masalah pengajaran dan pembelajaran di dalam kelas mengikut teori pembelajaran 3.0masalah...
Post on 06-Apr-2018
245 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/2/2019 Masalah Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran di dalam kelas mengikut Teori Pembelajaran 3.0 Masalah Pengajaran dan P
1/26
MAJL[JHAJ
@{ma S{ya|
1*4 Tkjlan{e{aj 1
9*4 Tkjlkma|aj Tsgmoeohg ;6-1737' wajh
ikytkjlata| ianaxa skianahgaj iksay |gjhman eam{ lgtkjhay{ng oekn
tyosks-tyosks tsgmoeohg |glam sklay wajh `ky{b{m mktala tk`gmgyaj%
mkig`iajhaj sky|a nayataj wajh |glam lgsklayg oekn skskoyajh |ky`as{m
tkyeam{aj joy`ae laj aijoy`ae nasge laygtala fam|oy hajk|gm laj
tkyskmg|ayaj* Aneg |koyg tkjlkma|aj tsgmoajaeg|gm `kjkmajmaj mktkj|gjhaj
ra`aj axae gjlgvgl{ laj tkycawa ianaxa tkygs|gxa `asa mkcge
`k`t{jwag mksaj sktajbajh nawa| tala mkalaaj tsgmoeohg gjlgvgl{*
\koyg s|y{m|{y tkysojaeg|g Sgh`{jl Fyk{l `k`ianahgmaj s|y{m|{y
tsgmgm mktala |gha gag|{ gl% kho laj s{tkykho* Gl `ky{tamaj s{`iky
loyojhaj laj jafs{ wajh lgxaygsg% `k`kj|gjhmaj lgyg skjlgyg laj |glam
ala tkjhay{n mktala l{jga ykaeg|g laj `k`tkjhay{ng |gjhman eam{ iawg
ataigea loyojhaj a|a{ mk`an{ajjwa ikhg|{ m{a|* Kho t{ea c{ia
tkyeanaj-eanaj `kjha`ige |ajhh{jhbaxai `kjloyojh gl s{tawa
`kjhgm{| mknkjlam `oyae laj k|gma `aswayama| sk`kj|aya s{tkykho t{ea
ikyf{jhsg skiahag tkjhnaj|ay `ame{`a| jgeag `oyae wajh ikymk`iajh
laygtala lglgmaj aha`a mktala kho wajh `kjhaxae gl* @kjhgm{|
tkjlkma|aj gjg% skmgyajwa gl laj s{tkykho c{m{t m{a| {j|{m `kjh{asag
kho igasajwa mojfegm laea`aj amaj ikyeam{ laea` lgyg gjlgvgl{* \koyg
6
-
8/2/2019 Masalah Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran di dalam kelas mengikut Teori Pembelajaran 3.0 Masalah Pengajaran dan P
7/26
Fyk{l `kjwayajmaj skmgyajwa mojfegm aj|aya gl% kho laj s{tkykho |glam
skeksag ga amaj `k`iaxa mktala mkckeay{aj `kj|ae* Coj|onjwa%
R{emayjagj skoyajh `{ygl laea` |an{j kja` wajh amaj `kjhnalatg
tktkygmsaaj [TSY amaj ikeabay laj iky{sana ikys{jhh{n-s{jhh{n
laea` tkeabayajjwa {j|{m `kjlata| mkt{|{saj wajh ck`kyeajh laea`
tktkygmsaaj |kyski{| lkjhaj skeae{ `kjh{eajhmabg tkeabayaj% iky|ajwa
mktala h{y{ laj ikysagjh lkjhaj yamaj-yamajjwa laea` sk|gat {bgaj laj
tktkygmsaaj tkyc{iaaj wajh lgbaeajmaj*
9*3 Tkjlkma|aj Mohjg|gvgs`k
Gs|gean mohjg|gf ky{b{m mktala am|gvg|g-am|gvg|g kj|ae sktky|g ikyfgmgy%
`kjaam{e% `kjhajaegsgs% `k`ikj|{m mojskt% `kjwkeksagmaj `asaean
laj skiahagjwa* Tkjlkma|aj Mohjg|gvgs`k `ky{tamaj tkjlkma|aj wajh
`k`ikyg tkyna|gaj mn{s{s mktala tyosks tk`gmgyaj gjlgvgl{ sktky|g
mk`angyaj ikyfgmgy skcaya myg|gs laj myka|gf% mk`angyaj ikeabay laj `o|gvasg
wajh lgtkeotoyg oekn aneg tsgmoeohg Hks|ae|% Tgkhk|% Vwho|smw% Hahjk%
Iy{jky laj A{s{ike* @kj{y{| `kykma laea` tyosks tk`ikeabayaj% tkeabay`k`ikj|{m s|y{m|{y mohja|gf laea` gjha|ajjwa* Sk|gat maeg skskoyajh
gjlgvgl{ g|{ ikeabay% lga amaj `kjw{s{j tkjhaea`aj wajh lgtkeabayg laj
`kjwg`tajjwa laea` gjha|aj* @kykma b{ha ikytkjlata| ianaxa sk|gat
`aj{sga `k`t{jwag mk{tawaaj `kj|ae {j|{m `kjhkeoea% `kjw{s{j%
`kjwg`taj laj `kjhh{jamaj sk`{ea skhaea tkjhaea`aj wajh
|kysg`taj {j|{m `k`ioeknmaj ga `kjhn{i{jhmag|maj tkjhaea`aj
|kyski{| lkjhaj `asaean wajh lgnalatg* Mkioeknaj gjg lgmkjaeg skiahag
ckegm amae*
@kj{y{| Hahjk .1784'% tyosks tk`ikeabayaj ikyhkyam layg
tkygjhma| wajh taegjh `{lan mktala tkygjhma| wajh y{`g|* Tk`ikeabayaj
tala ayas wajh |gjhhg ikyhaj|{jh mktala tk`ikeabayaj tala ayas wajh
8
-
8/2/2019 Masalah Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran di dalam kelas mengikut Teori Pembelajaran 3.0 Masalah Pengajaran dan P
8/26
