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Seperti pada tahun-tahun lepas, laporan Aktiviti-Aktiviti Bahagian Penyelidikan yang kelima diterbitkan juga dengan tujuan untuk menyebar maklumat mengenai kajian-kajian dan penyelidikan yang dijalankan dalam Bahagian ini. Laporan-laporan juga meliputi aktiviti-aktiviti perkhidmatan, latihan, seminar serta penerbitan oleh kakitangan dalam Bahagian ini. Berdasarkan kepada laporan-laporan yang diterima, bolehlah disimpulkan bahaw* bilangan aktiviti-aktiviti penyelidikan telah meningkat jika dibandingkan dengan tahun-tahun sebelumnya. Ini adalah hasil dari usaha gigih kakitangan untuk meningkatkan taraf serta memperluaskan penggunaan teknik nuklear dalam bidang perindustrian, instrumentasi dan pertanian.

Kami ingin mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Dr. Abdul Bhaffar Ramli selaku penyelaras penerbitan Aktiviti-Aktiviti Bahagian Penyelidikan 198B. Terima kasih juga ditujukan kepada Puan Thiyagarani dan Cik Ang Cheng Anne kerana telah menaip dokumen asal, Puan Rahimah Abd. Rahim kerana telah menyediakan beberapa rajah-rajah dan unit Penerbitan kerana mencetak laporan ini. Akhir sekali, kami ingin mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua kakitangan Bahagian Penyelidikan yang telah menyumbang laporan-laporan mereka untuk menjayakan penerbitan pada tahun ini.

As in the previous years, the fifth publication of Activities of the Research Division is also produced with the aim to disseminate information on research topics conducted by this Division. The reports also include other activities such as services, training, seminars and publications by personnel in this Division. Based on the reports received, it can be concluded that there is an increase in the research activities compared to the years before. This is due to the efforts made by personnel to increase the standard as well as the use of nuclear techniques in the areas of industry, instrumentation and agriculture.

W=> would like to thank Dr. Abdul Bhaffar Ramli as the publications coordinator of Activities of the Research Division 1968. Me would also like to thank Mrs. Thiyagarahi and Miss Ang Cheng Anne for typing the original manuscripts, Mrs. Rahimah Abd. Hamid for preparing some of the figures and the Publication Uhit for publishing this report. Finally, we would like to thank all the staff of the Research Division who have contributed their reports to enable the publication of this issue.

Jun 1999 Zahrah A. Kadir Alawiah Musa Asiah Ahmad Kok Kuan Ying

i i

AKTIVITI-AKTIVITI BAHAGIAN FENYELIDIKAN 1988 ACTIVITIES OF THE RESEARCH DIVISION 1968

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Kata-kata aluan oleh Ketua Pengarah UTN 1 /tesssge by the Director-General of UTN 1

Pendaruluan oleh Pengarah Penyel idikan 2 Foreword by the Director of Research 3

1 . JABATAN INSTRUfENTASI DAN KAWALAN INSTRUMENTATION MC CONTROL DEPWm£NT . , . . . . - .

1 .1 P e n g ^ h a l a n . ; . 5 Introduction ~ " , . . .9

1".2 P e n g a h a l i s i s gama " ' . . • . - . • 11 Csmv.-j analyser 11

1 .3 M e t e r k a d a r 6 s a l u r a n mudah a l i h 12 Portable 6-channel ratemeter 12

1.4 To loK p a r a s n u k l e o n i k s a t u t i t i k 15 Single point nucleonic level gauge . 15

1 .5 Pembeka l k u a s a u n t u k p e n g u a t m i k r o f a n B & K .. -. • • ( J a b . F i z i k , IFM) / " ' T • •; 16

Pcn'^r supply for B & K microphone, amplifier ,-, '(Physics Dept., LPM) . ' .'_"".,.' , , _ ' , , ( i , "V , •_ . 16

1 .6 P r a p e n g u a t a k u s t i k " o p t o 16 Optoacoustic pre-amplifier , . . . . . , 16

1.7 ' Pemasa' 1 -99 m i n i t u n t u k a l a t c e n t r i f u g e , . . , . > - 17 c- •' Timer 1-99 minutes for the centrifuge .• ' 17

l . B Perrwssa ' 1 -99 j a m unt iuk k e t u h a r "T" 2 u n i t ' ._ / , ' | i ; M",V. , v . . , , 1 9 ' Timer 1-99 liours for oven - 2 units,, ,. . .. .. ., 19

1 .9 P e n u k a r r r e k u e n s i k e p a d a v o l t a n a r u s t e r u s (DC) 20 Frequency to voltage converter 20

1 .10 M e t e r kadar—dos n e u t r o n 20 Neti tron dosera te meter 22 •

1.11 Antaramuka penganal is is oksigen dengan mikrokomputer 22 Oxygen analyser to microcomputer inter-face 23

1.12 Antaramuka meterkadar PSRB dengan mikrokompiiter PSR9 Ratemeter to microcomputer interface

24 24

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1.13 Antaramuka meterkadar BICRQN dengan mikrokamputer 26 BICRCN ratemster to microcomputer interface 27

1.14 Penyanal is is ga/nma : Bahagian penganal is is (prapenguat dan penganal is is satu salursn) 27

Gamma Analyser: Analyser part (preamplifier and single-channel analysef) 28

1.15 Kawalan suhu untuk p i r i n g pemanas 28 Temperature controller for hot plate 30

1.16 Penganal is is gama : Modul kawal<sn/pembilana 30 Gao&kz analyser : Control and counting module 31

1.17 Antaramuka a l a t u j i a n serbaguna (UTM) dan m'krokomputer Casio PC 31

Universal testing machine (UTli) to Casio PC microcomputer- interface 31

1.18 Bekeian kuasa 12V, 5A 32 12V, 34 Power supply 32

1.19 Pemandang f i l e m s inar -X 32 X-ray film viewer 33

1.20 Meter f rekuensi analog 33 Analogue frequency meter 33

1.21 Sistern Interkom 34 Intercom system 34

1.22 Bekalan kuasa 1A 12V 35 12V, 1A Power supply 35

i . 2 3 Meter f rekuensi 6 d i g i t 35 6 Digit frequency meter 36

1.24 Penguat audio 36 Audio amplifier 36

1.25 Sistem maklumat berkonputer bantuan teknik IAEA 37

1.26 Perkhidmatan 38

1.27 Kursus 40

1.28 Seminar 41

1.29 Penerbitan 42 Publications 42

iv

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2 . PROGRAM TEKNOLDEI IMJKLEAR Af /q FOR irr^nnEY PRDEFWME

2 . 1 Pengenalan 43 Introduction 45

2 . 2 Pembinaan a l a t serakan sudut k e c i l neutron 47 Construction of the small—angle neutron

scattering instrument 49

2 . 3 Fenggunaan teknik belauan s inar -X untuk menganggar kandungan kehabluran dalam sampel seramik 50

Estimation of crystalline content in ceramic samples using X-ray diffraction technique SO

2 . 4 Pengenalan dan pengkuanti t ian mineral atau sebat ian dalam sampel-sampel seramik 51

Identification and quantification of minerals or compounds in ceramic samples 51

2 . 5 Pengurasan kek thorium dengan asid n i t r i k 52 Leaching of thorium cake by nitric acid 52

2 . 6 Pemendakan p i l i h a n sebagai satu kaedah pengurusan s i s a kek thorium 53

Selective precipitation as method for the waste management of thorium cake 53

2 . 7 Kaj ian dalam pra-pengalahan kimia enapcemar kek thorium bagi pengurangan k l o r i d a dan f o s f a t 55

A study on the chemical pretreatment of thorium cake sludge for the reduction of chloride and phosphate 55

2 . 8 Pengurusan s i s a enapcemar t h o r i a — k a j i a n awal penjerapan uranium dan thorium pada karbon t e r a k t i f 57

Thoria sludge waste management - a preliminary study of uranium and thorium adsorption on activated carbon 59

2 . 9 Penentuan kandungan uranium dan thorium me la lu i kaedah pemeteran pendarf luor , spektrofotometr i dan a n a l i s i s neutron tertunda 60

Determination of uranium and thorium using fluorimetry, spectrophotometry and delayed neutron analysis 60

2 .10 Kesan parameter a l a t ke a tas serapan besi untuk pengoptimuman a l a t spektrometer serapan atom 62

The efect of instrumental parameters en the absorbance of iron in the optimization of an atomic absorption spectrometer 62

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2 . 1 1 Kaj ian perbandingan makmal untuk menentukan kandungan uranium di dalam sampel-sampel rujukan penjelajahan geokimia 64

fin interlaboratory comparison study for the determination of uranium content in geochemical exploration reference samples 65

