude

Symptoms

21 Sea-Level -Normal-

15.5 2,450m No adverse effects

12  4,400m Fatigue

10  5,800m Shortness of breath

7  8230m Stupor 

5  11,000m Death

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Pressure Pressure Oxygen Pressure Pressure

kPa mmHg in % kPa mmHg

20.9 21.2 159.01 0 0 13.7 13.9 104.26 11,220 3,420

20.7 21 157.51 260 80 13.5 13.7 102.76 11,600 3,530

20.5 20.8 156.01 530 160 13.3 13.5 101.26 11,980 3,650

20.3 20.6 154.51 800 240 13.1 13.3 99.76 12,360 3,770

20.1 20.4 153.01 1,070 330 12.9 13.1 98.26 12,750 3,890

19.9 20.2 151.51 1,350 410 12.7 12.9 96.76 13,140 4,010

19.7 20 150.01 1,620 490 12.5 12.7 95.26 13,540 4,130

19.5 19.8 148.51 1,900 580 12.3 12.5 93.76 13,950 4,250

19.3 19.6 147.01 2,180 670 12.1 12.3 92.26 14,350 4,380

19.1 19.3 144.76 2,470 750 11.9 12.1 90.76 14,770 4,500

18.9 19.1 143.26 2,750 840 11.7 11.9 89.26 15,190 4,630

18.7 18.9 141.76 3,040 930 11.5 11.6 87.01 15,620 4,760

18.5 18.7 140.26 3,330 1,020 11.3 11.4 85.51 16,050 4,890

18.3 18.5 138.76 3,620 1,100 11.1 11.2 84.01 16,490 5,030

18.1 18.3 137.26 3,920 1,200 10.9 11 82.51 16,930 5,16017.9 18.1 135.76 4,220 1,290 10.7 10.8 81.01 17,380 5,300

17.7 17.9 134.26 4,520 1,380 10.5 10.6 79.51 17,840 5,440

17.5 17.7 132.76 4,830 1,470 10.3 10.4 78.01 18,310 5,580

17.3 17.5 131.26 5,130 1,560 10.1 10.2 76.51 18,780 5,720

17.1 17.3 129.76 5,440 1,660 9.9 10 75.01 19,260 5,870

16.9 17.1 128.26 5,760 1,750 9.7 9.8 73.51 19,750 6,020

16.7 16.9 126.76 6,070 1,850 9.5 9.6 72.01 20,250 6,170

16.5 16.7 125.26 6,390 1,950 9.3 9.4 70.51 20,750 6,330

16.3 16.5 123.76 6,710 2,050 9.1 9.2 69.01 21,270 6,480

16.1 16.3 122.26 7,040 2,140 8.9 9 67.51 21,790 6,640

15.9 16.1 120.76 7,370 2,250 8.7 8.8 66.01 22,330 6,800

15.7 15.9 119.26 7,700 2,350 8.5 8.6 64.51 22,870 6,970

15.5 15.7 117.76 8,030 2,450 8.3 8.4 63.01 23,420 7,140

15.3 15.5 116.26 8,370 2,550 8.1 8.2 61.51 23,990 7,310

15.1 15.3 114.76 8,710 2,660 7.9 8 60.00 24,560 7,490

14.9 15.1 113.26 9,060 2,760 7.7 7.8 58.50 25,150 7,670

14.7 14.9 111.76 9,410 2,870 7.5 7.6 57.00 25,750 7,850

14.5 14.7 110.26 9,770 2,980 7.3 7.4 55.50 26,370 8,040

14.3 14.4 108.01 10,120 3,090 7.1 7.2 54.00 26,990 8,23014.1 14.3 107.26 10,480 3,200 6.9 7 52.50 27,630 8,420

13.9 14.1 105.76 10,850 3,310 6.7 6.8 51.00 28,290 8,620

H in Feet H in

meters

Oxygen

in %

H in Feet H in

meters

Oxygen % v. Altitude v. Partial Pressure Table

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

891011121314151617181920

Precentage of Oxygen in Ambient Air (at Sea Level)

   P  e  r  c  e  n   t

Corresponding Altitude (in feet)

 Fire Intensity and Oxyhemoglobin Levels

Fire Extinction occurs at a safe Oxyhemoglobin level

X Fire Extinction

 Point (16.2% O 2 )

SuppressiveMode

FireIntensity

OxyhemoglobinLevels

PreventiveMode

2,610 4,070 5,600 7,205 8,885 10,665 12,555 14,560 16,710 19,020 21,5301,210 23,705370 800 1200 1700 2200 2700 3250 3800 4450 5100 5800 6500 7225

(meters)

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Hypoxic Room System for athletic training contains 14.5% O2 inside

www.hypoxico.com 

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Installation scheme of the FirePASS-P system

Air

Heat

Condensate

Hypoxic air out

1  – Computer room

2  – Equipment racks3  – Hypoxic generator 

4  – Split a/c unit

Hypoxic air in 1 

4warm

air

cold air

Exit

2

3

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FirePASS Prevention

FirePASS-P is a ventilation system that maintainsa positive pressure within the protected space

Due to this positive pressure, the Prevention

system, can be coupled with a filtration system tomake the building immune from –  Aerosolized Biological Warfare Agents

 –  Aerosolized Chemical Agents

 – Radioactive Contaminants For this reason, the protected space can double

as an emergency shelter.