ykjlan* Mabgaj \koyg Iy{jky `kjlata|g majam-majam lata| ikyfgmgy lkjhaj
`kjhh{jamaj ianasa gag|{ l{a tyosks tkjh{asaaj= s{tkyoylgja| laj
mo`tekmsgf* S{tkyoylgja| `ky{b{m mktala tyosks tkjhh{jaaj mojskt%
tygjsgt a|a{ n{m{` wajh sk`amgj ikymk`iajh skeayas lkjhaj
tkymk`iajhaj mk{tawaaj `kj|ae laj tkygjhma| {`{y `ajamaea
mo`tekmsgf tyosks tkjh{yajhaj tkjhh{jaaj ianasa wajh |glam ikycoyam
mojskt a|a{ tygjsgt skeayas lkjhaj tkymk`iajhaj laj mk{tawaaj
`kj|ae* G`tegmasgjwa sk`amgj ikymk`iajhaj tk`gmgyaj skskoyajh
gjlgvgl{% sk`amgj iajwam mojskt iay{ wajh amaj lgtkyoekngjwa*
Coj|onjwa% Ngswa`{llgj% `{ygl |an{j kja` |kean `angy `kj{egs kskg
tajbajh lkjhaj `k`tyam|gmmaj |kmjgm `kj{egs kskg sk|kean
`k`tkeabaygjwa skcaya ikytkygjhma| sk`kjbam layg |an{j k`ta| eahg*
9*< Tkjlkma|aj N{`ajgs|gm
Aneg Tsgmoeohg laea` tkjlkma|aj gjg alaean sktky|g Aiyana`
@aseox% Yoeeo @aw% Cayes Yohkys laj Hoyloj Aeetoy|* \koyg tkjlkma|aj
N{`ajgs|gm `k`ikyg |{`t{aj mktala ata wajh ikyeam{ laea` lgygskoyajh gjlgvgl{ sktky|g tkyasaaj a|a{ k`osgjwa* \koyg gjg `kjwa|amaj
ianaxa gjlgvgl{ |kyloyojh iky|gjlam `keam{maj sks{a|{ mkyaja
`k`t{jwag sa|{ mk`an{aj a|a{ mktkye{aj laj iky|ajhh{jhbaxai lg a|as
skhaea |gjlammajjwa* @kj{y{| tkjlkma|aj gjg% m{asa `o|gvasg skskoyajh
gjlgvgl{ alaean mkckjlky{jhajjwa {j|{m ikymk`iajh laj `kjcatag
nasya| lgyg .skef-ac|{aegra|goj'* Gjg iky`amja sk|gat gjlgvgl{ `k`t{jwag
mktkye{aj {j|{m `kjhk`iajhmaj to|kjsgjwa mk |anat `amsg`{`*
Xaea{t{j |kylata| naeajhaj% mkckjlky{jhaj sk`{eabalg alaean {j|{m
`kjcatag nasya| lgyg a|a{ `kjhk`iajhmaj to|kjsg mk |anat wajh
`amsg`{`* Mojskt gjg .tkjcatagaj nasya| lgyg' skikjayjwa lgtkeotoyg
oekn Aiyana` @aseox wajh b{ha `ky{tamaj aneg tsgmoeohg n{`ajgs*
>
-
8/2/2019 Masalah Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran di dalam kelas mengikut Teori Pembelajaran 3.0 Masalah Pengajaran dan P
9/26
Aiyana` @aseox .1784' `kjhk`{mamaj \koyg Ngkyaymg Mktkye{aj
@aseox lkjhaj ajlagaj ianaxa `aj{sga |glam tkyjan ikyasa t{as
lkjhaj ata wajh |kean lgcatag* @kjhgm{| @aseox mknkjlam `aj{sga
|kyianahg eg a `kjhgm{| mk{|a`aaj gag|{ mktkye{aj asas fgsgoeohg%
mkskea`a|aj% tkjhnayhaaj laj masgn sawajh% tkjhnoy a|aj mkjlgyg
sk|ky{sjwa mktkye{aj sk`t{yja mkjlgyg* Yohkys .17;6' t{ea `kjha|amaj
ianaxa `aj{sga skj|gasa iky{sana `k`ana`g lgyg skjlgyg%
`k`tkjhay{ng laj `kjhaxae tkyeam{aj lgygjwa laj oyajh eagj* Yohkys
ikytkjlata| ianaxa `aj{sga eangy lkjhaj mkckjlky{jhaj {j|{m
mksk`t{yjaaj wajh amaj `k`ajl{jwa `kjbalg gjsaj wajh `a|ajh laj
sgna|* Bkeas lg sgjg ianaxa tkjlkma|aj gjg ekign `k`ikyg |{`t{aj mktala
mk`an{aj skskoyajh laj `kjkmajmaj mk{jgmaj `aj{sga sky|a
mkikiasaj `kykma {j|{m `k`gegn `a|ea`a| ngl{t* Coj|onjwa% Mayg
`{ygl |an{j kja` wajh |glam `kjlata| masgn sawajh layg gi{ iatajwa
laj skj|gasa lgjafgmaj namjwa layg algm ikyalgmjwa wajh eagj |kean
`kjwkiaimaj ga s{ma `kjwkjlgyg laj |glam wamgj tala lgygjwa skjlgyg
skngjhha `kjbkbasmaj tkeabayajjwa*
9*; Tkjlkma|aj Igoeohg
Tkjlkma|aj Igoeohg c{ia `kjhag|maj |gjhman eam{ `aj{sga lkjhaj
mkbalgaj laea` o|am laj sgs|k` sayaf `aj{sga* Mabgaj-mabgaj iay{
`kj{jb{mmaj alajwa tky|aegaj yata| aj|aya am|gvg|g o|am lkjhaj |gjhman
eam{ laj tkjhaea`aj* Tkjlkma|aj gjg b{ha lgmkjaeg skiahag tkjlkma|aj
igo`klgm laj lgmkjaeg b{ha skiahag @olke Tkjwamg| .Lgskskask @olke'
a|a{ @olke Tky{ia|aj wajh ikytajlajhaj ianaxa `asaean wajh
lgnalatg alaean nasge mkcaca|aj |{i{n ialaj% mkcklkyaaj a|a{ tkjwamg|
wajh skeae{jwa `k`t{jwag mksaj mk a|as o|am*
Ykamsg k`osg sktky|g mk|am{|aj laj mk`anayaj |kean lg|ojboemaj
oekn nagxaj laj `aj{sga mk|gma lgeam{maj yajhsajhaj kekm|ygm lg
7
-