2.12 Penentuan uranium dan thorium d i dalam sayur—sayuran tempatan 66

Determination of uranium and thorium in local vegetables 67

2 . 1 3 Kesan rawatan haba ke a tas k e l i a t a n dan kekuatan bagi k e l u l i CH-Vi 68

Effect of heat-treatment on toughness and strength properties of C-t+i steel 71

2 . 1 4 Kecekapan bahan perencat bagi beberapa campuran garam aluminium-t iourea untuk kakisan k e l u l i lembut d i dalam a i r biasa 71

Inhibitive efficiency of some aluminium sal t-thiourea mixtures for the corrosion of mild steel in ordinary h/ater 72

2 . 1 5 Perkhidmatan mikroskop imbasan e lek t ron dan mikroanal is is 72

2 . 1 6 Kesan neutron l a j u ke atas s i f a t - s i f a t s t r u k t u r NTD-Si 73 The influence of fast neutron on the structural

properties of NTD-Si 74

2 . 1 7 Pembuatan a l a t pemegang sampel 75 Fabrication of a sample holder 77

2 . 1 8 Pembangunan tekn ik fotoakust ik laser 77 Development of laser photoacoustics 7S

2 . 1 9 Aspek kesihatan dan keselamatan s i1 ikon yang didop dengan kaedah transmutasi neutron 78

The health and safety aspects of neutron doped silicon 80

2 . 2 0 Perant i logam-semikonduktor - hubungannya dengan tekn ik - tekn ik f a b r i k a s i 80

Metal-semiconductor Junctions - related to fabrication techniques 81

2 . 2 1 Kesan keadaan pemendapan ke atas s i f a t - s i f a t s t ruk tur s i l i k o n amorfus terhidrogen (a -S i :H ) dan oksida

indium-timah (ITO) 82 The effect of deposition conditions on structural

properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and indium—tin oxide (ITO) 83

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2.22 Penentuan terus pemalar zeta runut pembelahan bagi kaca dosimeter piawai NBS SRM 962a dengan menggunakan piawai umur apat i t Fish Canyon Tuff 84

Direct determination of fission-track zeta constant for standard dosimeter glass NBS SRM 962a using Fish Canyon Tuff age standard apatite 85

2.23 Kajian kebersihan udara bekerja d i lombong-lombong b i j i h timah d i Malaysia 86

Occupational hygiene in tin mining in Malaysia 87

2.24 Pengambilan perak daripada sisa pengikat gambartoto 89 Recovery of silver from photographic fixer waste 89


3. PR0GWV1 ISOTOP DAN SINARAN DPLPrt 1NDUSTRI ISOTOPE MP RflDIfiTICJN IN INDUSTRY PROSRfiffC

3.1 Pengenalan 93 Introduction 93

3.2 Teknik pemeriksaan radiometri bagi penentuan tetulang dan kehadiran lompang udara dalam pengalas ja/nbatan 94

Non-destructive radiometry inspection technique for locating reinforcements and voids/porosity in bridge bearings 96

3.3 Pengjunaan teknik transmisi gama dalam menaksir kehadiran b.-ifc- buah kelapa saw i t dalam tandan l i a t 97

The use of gamma transmission technique in assessing the presence of remaining fruit in hard bunches 99

3.4 Penggunaan prinsip pemerlahan neutron bagi menilai bentuk permukaan sesuatu tangki penyimpan petroleum 100

The use of neutron moderation principle in evaluating baxe ground surface shape under the bottom plate of petroleum storage tanks 102

3.5 Pemeriksaan secara terus turus pemisah naphtha menggunakan teknologi imbasan sinaran 103

On-line inspection of a naphtha splitter column using radiation scanning technology 103

3.6 Teknik imbasan radiometri bagi pemeriksaan terus turus berperingkat 105

Advanced non-destructive radiometry scanning technique for on-line inspection of fractionation columns 105

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3 . 7 Tekn ik t r a n s m i s i s i n a r gama bagi peny iasa tan t e r u s ke a t a s taburan dan kadar pembentukan mendakan dalam s a t u s i k l o n 105

Gamma-ray transmission technique for on-line investigation of the distribution and the rate of deposit build-up in a cyclone 107

3 . 8 Peny iasa tan t e r u s ta i x i ran dan ke teba lan mendakan dalam r e a k t o r menggunakan t e k n i k r a d i o m e t r i s i n a r gama 108

Ch-line investigation of the distribution and the thickness of deposit in a reactor using gamma-ray radiometry technique 106

3 . 9 Pengukuran paras dan antaramuka da lam t a n g k i penyimpan menggunakan t e k n i k r a d i o i s o t o p 108

Level and interface measurements in storage tanks using radioisotope technique 110

3 .10 Penyediaan damar b o l e h p u l i h menggunakan s i n a r a n : p o l i e s t e r tak tepu H O

Preparation of radiation-curable resin : unsaturated polyesters (PE) 112

3 .11 S i n t e s i s p rapo l ims r a k r i l i k 114 Synthesis of acrylic prepolymer 114

3 .12 S i n t e s i s a k r i l a t e p o k s i 114 Synthesis of epoxy acrylate 115

3 .13 S i n t e s i s o l i gomer u r e t a n b e r a k r i l a t 115 Synthesis of acrylated urethane oligomer 116

3.14 Perawatan permukaan kayu menggunakan a l u r e l e k t r o n : penya lu tan f i l e m PVC ke a t a s s u b s t r a t kayu 117

Electron beam (EB) curing of wood surface finishing : lamination of PWC film on wooc/ substrates 117

3 .15 Mood polymer composites: penetration and distribution of polymer 118

3 .16 Viscosity study of unsaturated oligoester components . at different temperature 121

3.17 Pemvulkanan l a t e k s g e t a h a s l i menggunakan s i n a r a n 123 Radiation vulcanisation of natural rubber latex 126

3 .18 Graft copalymerisation of methyl methacrylate onto natural rubber 128

3 .19 Radiation effects on medical products 131

3 .20 The effects of irradiation on rubber gloves 134

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3.21 The effects of nucleating agent on the oxidative degradation of polypropylene 137

3.22 The effects of nucleating agent on the oxidative

degradation of copolypropylene 140

3.23 Pembangunan teknik analisis 144

3.24 Kajian unsur toksik daiam bahan makanan d i Malaysia 145

3.25 Kajian mineral dalam pemakanan haiwan 146

3.26 Penentuan unsur—unsur dalam liken tempatan dengan kaedah analisis pengaktifan neutron 147

3.27 Kawalan mutu sebatian berlebel dengan P-32 148

3.28 Penggunaan teknik telaga tunggal dalam kajian a i r tanah 148 Application of single well technique in groundwater -

a preliminary study. 152

3.29 Kajian awal hidrologi isotop negeri Perl is 153 Preliminary isotope-hydrology study of Perlis 155

3.30 Sediment movement study at Port Bintulu, Sarawak using radioactive tracers 155

3.31 Linear location in 1-D plane by using acoustic emission technique 156

3.32 Penentuan faktbr pembetulan bagi kepekaan radiograf sinar-X apabila penunjuk kua l i t i imej d i tempatkan d i sebelah f i lm 158

Determination of correction factor for X-ray radiographic sensitivity when image quality indicator is placed on film side 156

3.33 Perkhidmatan 159 Services 159

3.34 Latihan 164

3.35 Seminar 166


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4. ISOTOP DAN SINARAN DALAM BIOLOGI DAN PERTANIAN ISOTOPE AND RADIATION IN BIOLOGY AND AGRICULTUFE

4.1 Pengenalan 171 Introduction 172

4.2 Kajian pembungkusan bsras tersinar 173 Studies an packaging of irradiated rice 173

4.3 Analisis fisiko-kimia tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) dan gentian asak kelapa sawit (GAKS) 174

Physico-chemical analysis of empty fruit bunch (EFB) and palm press fibre (PPF) 175

4.4 Kemungkinan penggunaan kemudahan gama pelbagai guna untuk penyinaran makanan di Malaysia 176

The feasibility of multipurpose gamma facility for food irradiation in Malaysia 176

4.5 Taburan, mengenalpasti dan kepekaan terhadap sinaran oleh mikroorganisma dalam gentian asak dan tandan kosong sisa buangan kelapa sawit 177

Distribution, identification and radiosensitivity of microorganism in palm press fibre and empty fruit bunch of oil palm waste 177

4.6 Kesan sinaran ke atas kualiti mikrobiologi dan kimia daging ayam 178

The effect of irradiation on the microbiological and chemical qualities of poultry meat 178

