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ZOOPLANKTON ASSEMBLAGES IN SEMATAN RIVER

SEMATAN SARAWAK

Nurul Syaza Bt ZainGI

QL 123 N974 Bachelor of Science with Honours 2011 (Aquatic Resource Science and Management)

2011

hsat Khldt MaklamatAkademik UNlVERSm MALAYSIA SARAWAK

Zooplankton Assemblages in Sematan River Sematan Sarawak

PKHIDMAT MAKLUMAT AKADIMIK

111111111 fIlii 111111111 1000235688

Nurul Syaza Bt Zainol

This project is submitted in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Sciences with Honours

(Aquatic Resource Science and Management)

I Faculty of Resource Science and Technology

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARA W AK

2011

Acknowledgement

Alhamdulillah Thanks for God I would like to express my thankfulness to my

supervisor En Mohd Nasarudin Harith for his supports and guidance through this year until

able to complete this study I would love to thank my parents Zainol b Yusoff and Habsah bt

Hamid and other family members for their financial and emotional supports Thank you to Mr

Azlan Mr Nazri Miss Nur Atiqah bt Mohamad Yusoff and all FRSTs staff that involved in

Sematan River water sampling and for their helps and advices Last but not least I would like

to express my gratitude to all Aquatic Sciences lectures and class members for their advice

support love and care

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that no portion of the work referred to in this dissertation has been submitted

in support of an application for another degree of qualifications of this or any other university

or institution of higher learning

Nurul Syaza Zainol (22069)

Program of Aquatic Resource Science and Management

Department of Aquatic Science

Faculty ofResources Sciences and Technology

University Malaysia Sarawak

II

Pusat Khidmat Mlkiumat AkJdemik UNIVERSm MALAVSIA SARAWAK

Table of Contents

Acnowledgement I

Declaration II

Table of Contents III

List of Abbreviation V

List of Tables VI

List of Figure VII

List of Appendices VIII

Abstract 1

10 Introduction 2

20 Literature Review 5

21 Distribution of zooplankton 5

22 Freshwater zooplankton 6

23 Classification of Zooplankton 9

24 Importance ofZooplankton 11

25 Relation between zooplankton and physico-chemical characteristic 12

26 Behaviors ofZooplankton 14

30 Material and Method 15

31 Sampling Site 15

32 Field work 17

33 Laboratory work and analysis 18

331 Zooplankton analysis 18

33 2 Water quality analysis 20

34 Data analysis 24

341 Species diversity ofzooplankton composition 24

342 Similarity analysis ofzooplankton composition 24

343 Statistical analysis 25

III

_ I

40 Result and Discussion 26

41 Zooplankton assemblages 26

411 Zooplankton genera occurrence 26

412 Zooplankton genera composition and abundances 29

413 Comparison of individual zooplankton composition in

different season 34

414 Zooplankton Diversity 39

415 Zooplankton Similarities 41

42 Water Quality Parameters 43

421 Selected physico-chemicals parameters 43

43 Relationship ofEnvironmental parameter to zooplankton assemblages 55

44 Correlation analysis between zooplankton diversity and

environmental parameter 59

50 Conclusion 62

60 References 64

70 Appendices 69

IV

I

List of Abbreviations

TEMP Temperature

DO Dissolved oxygen

BOD Biochemical oxygen demand

pH Potential ofHydrogen

TSS Total suspended solids

N03-N Nitrate nitrogen

NH4-N Ammonia- nitrogen

pol Orthophosphate

NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Units

degC Degree Celsius

mglL milligram per Liter

L Liter -Ii

v

I

I

I

Table

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

List of Tables

Description

Classification of zooplankton based on sizes

Classification of zooplankton based on their planktonic life

Briefdescription of sampling stations

Nutrient water analysis (Hach DR 2010)

Zooplankton genera occurrence in all stations

Distribution of zooplankton composition at all stations

Different zooplankton composition of dry and wet season

Zooplankton diversity

Sorensens index ()of zooplankton genera found in all stations

Correlation analysis (r) between zooplankton diversity and water quality variable

Page

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VI

1

Figure

1 (a) I

1 (b)

1 (c)

2

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12

13

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15

List of Figures

Description Page

Malaysia 16

Sematan area 16

6 Sampling site in Sematan River involved during this study Percentage () of zooplankton groups in Sematan River Comparison of individual zooplankton composition in dry and wet season Temperature value recorded at six sampling stations in Sematan River pH value recorded at six sampling stations in Sematan River

16

29

34

43

44

Dissolve oxygen value recorded at six sampling stations in Sematan River Biological Oxygen Demand (BODs) value recorded at six sampling stations in Sematan River