8/2/2019 Masalah Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran di dalam kelas mengikut Teori Pembelajaran 3.0 Masalah Pengajaran dan P
10/26
maxasaj-maxasaj |ky|kj|{ lg laea` o|am sktky|g kmstkyg`kj wajh |kean
lgbaeajmaj oekn Klxayl Ng|rgh .1>73-1798' laj H{s|av Fyg|scn .1>37-
1748' |kynalat ajbgjh wajh lg`as{mmaj l{a ia|ajh laxag mk tky`{maaj
moy|gmae o|amjwa* Kmstkyg kj gjg bkeas `kj{jb{mmaj |gjlam iaeas amaj
ikyeam{ ataigea yajhsajhaj kekm|ygm lgikygmaj laj sk|ky{sjwa `k`ikyg
mksaj mk a|as |gjhman eam{jwa* Oekn wajh lk`gmgaj% saean sa|{ fom{s
laea` tkjlkma|aj gjg alaean tkyajaj sgs|k` sayaf t{sa| wajh
iky|ajhh{jhbaxai `kjhaxae sk|gat tk`gmgyaj laj tkyhkyamaj `aj{sga*
Coj|onjwa% Sae`an `{ygl |an{j kja`% `kjhgm{| ykmol mkeangyajjwa |kean
`kjhaea g `asaean wajh `kjwkiaimaj o|amjwa |glam `k`tkyoekng
omsghkj skc{m{tjwa mkyaja ea`ia| lgeangymaj laea` tyosks |kyski{| %
|kean `k`ikyg mksaj mktala mk`a`t{aj `gjlajwa {j|{m `kjkyg`a laj
`kjhgjha| s{a|{ `ame{`a| sktky|g |glam `a`t{ `kjhgjha| sgfgy l{a*
14
-
8/2/2019 Masalah Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran di dalam kelas mengikut Teori Pembelajaran 3.0 Masalah Pengajaran dan P
11/26
3*4 @{ygl @{jl{y layg Tykstkm|gf Tsgmoeohg*
@{ygl `{jl{y `ky{tamaj `{ygl ek`ia` wajh |glam `k`t{jwag
mkioeknaj {j|{m `kjhgm{|g tkeabayaj skcaya joy`ae sktky|g `{ygl eagj% laj oekn
g|{ `kykma |glam `k`t{jwag mkioeknaj {j|{m `ab{ skcaya joy`ae lg skmoean*
Bgma lgiajlgjhmaj lkjhaj `{ygl eagj laea` egjhm{jhaj {`{y wajh sa`a% `kykma
`kj{jb{mmaj mkek`anaj wajh jwa|a laea` tkeabayaj* @kykma igasajwa |glam
lata| `kjhgm{|g m{ygm{e{` skmoean wajh igasa laj b{ha |glam lata| `kjhgm{|g
tkeabayaj wajh lgabay oekn h{y{ wajh `kjhh{jamaj maklan laj tyoskl{y
tkjhabayaj wajh igasa* I{y| .17;4' `kjwgfa|maj `{ygl `{jl{y skiahag `{ygl
wajh tala tky|kjhanaj aea` tkyskmoeanajjwa |glam ikymkioeknaj {j|{m
`kjhgm{|g tkeabayaj laea` mkeas sa|{ tkygjhma| ekign ykjlan laygtala mkeas wajh
sks{ag lkjhaj {`{yjwa* @kjhgm{| Mgym .1789'% mk`{jl{yaj tala {`{`jwa
`ky{tamaj eaike wajh lgikygmaj mktala mks `{ygl wajh tkjcatagaj
amalk`gmjwa ba{n ekign ykjlan laygtala mkioeknaj sk`{ea balgjwa*
Ata b{a gj|kytyk|asg wajh lgh{jamaj {j|{m `kj{jb{mmaj gs|gean
mk`{jl{yaj% tkymaya wajh `kjcgygmajjwa alaean mk|ajl{saj tkjlglgmaj*
Mk`{jl{yaj `{jhmgj ikyikj|{m mn{s{s a|a{ {`{`* Mk`{jl{yaj {`{` talalasayjwa alaean amgia| mkek`anaj gj|kekm a|a{ ek`ia` .o|am ek`iat'% xaea{
iahag`ajat{j ga |glam sk`ks|gjwa ikjay mkyaja ya`ag b{ha `{ygl wajh `{jl{y
|k|atg |glam ek`ia * Mk`{jl{yaj `kykma `{jhmgj i{maj lgskiaimaj
mkykjca|aj gj|kekm |a|atg mkalaaj tkyskmg|ayajjwa a|a{ fam|oy-fam|oy kms|ygjsgm
sktky|g maklan `kjhabay wajh |glam ikymksaj% sgmat `kj|ae laj k`osg wajh
|glam sks{ag |kynalat h{y{ laj tkeabayaj% tkjwamg| laj mkalaaaj fgrgmae wajh
ek`an* Xaea{t{j mk`{jl{yaj tala asasjwa `kj{jb{mmaj sa|{ mkalaaj
gj|kekm|{ae |k|atg tala namgma|jwa ga `kj{jb{mmaj sa|{ cgyg a|a{ sgfa| tsgmoeohg
wajh |g`i{e layg tkysojaeg|g nasge hai{jhaj sgfa| wajh lgxaygsg laj tkjhay{n
tkyskmg|ayaj laea` tyosks tkymk`iajhaj wajh amngyjwa `k`tkjhay{ng
tkysojaeg|g gjlgvgl{*
11
-
8/2/2019 Masalah Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran di dalam kelas mengikut Teori Pembelajaran 3.0 Masalah Pengajaran dan P
12/26
Laea` tkj{egsaj gjg mabgaj lgeam{maj tala eg`a oyajh `{ygl |an{j kja`
laea` ski{an skmoean wajh `k`t{jwag `asaean mk`{jl{yaj wajh mk|aya
laea` tkeabayaj* @{ygl-`{ygl |kyski{| gaean Hnaraeg% R{emayjagj% Ngswa`{llgj%
Mayg` laj Sae`an wajh |kean lgjwa|amaj laea` tkjkyajhaj tkjlkma|aj
tsgmoeohg lg a|as* @{ygl-`{ygl gjg lgtgegn mkyaja `k`t{jwag ikyiahag `asaean