4.7 Penggunaan sinar gama untuk meningkatkan kualiti biji koko kering 179

Upgrading of the quality of dried cocoa beans by gamma irradiation 179

4.8 Penyinaran sebagai perlakuan kuarantina bagi' disinfestasi lalat buah 180

Irradiation as a quarantine treatment for disinfestatian of fruit fly 180

4.9 Penyinaran sebagai perlakuan kuarantina bagi disinfestasi hama pada bunga orkid 181

Irradiation as a quarantine treatment for disinfestaticn of mites in orchids 182

4.10 Kesan sinaran gama ke atas mutu cendawan tiram kelabu segar (Pleurotus so..) 182

Effect of gamma irradiation on the quality of fresh grey oyster-mushroom (Pleurotus so.) 182

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4 .11 Kesan s i n a r a n ke a tas aspek-aspek f i z i k a l dan n i l a i pH dag ing ayam 1S3

Effect of radiation an the physical aspects and pH-value of chicken meat 1S3

4.12 K a j i a n awal ke a t a s komponen perasa h a l i a basah 1B6 Preliminary study on the flavour components of

iVew'i yinyer 1B6

4.13 Pembentukan aberas i kramosom d i dalam s e l - s e l l i m f o s i t da rah maknusia yang te rdedah kepada s i n a r a n mengion 1B7

The induction of chromosome aberration in human blood lymphocytes exposed to ionizing radiation 1B9

4.14 Pembentukan rad i oce rak i nan imun dan c e r a k i n a n imun berenz im untuk hormon t r i i d o t i r o n i n ( T 3 ) , t i r o k s i n (T4) dan hormon perangsang t i r o i d (TSH) 190

4 .15 Kesan a k t i v i t i per ladengan (UTN) ke a t a s e k o l o g i dan alam s e k i t a r d i tapak percubaan p e r t a n i a n U n i t Tenaga Nuk lear 191

The impact of agricultural practices on the ecology and environment a t the agricultral experimental plot, Nuclear Energy Unit 193

4.16 K a j i a n ke a t a s sambutan tanaman pad i huma kepada b a j a - b a j a u rea dan t a h i lembu 194

A study on the response of upland rice to urea fertilizer and raw manure 196

4.17 Perbandingan pengambilan n i t r o g e n d a r i b a j a - b a j a u rea dan a/nanium s u l f a t o l e h j agung manis yang d i p e r a i r k a n dan d i tanam pada t a n a h s i r i Bungor : I I P e n i l a i a n b a s i l dan b i a j i s i m 197

Comparison of ni trogen uptake from urea and ammonium sulphate fertilizers by irrigated sweetcom on Bungor soil series : 11 yield and biomass assessment 198

4.18 K a j i a n a k t i v i t i a ka r tanaman k o p i 199 Root activity studies of coffee ZOO

4.19 K a j i a n a k t i v i t i aka r tanaman ke lapa s a w i t ( E l a e i s au ineens i s T Jacq) 203

A study on the root activity of oil palm (Elaeis auineensis. Jacq) 205

4.20 P e n i l a i a n keberkesanan beberapa ba ja f o s f a t batuan 205 Evaluation of the efficiency of several rock phosphates 207

4 . 2 1 Taburan aka r a k t i f pokok ge tah 207 Active root distribution of rubber trees 209

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4.22 Kesan baja fosforus, mikoriza dan Rhizobium ke atas pertumbuhan dan keupayaan Pueraria javanica 210

Effect of phosphorus fertilizer, mycorrhiza and Rhizobium on the growth and performance of Pueraria javanica 212

4.23 Perbandingan sumber fosforus yang berbeza ke atas Acacia roanqium 212

Comparison of different phosphorus sources an Acacia mangium 214

4.24 Penilaian sumber-sumber baja nitrogen ke atas tanaman jagung (Zea mays) menggunakan teknik isotop di ladang 215

Field evaluation of fertilizer nitrogen sources by means of isotope techniques on corn (Zea mays) 21<b

4.25 Kajian aktiviti akar tanaman koko (Theobroma cacao L.) 21B Root activity studies of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) 21B

4.26 Penilaian baja urea buatan Malaysia di atas tanaman jambu batu, Psidium quaJava L. menggunakan teknik isotop 1 0 N 220

Evaluation of Malaysian-made granular urea for guava (Psidium qua Java L.) by using 1B/V isotope technique 221

4 .27 Pengambilan dan penggunaan sumber-sumber baja n i t rogen o leh anak kelapa sawit yang menerima pengairan tambahan dan yang hanya menerima hujan 222

Utilization of nitrogen fertilizer sources by immature oil palm under irrigated and rain-fed conditions 223

4.2S Biak baka mutasi padi separa k e r d i l 223 Semi-dwarf mutants for rice improvement 224

4 .29 Projek biakbaka mutasi kacang tanah Mutation breeding of groundnut

224 225

1

Kata-kata aluan oleh Ketua Penaarah UTN

Penyelidikan dan pembangunan (R&D) berkenaan sains dan teknologi nuklear merangkumi tiga kategori iaitu (a) penyelidikan berkenaan sains nuklear itu sendiri seperti fizik neutron; (b) penyelidikan bagi pembangunan sains dan teknologi kuasa nuklear seperti putaran bahan api, analisis keselamatan, pengurusan sisa; dan (c) penyelidikan bagi penggunaan teknik nuklear terutama dalam bidang penyinaran dan isotop ke atas pemerosesan industri, pertanian, perubatan dsb. Ertikata seluas-luasnya sains merangkumi bukan sahaja apa yang dikenali sebagai 'natural' tetapi termasuklah pengeluaran dan pentadbiran saintifik. Istilah fungsi sosial sains mempunyai makna yang agak luas. Ianya bukan maksud kesan daripada cara-cara dan kesan-kesan bahan-bahan kimia baru dan jentera-jentera baru ke atas kegiatan harian masyarakat, tetapi merangkumi visi masyarakat itu sendiri yang mana tugas-tugas serta kegiatannya diresapi oleh metod-metod, cara-cara dan pemikiran sains.

Datuk Dr. Mohd. Ghazali bin Abdul Rahman, Ketua Pengarah Unit Tenaga Nuklear

Message by the Director-General of UTN

Research and development (R&D) in nuclear science and technology can be roughly divided into three categories; (a) research in nuclear science itself e.g. in neutron physics, (b) research in the development of the technology of nuclear power e.g. fuel cycle, safety analysis, waste management; and (c) research in the application of nuclear techniques especially of radiation and radioisotope techniques in industrial processing, agriculture, medicine, etc. In the wider interpretation of science i t must include not only the 'natural' but scientific production and administration. The term social function of science has taken a much wider meaning. It implies much more than the impact of the products of science and technology on society. It includes not Just the ways in which new chemicals and new machines have affected our daily life but also encompasses a vision of society where social affairs are permeated by the methods, ways and thoughts of science.

Datuk Dr. Mohd. Ghazali bin Abdul Rahman, Director-General, Nuclear Energy Unit

2

Pendahuluan oleh Penqarah Penyelidikan

Saya ingin mengambil kesempatan untuk mengucapkan tahniah serta menyampaikan rasa penghargaan kepada semua kakitangan Bahagian Penyelidikan yang telah menyumbang ke arah penerbitan laporan aktiviti bagi tahun 1988. Juga tidak lupa penghargaan saya kepada kakitangan Bahagian lain yang turut membantu bagi membolehkan laporan ini diterbitkan mengikut jadual.

Secara umum adalah diakui bahawa aktiviti penyelidikan dan pembangunan (P&P) adalah penting dalam pembangunan sesebuah negara secara yang terarah. Di samping mengembang sesuatu bidang keilmuan melalui aktiviti P&P kita melihat P&P sebagai pra-syarat penting untuk menuju ke arah perindustrian dan pembangunan ekonomi. Dengan itu adalah perlu bagi agensi penyelidikan seperti UTN berusaha membangunkan keupayaan dalam pembangunan teknologi melalui penyelidikan tempatan.

Potensi penyelidikan sesuatu negara tidak hanya bergantung sepenuhnya kepada kehadiran penyelidik tetapi juga keupayaan mereka menyesuaikan penyelidikan ke arah penyelesaian masalah nasional.

Laporan hasil kerja dalam keluaran ini memaparkan aktiviti Bahagian Penyelidikan dari pelbagai segi dengan per.ekanan kepada aktiviti P&P yang terarah. Sepertimana kita maklum, sebahagian besar aktiviti P&P yang dilaporkan adalah dibiayai oleh peruntukan khusus P&P IRPA. Cara pembiayaan melalui perunti'.kan P&P IRPA mempunyai kesan yang mendalam terhadap arah penyelidikan UTN dan mengikut pandangan kita, penyelidikan telah menjadi lebih relevan dan memenuhi keperluan negara. Cadangan-cadangan penyelidikan telah diteliti di peringkat organisasi dan juga kebangsaan untuk memastikan program-program penyelidikan yang dijalankan adalah bersesuaian dengan bidang-bidang keutamaan penyelidikan di peringkat kebangsaan.