45

46

Salinity value recorded at six sampling stations in Sematan River Turbidity value recorded at six sampling stations in Sematan River

ORP value recorded at six sampling stations in Sematan River

47

48

49

Clorophyl a (mgm3) value recorded at six sampling

stations in Sematan River 50

Ammonia-nitrogen (mgL) value r~corded at six sampling stations in Sematan River

Nitrate-nitrogen (mgL) va)ue recorded at six sampling stations in Sematan River

51

52

Nitrite-nitrogen (mgL) value recorded at six sampling stations in Sematan River

53


54

VII

I

I

List of Appendices

Appendices Description Page

A Abundance ofthe common zooplankton genera in 69 Sematan River

B Dominant genera and amount of zooplankton 70

C Water Quality Parameters 71

VIII



Program of Aquatic Resource Science and Management Faculty of Resources Sciences and Technology


ABSTRACT

A study on the zooplankton assemblages in Sematan River Sematan Sarawak was carried out to evaluate the species composition species diversity species similarity abundance distribution and selected water physicoshychemical parameters Zooplankton and water samples were collected from six sampling stations at 7-8 August 2010 for dry season and 15-16 January 2011 for wet season Zooplankton and water samples be analyzed using standard methods in interpreting infonnation about zooplankton assemblages and its relationship to environmental parameters A total 900 zooplankton belonging to seven groups four taxa and 14 genera were identified Copepoda dominated the zooplankton population which made up of 6844 of total abundance Zooplankton abundance followed the order Copepoda gt Cladocera gt Mollusca gt Protozoa gt Ostracoda gt Anostracagt Rotifera A dominant genus identified in this study was Limnocalanus which represented 2956 of total amount The seasonal pattern was observed which recorded zooplankton composition was much higher during dry season (866 individuals) compared to wet season with lowest present (31 individuals) Species diversity values vary from 0562 to 2042 and recorded mostly in high value for each station during dry season The Sorensens index value falls were much larger in range between 1333 to 7619 among all stations Water temperature of different season turbidity dissolve oxygen pH and nutrients were main environmental parameters which were found to influence zooplankton composition in Sematan River

Key words Zooplankton assemblages environmental parameters dry and wet seasons Sematan River

ABSTRAK

Kajian ke atas kehadiran zooplankton di Sungai Sematan telah dijalankan untuk merekodkan komposisi spesis kepelhagaian spesis persalPan spesies kelimpahan dan parameter telpilih di permukaan air Zooplankton dan sampel air diambit dari enam stesen pada 7-8 Ogos 2010 untuk rusim panas dan 15-16 Januari 2011 untuk musim hujan Zooplankton dan sampel air dianalisis menggunakan kaedah piawai untuk menghasilkan maklumat berkaitan kehadiran zooplankton dan hUbungannya dengan parameter persekitaran Sejumlah 900 zooplankton dari tujuh kumpulan empat taxa dan 14 genera telah dikenakpasti Copepoda menidominasi populasi zooplankton iaitu 6488 dan jumlah kelimpahan Jumlah zooplankton mengikut urutan Copepoda gt Cladocera gt Mollusca gt Protozoa gt Ostracoda gt Anostraca gt Rotijera Genus yang dominan adalah Limnocalanus iaitu 2956 dari jumlah keseluruhan Kelimpahan berdasarkan musim komposisi zooplankton adalah lebih tinggi semasa musim panas (866 individu) berbanding dengan musim hujan (31 individu) Nitai kepelbagaian sepsis yang direkodkan adalah dari 0562 kepada 2042 dan merekodkan nitai yang tinggi untuk setiap stesen semasa musim panas Suhu air berdasarkan perbezaan musim kekeruhan kandungan oksigen pH dan nutrien adalah parameter persekitaran yang utama dalam mempengaruhi komposisi zooplankton di Sungai Sematan

KflkI kunci Kehadiran zooplankton parameter persekitaran musim panas dan musim hujan Sungai Sematan

1

10 INTRODUCTION

Zooplankton are essentially non-motile organisms but drift with water current and

therefore they are susceptible to pollutants in the water (Uttah et al 2008) The

physico-chemical parameters and nutrient status of water body play an important role

in governing the production of zooplankton which is the natural food of many species

of fishes (Basu et aI 20 I 0) Dominance of zooplankton community and their

seasonality are highly variable in different water bodies according to their nutrient

status age morphometry and other locational factors of the water (Rajashekhar et al

2009)