|ky`as{mean mkckeay{aj tkysojaeg|g% ngeajh mkwamgjaj lgyg% ea`ia| `kjh{asag
s{a|{ mk`angyaj% hahae `kjhgm{|g tkjhabayaj h{y{% `asaean mk`{y{jhaj laea`
igegm layban laj skiahagjwa wajh `kjwkiaimaj ikyeam{jwa mk`{jl{yaj laea`
tkeabayaj `kykma* Mk`{jl{yaj gjg amaj lgm{tas laj lgbkeasmaj `keae{g
tkjlkma|aj aneg-aneg tsgmoeohg*
3*1 Tkjlkma|aj Iknavgoygs`k
@keae{g tykstkm|gf aegyaj gjg% tkyajaj tkyskmg|ayaj |kynalat
mk`{jl{yaj `{ygl alaean sa`a% sa`a ala lg iajlay a|a{ lg e{ay iajlay*
\kylata| `{ygl ngl{tjwa ikyala laea` tkyskmg|ayaj wajh igasa lkjhaj
tkjhngjaaj% ck`{n `kjck`{n laj `kykjlan-ykjlanmaj oyajh eagj*
Xaea{t{j sgmat gjg lgajhhat igasa lg sksk|kjhan |k`ta| % ianmaj igasaiahg sksk|kjhan oyajh lkxasa lg|k`ta| |kyski{|% |k|atg ga `k`t{jwag
mksaj wajh `ky{hgmaj ataigea `{ygl-`{ygl gjg ngeajh mkwamgjaj lgyg laj
`kyasa `ae{ {j|{m ikyha{e laj ikeabay ikysa`a yamaj-yamaj `kykma
wajh eagj*
\kylata| b{ha `{ygl wajh ikyha{e lkjhaj m{`t{eaj wajh anegjwa
s{ma `keam{maj tkyi{a|aj jamae= |glam ala s{a|{ mkiagmmaj wajh
lgnayatmaj laygtala `kykma* M{`t{eaj sktky|g gjgean wajh
iky|ajhh{jhbaxai `kjwkiaimaj igeajhaj lkegjm{kjs* Mksajjwa `{ygl-
`{ygl gjg igasajwa iky|gjhmaneam{ `kjwkekxkjh ba{n laygtala |gjhman
eam{ wajh lg|kyg`a oekn sosgae laj tygjsgt wajh lg|kyg`a oekn `aswayama|
|ky`as{m |aiga| yabgj ikeabay*
19
-
8/2/2019 Masalah Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran di dalam kelas mengikut Teori Pembelajaran 3.0 Masalah Pengajaran dan P
13/26
Gi{ iata `{ygl gjg igasajwa |glam `k`ikyg tkyna|gaj laj
`kjwklgamaj tkyskmg|ayaj wajh mojl{sgf mktala tkeabayaj ajam-ajam
`kykma* @{ygl-`{ygl wajh `k`t{jwag gi{ iata sktky|g gjg i{maj sanaba
`kjhaea g mk`{jl{yaj amalk`gm ianmaj sksk|kjhanjwa mk`iaeg
`kjbalg i{|a n{y{f* @{ygl-`{ygl wajh `k`t{jwag mkckjlky{jhaj {j|{m
ikysgmat yksksgf% |kyeae{ ahyksgf% skj|gasa ig iajh% hk`{y{n% |gala
mkwamgjaj lgyg igasajwa ba{n |ky|gjhhae laea` tkjcatagaj amalk`gm*
\ajla laj |gjhman eam{ iky`asaean gjg |g`i{e amgia| tkjbahaaj gi{ iata
wajh saean% wajh lgjwa|amaj `keae{g tkjwgsgnaj `kykma% |kyeae{
`kjh{asag a|a{ |kyeae{ `k`ajbamaj a|a{ ataigea n{i{jhaj aj|aya gi{
iata ba{n |glam `k`{asmaj*
3*9 Tkjlkma|aj Tsgmoajaeg|gm
Mkalaaj k`osg laj `oyae laea` tkyskmg|ayaj |k`ta| |gjhhae `{ygl
b{ha ioekn `k`tkjhay{ngjwa |kynalat mk`ab{aj tkjlglgmajjwa* Bgma
mkngl{taj naygaj lg y{`an lgcgygmaj oekn k`osg mkig`iajhaj a|a{
mk|am{|aj% tkyiaeanaj wajh mkyat ikyeam{% hayajh laj lo`gjaj a|a{t{j|kyeae{ `kjhojhmojh a|a{ hajhh{aj jk{yo|gm% `kykma amaj `k`iksay
laea` s{asaja k`osg laj sosgae wajh |glam lata| `kjhk`iajhmaj m{aeg|g
mkikiasaj laj mkwamgjaj lgyg wajh tkj|gjh {j|{m `kjcatag mk`ab{aj
laea` tkyskmoeanajjwa*
@{ygl-`{ygl wajh |kyeae{ lg ajbamaj layg eangy skngjhha |glam
tkyjan ikytke{ajh {j|{m iky{sana skjlgyg amaj `kjhk`iajhmaj sgmat
ikyhaj|{jh mktala oyajh eagj laj |glam `k`t{jwag gjgsga|gf {j|{m
`k`ab{maj lgyg* @kykma wajh |kean lgmkjamaj lgsgtegj wajh |kyeae{ mk|a|
laj `kjbaeajg mkngl{taj lkjhaj `kjhgm{| ayanaj `{jhmgj mkgjhgjaj
{j|{m iky{sana skjlgyg* Amgia|jwa% `{ygl-`{ygl wajh la|ajh layg mke{ayha
sktky|g gjg `k`t{jwag tkymk`iajhaj kho wajh ek`an lg `aja `kykma
13
-
8/2/2019 Masalah Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran di dalam kelas mengikut Teori Pembelajaran 3.0 Masalah Pengajaran dan P
14/26
|glam `k`t{jwag `o|gf wajh ekign |gjhhg {j|{m ikmkyba mkyas
`kjwkiaimaj `kykma skhkya iky{ian `kjbalg `aeas laj ek`iat* Gjg
lgsk`ayammaj eahg bgma s{asaja laea` mke{ayha lgyosammaj oekn sgmat gi{
iata wajh sa`ige ekxa% |glam tkl{eg% |glam `kjkta|g xam|{ laj
`kjhkeammaj |ajhh{jhbaxai* Sgmat sktky|g gjg amaj `kjhhaeammaj `{ygl