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FirePASS SuppressionBREATHABLE, ENVIRONMENTALLY

FRIENDLY, TOTALLY EFFECTIVE

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FirePASSSuppression

FirePASS agent is premixed hypoxic air containing10-12% O2 – The FirePASS agent, hypoxic air, has inerting properties

analogous to Nitrogen (IG-100).

 – Premixing ensures safety of occupants

 – Combats re-ignition with continuous flow of agent for post

suppression inerting – On-site agent re-generation

 – Suppression system is more flexible. Its continuous flowcauses room integrity to become less of a factor 

 – Can be a supplement to other systems

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SUPPRESSION SAFETY

NFPA Requirements

 According to National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

Standard 2001, ''Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems'' p.28.

Table A-1-6.1.3 "Physiological Effects for Inert Gas Agents“: 

12-percent minimum oxygen corresponds to

No Observable Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL)

10-percent minimum oxygen shows Low Observable AdverseEffect Level (LOAEL) 

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FirePASS Suppression

Fire Properties

FirePASS Safety Threshold

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TEST SUPPRESSION UNIT

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ON-SITE REFILLING

STATION

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OPEN WINDOW TEST

CONTAINER

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2 MW FIRE

GENERATEDAFTER 20 min.

BURN TIME

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AGENT RELEASED AND

FIRE SUPPRESSED

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EXTENDED AGENT

RELEASE TO COMBAT

RE-IGNITION

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FIREPASS Suppression

FIREPASS

has the abilityto protect

extremely

large volumes

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Hangar fire scenario

Phase I – detection – agent release

into the lower level of the structure

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Phase II – Agent floods the facility

suppressing fire and evacuating

combustion gases

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Phase III – Fire extinguished

Combustion gases evacuated

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FirePASS DUAL MODE

FirePASS can be utilized in “Dual Mode” for ultimateprotection.

 A constant preventative atmosphere can be maintainedwith an emergency supply of stored pressurized hypoxic

air. In the event of an attack that breaches the integrity of the

protected space, the suppression system is activated tomaintain a positive pressure of hypoxic air within theprotected space.

The suppression system must only keep fresh outside air from entering the building to prevent a catastrophic fire.

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MOBILE FIREPASS

SUPPRESSION

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Applications – Buildings

Agent distributionpiping 

accessible for

Mobile Systems

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Standpipes for the Floor-targeted

delivery of the agent, supplied by

Mobile Unit

A li ti M bil S t

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Applications – Mobile Systems

Refilling with breathable

hypoxic agent at station

Discharging FirePASS

agent at fire location

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Applications – Mobile Systems

Hydraulic agent delivery

“arm” enables to dischargeagent through a window at

any floor 

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FirePASS Emergency

Escape SystemsFire-proof Escapes

A li ti E E ti

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Applications – Emergency Evacuation

Fire Escape Stairway

pressurized with FirePASS

agent

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Applications - Buildings

Hyperbaric Hypoxic Fire

Suppression and Escape System

Applications Emergenc E acuation

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Applications – Emergency Evacuation

Hyperbaric Hypoxic FireSuppression and Escape

System design

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Hyperbaric Hypoxic Fire

Suppression and Escape

System design

Hyperbaric Hypoxic Fire Suppression and

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Escape System

Engineering and Construction details

Escape bridge andpressurized door 

design

Hyperbaric Hypoxic Fire Suppression and

E S t

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Escape System

Architectural design concept

Tunnel Fire Scenario

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Tunnel Fire Scenario

Phase I – fire detection

FIREPASS can provide reliable protection for the building's

underground facilities and infrastructure 

Tunnel Fire Scenario

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Tunnel Fire Scenario

Phase II – FirePASS agent discharge

Tunnel Fire Scenario

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Tunnel Fire Scenario

Phase III – Total flooding of the tunnel or its section

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What work is needed?

FirePASS has laid the foundation

for the building of the future. Still,

there is work to be done!

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FirePASS Development

FirePASS Prevention and Suppression

Systems have undergone successful small-

scale testing and computer simulations but

lacks large-scale testing

FirePASS Suppression Agent is certified by

the US Environmental Protection Agency

but is at the beginning of many other regulatory and certification processes.

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How much does the worldsbest fire-protection cost?

Less than you might think!

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FirePASS Cost

The cost of both the suppression and prevention systemsare dependent on a vast array of variables

In most cases FirePASS-Prevention system can beat thecost of a typical halocarbon system.

For small to moderate spaces the suppression system canbe competitive to standard inert gas and halocarbonsystems.

Large scale FirePASS-Suppression systems have nocompetition.

Tall-building sized suppression systems can be asinexpensive as a sprinkler system