Zooplankton can be divided into few different groups such as crustacean rotifers

coelenterates ctenophores annelids and mollusk (Pary1992) Zooplankton more

specifically three taxonomic groups Phylum Rotifera Subclass Copepoda and

Suborder Cladocera are an integral component of freshwater ecosystems (OBrien

2007) In general freshwater zooplankton are dominated by four major group such as

protozoa rotifer and two subclasses of crustacean the cladocerans and copepods

Crustaceans are the most abundant and the main group of zooplankton species

especially those in the orders of Calanoid~ Cyclopoida and Cladocera and the

cyclopoid copepod are often dominat~d in the assemblage (Schiel ND) Cladocerans

are usually most abundant in freshwater ecosystem and the common genera are

Daphnia and Bosmina (Edmondson 1982)

2

Zooplankton are important contributors in the food webs ofopen-water ecosystems for

both marine and freshwaters They act as important link in the transfer of energy from

the primary producers to the consumers Community structure biomass and

production are influenced by both producers and consumers which function

simultaneously (Mayer et at 1997) Its intermediate position between phytoplankton

and fish the zooplankton can responds to changes in both food and predation (Baloch

et at 2010)

Water quality the physico-chemical and biological characteristics of water plays an

important role in plankton productivity (Yeamin et at 2007) Biological monitoring is

the use of living organisms of zooplankton in purpose to determine the presence

amounts changes in and effects of physical chemical and biotic factors in the

environment (Uttah et at 2008 Baker 1976) The important aspect in water

biological monitoring is species diversity Species diversity can determine the health

status ofan environment (Uttah et at 2008 Ogbeibu and Edutie 2002) The types and

numbers of invertebrates living in the river can determined the health of the river

(Uttah et at 2008) Different types of invertebrate species will have different

tolerances rate to pollution and they are also influenced by the quality of their habitat

Zooplankton play role as indicators of condition of their habitats as they can respond

quickly to their aquatic environmental changes (Basu et at 2010 Thorpe and Covich

1991 and Carriack and Schelske 1997) The factors that influenced the growth and

distribution of zooplankton are some of abiotic factors such as pH alkalinity

temperature carbon dioxide and nutrients which are responsible for the organic

production (Yeamin et aI 2007 Pulle and Khan 2003) The biotic factors such as

3

food limitation predation and competition also influence the zooplankton distribution

(Ferdous and Muktadir 2009 Beyst et at 2001 Christou 1998) According to

Pandey (2004) a study that was conducted in river Ramjan of Bihar India revealed

that abiotic parameters such as pH transparency temperature dissolved oxygen and

some micronutrients are related to zooplankton abundance

The previous zooplankton studies in Sarawak have been carried out in Kuching Bay by

Volin (2005) Batang Lupar by Arbe (2007) and Punang Lawas amp Limbang River by

Nuratiqah (2009) However there is still inadequate data especially the assemblages of

zooplankton in Sematan River Thus study of zooplankton assemblages at Sematan

River need to be carried out in order to find the relationship between zooplankton

assemblages and their abundance to the water quality parameters The objectives of the

study are to (1) identify and quantify zooplankton community in Sematan River (2)

discuss the variations in selected water quality parameters (3) find the relationship

between zooplankton distributions with water quality parameters

4

I

Pusat Khidmat Maldumat Akademlk VNlVERSm MALAYSIA SARAWAK

20 LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Distribution of Zooplankton

Zooplankton are microorganism that float freely in surface water column of water

bodies (Shanna 2008) They are attract to sunlight and nutrient that available and be

adapted to suspension in the sea and freshwater (Battish 1992) They move in the

sunlight zone where food resources are most abundant and they also found in deep

ocean water (Ferdous and Muktadir 2009) Zooplankton distribution primarily

determined by water waves and current (Sharma 2008) They are very weak swimmers

and they drift in water column of ocean seas and fresh water bodies (Ferdous and

Muktadir 2009)

Their abundance and species compltsition of zooplankton community are also

controlled and influenced by their susceptibility to environmental stressors of physical

chemical and biological factors of the water ecosystem Water parameters such as

temperature salinity pH and electrical conductivity can influence the composition and

population density of zooplankton (Sampaio et at 2002) The composition of

zooplankton also can be influenced by the distribution of phytoplankton and its species

composition (K~jalainen et at 1996)

5

I

22 Freshwater Zooplankton

The freshwater zooplankton are commonly smaller in size and only represented by

fewer animal compare to marine counterparts (Davies and Otene 2009) The

freshwater zooplankton comprised of Protozoa Rotifera Crustacea Cladocera

Copepoda Ostracoda and Meroplankton organism including insect larvae (Davies and

Otene 2009 Parsons 1980)

221 Protozoa

Planktonic protozoans are classified as unicellular ciliated or flagellated organisms

Ciliates organism are many species in all size classes from lt20 11m to about 2 mm