Mesyarakat umum sudah mulai menyedari bahawa P&P dalam bidang sains dan teknologi nuklear tidak boleh diabaikan dalam perkembangan sains hari ini di mana potensi bagi sains dan teknologi nuklear menyumbang kepada peningkatan taraf sosio-ekonomi negara amatlah ketara.

Harapan saya semoga sains dan teknologi nuklear akan terus dapat memainkan peranannya dengan lebih berkesan lagi di negara ini dan dalam konteks menggalakkan penggunaan sains dan teknologi nuklear para penyelidik Bahagian ini khususnya dan UTN amnya diharap akan lebih bergiat lagi terutama dalam meningkatkan aktiviti penyelidikan mereka.

Semoga usaha kita yang tidak mengenal lelah akan diakui oleh masyarakat terutama dengan adanya bukti hasil penyelidikan yang boleh dimanfaatkan. Bagi semua, saya ucapkan selamat berjaya dalam segala usaha bagi masa hadapan.

Dr. Ahmad Sobri Hj. Hashim, Pengarah Penyelidikan, Unit Tenaga Nuklear.

3

Foreword by the Director of Resaarch

I would like to take this opportunity to congratulate and express my sincere appreciation to all the staff of the Research Division who have contributed towards the publication of this report on activities for 1983 and also my appreciation to the staff of other Divisions who have in one way or another rendered their assistance to enable this report to be published accordingly.

It is generally acknowledged that research and development (R&D) activities are essential and are of paramount importance for the development of any nation towards this direction. Besides developing and nurturing any particular discipline of knowledge through the R&D activities, we view R&D as an essential prerequisite for industrialisation and economic growth. It is therefore important for research agency like UTN to take every effort to build up local capabilities in technoligical development with the help of indigeneous R&D.

The research potential of a nation does not depend entirely on the presence of researchers but also on their abilities to address their research to national problems.

The report of results of activities in this issue presents activities undertaken by this Division from various aspects with emphasis on directed R&D activities. As we are well informed, the majority of R&D activities reported in this issue are funded by the special R&D allocation, generally termed as IRPA funding. This new funding method will have a profound effect on future direction of research in UTN. Research has now become more relevant and conform to national needs. Research proposals are scrutinized at both organizational and national levels to ensure projects are well within the national research priority areas.

The public at large is well aware that R&D in the field of nuclear science and technology is indispensable in the total context of worldwide scientific development today, with the realization of the potential of nuclear science and technology, in its own right, to contribute towards the improvement of socio-economic status of the nation.

My hope would be to continually witness the important role being played even more effectively by nuclear science and technology in this lovely nation of ours and in the context of promoting its applications the researchers from this Division particularly and UTN generally are required to further enhance their efforts in undertaking their research activities.

Our tireless efforts will ultimately become fruitful and deserve better recognition from the public with the evidence of research results available to be put to beneficial use. I wish everyone the best and every success in your future endeavours.

Dr. fihmad Sobri HJ. Hashim, Director of Research, Nuclear Energy Lhit.

CRRTfl ORGANISASI BRHRCIRN PENYELIDMRN 1988 <ORGRNIZflTION CHRRT OF THE RESEARCH OIV."3ION 1988)

BRHRGIAN PENYELIDIKAN (RESEARCH DIVISION)

Pengarah Penyelidikan (Director of Research)

INSTRUMENTRSI & KAWRLRN

(INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL)

Ketua Jabatan (Head of Department)

PENYENGGRRRAN

(MRINTENRNCE)

SISTEM/PROJEK KHRS (SYSTEMS/SPECIAL PROJECTS)

KOMPUTER

(COMPUTER)

KHIDMAT RM

(GENERAL SERVICES)

TEKNOLOGI NUKLEAR

(NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY)

Ketua Program (Head of Programme)

FIZIK GUNRHN

(APPLIED PHYSICS)

TEKNOLOGI BAHAN API (FUELS TECHNOLOGY)

TEKNOLOGI BflHRN

(MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY)

PEMBANGUNAN PENGESAN SINARRN (DEVELOPMENT OF RADIATION DETECTORS)

ISOTOP DAN SINARAN DRLRM INOUSTRI

(ISOTOPE AND RADIATION IN INDUSTRY)


TEKNIK PENYURIH DRN TOLOK NUKLERR (TRACER TECHNIQUE AND NUCLEAR GAUGING)

UJIRN TRNPA MUSNRH (NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING)

PEMBANGUNAN TEKNIK DAN KHIDMAT ANRLISIS (DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES AND SERVICES)

TEKNIK NUKLERR DHLRM GEOLOGI (NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN GEOLOGY)

PEMPROSESAN MENGGUNA SINRRAN (RADIATION PROCESSING)

ISOTOP DRN SINRRAN DRLAM BIOLOGI DAN PERTRNIRN

(ISOTOPE AND RADIATION IN BIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE)


- PENYINARRN MAKRNRN

(FOOD IRRRDIATION)

- BIAKBRKA MUTASI (MUTATION BREEDING)

r- HUBUNGAN TANAH-TANAMAN

(SOIL-PLANT RELATIONSHIP)

L- RRDIOBIOLOGI GUNRRN

(RPPLIED RRDIOBIOLOGY)

1

JASATAN INSTRUMENTASI DAN KAWALAN

Z?E:F>AUR-TME:M-r Of=- Z NS7-fZUME:hiTj*\T Z OH

5

JABATAN INSTHLfENTASI DAN KAWALAN

1 .1 Frogena lan

Jabatan i n i s e p e r t i tahun- tahun sebelumnya t e l a h menja lankan berbaga i a k t i v i t i d i sepanjang tahun 1988 bag i memenuhi o b j e k t i f Jabatan i a i t u untuk menyediakan perkhidmatan penyelenggaraan a l a t , rekabsntuk dan pembangunan i n s t r u m e n t a s i e l e k t r o n i k / n u k l e a r yang d i p e r l u k a n o l e h U n i t Tenaga Nuk lear khususnya dan i n s t i t u s i - i n s t i t u s i l a i n amnya.

A k t i v i t i rekabentuk dan pembangunan i n s t r u m e n t a s i e l e k t r o n i k / n u k l e a r un tuk kegunaan l a t i h a n dan p e n y e l i d i k a n masih d i j a l a n k a n . Pada tahun 1988 sebanyak 34 buah p r o j e k pembangunan p e r a l a t a n t e l a h d i l a k s a n a k a n dan d a r i j um lah t e r s e b u t sebanyak 12 buah p r o j e k t e l a h be r jaya d i s i a p k a n pada tahun i n i . P r o j e k - p r o j e k p e r a l a t a n yang t e l a h s i a p d i r e k a b e n t u k i a l a h s e p e r t i b e r i k u t : -

- p ro taboard - pemandang sinar—X - kotak perintang - suis untuk pencetak - prapenguat dan penguat akustik opto - pemasa digital mudah alih - I/O board 2 - antaramuka meterkadar BICRON dengan mikrokomputer NEC-PC - bekalan kuasa 12V, 1A (3 yunit) - pemasa 99 jam un tuk ke tuhar - s is te rn i n t e r k o m d i bengkel J I K

Laporan pro jek—projek pembangunan i n s t r u m e n t a s i yang d i l aksanakan pada tahun 1980 d inya takan d i dalam l apo ran - l apo ran s e l a n j u t n y a .

A k t i v i t i perkhidmatan penyelenggaraan a l a t kepada Jabatan/Program d i U n i t Tenaga Nuk lea r s e r t a i n s t i t u s i — i n s t i t u s i l u a r t e l a h dapat d i p e r t i n g k a t k a n pada tahun 19B8 d i mana b i l a n g a n a l a t yang dapa t d i b a i k - p u l i h t e l a h bertambah. Khidmat penyelenggaraan a l a t kepada i n s t i t u s i l u a r t e l a h be r j aya dikembangkan l a g i ke beberapa s y a r i k a t swasta dan agens i -agens i ke ra jaan yang sebelum i n i belum menggunakan perkhidmatan yang d i b e r i k a n o l e h J a b a t a n . I n i d i p e r o l e h i m e l a l u i pemasaran bersepadu bersama-sama dengan U n i t Piawaian Pemeteran Dos Keduaan, Jabatan Kawalan S ina ran dan Kes iha tan , UTN s e r t a d i a t a s daya usaha pemasaran Bahagian Khidmat Luar J IK s e n d i r i . Sebanyak $16,992.00 r i n g g i t t e l a h d ipungu t h a s i l d a r i p a d a c a j perkhidmatan b a i k - p u l i h a l a t kepada i n s t i t u s i - i n s t i t u s i l u a r . Laparan lengkap perkhidmatan penyelenggaraan a l a t kepada Jabatan/Program d i UTN s e r t a i n s t i t u s i - i n s t i t u s i l u a r d i nya takan d i dalam laporan s e l a n j u t n y a .