|kyski{| `kjbalg |glam ikylgsgtegj% |glam |an{ `kjh{y{s lgyg% |glam
`k`t{jwag tkya|{yaj% sajhh{t `kjgt{ laj |glam b{b{y laea` mkyba-mkyba
skmoean skngjhha `kjhamgia|maj mk`{jl{yaj amalk`gm* Layg mk|kyajhaj
lg a|as bkeas `kj{jb{mmaj tkymag|aj lkjhaj |koyg aneg tsgmoajaeg|gm wajh
`kjkmajmaj mktkj|gjhaj ra`aj axae gjlgvgl{ laj `k`tkycawag
ianaxa tkygs|gxa `asa mkcge `k`t{jwag mksaj laea` tkymk`iajhaj
gjlgvgl{*
3*3 Tkjlkma|aj Mohjg|gvgs`k
@{ygl-`{ygl wajh `{jl{y igasajwa |glam `k`tkyoekng
tkymk`iajhaj `kj|ae skiahag`aja skta|{|jwa lgskiaimaj tkyskmg|ayaj
wajh |glam `kjhaeammaj `kykma `keae{g tyosks-tyosks tkmk`iajhajtk`gmgyaj sktky|g`aja tkjkmajaj wajh lgikygmaj laea` aegyaj
mohjg|gvgs`k* @kj{y{| Tgahk| tkymk`iajhaj mohjg|gf majam-majam amaj
`keae{g sa|{ sgyg {y{|aj wajh ikytkygjhma|-tkygjhma| gag|{ tkygjhma| lkyga
`o|oy .4-9 |an{j'% tkygjhma| tyaotkyasg .9-8 |an{j'% tkygjhma| otkyasg
mojmyg| .8-11 |an{j' laj tkygjhma| otkyasg foy`ae .11 |an{j mk a|as'* Gi{
iata `{ygl `{jl{y b{ha skygjhmaeg bayajh `k`ikyg tke{ajh ajam `kykma
`k`i{a| mkt{|{saj laj |glam `kjlklanmaj `kykma lkjhaj sg|{asg wajh
`k`iaj|{ tkymk`iajhaj tk`gmgyaj* Bgma `{ygl-`{ygl gjg |glam lata|
ikyfgmgy laj `kj|afsgy sks{a|{ `kjhgm{| tkygjhma| {`{y wajh skta|{|jwa
`kykma ioeknean lgma|amaj `{ygl `{jl{y* Scnojjke .17
-
8/2/2019 Masalah Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran di dalam kelas mengikut Teori Pembelajaran 3.0 Masalah Pengajaran dan P
15/26
`kjwks{agmaj lgyg layg skhg sosgae laj k`osg* Mkek`iataj gjg |kj|{ean
`kjhnalmaj `{ygl gjg `k`tkyoekng majl{jhaj ge`{ tkjhk|an{aj laj
tkjcatagaj laea` tkeabayaj*
3*< Tkjlkma|aj N{`ajgs|gm
Lgsa`tgjh fam|oy-fam|oy tkyskmg|ayaj% lglgmaj laea` mke{ayha%
n{i{jhaj sosgae laj mkckylasaj wajh ykjlan sktky|g wajh |kean
lgigjcajhmaj lg a|as% fam|oy mk`gsmgjaj b{ha `kjbalg fam|oy laea`
mk`{jl{yaj amalk`gm* Saean sa|{ astkm mk`gsmgjaj alaean y{`an wajh
sksam |ky{|a`a ataigea igeajhaj aneg laea` mke{ayha ya`ag laj s{`iky
mkxajhaj a|a{ s{`iky tkyikeajbaaj |kynal* Laea` mke{ayha iksay wajh
mk{tawaajjwa |kynal% |ayaf mkngl{taj igasajwa ykjlan laj |glam
|kylata| c{m{t `amajaj wajh ikymnasga| wajh |glam iah{s {j|{m
tkymk`iajhaj `gjla* Y{`an wajh sksam `kjhamgia|maj sa|{ eahg
mkm{yajhaj a|a{ tkjlkyg|aaj wajh skyg{s* \kylata| m{yajhjwa
tkyn{i{jhaj aj|aya gi{ iata laj ajam-ajam wajh `kjwkiaimaj gi{
iata m{yajh `k`ikygmaj haeamaj laj yajhsajhaj sky|a masgn sawajhmktala ajam-ajam `kykma* Mkalaaj gjg b{ha amaj `kjg i{emaj eahg
`asaean% `gsaejwa `asaean hajhh{aj `asa |gl{y% ykna| laj mkek|gnaj
wajh amaj `k`ikyg mksaj mktala mksgna|aj |{i{n ialaj sk|ky{sjwa
tkjcatagaj amalk`gm `kykma* Bkeas lg sgjg mktkye{aj asas `aj{sga layg
wajh ykjlan skngjhhaean mktkye{aj tkygjhma| |ky|gjhhg sktky|g wajh
|kylata| laea` Mktkye{aj Nkyaymg @aseox amaj `k`ikygmaj mksaj
|kynalat tkymk`iajhaj gjlgvgl{ bgma |glam sk`t{yja a|a{ hahae lgtkj{ng*
1;
-
8/2/2019 Masalah Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran di dalam kelas mengikut Teori Pembelajaran 3.0 Masalah Pengajaran dan P
16/26
3*; Tkjlkma|aj Igoeohg
Tkymk`iajhaj fgrgmae wajh s{ijoy`ae alaean saean sa|{ laygtala
tkjwkiai mk`{jl{yaj wajh tkj|gjh* Sksk|kjhan `{ygl wajh `{jl{y
lgeangymaj lkjhaj `kxaygsg cgyg-cgyg |ky|kj|{ wajh ioekn `kjbalg tkjwkiai
mk`{jl{yaj% aj|ayajwa mkm{yajhaj |kjaha gag|{ ek`an layg skhg
loyojhaj laj mkara`aj {j|{m ikymk`iajh wajh `kjwkiaimaj `kykma
ikymk`iajh tala malay wajh tkyeanaj .Snajmky% 17;8'* I{y| .17;3' t{ea
`kjlata|g ianaxa 87+ laygtala `{ygl- {ygl wajh `{jl{y laea`
tkeabayaj `kjhaea`g skbkjgs mkykjca|aj tkymk`iajhaj a|a{ mkykjca|aj
