asas anatomi dan fisiologi unit berstruktur sel, tisu dan membran kulit dr. norlena salamuddin...

ASAS ANATOMI DAN FISIOLOGIUnit BerstrukturSel, Tisu dan Membran

Kulit Dr. Norlena Salamuddin

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Pengenalan

DefinisiAnatomi

Kajian mengenai struktur badan

Fisiologi Kajian mengenai fungsi badan

Organisasi struktur Kimia – kesemua sebatian kimia Sel – gabungan sebatian kimia Tisu – kumpulan sel yang mempunyai tugas

yang sama Organ – tisu yang mempunyai fungsi yang sama Sistem – gabungan organ yang mempunyai

tugas yang sama Organisma – gabungan kesemua sistem

**Fungsi utama sistem-sistem dalam badan adalah untuk homeostasis

Hubungkait antara sistem

Kesemua sistem melakukan fungsi masing-masing untuk membolehkan organisma membesar dan berfungsi

Antara aktiviti sistem-sistem ialah pergerakan, penghazaman, pencernaan, pengangkutan, respirasi, sintesis, asimilasi (penyerapan), pertumbuhan, eskresi, regulasi, dan pembiakan

11 Sistem Badan Manusia11 sistem dalam badan manusia adalah:

-- sistem saraf -- sistem integumentari

-- sistem respiratori -- sistem digestif

-- sistem perkumuhan/urinari -- sistem rangka

-- sistem otot -- sistem peredaran darah

-- sistem endokrina -- sistem reproduktif

-- sistem limfatika (imunisasi)

Sel dan Tisu

Sel menjalankan kesemua aktiviti kimia yang diperlukan untuk memastikan kelangsungan hayat

Tisu adalah sekumpulan sel yang serupa dari aspek struktur dan fungsi

Sel Sel tidak serupa tetapi

berkongsi struktur umum Disusun kepada tiga

komponen utama: Nukleus Sitoplasma Plasma membran

NukleusPusat kawalan selMengandungi bahan genetik (DNA)

Membran plasmaLapisan halangan kandungan sel

SitoplasmaBahan di luar nukleus tetapi dalam membra

plasmaTerdiri dari sitosol, organel dan inclusion

Organel sitoplasmaOrganel sitoplasma

Tisu Merupakan kumpulan sel-sel khusus untuk

fungsi tertentu Tisu terdiri dari sel-sel yang mempunyai

struktur dan fungsi yang serupa 4 jenis utama:

Tisu epiteliumTisu konektifTisu sarafTisu otot

Tisu Epitelium Terdapat di pelbagai kawasan badan

Menutup badanMelapisi badanPada kelenjar

FungsiKeselamatanPenyerapanPenapisanPerkumuhan

Ciri-ciri epiteliumCiri-ciri epitelium

Sel-sel yang rapat Satu permukaan lapisan tisu sentiasa

bebas Bahagian bawah diikat oleh membran

asas Avascular (tiada saliran darah) Mampu regenerate sekiranya cukup

nutrisi

Classification of EpitheliumClassification of Epithelium

Slide 3.44aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Number of cell layers

Simple – one layer

Stratified – more than one layer

Figure 3.16a

Classification of EpitheliumClassification of Epithelium

Slide 3.44bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Shape of cells

Squamous – flattened

Cuboidal – cube-shaped

Columnar – column-like

Figure 3.16b

Simple EpitheliumSimple Epithelium

Slide 3.45Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Simple squamous Single layer of flat

cells Usually forms

membranes Lines body

cavities Lines lungs and

capillariesFigure 3.17a

Simple EpitheliumSimple Epithelium

Slide 3.46Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Simple cuboidal Single layer of

cube-like cells Common in

glands and their ducts

Forms walls of kidney tubules

Covers the ovaries Figure 3.17b

Simple EpitheliumSimple Epithelium

Slide 3.47Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Simple columnar

Single layer of tall cells

Often includes goblet cells, which produce mucus

Lines digestive tract

Figure 3.17c

Simple EpitheliumSimple Epithelium

Slide 3.48Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pseudostratified Single layer, but

some cells are shorter than others

Often looks like a double cell layer

Sometimes ciliated, such as in the respiratory tract

May function in absorption or secretion

Figure 3.17d

Stratified EpitheliumStratified Epithelium

Slide 3.49Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Stratified squamous Cells at the free edge

are flattened Found as a protective

covering where friction is common

Locations Skin Mouth Esophagus Figure 3.17e

Stratified EpitheliumStratified Epithelium

Slide 3.50Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Stratified cuboidal Two layers of cuboidal cells

Stratified columnar Surface cells are columnar, cells

underneath vary in size and shape

Stratified cuboidal and columnar Rare in human body Found mainly in ducts of large glands

Stratified EpitheliumStratified Epithelium

Slide 3.51Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Transitional epithelium

Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching

Lines organs of the urinary system

Figure 3.17f

Glandular EpitheliumGlandular Epithelium

Slide 3.52Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gland – one or more cells that secretes a particular product

Two major gland types Endocrine gland

Ductless Secretions are hormones

Exocrine gland Empty through ducts to the epithelial surface Include sweat and oil glands

Connective TissueConnective Tissue

Slide 3.53Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Found everywhere in the body

Includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues

Functions

Binds body tissues together

Supports the body

Provides protection

Connective Tissue CharacteristicsConnective Tissue Characteristics

Slide 3.54Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Variations in blood supply

Some tissue types are well vascularized

Some have poor blood supply or are avascular

Extracellular matrix

Non-living material that surrounds living cells

Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types

Slide 3.56Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Bone (osseous tissue) Composed of:

Bone cells in lacunae (cavities)

Hard matrix of calcium salts

Large numbers of collagen fibers

Used to protect and support the body Figure 3.18a

Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types

Slide 3.57Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Hyaline cartilage Most common

cartilage Composed of:

Abundant collagen fibers

Rubbery matrix Entire fetal skeleton

is hyaline cartilage Figure 3.18b

Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types

Slide 3.58aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Elastic cartilage

Provides elasticity

Example: supports the external ear

Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types

Slide 3.58bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fibrocartilage

Highly compressible

Example: forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae

Figure 3.18c

Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types

Slide 3.59Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Dense connective tissue Main matrix element

is collagen fibers Cells are fibroblasts Examples

Tendon – attach muscle to bone

Ligaments – attach bone to bone Figure 3.18d

Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types

Slide 3.60Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Areolar connective tissue Most widely

distributed connective tissue

Soft, pliable tissue Contains all fiber

types Can soak up excess

fluid Figure 3.18e

Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types

Slide 3.61Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Adipose tissue Matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat

globules predominate Many cells contain

large lipid deposits Functions

Insulates the body Protects some organs Serves as a site of

fuel storageFigure 3.18f

Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types

Slide 3.62Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Reticular connective tissue Delicate network of

interwoven fibers Forms stroma

(internal supporting network) of lymphoid organs Lymph nodes Spleen Bone marrow

Figure 3.18g

Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types

Slide 3.63Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Blood

Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix

Fibers are visible during clotting

Functions as the transport vehicle for materials

Figure 3.18h

Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue

Slide 3.64Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Function is to produce movement Three types

Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle

Muscle Tissue TypesMuscle Tissue Types

Slide 3.65Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Skeletal muscle Can be controlled

voluntarily Cells attach to

connective tissue Cells are striated Cells have more than

one nucleusFigure 3.19b

Muscle Tissue TypesMuscle Tissue Types

Slide 3.66Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cardiac muscle Found only in the

heart Function is to pump

blood (involuntary) Cells attached to

other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks

Cells are striated One nucleus per cell Figure 3.19c

Muscle Tissue TypesMuscle Tissue Types

Slide 3.67Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Smooth muscle Involuntary muscle Surrounds hollow

organs Attached to other

smooth muscle cells No visible striations One nucleus per cell Figure 3.19a

Nervous TissueNervous Tissue

Slide 3.68Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Neurons and nerve support cells

Function is to send impulses to other areas of the body

Irritability

Conductivity Figure 3.20

Tissue RepairTissue Repair

Slide 3.69Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Regeneration Replacement of destroyed tissue by the

same kind of cells

Fibrosis Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue

(scar tissue)

Determination of method Type of tissue damaged Severity of the injury

Events in Tissue RepairEvents in Tissue Repair

Slide 3.70Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Capillaries become very permeable Introduce clotting proteins Wall off injured area

Formation of granulation tissue Regeneration of surface epithelium

Regeneration of TissuesRegeneration of Tissues

Slide 3.71Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Tissues that regenerate easily Epithelial tissue Fibrous connective tissue and bone

Tissues that regenerate poorly Skeletal muscle

Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue Cardiac muscle Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord

The Integumentary System

The Integumentary System

Integument is skin Skin and its appendages make up the

integumentary system A fatty layer (hypodermis) lies deep to it Two distinct regions

EpidermisDermis

Functions of skin

Protection Cushions and insulates and is waterproof Protects from chemicals, heat, cold, bacteria Screens UV

Synthesizes vitamin D with UV Regulates body heat Prevents unnecessary water loss Sensory reception (nerve endings)

Remember…

Four basic types of tissue

Epithelium – epidermis just discussedConnective tissue - dermisMuscle tissueNervous tissue

Skin appendages

Derived from epidermis but extend into dermis

IncludeHair and hair folliclesSebaceous (oil) glandsSweat (sudoiferous) glandsNails

Nails

Of hard keratin Corresponds to hooves and claws Grows from nail matrix

Hair and hair follicles: complexDerived from epidermis and dermisEverywhere but palms, soles, nipples, parts of genitalia

*“arrector pili” is smooth muscle

*

Hair papilla is connective tissue________________

Hair bulb: epithelial cells surrounding papilla

Functions of hairWarmth – less in man than other mammalsSense light touch of the skinProtection - scalp

PartsRoot imbedded in skinShaft projecting above skin surface

Make up of hair – hard keratin Three concentric layers

Medulla (core)Cortex (surrounds medulla)Cuticle (single layers, overlapping)

Types of hair Vellus: fine, short hairs Intermediate hairs Terminal: longer, courser hair

Hair growth: averages 2 mm/week Active: growing Resting phase then shed

Hair loss Thinning – age related Male pattern baldness

Hair color Amount of melanin for black or brown; distinct form of

melanin for red White: decreased melanin and air bubbles in the

medulla Genetically determined though influenced by

hormones and environment

Sebaceous (oil) glands Entire body except palms and soles Produce sebum by holocrine secretion Oils and lubricates

Sweat glands Entire skin surface Prevent overheating 500 cc to 12 l/day!

(is mostly water) Humans most

efficient (only mammals have)

Produced in response to stress as well as heat

Types of sweat glands Eccrine or merocrine

Most numerous True sweat: 99% water, some salts, traces of waste Open through pores

Apocrine Ducts open into hair follices The organic molecules in it decompose with time - odor

Modified apocrine glands Ceruminous – secrete earwax Mammary – secrete milk

Questions???