They graze bacteria unicellular algae filamentous cyanobacteria other protozoa and

occasionally rotifers and micro zooplankton Flagellated organism uses the flagella for

locomotion feeding or both Flagellates are the principal consumers of suspended

bacteria and important grazers of the bacteria in surfaces and sediments (Finlay

1998) Protozoa are feed on either picoplankton or nanoflagellates and small

nanophytoplanktons according to their size (Ferdous and Muktadir 2009) The relative

size of the ~rotozoan to its prey also influences their most efficient food-capturing

mechanism Where the predator to prey length ratio exceeds 10 1 filter-feeding

prevails Where the ratio is smaller than 10 1 raptorial feeding (seeking out and

capturing relatively large individual food particles) is more common (Finlay 1998

Fenchel 1986)

6

222 Rotifer

Rotifers can be classified as soft-bodied metazoans of invertebrates and they are

having a very short life cycle among other type of plankton There are only about 100

rotifer species that widely spread are planktonic organism and rotifer life cycles are

influenced by temperature food and photoperiod (Ferdous and Muktadir 2009

Dhanapathi 2000) Rotifers are considered to be the most diverse group of

zooplankton (Baloch 2010) Rotifer may increase into large number in rapidly under

favorable environmental conditions of that area (Dhanapathi 2000)

223 Cladoceran

Cladocerans are an important group among zooplankton They form the most valuable

and nutritive group of crustaceans for fishes in the food chain in water column

(Ferdous and Muktadir 2009) Cladocerans are mostly herbivorous in their feeding

habit (Baloch 2010) that feed on smaller zooplankton bacterioplankton and algae

(Ferdous and Muktadir 2009 Murugan et at 1998) They are able to response against

pollutants which can react in the low concentration ofcontaminants in water column

224 Copepod

Copepods zooplankton have toughest or hardest exoskeleton which can help them to

swim faster compare to any other zooplankton (Ferdous and Muktadir 2009) Their

feeding habits are differing between the three orders of zooplankton copepods

Generally Cyclopoid copepods are carnivorous that live on other zooplankton and fish

7

larvae They also feed on algae bacteria and detritus The calanoid copepods are

commonly omnivorous that feed on such as ciliates rotifers algae bacteria and

detritus Their food intake of calanoid copepods is mostly dependent on their age sex

season and food availability The other group is harpacticoid copepods that are mostly

benthic (Ferdous and Muktad ir 2009) Copepod also can tolerate in harsher

environmental forms due to their physical structures and versatile feeding habits

(Ferdous and Muktadir 2009)

225 Ostracod

Ostracods generally are bottom dwellers of water column (Ferdous and Muktadir

2009) They mostly live on detritus and dead phytoplankton These organisms are act

as food for fish and benthic macroipvertebrates in waterbodies (Chakrapani et al

1969 Ferdous and Muktadir 2009)

8

I

--- shy Ir

23 Classification of Zooplankton

The classifications of zooplankton are based on their size and duration of their

planktonic life In this aspect zooplankton can be divided into picoplankton

nanoplankton microplankton mesozoplankton macroplankton and megaplankton

(Table 1) Classification of zooplankton based on their stage of development can be

divided into two categories meroplankton and holoplankton

Table 1 Classification of zooplankton based on sizes

(Adapted from Callieri 2002 as cited in Dussart 1965)

Class Example Size

Nanoplankton Flagellates 2-20 1

lm

Microzooplankton Protozoan rotifer 20-200lm

Macrozoop lankton Amphipod shrimp fish larvae 200-2000lm

Megaplankton Copepod gt2000lm

Microzooplankton are a diverse group of organisms that are found in all aquatic

habitats The arthropods which include in the abundant and diverse of copepod are

66 of the total meso zooplankton species (Diebel 1992) The change in the

abundance or species composition of meso zooplankton may reflect fundamental

change in the ocean environment that affecting phytoplankton (Clark 1992) This is

because meso zooplankton are the primary consumers of phytoplankton and plays

important function in energy economy of the sea that forming a vital connection

9

between the phytoplankton at the base of the food web to the higher consumer level of

finfis h shellfish bird and mammals (Diebel 1992)

Zoopl ankton can be divided into duration of their planktonic life or their development

stage as summarized in Table 2 which are Holoplankton and Meroplankton (Michael

1990) Holoplankton will remain as plankton for their entire life while meroplankton

will a ct as planktonic organism only in larval stages of their life cycle (Harnzah 2007)

Table 2 Classification of zooplankton based on their planktonic life

(Adapted from Michael 1990)

