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Sistem Maklumat Pengurusan

Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman

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Fungsi Pengurusan Klasik

Historically, managers have had Historically, managers have had these main functions:these main functions:

• PlanningPlanning• OrganizingOrganizing• StaffingStaffing• DirectingDirecting• ControllingControlling

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Perancangan

Managers devise Managers devise both short-range both short-range and long-range and long-range plans for the plans for the organization and organization and set goals to achieve set goals to achieve those plans.those plans.

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Organizing

Managers must Managers must decide how decide how to use to use resources, resources, such as such as people and people and materials.materials.

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Staffing

Managers must Managers must hire and train hire and train workers.workers.

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Directing

Managers guide Managers guide employees to employees to perform their perform their work in a way work in a way that supports the that supports the organization’s organization’s goals.goals.

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Controlling

Managers Managers monitor the monitor the organization’s organization’s progress progress toward toward reaching its reaching its goals.goals.

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Classic Management Pyramid

Top-level Top-level managersmanagers

Middle-level Middle-level managersmanagers

Low-level Low-level managersmanagers

StrategicStrategic

TacticalTactical

OperationalOperational

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Strategic Level Management

This level of This level of management management focuses on the focuses on the planning planning functions of the functions of the organization.organization.

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Tactical Level Management

At this level, At this level, management management focuses on focuses on organizing and organizing and staffing to carry staffing to carry out the visions out the visions of top-level of top-level managers.managers.

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Operational Level Management

The focus of this level The focus of this level of management is of management is on directing and on directing and controlling workers controlling workers to perform the to perform the planned activities.planned activities.

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Management Information Systems (MIS)

MIS is a set of MIS is a set of formal business formal business systems systems designed to designed to provide provide information for information for decision making.decision making.

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MIS Manager

The MIS manager runs the MIS The MIS manager runs the MIS department. department.

The MIS manager must be The MIS manager must be comfortable with both computer comfortable with both computer technology and the organization’s technology and the organization’s business.business.

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New Management Model

Many industries are finding that they Many industries are finding that they can do without middle managers.can do without middle managers.

For these businesses, communication For these businesses, communication that was once carried out by middle that was once carried out by middle managers has been replaced by managers has been replaced by computer networks.computer networks.

The result has been a flattened The result has been a flattened management pyramid.management pyramid.

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Flattened Management Pyramid

Top-level Top-level managersmanagers

Low and Low and Middle-level Middle-level managersmanagers

WorkersWorkers

StrategicStrategic

TacticalTactical

OperationalOperational

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Impact of Groupware

The introduction of groupware has The introduction of groupware has contributed to the flattening of the contributed to the flattening of the management pyramid.management pyramid.

Fewer lower- and middle-managers Fewer lower- and middle-managers are needed in an organization that are needed in an organization that is information-driven and supports is information-driven and supports team-based projects.team-based projects.

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Impact of Teamwork

Networks and groupware help to Networks and groupware help to organize employees into task-organize employees into task-focused teams.focused teams.

Small-sized teams of highly skilled Small-sized teams of highly skilled workers need fewer managers to workers need fewer managers to dispense ideas and make dispense ideas and make decisions.decisions.

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Top Managers and Computers

Top managers Top managers need need sophisticated sophisticated software to software to help them help them make make decisions.decisions.

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Decision SupportSystem (DSS)

A DSS is a computer system that A DSS is a computer system that supports managers in nonroutine supports managers in nonroutine decision-making tasks and decision-making tasks and supplements an MIS.supplements an MIS.

A DSS uses an interactive computer A DSS uses an interactive computer model to simulate a real-life model to simulate a real-life situation.situation.

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Executive SupportSystem (ESS)

An ESS is a decision support system An ESS is a decision support system especially made for senior-level especially made for senior-level executives.executives.

Unlike a DSS, this system must take Unlike a DSS, this system must take into consideration how decisions into consideration how decisions will affect the entire organization will affect the entire organization over a period of time.over a period of time.

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Managing Personal Computers

Acquiring and managing the Acquiring and managing the personal computers in an personal computers in an organization requires:organization requires:

• A personal computer managerA personal computer manager• Acquisition policiesAcquisition policies• An information centerAn information center

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The Personal Computer Manager

This manager is in charge of the This manager is in charge of the personal computers used by an personal computers used by an organization and attends to:organization and attends to:

• Technology overloadTechnology overload• Cost controlCost control• Data security and integrityData security and integrity• Computer junkiesComputer junkies

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Technology Overload

The personal The personal computer manager computer manager strives to prevent strives to prevent users of these users of these computers from computers from becoming over-becoming over-whelmed by the whelmed by the technical jargon. technical jargon.

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Cost Control

The cost of a personal computer is The cost of a personal computer is only a fraction of the cost incurred only a fraction of the cost incurred by a business.by a business.

Additional expenses include training, Additional expenses include training, hardware and software upgrades, hardware and software upgrades, networking components, and networking components, and maintenance.maintenance.

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Data Security and Integrity

The personal The personal computer manager computer manager must also address must also address the use of personal the use of personal computers to access computers to access corporate data.corporate data.

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Computer Junkies

The personal computer manager The personal computer manager must also respond to workers who must also respond to workers who cannot resist using the computer cannot resist using the computer for work not related to their job.for work not related to their job.

Personal computers, especially those Personal computers, especially those networked to the Internet, distract networked to the Internet, distract the user from what they should be the user from what they should be doing.doing.

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Acquisition Policies

Acquisition Acquisition policies should policies should address address compatibility compatibility with current with current hardware and hardware and software.software.

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The Information Center

This center should provide the This center should provide the following services to employees:following services to employees:

• Software selectionSoftware selection• Data accessData access• Network accessNetwork access• TrainingTraining• Technical assistanceTechnical assistance

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Software Selection

The information The information center staff center staff helps users helps users determine determine which software which software packages suit packages suit their needs.their needs.

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Data Access

The staff of the The staff of the information center information center helps users get helps users get data from the data from the large corporate large corporate computer systems computer systems for use on the for use on the users’ computers.users’ computers.

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Network Access

Information center staff offers help Information center staff offers help on using the network system. on using the network system.

This might include password This might include password management, security information, management, security information, and in-house network training.and in-house network training.

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Latihan

The largest role The largest role the information the information center has is center has is offering training offering training to members of to members of the corporation.the corporation.

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Technical Assistance

Information center staff provide Information center staff provide technical assistance to the technical assistance to the organization’s employees. organization’s employees.

This assistance ranges from advice This assistance ranges from advice on hardware and software on hardware and software adoptions, system problem-adoptions, system problem-solving, and coordination with the solving, and coordination with the MIS department.MIS department.

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Increasing Productivity

To increase To increase productivity, productivity, managers must managers must provide:provide:

• TrainingTraining• Worker involvementWorker involvement

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Training

Ongoing training is now necessary Ongoing training is now necessary for every aspect of a company’s for every aspect of a company’s organization.organization.

However, follow-up support is However, follow-up support is important if the newly trained important if the newly trained personnel are to retain the new personnel are to retain the new skill.skill.

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Worker Involvement

Rather than simply Rather than simply installing new installing new technology and technology and training workers, training workers, management should management should involve the people involve the people who will be working who will be working with the technology.with the technology.

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Conclusion

Today, most presidents and CEOs of Today, most presidents and CEOs of business come from legal, business come from legal, financial, or marketing financial, or marketing backgrounds.backgrounds.

As the computer industry and its As the computer industry and its professionals mature, this pattern professionals mature, this pattern could change.could change.

Who will lead business in the future?Who will lead business in the future?