Pengenalan hutan hujan tropis

Andrew J. Marshall

Kuliah Lapanagan Taman Nasional Gunung Palung

23 May-3 Juni 2016

Pengenalan hutan hujan tropis

1. Fakta-fakta dasar

2. Tipe hutan di TNGP

Pengenalan hutan hujan tropis

>1. Fakta-fakta dasar

2. Tipe hutan di TNGP

ukiran dari Flora Brasiliensis von Martius 1840

halaman depan dari A. R. Wallace’s The Malay Archipelago

cauliflory

cauliflory

geocarpic figs

Ficus sect. Sycocarpus

Nepenthes spp.

Narrow-lidded pitcher plant (Nepenthes ampullaria)

Slender pitcher plant (Nepenthes gracilis)

Nepenthes gracilis

Labah-labah kepiting, Misumenops nepenthicola, dalam Nepenthes rafflesiana

Kepiting, Geosesarma perracae, dalam kantong semar

Tan & Ng 2008

Geosesarma perracae

Bulbophyllum cimicinum

panjangnya ~ 50 cm

Fakta-fakta dasar

1. Komunitas tumbuhan sangat tergantung hujan dan suhu

jumlah hujan (mm)

1000

2000

3000

4000

suhu rata (ºC)

25 15 5 -5 -15

Pola penyebaran hutan tropisPola penyebaran hutan tropis

23.5� N s/d 23.5� S; Suhu: 20-25� C; Curah hujan: �2,000 mm.

Hutan di CambodiaHutan di Cambodia

(kurang hujan)

Hutan di InggerisHutan di Inggeris

berapa jenis pohon?

2. Keanekaragaman hayati sangat tinggi di hutan tropis

Pola penyebaran keanekaragaman hayatitumbuhan

Pola penyebaran keanekaragaman hayati tumbuhan

Hoffmann et al. 2010 Science

35

Fig S4. Global patterns of vertebrate diversity, for land (terrestrial and freshwater, in brown) and marine (in blue) vertebrates. (A) Total number of species. (B) Residuals of the relationship between total number of species and total number of Threatened species per cell, where positive values (red) represent cells with higher threat than expected for their richness alone, and negative values (gray) represent cells with equal or lower threat than expected for richness alone. (C) Data Deficient species.

Vertebrate species richness

152

306498

7651655

Terrestrial

Marine

44

75116179321

Pola penyebaran keanekaragaman hayati vertebrat

Jenis ‘baru’

Thottea palungensis

Jenis ‘baru’

Thottea palungensis

Jenis ‘baru’

Hoya

Jenis ‘baru’

Hoya

Jamur2

Tidak pernah diteliti!

Jamur-jamur

Tidak pernah diteliti!

3. Tanah di hutan tropics sangat kurang subur

Temperate deciduous forest Coniferous forest Grassland

DesertTopical rain forest

hutan hujan Amazon

4. Sisa hutan tropis di dunia semakin sedikit

kehilangan hutan tropis

> 0.5% kehilangan per tahun > 0.5% tambahan per tahun perubahan < 0.5% per tahun

35

Fig S4. Global patterns of vertebrate diversity, for land (terrestrial and freshwater, in brown) and marine (in blue) vertebrates. (A) Total number of species. (B) Residuals of the relationship between total number of species and total number of Threatened species per cell, where positive values (red) represent cells with higher threat than expected for their richness alone, and negative values (gray) represent cells with equal or lower threat than expected for richness alone. (C) Data Deficient species.

Number of threatened vertebrate species (controlling for species richness)

-21

-416

3496

Terrestrial

Marine

-20

-52822

Hoffmann et al. 2010 Science

Jumlah species vertebrat yang terancam punah

birds, mammals, and amphibians; Hoffmann et al. 2010 Science

36

Fig S5. Global patterns of change in overall extinction risk across birds, mammals and amphibians (for the periods plotted in Fig 3) mapped as average number of genuine Red List category changes per cell per year. (A) Deteriorations (i.e., increasing extinction risk). (B) Improvements (i.e. decreasing extinction risk). In B, the uniform pattern of improvement at sea is driven by improvements of migratory marine mammals with cosmopolitan distributions (e.g., Humpback Whale). Deteriorations (e.g., Nightingale Reed-warbler Acrocephalus luscinius in the Northern Mariana Islands) and improvements (e.g., Rarotonga Monarch Pomarea dimidiata in the Cook Islands) on islands are hard to discern.

Average number of IUCN Red List changes/year/cell (1980–2010)

0.0

-0.37

-0.90

-2.63

-4.55

-6.15

Perubahan tingkat ancaman vertebrat

5. Ada beberapa bentuk tumbuhan di hutan tropis

Bentuk tumbuhan di hutan tropis

Pohon

Epifit

Hemi-epifit

Liana (akar)

Tumbuhan terrestrial (dekat tanah)

Pohon

Epifit

Epifit

Hemi-epifit

Strangler figs

Strangler figs

Liana (akar)

Tumbuhan terrestrial (dekat tanah)

Pengenalan hutan hujan tropis

1. Fakta-fakta dasar

>2. Tipe hutan di TNGP

Tipe hutan di TNGP

Hutan bakau

Hutan rawa gambut

Hutan rawa air tawar

Dataran rendahDataran rendah

Dipterocarpaceae!

Dataran sedang (bukit)Bukit

Myrtaceae, Lauraceae

PergununganHutan pergunungan

Hutan rawa gambut

Riau Province, Sumatra

Nepenthes spp.

tanah tidak subur

pohon tumbuh pelan-pelan

produktivitas rendah

daun-daun beracun

makanan tak bergizimakanan sedikit

habitat dengan kwalitas rendah untuk hewan

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

PeatSwamp

FreshwaterSwamp

AlluvialBench

LowlandSandstone

LowlandGranite

UplandGranite

Montane

Den

isty

(ind

iv/k

m2)

+/-

SE

Gibbons

Leaf monkeys

Kelempiau

Kelasi

PegununganRawagambut

Rawaair tawar

Pinggirsungai

Batu kapur

Granit rendah

Granit sedang

Kepa

data

n (in

divi

du/k

m2 )

Kepadatan kelempiau dan kelasi di Cabang Panti

Selamat datang!Selamat datang!

...ke hutan yang terindah di seluruh dunia!

Cabang Panti: hutan terindah di seluruh dunia

http://sites.lsa.umich.edu/ajmarsha/kuliah-lapangan-2016/

Semua materi yang ditunjukkan salama kuliah lapangan ini akan tersedia di:

Ucapan terima kasih• Kementerian Riset, Teknologi dan Pendidikan Tinggi

• Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia

• Kementerian Sumber Daya Alam dan Ekosistem

• Balai Taman Nasional Gunung Palung

• Universitas Tanjungpura, U Michigan

• Yayasan Palung

• Lande, Mi’an, Surya, Zakaria

• Tim Laman (untuk foto2 yg hebat)