Penggunaan komputer p e r i b a d i d i dalam pengurusan penyenggaraan cegahan b e r k a l a mas ih t e r u s d igunakan . Rekod kesemua a l a t yang ada d i UTN t e l a h pun dimasukkan ke dalam s i s t e m i n i . Di sepanjang tahun 1988, sebanyak 827 k e r j a penyenggaraan cegahan b e r k a l a t e l a h d i l a k u k a n ke a t a s a l a t - a l a t UTN. K e r j a - k e r j a i n i m e l i p u t i pembers ihan, t en tuku ran dan penggant ian bahagian—bahagian yang haus dan mele takkan minyak p e l i n c i r pada s i s tem yang be rge rak . Jadual 1 .1 .1 menunjukkan a k t i v i t i penyenggaraan cegahan a l a t secara be rka la untuk a l a t - a l a t UTN.

6

Untuk mendapatkan maklumat yang lebih cepat dan tepat serta perkhidmatan yang lebih licin dan produktif beberapa sistem maklumat berkomputer yang direkabentuk pada tahun 1987 digunakan dengan lebih meluas lagi pada tahun ini. Beberapa sistem baru juga telah direkabentuk pada tahun ini untuk kegunaan berbagai Jabatan di UTN. Jadual 1.1.2 menunjukkan sistem maklumat berkomputer yang telah direkabentuk dan digunakan di UTN.

Pada tahun ini, Jabatan Instrumentasi dan Kawalan telah berjaya mengelolakan kursus Mikropemproses dan Perantaramuka serta Seminar Penyenggaraan dan Pengurusan Peralatan Saintifik. Kursus dan seminar ini telah diadakan di Unit Tenaga Nuklear. Beberapa orang pelajar ITM dan Politeknik telah menjalani latihan industri mereka di Jabatan ini. Mereka terdiri daripada 9 orang pelajar ITM dan seorang pelajar Politeknik Sultan Hj Ahmad Shah, Kuantan.

Sebagai usaha untuk meningkatkan lagi prestasi, kepakaran dan pengalaman kepada kakitangan JIK, beberapa orang pegawai dan kakitangan telah dihantar untuk menjalani kursus/latihan samada di dalam atau di luar negeri. Kebanyakan kursus di luar negeri adalah anjuran IAEA. Seramai 4 orang Pegawai Penyelidik telah mengikuti kursus di luar negeri anjuran IAEA dan STA. Manakala 6 orang pegawai yang lain mengikuti kursus di dalam negeri anjuran Il fTAN, UTN dan Iain-lain.

Lain-]ain latihan adalah berbentuk latihan dalaman untuk Juruteknik. Latiiian ini diadakan secara 'ad-hoc' yang lebih menekankan kepada teknik-teknik membaik-pulih alat atau rekabentuk pembangunan litar—litar elektronik. Latihan ini sering diadakan semasa alat itu sedang dibaiki. Dengan cara ini, Juruteknik yang belum berpengalaman akan mendapat gambaran yang lebih jelas bagaimana cara atau teknik membaik-pulih alat dilakukan. Antara lain tujuan latihan dalaman ini diadakan ialah untuk meningkatkan kemahiran, pengalaman dan pengetahuan Juruteknik J IK di dalam bidang baik-pulih atau pun rekabentuk litar elektronik.

Khidmat sokongan di bawah aktiviti Unit Khidmat Am, dilaksanakan seperti pada tahun lepas. Aktiviti atau kerja-kerja yang dihasilkan adalah seperti di Jadual 1.1.3.

Secara keseluruhannya, pencapaian prestasi Jabatan Instrumentasi. dan Kawalan pada tahun 1988 adalah jauh lebih baik dari tahun sebelumnya. Ini adalah disebabkan berkat usaha gigih, ketekunan dan penuh dedikasi semua kakitangan J IK dalam menjalankan tugas demi melaksanakan aktiviti-aktiviti Jabatan yang telah ditentukan.

Akhir sekali, saya ingin mengambil kesempatan ini untuk mengucapkan berbanyak terima kasih dan penghargaan saya kepada semua kakitangan JIK yang telah memberi sumbangan, kerjasama dan sokongan mereka di dalam menjayakan aktiviti-aktiviti Jabatan.

Mohamad Nasir Hj Abdul Wahid, Pemangku Ketua, Jabatan Instrumentasi & Kawalan.

7

Bu lan Month

JAN FEB MAC APR MEI JUN JUL AUG SEP OKT NOV DIS

Jumlah Total

Bi langan A l a t Ab. of Instrument

145 56 46 57 21

104 40

145 106

86 1

20

827

Jumlah Masa (jam) Time taken (hour)

127 .51 63 .91 36 .87 34 .13 13,83 6 6 . 0 1 26 .92

115.34 76 .09 57.09 0 .50 8 .50

626.70

Jadual 1 . 1 . 1 : A k t i v i t i Pengurusan Penyenggaraan Cegahan A l a t Secara Be rka la Uhtuk A l a t - a l a t UTN.

Table 1.1.1 : Management of Scheduled Preventive Maintenance Activities for Instruments in UTN.

Nama Sis tem Kegunaan S i s tem

SPESKO Menguruskan s t o r J IK secara berkomputer

S is tem Maklumat Agensi Menyimpan maklumat mengenai a g e n s i / j a b a t a n Berkomputer (SMABK) un tuk Jabatan L a t i h a n mengendal ikan kursus

yang d i a n j u r k a n . S is tem i n i akan menentukan a g e n s i / j a b a t a n yang berkenaan untuk sesuatu kursus i t u dan akan mencetak a lamat -a lamat agens i t e r s e b u t .

S i s t em Maklumat Menyimpan maklumat mengenai perancangan Perancangan L a t i h a n l a t i h a n kak i tangan UTN bag i sesua tu t a h u n . Berkomputer (SMPLBK) Cetakan d i b u a t berdasarkan p i l i h a n yang

d i k e h e n d a k i .

S is tem Kawalan Kewangan Merekcx) p e r i h a l a n yang t e r d a p a t dalam Pesanan Kera jaan dan rekod- rekod pembayaran

S is tem P ro jek Bantuan Untuk menyimpan maklumat mengenai p r o j e k -Tekn ik IAEA p r o j e k d i bawah bantuan t e k n i k IAEA yang

mengandungi maklumat d i s e g i peruntukan p e r a l a t a n , p a k a r , l a t i h a n dan ' f e l l o w s h i p ' .

Jadua l 1 . 1 . 2 : S is tem Maklumat Berkomputer Yang Te lah D i rekabentuk dan Digunakan d i UTN.

8

Name of System

SPESKO

Computerised Agency Information System (SMABK)

Computerised Course Planning Information System (SMPLBK)

Financial Information System

IAEA technical aids project.

Application of System

Computerised management of JIK store.

Information on the agency/department are stored to assist the Training Department to organise its courses. The system will identify the addresses of agencies relevant to the courses organised.

Information on planning of courses -for UTN staff is stored in the system for each year. A hard copy is produced based on the selection made.

Records on payments and Government Orders are kept.

For storing information on instrument allocation, experts, training and fellowships of projects under the IAEA technical aid.

Table 1.1.2 : The Computerised Information System which was developed and used in LfTN.

Jenis Aktiviti/Kerja Type of Activity/Job

Penyediaan Papan Litar Tercetak (PCB) Preparing printed circuit board

Fabrikasi 'Equipment Housing' Fabrication of equipment housing

Penyediaan Lukisan Teknikal Preparing technical drawing

Bilangan Aktiviti/Kerja Yang Ab.

Dihasilkan of activities/Products

40

16

25

Jadual 1.1.3 : Senarai A k t i v i t i / K e r j a Yang Dihas i lkan o leh u n i t Khidmat Am Pada Tahun 1988.

Table 1.1.3 : List of Activities/Products of General Services Lhit For The Year 1989.

9

INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL DEPORTMENT

1.1 Introduction

As in previous years, the department has carried out various activities for the year 1988 in order to meet the department's objectives, which include maintenance of equipment and design and development of electronic/nuclear instrumentation required by the Nuclear Energy unit or other institutions.

The design and development of electronic/nuclear instrumentation for use in training and research is still being carried out. In 1988, the department had undertaken a total of 34 projects in instrument development and out of this, 12 projects have been completed within this year. The projects which have been completed are as fallows :-

- protobaard - X-ray viewer - resistance box - printer switch - opto acoustic pre-amplifier and amplifier - portable digital timer - I/O board 2 — bicron ratemeter to NEC-PC interface — power supply 12V, 1A (3 units) - timer 99 hours for the oven — intercom to JIK's workshop

Project reports of instruments developed in 1988 are given in subsequent reports. Maintenance services for Department/Programmes in the Nuclear Energy Unit and other institutions have been upgraded in 1988, whereby the number of instruments maintained by the Department has increased. Maintenance services to other institutions has expanded to companies in the private sectors and other government agencies who have not used this service provided by this department before. This was acquired through integrated marketing with the Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratory Lhit, Health and Radiation Safety Control Department, UTN and with the efforts of the division of maintenance services for other agencies in J IK. A total of 916,992.00 ringgit have been collected as maintenance service charges from other institutions. A complete report of instrument maintenance services for Department/Programmes in UTN and other institutions are given in subsequent reports.