Class

Holopl ankton

Merop lankton

Example

Copepod d ino flagellatedkrill amphipods

Fish larvae sea urchins seastars crustaceans worm gastropods

Description

Remain plankton for their entire life cycle

Act as planktonic organism only a portion of their life cycle

10

1

II

24 Importance of Zooplankton

Zooplanktons contribute significantly to biological productivity of freshwater

ecosystems (Naz 2008) The availability of zooplankton is an important factor that

determines the relative survival of juvenile fishes (Fernando 1994) Young fishes

mostly breed in area where the planktonic organisms are plenty to get sufficient food

for their survival and growth especially in pelagic area Therefore the occurrences and

distribution ofzooplankton can influence the pelagic fishery potentials fishes

Zooplankton plays significant role in aquatic ecosystems (Baloch et at 2010) due to

central position between the autotrophs (algae phytoplankton) and other heterotrophs

(fish and other carnivores) They form an important link in the food web of aquatic

ecosystems (Tevlin and Burgis 1979 Gulati 1982) In addition they are primary

consumer of second trophic level in aquatic food web in most aquatic environments

(Basu et aI 2010 Licandro and Ibaney 2000) Zooplankton forms the principal source

of food for omnivorous and carnivorous fishes (Hossain et at 2007 Prasad and Singh

2003) and also support the necessary amount of protein for the rapid growth of larval

carps (Basu et at 2010 Hussain and Rahman 2008) Zooplankton function to provide

fish with nutrients seeing as fish requires proteins fats carbohydrates mineral salts

and water in the right quantity (Davies and Otene 2009 Guy 1992) Fish can modify

zooplankton biomass and thus also phytoplankton concentration due to changes in the

intensity ofzooplankton grazing (Gulati 1982)

11

Zooplanktons act as an important group as most of them feed upon and incorporate the

primary producers into their bodies and then make themselves available to next higher

organisms in the food chain (Michael 1968) They contribute significantly to

biological productivity of freshwater ecosystem and playa major role in the energy

transfer at secondary level (Naz 2008) They are very important in the energy

economy of the sea that forming a vital connection between the phytoplankton at the

base of the food web to the higher consumer level including finfish shellfish bird

and mammals (Deibel 1992) Community structure biomass and production are

influenced by both producers and consumers which function simultaneously (Mayer et

ai 1997) The abundance of producer and consumers composition will influenced to

the level ofcommunity structure ofzooplankton in water ecosystem

25 Relationship between zooplankton and physico-chemical characteristic

Zooplankton are highly sensitive to environmental variation and provide important

indication of environmental change or disturbance as a result of their abundance

species diversity or community composition (Sharma et ai 2008) The diversity of

species amount of biomass and abundance of zooplankton community can be used to

determine health of ecosystem (Uttah et ai 2008 Ogbeibu and Edutie 2002)

Zooplankton indicates the quality of the water body in which they are found and as

excellent indicator of the environmental condition by respond to low dissolve oxygen

high nutrient levels toxic contaminant poor or abundance food quality and predation

(Johnson 2000)

12

The community interactions in pelagic food webs are affected by small to large scale

of physical chemical and biological processes that are tropicaHy dynamic The

interactions are also governed by nutrient limitation competition predation and other

ecological forces (Mayer et at 1997) Water parameter such as temperature may give

different affect to the zooplankton that depends on their metabolic rate with their

respond to their temperature Organisms like zooplankton tend to adjust temperature

slowly because their metabolic rate cannot respond in drastic temperature change

(Makinster et at 2004) Some zooplankton can survive in colder weather in winter

month and some can thrive in wanner temperature Therefore different plankton group

will flourish under different temperature

Besides that pH is important to act as indicator of the water quality in the water bodies

(Jonna[agadda and Mhere 2000) Water ecosystem that have pH range 6-9 can be

threatened by increasing rate of acidic precipitation and the change in acidic levels will

give risk ofa zooplankton and phytoplankton declination (Makinster et at 2004)

Suspended solid also will give influence to the water quality parameters Too high or

too low concentration of total suspended solid in water may limit the growth and may

cause death of many aquatic organisms (Ntengwe 2006) Turbidity in water column is

caused by the occurrences of suspended of salid such as organic and inorganic matter

plankton silt and clay in the water hodies (Ntengwe 2006) Turbidity may cause the

major effects in blockage of light and smother of organism (Y ong 1999) Some

zooplankton will suffer and risk to declination of their composition due to clogged of

their feeding mechanism by suspended solid in the water

13

Dissolved oxygen also influenced the zooplankton composition Water is considered as

healthy when dissolved oxygen is above SmglL (iLau 2003) The low level of

dissolve oxygen laquo2mgL) would indicate poor water quality and will give the negative

effect on the aquatic life organism

26 Behaviors of Zooplankton

Zooplankton conununity show vertical migration In the water column They

swimming actively both through up and back down again within 24 hours The pattern

of normal diel vertical migration (NDVM) occurs in nocturnal and diurnal Nocturnal

occur when zooplankton goes upward at night and diurnal occur downward during the

day While the reverse diel vertical migration (RDVM) also occurs but it pattern does

not conunon The pattern of migration occur when zooplankton go ascent through the

water column during the day and descent during the night The function for the both

migration are to avoid predators by fish and reduce the risk of mortality (Lampert