fksgoeohg* Mk`{jl{yaj b{ha `{jhmgj lgskiaimaj mkykjca|aj `kj|ae*
Mkykjca|aj `kj|ae gjg `{jhmgj lgamgia|maj oekn iajwam skiai aj|ayajwa=
hkjk|gm mkalaaj sk`asa laea` majl{jhaj gi{% mkalaaj sk`asa
lgeangymaj% mkalaaj skektas lgeangymaj laj skiai-skiai i{lawa* Mk|khoyg
{`{` gjg `kegt{|g skiai-skiai mn{s{s sktky|g tkjwamg| wajh lgaea`g oekn
gi{ sk`asa `kjhajl{jh .tnkjwemk|oj{yga laj y{ikeea' % |glam lata|
c{m{t omsghkj sk`asa lgeangymaj% mkyosamaj o|am% lalan laj mkalaaj
kmojo`g mke{ayha* Hkbaea gjg igasajwa amaj `k`ikyg mksaj |kynalat
tkymk`iajhaj `kj|ae gjlgvgl{*
Skeagj laygtala fam|oy hajh{aj `kj|ae wajh lgbkeasmaj lg a|as%
`{ygl-`{ygl `{jl{y b{ha lgtkjhay{ng oekn mkcaca|aj fgrgmae laj tkjwamg|
sktky|g mkcaca|aj tkjhegna|aj% tkjlkjhayaj% mkmglaeaj% laj b{ha tkjwamg|
sktky|g tkjwamg| ngl{jh laj mkyojhmojh% iyojhmo|gs% tkjwamg| |ojsge a|a{
alkjogls% lk`a` tajas% tkjhnala`aj laj tkjwamg| mkekjbay wajh eagj*
@kj{y{| I{y| .17;3 laj Mgym .1789' tkjwamg| gjg a|a{ tkjwamg|-tkjwamg|
eagj wajh lgnalatg amaj `kjhajhh{ tyosks tk`ikeabayaj `{ygl-`{ygl gjg
sa`a ala lg y{`an a|a{ lg skmoean ngjhha `kjwkiaimaj tkjcatagaj
amalk`gmjwa ekign ykjlan laygtala |anat joy`ae laea` `a|atkeabayaj
|ky|kj|{ a|a{ `kjwkiaimaj mk`{jl{yaj skcaya {`{`* Mkcaca|aj fgrgmae
tala sksk|kjhan `{ygl `{jl{y ikyky|g sksk|kjhan tajcagjlkyajwa |glam
16
-
8/2/2019 Masalah Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran di dalam kelas mengikut Teori Pembelajaran 3.0 Masalah Pengajaran dan P
17/26
ikyf{jhsg lkjhaj iagm wajh amaj `kjwkiaimaj lgsmyg`gjasg wajh saean
a|a{ caca|% tky|g`iajhaj wajh saean laj ek`an tk`gmgyaj*
18
-
8/2/2019 Masalah Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran di dalam kelas mengikut Teori Pembelajaran 3.0 Masalah Pengajaran dan P
18/26
-
8/2/2019 Masalah Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran di dalam kelas mengikut Teori Pembelajaran 3.0 Masalah Pengajaran dan P
19/26
tkjh{a|m{asa {jlajh-{jlajh lkjhaj `kx{b{lmaj tkyskmg|ayaj
tk`ikeabayaj wajh mojl{sgf*
-
8/2/2019 Masalah Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran di dalam kelas mengikut Teori Pembelajaran 3.0 Masalah Pengajaran dan P
20/26
tkjhk|an{aj `{ygl layg mojmyg| laj ajaeohg mktala `asaean wajh ekign
ais|yam* Sk|gat |ab{m tkeabayaj tkye{ lgs{s{j laj lgtky|gjhma|maj* Gjg
`k`ioeknmaj tkjwa`tagaj |ab{m tkeabayaj laygtala tkygjhma| wajh
skjajh mktala tkygjhma| wajh s{san* Gsg laj am|gvg|g-am|gvg|g tkeabayaj
wajh lgsklgamaj tkye{ skeayas lkjhaj tkymk`iajhaj mohjg|gf `{ygl-`{ygl
`{jl{y* Bgma |glam% ianaj a|a{ am|gvg|g tkeabayaj |kyski{| `{jhmgj amaj
`k`iosajmaj `kykma a|a{ lglata|g |kyeae{ s{may iahg `kykma* Am|gvg|g
tkeabayaj gjg sknay{sjwa `kjhajl{jhg |{has-|{has mojmyg| a|a{ |otgm wajh
x{b{l layg gja| sk`{eabalg {ygl-`{ygl |kyski{| laj mkngl{taj sknaygaj
sktky|g `amajaj mg|a% mksgna|aj mg|a% bgyaj |k|ajhha mg|a laj
skiahagjwa* Tkjhh{jaaj aea| tajlajh lkjhay sktky|g mal ha`iay% fgek`%
cay|a laj `olke `kjoeojh `kykma `k`igja |ai{jh `ame{`a| wajh
ikyh{ja wajh `amjajwa bkeas iahg `kykma* Saean sa|{ tygjsgt maklan
`kjhabay wajh iagm iahg `{ygl `{jl{y alaean mkwamgjaj lgyg `kykma
tkye{ lgx{b{lmaj tkyeanaj-eanaj `keae{g |aiga| mkbawaaj* H{y{ tkye{
`k`ig`igjh `kykma lkjhaj saiay laj tkyeanaj-eanaj% `kjkj|{maj
wajh sk|gat eajhman ikjay-ikjay |kean lgm{asag skike{`
`k`tkymkjaemaj wajh eagj lkjhaj ea|gnaj wajh ekign mkyat eahg*
-
8/2/2019 Masalah Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran di dalam kelas mengikut Teori Pembelajaran 3.0 Masalah Pengajaran dan P
21/26
`k`tkeabaygjwa* Gjg `k`kye{maj tkjhabayaj gjlgvgl{ laea` m{`t{eaj