The use of personal computers in the management of preventive maintenance schedule is still carried out. Records of all equipments available in UTN are updated into the system. For the year 1988, a total of 827 preventive maintenance jobs were carried out in UTN. The work includes cleaning, calibration, replacement of worn out components and greasing of moveable parts. Table 1.1.1 shows the preventive maintenance activities carried out on instruments in UTN.

For quick and easy retrieval of information and a more efficient service, several computerised information system which has been developed in 1987 have been widely used this year. Several new systems have also been developed in UTN to be used in various departments in UTN. Table 1.1.2

10

shows the various computerised information system developed and used in LfTN.

This year, the Instrumentation and Control Department has succeeded in organising a course in Microprocessors and Interfacing and a seminar on the Maintenance and Management of Scientific Instrument. The course and seminar were held in LfTN. Several students from 1TM and the Polytechnic also did their industrial training in this department. Nine students were from ITM and one from the Sultan HJ Ahmad Shah Polytechnic, Kuantan.

Several JIK staff were sent for training locally or overseas as a measure towards upgrading the expertise and experience among JIK staff. Most of the courses held overseas Mere organised by the IAEA. A total of four Research Officers have attended trainings organised by either IAEA or STA. While the other 6 officers have attended courses held locally at INTAN, UTN and others.

Besides that, there are trainings in the form of in-house training for technicians. These trainings are done in 'ad-hoc' and emphasis is given to corrective maintenance techniques or design and development of electronic circuits. These trainings are usually held while the instrument is being maintained. In this May, inexperienced technicians Hill get first hand experience on how instruments are being maintained. These in-house trainings is a measure towards upgrading the expertise, experience and knowledge of technicians in the fields of mainten*~^-e and design of electronic circuits.

Support services under the activities of the General Services Lhit is still carried out as in previous years. The activities carried out are as shown in Table 1.1.3.

For the year 1988, the Instrumentation and Control Department has made greater achievements than the previous years. This is due to the deligence, efforts and dedication of all the JIK staff in carrying out their duties in the department.

Lastly, I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude and appreciation to all JIK staff for their contribution, cooperation and support in making the activities of the Department a success.

Mohamad Nasir HJ Abdul Uahid, Acting Head, Instrumentation and Control Department.

11

1.2 Penganalisis gama

Abu Bakar Mhd Ghazali dan Aisah Ibrahim

i. Modul Pengecas Bateri dan Penukar DC kp DC

Oleh kerana alat per.ganalisis ini mudah alih, bermakna ia boleh dibawa untuk kerja lapangan, di mana tidak ada punca kuasa utama. Jsdi alat ini direkabentuk supaya mendapat bekalan voltan dari bekalan kuasa utama 240V apabila digunakan di dalsm makmal dan beroperasi dengan bateri semasa kerja lapangan. Pengecas bateri ini digunakan untuk mengecas bateri NiCd 6V, 1AH dari pembekal kuasa utama. Apabila alat ini digunakan di dalam makmal, bekalan vol tan 6V didapati dari pembekal kuasa pelaras, LM 338K (disetkan pada 6V) dan pada masa yang sama, ia mengecas bateri.

Di dalam modul ini juga terdapat penukar DC ke DC yaitu dari 6V kepada +15V untuk memandu litai—litar lain, terutamanya penguat operasi. Ia direkabentuk dengan memfabrikasikan sebuah alat ubah "step-up " di mana lilitan kepertamaannya ialah 70, 70 lilitan tap-tengah dan lilitan keduaannya 140, 140, tap-tengah. Voltan keluarannya dilaras dengan menggunakan 7B15 dan 7915 untuk voltan keluaran +15V.

ii. Modul Pembekal Vol tan Tincjgi

Sistem litar yang dipilih adalah dari jenis bekalan kuasa mccHdenyut. Pembekal kuasa jenis ini mempunyai kecekapan yang tinggi. Dengan bekalan kuasa yang kecil (6V, 50 mA) untuk memandu modul ini sudah cukup untuk mendapatkan voltan keluaran 2000V, 100 JJA.

Penguat operasi yang mempunyai kadar slu yang kecil misalnya DP-07 digunakan sebagai pelaras voltan keluaran iaitu dengan mengawal lebar denyut pada tapak pemandu alat-ubah, iaitu transistor 2N3440. Voltan keluarannya boleh dilaraskan dari 400V hingga 2000V. Modul voltan tinggi ini sesuai untuk memandu alat kesan sinaran seperti tiub G.M dan kelipan.

1.2 Gamma analyser

Abu Bakar Mhd Ghazali and Aisah Ibrahim

i. Battery charger and DC to DC converter module

Since the instrument is portable, it can be brought out to -field nark where the main power line 240V is not available. The instrument was designed so that the voltage supply can be obtained -from 240V mains when the instrument is in tA>? laboratory and battery operated supply for field work. The battery changer is used to charge a 6V, 1AH NiCd battery from the mains supply line. When this instrument is in the laboratory, the 6V supply required to operate the instrument is obtained from an LM338K adjustable regulator (set at 6V) and at the same time, it will also charge the battery.

This module also contain a DC to DC converter ie 6V to ±15V to drivs? other circuits, especially the operational amplifiers. It was designed

12

by fabricating a step-up transformer wit/7 the primary of 70, 70 turns, centre-tap and the secondary of 140, 140 turns, centre-tap on a ferrite core. The voltage outputs Mere regulated by using a 7815 and a 7915 far 15V and -15V respectively.

ii. High voltage module

ft pulsed /node power supply was chosen for this module. It has a high power efficiency. h/ith a small power supply (6V, 50mft) to drive this module is enough to get the output power of 2kV, 100 jjft. fin operational amplifier of small siew rate, such as 0P-07 was used as a voltage regulator, i.e by controlling the pulse width of the base of transformer driver, transistor 2N3440. The voltage output can be regulated from 4O0V to 2OO0V. This module can operate the G.M tubes and scintillation probes.

1.3 Meterkadar 6 saluran mudah a l i h

Abu Bakar Mhd Ghazali dan Mohd Hi lmi Abdul Rahman

Tujuan asal meter kadar i n i dibangunkan adalah untuk digunakan dalam ker ja -ker ja penentuan t i ub penukar haba dengan menggunakan teknik sur ihan. A la t i n i akan mengukur kadar dos enam (6) buah a l a t kesan G.M secara serentak. Kedudukan a l a t kesan d i dalam t i u b di tunjukkan dalam ra jah 1 . 3 . 1 .

A la t i n i menggunakan t rans is to r array CA3096 sebagai prapenguat l i t a r terkami l takometer 2917 sebagai penukar kadar i sya ra t kepada v o l t a n , penguat operasi LF356 sebagai penimbal kepada l i t a r terkamil meter panel b e r d i g i t (DPM) 7106. Kadar das maksimum yang boleh diukur i a lah 19990 bi langan/saat. Sebuah 3 1/2 d i g i t LCD d i p i l i h sebagai pemapar dan i a memaparkan kadar dos pada saluran yang d i p i l i h mela lu i pemi l ih 2P, 6W. Keluaran da r i set iap saluran boleh juga disambung kepada perekod atau pembilang.

Sebuah pembekal kuasa vol tan t i ngg i direkabentuk untuk memandu keenam-enam a l a t kesan. Tiub G.M j en i s LND 714 d i p i l i h untuk menyesuaikan dengan keluaran t i u b penukar haba. Sebuah ba te r i NiCd 6v", lflH d i p i l i h untuk mengoperasi a l a t i n i . Penerangan sacara gambarajah blok di tunjukkan seper t i d i ra jah 1.3.2.

1.3 Portable 6-channel ratemeter

Abu Bakar Mhd Ghazali and Mohd Hilmi ftbdul Rahman

This instrument will be used in the inspection of heat exchanger tubes in oil refinery plants. It will inspect 6 exchanger tubes at one time so that the time taken to complete inspection on a heat exchanger system will be reduced. This instrument uses 6 GM detectors, model 714.