1989 in Hays et aI 1996)

Zooplankton are more varied by patchiness diurnal vertical migration and season

Through vertical migration of both type and their presence at varying depths the

zooplankton utilized to assess energy transfer at secondary level (Johanna 1992)

Zooplankton feed on phytoplankton and transfers of plant materials into animal tissue

and be the basic food for higher animals

14

hsat Khldt MaklamatAkademik UNlVERSm MALAYSIA SARAWAK


PKHIDMAT MAKLUMAT AKADIMIK

111111111 fIlii 111111111 1000235688


This project is submitted in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Sciences with Honours

(Aquatic Resource Science and Management)

I Faculty of Resource Science and Technology

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARA W AK

2011

Acknowledgement









DECLARATION









II


Table of Contents

Acnowledgement I

Declaration II



List of Tables VI

List of Figure VII


Abstract 1

10 Introduction 2









31 Sampling Site 15

32 Field work 17




34 Data analysis 24




III

_ I






different season 34








50 Conclusion 62

60 References 64

70 Appendices 69

IV

I


TEMP Temperature

DO Dissolved oxygen






pol Orthophosphate


degC Degree Celsius


L Liter -Ii

v

I

I

I

Table

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

List of Tables

Description











Page

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Figure

1 (a) I

1 (b)

1 (c)

2

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List of Figures

Description Page

Malaysia 16

Sematan area 16


16

29

34

43

44


45

46



47

48

49





51

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54

VII

I

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List of Appendices





VIII





ABSTRACT



ABSTRAK



1

10 INTRODUCTION








2009)












2







et at 2010)

















3















4

I











Muktadir 2009)








5

I







221 Protozoa













Fenchel 1986)

6

222 Rotifer








223 Cladoceran







224 Copepod





7








225 Ostracod





8

I

--- shy Ir









Class Example Size


lm











9









Class

Holopl ankton

Merop lankton

Example



Description



10

1

II





















11





















(Johnson 2000)

12























13




















14

Acknowledgement









DECLARATION









II


Table of Contents

Acnowledgement I

Declaration II



List of Tables VI

List of Figure VII


Abstract 1

10 Introduction 2









31 Sampling Site 15

32 Field work 17




34 Data analysis 24




III

_ I






different season 34








50 Conclusion 62

60 References 64

70 Appendices 69

IV

I


TEMP Temperature

DO Dissolved oxygen






pol Orthophosphate


degC Degree Celsius


L Liter -Ii

v

I

I

I

Table

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

List of Tables

Description











Page

9

10

18

21

28

33

34

39

41

61

VI

1

Figure

1 (a) I

1 (b)

1 (c)

2

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5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

List of Figures

Description Page

Malaysia 16

Sematan area 16


16

29

34

43

44


45

46



47

48

49





51

52


53


54

VII

I

I

List of Appendices





VIII





ABSTRACT



ABSTRAK



1

10 INTRODUCTION








2009)












2







et at 2010)

















3















4

I











Muktadir 2009)








5

I







221 Protozoa













Fenchel 1986)

6

222 Rotifer








223 Cladoceran







224 Copepod





7








225 Ostracod





8

I

--- shy Ir









Class Example Size


lm











9









Class

Holopl ankton

Merop lankton

Example



Description



10

1

II





















11





















(Johnson 2000)

12























13




















14

DECLARATION









II


Table of Contents

Acnowledgement I

Declaration II



List of Tables VI

List of Figure VII


Abstract 1

10 Introduction 2









31 Sampling Site 15

32 Field work 17




34 Data analysis 24




III

_ I






different season 34








50 Conclusion 62

60 References 64

70 Appendices 69

IV

I


TEMP Temperature

DO Dissolved oxygen






pol Orthophosphate


degC Degree Celsius


L Liter -Ii

v

I

I

I

Table

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

List of Tables

Description











Page

9

10

18

21

28

33

34

39

41

61

VI

1

Figure

1 (a) I

1 (b)

1 (c)

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

List of Figures

Description Page

Malaysia 16

Sematan area 16


16

29

34

43

44


45

46



47

48

49





51

52


53


54

VII

I

I

List of Appendices





VIII





ABSTRACT



ABSTRAK



1

10 INTRODUCTION








2009)