mkcge* Tkeabayaj tkye{ lgs{s{j ahay `{ygl-`{ygl |kyski{| `k`tkeabayg
sks{a|{ wajh iky`amja* Ataigea gjg ikyeam{% `{ygl amaj `k`t{jwag
nasya| {j|{m ikeabay% ikymk`iajh% `kjkyoma laj `kjcgt|a* Tk`ikeabayaj
n{`gjgs|gm `kjg|gmikya|maj tkymk`iajhaj skcaya ikias laj iky|{b{aj
{j|{m `k`iaj|{ `kykma `kjajhajg |kmajaj mke{ayha laj `aswayama|*
Nasge sosgae laj k`osg ekign lgtkj|gjhmaj laygtala nasge amalk`gm * Aneg-
aneg tk`ikeabayaj n{`ajgs|gm ikytkjlata| ianaxa tala amngyjwa%
tkjcatagaj amalk`gm `{ygl amaj `kjbalg ekign iagm ikyiajlgjh lkjhaj
sgs|k` tk`ikeabayaj |yalgsgojae* Gjg ikyeam{ mkyaja laea` tkjhabayaj
n{`ajgs|gm% tk`ikeabayaj ayan mkjlgyg a`a| lg|kmajmaj* Caya gjg
`kjwkiaimaj tk`ikeabayaj `kjbalg a`a| iky`amja laj iky{tawa
`kjhhk`igyamaj `{ygl*
>4-1761'% iama wajh lgmag|maj lkjhaj kjlohkj `ky{tamaj fam|oy
tkj|gjh tkymk`iajhaj majam-majam wajh `k`ikj|{m |gjhman eam{* Oekn
wajh lk`gmagaj% tk`kygmsaaj lom|oy tky{ia|aj mn{s{s |kynalat `{ygl-
`{ygl `{jl{y tkye{ lgikygmaj* Mk`{lanaj ta|{| lgsklgamaj {j|{m
`k`{egnmaj tkjwamg| a|a{ mkcaca|aj wajh lglata|g `keae{g tk`kygmsaaj
g|{* Iaj|{aj cky gj `a|a ioekn lgikygmaj mktala `{ygl `{jl{y wajh
lgskiaimaj oekn `asaean tkjhegna|aj ikhg|{ b{ha lkjhaj aea| iaj|{aj
tkjlkjhayaj {j|{m `kykma wajh `kjhaea`g `asaean tkjlkjhayaj*
Ma{jskegjh mktala gi{ iata nay{s lgikygmaj mkyaja ala lgaj|aya `kykma
wajh ikyasa `ae{ a|a{ hahae `kjhksaj mkcaca|aj `kj|ae wajh lgnalatg
oekn ajam `kykma wajh `{jl{y*
91
-
8/2/2019 Masalah Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran di dalam kelas mengikut Teori Pembelajaran 3.0 Masalah Pengajaran dan P
22/26
Mabgskeglgm laea` `kjhkjaetas|g fam|oy igoeohg skiahag tkjwkiai
mkckeay{aj `ool wajh `kjwkiaimaj mk`{jl{yaj alaean tksa|
lgbaeajmaj* Iglajh tkjwkeglgmaj |kyski{| alaean |ky`as{m mabgaj hkjk|gm
laea` iglajh jk{ygigomg`ga* Fom{s tkjlkma|aj igo`klgm tala {jgtoeay
lktykssgoj mkikeamajhaj gjg alaean tala ngto|ksgs ca|kcnoea`gjk= gag|{
|koyg wajh `kjwayajmaj ianaxa mk`{y{jhaj `{ygl `{jl{y alaean nasge
m{yajhjwa am|gvg|g jk{yo|yajs`g||kys-joyktgjktnygjk laj skyo|ojgj*
Yaxa|aj igoeohg `asaean gjg alaean lkjhaj `kjgjhma|maj am|gvg|g
jk{yo|yajs`g||kys |kyski{|* Ikikyata s|ya|khg |kean `kj{jb{mmaj
mkbawaaj |ky`as{m tkjhh{jaaj lalan .|ycwegcs% @AO gjngig|oys% laj
TYORAC'% kekc|yocojv{esgvk snocm |nkyatwlaj ea|gnaj akyoigm*
99
-
8/2/2019 Masalah Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran di dalam kelas mengikut Teori Pembelajaran 3.0 Masalah Pengajaran dan P
23/26
;*4 Mksg`t{eaj
Aneg-aneg tsgmoeohg |kean `kjhh{jamaj ikikyata tkjlkma|aj iahg
`kjhn{yagmaj mojskt-mojskt a|a{ glka `kykma ikymag|aj lkjhaj |gjhman eam{
`aj{sga* Aj|aya tkjlkma|aj wajh lgh{jamaj alaean tkjlkma|aj iknavgoygs`k%
tkjlkma|aj tsgmoajaeg|gm% tkjlkma|aj mohjg|gvgs`k% tkjlkma|aj n{`ajgs|gm laj
tkjlkma|aj igoeohg* Tkjlkma|aj-tkjlkma|aj gjg `k`t{jwag mkm{a|aj |kyskjlgyg
laj malajhmaea ikymksgja`i{jhaj aj|aya sa|{ tkjlkma|aj lkjhaj tkjlkma|aj
wajh eagj*
Tkjlkma|aj Iknavgoygs`k `kjkmajmaj tkjhay{n tkyskmg|ayaj |kynalat
tkymk`iajhaj |gjhman eam{ gjlgvgl{ wajh `kjhh{jamaj kek`kj hajbayaj laj
tkearg`aj laea` tkjlkma|ajjwa* Tk`gmgyaj wajh |glam sklay t{ea lgbkeasmaj
laea` |koyg tsgmoajaeg|gm wajh `k`ianasmaj mkskg`iajhaj gl% kho laj
s{tkykho wajh iajwam `kjkmajmaj tkye{jwa mkskg`iajhaj `kj|ae laj k`osg
laea` tkjlkma|aj wajh lgh{jamajjwa laea` tkymk`iajhaj |gjhman eam{
gjlgvgl{* Lgsa`tgjh mksg`iajhaj k`osg wajh eangy layg mkwamgjaj lgyg% mooylgjasg
tyosks tk`gmgyaj gjlgvgl{ b{ha tkye{ lgikyg tkyna|gaj laea` tkjlkma|aj