13

RJNCA SINARAN GAMMA

(GAMMA SOURCE]

o o

ALAT KESAN GM (GM DETECTORS)

Rajah 1.3.1 : Pandangan keratan rentas t i ub penukar haba Figure 1.3.1 : Cross-sectional view of the heat-exchanger tube

Raiah 1.4.1 : Gambar a l a t to lak paras nukleonik t i t i k tunggal Figure 1.4.1 : A photograph of the single-point nucleanic level gauge

14

Alat kesan Penukar 6M

(Sensor) (GM Inverter)

GM1 O—

GM2 O —

GM3 O —

GNK O—

GM5

o—

GM6 O—

6V.1AH NiCD Bateri

<pt> On/Off

+6V Pembel< al Kupsa _ 6 V

(Power fcjJEl + " 6 0 0 V

, Takometer Buffer

(Tachometer) DPM LCD

7P2W

2> 3 1/2

LCD

Recorder >

Pembilang (Counter)

2P.6W

Rajah 1 .3 .2 Figure 1.3.2

Gambarajah blok a l a t meter kadar 6 saluran mudah a l i h Block diagram of the portable 6-channel ratemeter

15

The position of the detectors and the gamma source in the tubes are shown in figure 1.3.1.

This instrument uses a 3096 transistor array as a signal inverter, a 2917 tachometer IC as a signal to voltage converter, an LF 356 operational amplifier as a buffer to the 7106 3 1/2 digits digital panel meter (DPM). It can measure doserate up to 19990 counts/second. ft 3 1/2 digits LCD was chosen for the display and it displays the dose rate of the selected channel through the 2P, 6U selector. The output from each channel can also be connected to a recorder or a counter.

ft high voltage power supply was designed to drive all the 6 detectors, ft 6V, lftH NiCd battery was chosen to operate this instrument. ft block diagram of the system is shown in figure 1.3.2.

1.4 Tolok paras nuklecnik satu t i t i k

Abu Bakar Mhd Ghazal i , Mohd Sal leh Mihud dan Abd. Ghani Mustaffa

Beberapa perubahan te lah dibuat untuk mengelokkan l ag i sistem i n i (S i la l i h a t A k t i v i t i - A k t i v i t i Bhg. Penyelidikan 19B7, m/s 10) . Antaranya termasuklah menggunakan a l a t kesan yang sudah ada d i UTN, i a i t u LND 720 d i mana vol tan aperasinya 900V. Pembandingnya d a r i j e n i s 3 1/2 d i g i t , bermakna paras ha boleh disetkan da r i 0 hingga 1999 bi langan/saat. I n i akan menambah ke j i tuan penentuan paras. Kadar dos yang dikesan dipaparkan d i atas 3 1/2 d i g i t LCD. Voltan bekalan ditukarkan kepada +9V. Penunjuk paras menggunakan dua buah LED i a i t u paras atas dan bawah. Gambar a l a t i n i d isa l inkan seper t i d i daIam ra jah 1 .4 .1 .

1.4 Single point nucleonic level gauge

Abu Bakar Mhd Ghazali, Mohd. Salleh Mihud and ftbd. Bhani Mustaffa

ft few modifications have been made in this sistem to improve its specifications (Please refer to the Activities of the Research Division 1997, page 10). ftmong them was to use the detector available in UTN ie LND 720, where the operating voltage is 900V. The 3 digit thumb-wheel switches were chosen for setting-up the level /fa .It means that / t , can be set from O to 1999 counts/second. This method (instead of using a potentiometer) Mill increase the accuracy of level measurement. The detected dose rate (in counts/second) is displayed on a 3 1/2 digits LCD. The supply voltages were reduced to +9V. Two LEDs of different colours were chosen for the level indicators ie upper and lower levels. The picture of this instrument is shown in figure 1.4.1.

16

1.5 Pembekal kuasa untuk penguat mikrofan B & K (Jab. F i z i k , UFM)

Abu Bakar Mhd Ghazali dan Sakilah Mansor

Mikrofan i n i digunakan untuk mengukur paras tekanan suara yang dihiasilkan dar i ton omboh atau penentukuran. la menghendaki voltan arus terus (DC) 200V, 130V dan 28V yang disambungkan kepada bahagian-bahagian l i t a r ter tentu. Pembekal kuasa i n i te lah direkabentuk dengan memfabrikasi sebuah alat-ubah step-up dua l i l i t a n berasingan untuk mendapatkan dari 28V, 1A kepada 200V dan 130V masing-masing. Ujian akhir tidak dapat dijalankan kerana didapati mikrofon tersebut rosak.

1.5 Power supply for B & K microphone amplifier (Physics Dept., UPM)

Abu Bakar Mhd Ghazali and Sakilah Mansor

This microphone amplifier was used to measure the pressure level of sound generated by a piston phone or a calibrator. It requires D.C supply vol tages of 200V, 130V and 28V. The 200V 10 pA and 130V, 1mA outputs were obtained from 29V through a DC to DC converter circuit. The major component in this circuit is a step-up transformer, centre-tapped at the primary and double winding at the secondary. The 28V, 1A output was obtained from the mains power line using a 7824 regulator. The final test was not possible since the microphone was malfunctioning.

1.6 Prapenguat akustik opto

Abu Bakar Mhd Ghazali, Rosmaini Mamat dan Wan Mahmud Wan Yunus*

Isyarat ultrasonik yang keluar dari penjananya adalah t e r l a l u keci l (6 JJV). Oleh kerana i t u maka sebuah pra-penguat jenis bisingan rendah adalah diperlukan. L i tar yang digunakan dalam pembinaan penguat i n i t e r d i r i daripada sebuah transistor kesan medan VM0S, bisingan rendah VN10 sebagai 'matching' dan sebuah penguat operasi masukan FET beserta dengan komponen-komponen pasif yang l a i n . la berkeupayaan membesarkan isyarat setinggi 40 dB. Dua buah bater i 9V digunakan untuk membekalkan kuasa posit i f dan negatif kepada l i t a r tersebut. Penguat i n i dipasang berdekatan dengan pengesan (transducer) untuk mengurangkan bisingan.

1.6 Optoacoustic pre-amplifier

Abu Bakar Mhd Ghazali, Rosmaini Mamat and wan Mahmood wan Yunus*

Signal from an ultrasonic transmitter has a very small amplitude (6/JV). Thus, a suitable low noise pre-amplififier is required to increase the signal amplitude sufficiently, for detection. This can best be done by

* Jabatan F i z ik , Uhivers i t i Kebangsaan Malaysia Physics Department, National University of Malaysia

17

using a battery powered pre-amplifier located near the transducer. This preamplifier uses a vMOS field effect transistor VN10 to match the input and an FET input operational amplifier and other passive components. The voltage gain is about 40 dB. Two dry cell batteries 9V are used to operate this pre-amplifier.

1.7 Pemasa 1-99 minit untuk alat centrifuge

Glam Hadzir P. Mohamad

Projek ini adalah untuk menggantikan pemasa mekanikal yang terdapat pada alat centrifuge yang tidak dapat berfungsi dengan baik. Pemasa ini direkabentuk sedemikian rupa supaya dapat dipadankan dengan alat centrifuge tersebut dan juga untuk menannbah ketepatan dan julat masa.

Rajah blok untuk pemasa ditunjukkan dalam rajah 1.7.1.

Frekuensi 50 Hz daripada talian hidup dibahagikan supaya menghasilkan isyarat satu minit. Isyarat ini dimasukkan kepada pembilang sepuluh pertama. Pembilang ini akan membilang sehingga nilai yang telah disetkan oleh "Least Significant Bit" (LSB) suis "thumb-wheel". Bila nilai yang dipreset sama dengan nilai pembilang, satu isyarat 10 minit akan dihantar kepada pembilang sepuluh kedua, dan pembilang ini akan membilang sehingga kepada nilai yang telah dipreset oleh suis "thumb-wheel". Bila ini dicapai, satu isyarat akan dihantar kepada flip-flop dan output flip-flop digunakan bagi menjalankan geganti dan seterusnya memotong bekalan kuasa yang menghidupkan motor dalam alat centrifuge tersebut.

1.7 Timer 1-99 minutes for the centrifuge

Glam Hadzir P. Mohamad

This project is to replace the mechanical timer for the centrifuge which is not working properly. This timer is specially designed in order to match with the operation of the instrument and also to increase its precisian and the range of the timer.

The block diagram for the timer is as shown in Figure 1.7.1.

The 50 Hz from the mains line frequency is divided in such a way so as to produce a 1 minute timing signal. This signal is then fed to the first decade counter. This counter will count up to the selected value which is set by the Least Significant Bit (LSB) of the thumb-wheel switch. When the preset value is equal to that of the counter, the lO minutes signal will be sent to the Most Significant Bit (MSB) counter. This counter will also count up to the value which is set by tha MSB of the thumb-wheel switch, and when these two values are equal, one signal will be sent to the flip-flop and the relay will be activated to cut-off the main supply to the motor, located within the instrument.

18

50Hz FREKUENSI TALIAN. (LINE FREO)

PEM8AHAGI (DIVIDER)

300

PEMBILANG SEPULUH 1

(DECADE COUNTER) 1

.