2







et at 2010)

















3















4

I











Muktadir 2009)








5

I







221 Protozoa













Fenchel 1986)

6

222 Rotifer








223 Cladoceran







224 Copepod





7








225 Ostracod





8

I

--- shy Ir









Class Example Size


lm











9









Class

Holopl ankton

Merop lankton

Example



Description



10

1

II





















11





















(Johnson 2000)

12























13




















14


Table of Contents

Acnowledgement I

Declaration II



List of Tables VI

List of Figure VII


Abstract 1

10 Introduction 2









31 Sampling Site 15

32 Field work 17




34 Data analysis 24




III

_ I






different season 34








50 Conclusion 62

60 References 64

70 Appendices 69

IV

I


TEMP Temperature

DO Dissolved oxygen






pol Orthophosphate


degC Degree Celsius


L Liter -Ii

v

I

I

I

Table

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

List of Tables

Description











Page

9

10

18

21

28

33

34

39

41

61

VI

1

Figure

1 (a) I

1 (b)

1 (c)

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

List of Figures

Description Page

Malaysia 16

Sematan area 16


16

29

34

43

44


45

46



47

48

49





51

52


53


54

VII

I

I

List of Appendices





VIII





ABSTRACT



ABSTRAK



1

10 INTRODUCTION








2009)












2







et at 2010)

















3















4

I











Muktadir 2009)








5

I







221 Protozoa













Fenchel 1986)

6

222 Rotifer








223 Cladoceran







224 Copepod





7








225 Ostracod





8

I

--- shy Ir









Class Example Size


lm











9









Class

Holopl ankton

Merop lankton

Example



Description



10

1

II





















11





















(Johnson 2000)

12























13




















14






different season 34








50 Conclusion 62

60 References 64

70 Appendices 69

IV

I


TEMP Temperature

DO Dissolved oxygen






pol Orthophosphate


degC Degree Celsius


L Liter -Ii

v

I

I

I

Table

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

List of Tables

Description











Page

9

10

18

21

28

33

34

39

41

61

VI

1

Figure

1 (a) I

1 (b)

1 (c)

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

List of Figures

Description Page

Malaysia 16

Sematan area 16


16

29

34

43

44


45

46



47

48

49





51

52


53


54

VII

I

I

List of Appendices





VIII





ABSTRACT



ABSTRAK



1

10 INTRODUCTION








2009)












2







et at 2010)

















3















4

I











Muktadir 2009)








5

I







221 Protozoa













Fenchel 1986)

6

222 Rotifer








223 Cladoceran







224 Copepod





7








225 Ostracod





8

I

--- shy Ir









Class Example Size


lm











9









Class

Holopl ankton

Merop lankton

Example



Description



10

1

II





















11





















(Johnson 2000)

12























13




















14

I


TEMP Temperature

DO Dissolved oxygen






pol Orthophosphate


degC Degree Celsius


L Liter -Ii

v

I

I

I

Table

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

List of Tables

Description











Page

9

10

18

21

28

33

34

39

41

61

VI

1

Figure

1 (a) I

1 (b)

1 (c)

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

List of Figures

Description Page

Malaysia 16

Sematan area 16


16

29

34

43

44


45

46



47

48

49





51

52


53


54

VII

I

I

List of Appendices





VIII





ABSTRACT



ABSTRAK



1

10 INTRODUCTION








2009)












2







et at 2010)

















3















4

I











Muktadir 2009)








5

I







221 Protozoa













Fenchel 1986)

6

222 Rotifer








223 Cladoceran







224 Copepod





7








225 Ostracod





8

I

--- shy Ir









Class Example Size


lm











9









Class

Holopl ankton

Merop lankton

Example



Description



10

1

II





















11





















(Johnson 2000)

12























13




















14

I

I

Table

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

List of Tables

Description











Page

9

10

18

21

28

33

34

39

41

61

VI

1

Figure

1 (a) I

1 (b)

1 (c)

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

List of Figures

Description Page

Malaysia 16

Sematan area 16


16

29

34

43

44


45

46



47

48

49





51

52


53


54

VII

I

I

List of Appendices





VIII





ABSTRACT



ABSTRAK



1

10 INTRODUCTION








2009)












2







et at 2010)

















3















4

I











Muktadir 2009)








5

I







221 Protozoa













Fenchel 1986)

6

222 Rotifer








223 Cladoceran







224 Copepod





7








225 Ostracod





8

I

--- shy Ir









Class Example Size


lm











9









Class

Holopl ankton

Merop lankton

Example



Description



10

1

II





















11





















(Johnson 2000)