mohjg|gvgs`k* Tkjlkma|aj gjg `kjwayajmaj ahay lgeam{maj tk`kygjhma|aj laea``k`igja |anat tk`gmgyaj gjlgvgl{ sks{ag lkjhaj tkymk`iajhajjwa* Mktkye{aj-
mktkye{aj asas laea` lgyg gjlgvgl{ tkye{ lgtkj{ng `kjhgm{| tkjlkma|aj
n{`ajgs|gm* Yasa masgn sawajh laj noy`a| `kjhnoy`a|g laea` gj|kyamsg gjlgvgl{
amaj `k`tkjhay{ng tkymk`iajhaj |gjhman eam{jwa* Fam|oy-fam|oy igoeohg sktky|g
mkcaca|aj `kj|ae laj fgrgmae sk|ky{sjwa |anat mksgna|aj |{i{n skskoyajh
gjlgvgl{ b{ha ioekn `k`tkjhay{ng |gjhman eam{jwa* Laea` nae gjg% tkjlkma|aj
igoeohg ioekn lgh{jamaj {j|{m `kjha|asgjwa wajh aj|aya eagj `kjg|gmikya|maj
soae tk`amajaj% tkjha`igeaj {ia|-{ia|aj laj |kyatg*
Tkjlkma|aj-tkjlkma|aj tsgmoeohg wajh lgigjcajhmaj ioekn lgsktal{ laj
lgh{jamaj laea` `k`iaj|{ `{ygl-`{ygl `{jl{y wajh lgbalgmaj gmoj laea`
tkj{egsaj gjg* @{ygl-`{ygl `{jl{y `k`t{jwag `asaean wajh mn{s{s |k|atg
93
-
8/2/2019 Masalah Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran di dalam kelas mengikut Teori Pembelajaran 3.0 Masalah Pengajaran dan P
24/26
`k`t{jwag mktkye{aj asas wajh sa`a sktky|g `{ygl-`{ygl wajh eagj*
Mk`{jl{yaj `kj|ae alaean nasge layg ikyiahag fam|oy= hkjk|gm% mkcaca|aj fgrgmae%
tkymaya a|a{ tkjwamg| wajh lgaea g oekn gi{ sk`asa laea` majl{jhaj
mkckylasaj wajh ykjlan% tkjwamg| laj mkalaaj sosgo kmojo`g laj tkyskmg|ayaj
lg `aja ga lgiksaymaj* Alaean tkj|gjh `asaean gjg lgmkjaetas|g axae s{tawa
iaj|{aj laj ig`igjhaj lata| lgikygmaj skhkya* Mkybasa`a aj|aya h{y{ laj gi{
iata alaean tkye{ laea` `k`ig`igjh `{ygl-`{ygl `{jl{y* \{has {|a`a h{y{
laea` nae gjg alaean `kjhmooylgjasgmaj `{ygl- {ygl `{jl{y laea`
`kjhkjaetas|g% `k`ikyg tkjhabayaj laj tkyna|gaj sk|ky{sjwa `kjha`ige
eajhman-eajhman tkye{ `kjhh{jamaj tkjlkma|aj-tkjlkma|aj wajh lgsayajmaj
oekn aneg-aneg tsgmoeohg*
9
-
8/2/2019 Masalah Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran di dalam kelas mengikut Teori Pembelajaran 3.0 Masalah Pengajaran dan P
25/26
Y{b{maj
A|aj Eojh .17>4'* Tsgmoeohg Tkjlglgmaj* M{aea E{`t{y= Lkxaj Ianasa laj
T{s|ama*
I{y|% C* .17;4'* \nk Iacmxayl Cngel* Eojloj = [jgvkysg|g of Eojloj Tykss*
I{y|% C* .17;3'* \nk Ca{sks ajl \yka|`kj| of Iacmxayljkss* Eojloj= [jgvkysg|g
of Eojloj Tykss*
K* \noyjlgmk*Cojjkc|gojgs` A|as |aegaj n||t2//|gt*tswcnoeohw*oyh/|noyj*n|`e 1
Ohos 944;*
Klxayl E* \noyjlgmk .1714'% \nk Coj|ygi{|goj Of Tswcnoeohw \o Kl{ca|goj%
Coe{`iga [jgvkysg|w* A|as |aegaj n||t2//tswcnceassgcs*woym{*ca/\noyjlgmk/
kl{ca|goj*n|` 1 Ohos 944;*
Hkoyhk Iokykk C*\nk Ngs|oyw of Tswcnoeohw% Tkjjswevajga= Sngttkjsi{yh
[jgvkysg|w* A|as |aegaj n||t2//xxx*sngt*kl{/zchiokykk/ngs|oywoftswcn*n|`e
1 Ohos 944;*
Ma`ay{lgj Nb* N{sgj .1773'* Tklahohg 3* Tkjhh{jaaj Tsgmoeohg laea` Igegm
Layban* Tk|aegjh Bawa* Eojh`aj @aeawsga*
Mnalgban Yonajg% @anajg Yaraeg% Ya`ean Baj|aj .944;'* Tsgmoeohg Tkjlglgmaj*
M{aea E{`t{y= [JG\K@ Slj* Inl*Mgym% S* .1789'* Kl{ca|gjh K~ckt|gojae Cngelykj* Ios|oj = No{hn|oj @gffegj*
@an`ool Jaray @ona`kl* .1779'* Tkjhnaj|ay Tsgmoeohg* M{aea E{`t{y=
Lkxaj Ianasa laj T{s|ama*
@klegjk Te{s* \y{s|kl Nket Gjfoy`a|goj Foy Wo{ [*S* Ja|gojae Eagiyayw of
@klgcgjk A|as |aegaj n||t2//xxx*je`*jgn*hov/`klegjkte{s/tykja|aecayk*
n|`e 1 Ohos 944;*
Ya`ean Baj|aj laj @anajg Yaraeg .9441'* Tsgmoeohg Tkjlglgmaj Moj|k`toyayg%
M{aea E{`t{y% @c Hyax Ngee*
Scnojkee% F*B .17
-
8/2/2019 Masalah Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran di dalam kelas mengikut Teori Pembelajaran 3.0 Masalah Pengajaran dan P
26/26
Sg|g Naxa @{jbg% @aay{f Yklr{aj .1773'* Tkjhnaj|ay Tsgmoeohg* M{aea E{`t{y=
Tkjkyig| Fabay Iam|g Slj* Inl*
S{yalg Saeg` .1776'% Ig igjhaj laj Ma{jskegjh* M{aea E{`t{y= [|{saj
T{iegca|gojs & Lgs|y{i{|oys Slj* Inl*
96
top related