12























13




















14

Figure

1 (a) I

1 (b)

1 (c)

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

List of Figures

Description Page

Malaysia 16

Sematan area 16


16

29

34

43

44


45

46



47

48

49





51

52


53


54

VII

I

I

List of Appendices





VIII





ABSTRACT



ABSTRAK



1

10 INTRODUCTION








2009)












2







et at 2010)

















3















4

I











Muktadir 2009)








5

I







221 Protozoa













Fenchel 1986)

6

222 Rotifer








223 Cladoceran







224 Copepod





7








225 Ostracod





8

I

--- shy Ir









Class Example Size


lm











9









Class

Holopl ankton

Merop lankton

Example



Description



10

1

II





















11





















(Johnson 2000)

12























13




















14

I

List of Appendices





VIII





ABSTRACT



ABSTRAK



1

10 INTRODUCTION








2009)












2







et at 2010)

















3















4

I











Muktadir 2009)








5

I







221 Protozoa













Fenchel 1986)

6

222 Rotifer








223 Cladoceran







224 Copepod





7








225 Ostracod





8

I

--- shy Ir









Class Example Size


lm











9









Class

Holopl ankton

Merop lankton

Example



Description



10

1

II





















11





















(Johnson 2000)

12























13




















14





ABSTRACT



ABSTRAK



1

10 INTRODUCTION








2009)












2







et at 2010)

















3















4

I











Muktadir 2009)








5

I







221 Protozoa













Fenchel 1986)

6

222 Rotifer








223 Cladoceran







224 Copepod





7








225 Ostracod





8

I

--- shy Ir









Class Example Size


lm











9









Class

Holopl ankton

Merop lankton

Example



Description



10

1

II





















11





















(Johnson 2000)

12























13




















14

10 INTRODUCTION








2009)












2







et at 2010)

















3















4

I











Muktadir 2009)








5

I







221 Protozoa













Fenchel 1986)

6

222 Rotifer








223 Cladoceran







224 Copepod





7








225 Ostracod





8

I

--- shy Ir









Class Example Size


lm











9









Class

Holopl ankton

Merop lankton

Example



Description



10

1

II





















11





















(Johnson 2000)

12























13




















14







et at 2010)

















3















4

I











Muktadir 2009)








5

I







221 Protozoa













Fenchel 1986)

6

222 Rotifer








223 Cladoceran







224 Copepod





7








225 Ostracod





8

I

--- shy Ir









Class Example Size


lm











9









Class

Holopl ankton

Merop lankton

Example



Description



10

1

II





















11





















(Johnson 2000)

12























13




















14















4

I











Muktadir 2009)








5

I







221 Protozoa













Fenchel 1986)

6

222 Rotifer








223 Cladoceran







224 Copepod





7








225 Ostracod





8

I

--- shy Ir









Class Example Size


lm











9









Class

Holopl ankton

Merop lankton

Example



Description



10

1

II





















11





















(Johnson 2000)

12























13




















14











Muktadir 2009)








5

I







221 Protozoa













Fenchel 1986)

6

222 Rotifer








223 Cladoceran







224 Copepod





7








225 Ostracod





8

I

--- shy Ir









Class Example Size


lm











9









Class

Holopl ankton

Merop lankton

Example



Description



10

1

II





















11





















(Johnson 2000)

12























13




















14

I







221 Protozoa













Fenchel 1986)

6

222 Rotifer








223 Cladoceran







224 Copepod





7








225 Ostracod





8

I

--- shy Ir









Class Example Size


lm











9









Class

Holopl ankton

Merop lankton

Example



Description



10

1

II





















11





















(Johnson 2000)

12























13




















14

222 Rotifer








223 Cladoceran







224 Copepod





7








225 Ostracod





8

I

--- shy Ir









Class Example Size


lm











9









Class

Holopl ankton

Merop lankton

Example



Description



10

1

II





















11





















(Johnson 2000)

12























13




















14








225 Ostracod





8

I

--- shy Ir









Class Example Size


lm











9









Class

Holopl ankton

Merop lankton

Example



Description



10

1

II





















11





















(Johnson 2000)

12























13




















14

--- shy Ir









Class Example Size


lm











9









Class

Holopl ankton

Merop lankton

Example



Description



10

1

II





















11





















(Johnson 2000)

12























13




















14









Class

Holopl ankton

Merop lankton

Example



Description



10

1

II





















11





















(Johnson 2000)

12























13




















14





















11





















(Johnson 2000)

12























13




















14





















(Johnson 2000)

12























13




















14























13




















14




















14

zooplankton assemblages in sematan river, sematan, … assemblages in sematan river... · suhu air...

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