SUIS T/W (Lse)

PEMBILANG SEPULUH 2

(DECADE COUNTERI

2

*,

SUIS T/W (MSB)

FLIP-FLOP

• '

GEGANTI (RELAY)

Rajah 1.7.1 Figure 1.7.1

Bambarajah blok pemasa 1-97 minit untuk alat centrifuge Block diagram of the 1-99 minutes timer for a centrifuge

GEGANTI (RELAY)

50Hz FREK TALIAN (UNE FREQ)

PEMBAHAGI (DIVIDER) 180.000

PEMBILANG SEPULUH ID (DECADE COUNTER)

PAPARAN /—' (DISPLAY) —

PEMBILANG (COUNTER) ~ ! | - S E T

J, LSB

FLIP-FLOP

PEMBILANG SEPULUHI2I (DECADE COUNTER)

PEMBILANG (COUNTERI

X, SET MSB

i - i PAPARAN |— (DISPLAY)


Gambarajah blok pemasa 1-99 jam untuk ketunar Block diagram of the 1-99 hours timer for an oven

19

1.8 Pemasa 1-97 jam untuk ketuhar - 2 unit

61am Hadzir P. Mohamad

Projek ini adalah untuk menggantikan pemasa mekanikal yang terdapat pada alat tersebut dengan pemasa elektronik. Ini adalah disebabkan pemasa mekanikal yang terdapat pada alat tersebut cuma dapat dipresetkan kepada 60 minit maksimum, sedangkan proses pengeringan kadang-kadang memerlukan lebih daripada masa itu, jadi pemasa perlu dipreset semula. Dengan pemasa elektronik (1-99 jam) masalah untuk selalu mengsetkan pemasa tidak timbul lagi.

Gambarajah blok untuk pemasa ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 1.8.1.

Frekuensi daripada talian dibahagikan dengan pembahagi 180,000 bagi menghasilkan isyarat satu jam. Isyarat ini akan dimasukkan kepada pembilang sepuluh yang pertama dan pembilang ini akan membilang sehingga nilai yang dipresetkan oleh suis Least Significant Bit (LSB) . Bila ini dipenuhi, satu isyarat 10 jam akan dihantar kepada pembilang sepuluh yang kedua. Pembilang sepuluh kedua akan membilang sehingga nilai yang disetkan pada Most Significant Bit (MSB). Output daripada pembilang ini dimasukkan kepada flip-flop dan seterusnya flip-flop akan menghidupkan relay bagi memutuskan sambungan bekalan kuasa kepada pemasa dalam ketuhar tersebut.

1.8 Timer 1-99 hours for oven - 2 units


This project is to replace the existing mechanical timer which is already fixed to the oven with an electronics timer. This is because the mechanical timer can only be preset to a maximum of 60 minutes, whereas the drying process sometimes requires more than 60 minutes. Thus the user has to preset the timer once again. By using the electronics timer which can be preset from 1-99 hours this problem can be overcome.

The block diagram for the timer is as shown in Figure 1.8.1.

The line frequency is divided by 180,000 to produce a one hour signal which is then fed to the first decade counter. This counter will count up to the Least Significant Bit (LSB) preset time. The lO hours signal will then be sent to the second decade counter. This counter will count up to the Most Significant Bit (MSB) preset time and the output from this counter will trigger the flip-flop which will then activate the relay to cut-off the mains supply to the heating coil inside the oven.

20

1.9 Penukar frekuensi kepada voltan arus terus (DC)


Alat penukar frekuensi kepada voltan ini digunakan untuk memindahkan data daripada alat meterkadar kepada perekod carta.

Frekuensi denyut keluaran daripada meterkadar yang berkadarkan dengan sinaran yang dikesan oleh pengesan akan ditukarkan kepada paras voltan arus terus yang bersepadanan. Paras voltan ini akan direkod oleh alat perekod carta bagi menunjukkan paras sinaran yang dikesan oleh alat pengesan pada setiap ketika.

1.9 Frequency to voltage converter

Blam Hadzir P. Mohamad

This converter is used to process and transfer the data from a ratemeter to a chart recorder. Output pulses from the ratemeter which is proportional to the radiation detected by the detector, is converted to the corresponding d.c voltage level. This voltage level will be recorded by the chart recorder to indicate the radiation level detected by the detector for every event.

1.10 Meter kadar-dos neutron

Glam Hadzir P. Mohamad dan Abdul Shani Mustaffa

Alat meter kadar dos neutron yang sedia ada di makmal telah mengalami kerosakan pada bahagian meterkadar. Bahagian ini tidak dapat dibaiki kerana kesukaran untuk mendapat komponen yang asal dan untuk membeli papan litar baru adalah agak mahal. Untuk msmperbaiki semula alat ini, bahagian meterkadar telah diubahsuai dan direkabentuk semula berdasarkan kepada komponen-komponen yang boleh didapati di pasaran, tanpa mengurangkan prestasi alat tersebut.

Rajah blok untuk bahagian meterkadar adalah seperti dalam rajah 1.10.1.

Denyut yang dihasilkan oleh alat pengesan akan ditinggikan amplitiudnya dan bentuk denyut ditukar oleh kedua-dua pra-penguat. Frekuensi denyut akan ditukar kepada voltan oleh takometer. Voltan ini adalah terlalu kecil untuk frekuensi denyut yang rendah iaitu kira-kira 30 JJV" dan agak tinggi pada frekuensi tinggi iaitu 3V. Jadi suatu penukar log dan penguat songsang diperlukan untuk tujuan meninggikan kepekaan meter pada frekuensi yang rendah.

21

PENGESAN

(DETECTOR)

TAKOMETER

(TACHOMETER

1st PRA-PENGUAT (PRE-AMP)

2nd PRA-PENGUAT (PRE-AMP)

PENUKAR LOG (LOG CONV ERTER)

1A_

AMPLIFIER PAPARAN SONGSANG (DISPLAY)

(INVERTING AMP)

Rajah 1.10.1 : Gambarajah blok untuk bahagian meter kadar a l a t meter kadar dos neutron

Figure 1.10.1 : Block diagram of the ratemeter part of the neutron dose-rate meter

Antaramuka (Interface)

Penyesuai isyarat (Signal conditioner)

i. \

Pengonalisa Okskjen

Oxygen Analyser)

ADC

Pemacu injap (Valve Driver)

\> 7 \ 7

Injap (Valve)

, UART

£

T R

alian S232C

\

\ 7

Mikrokomputer (Microcomputer!

Rajah 1.11.1 : Gambarajah blok antaramuka penganalisis oksigen dengan mikrokomputer

Figure 1.11.1 : Block diagram of the oxygen analyser to microcomputer interface

22

1.10 Neutron doserate meter

Glam Hadzir P. Mohamad and Abdul Ghani Mustaffa

Pi neutron doserate meter which is available in our laboratory was not working for a long time due to the problem on its ratemeter board. Problems were encountered in repairing the board, as most of the components were not available locally and to buy a new board is costly.

ft decision was made to redesign the ratemeter board using the components that are available in the market without degrading the performance of the instrument.

The block diagram for the ratemeter board is shown in Figure 1.10.1.

Output pulses from the detector is amplified and shaped by the first and second pre-amplifier. The frequency of pulses is converted to its corresponding voltage by a tachometer. This voltage is very small for low frequency pulses i.e 30pv" and quite high for high frequency pulses i.e 3V. Thus, a log converter and an inverting amplifier are needed in order to increase the sensitivity of the display at low counts.

1.11 Antaramuka penganal isis oksigen dengan mikrokomputer

Jamaludin Omar %

Projek ini adalah untuk mengantaramuka dan menyambungkan satu penganalisis oksigen jenis Morgan kepunyaan MARDI kepada mikrokomputer bagi memudahkan proses perolehan, penyimpanan dan penganalisaan data dengan mikrokomputer tersebut. Penganalisis oksigen ini mempunyai kemudahan untuk disambungkan kepada satu perekod carta analog. Keseluruhan sistem ini akan digunakan bagi projek sistem analisis gas untuk mengukur kadar metabolisma lembu yang dijalankan di Bahagian Ternakan, MARDI, Serdang.

Ketepatan penganalisis oksigen tersebut adalah sehingga 0.17. kandungan oksigen. Projek ini dijalankan agar ketepatan penganalisis oksigen boleh dibuat sehingga O.OOIV. kandungan oksigen.

Rajah 1.11.1 memberikan gambarajah blok bagi antaramuka yang direkabentuk dan dibangunkan untuk tujuan projek ini. Antaramuka yang dikehendaki telah direkabentuk untuk mengubahsuai isyarat analog yang keluar melalui output ke perekod carta dan seterusnya dihantar kepada mikrokomputer melalui talian RS 232C. Isyarat analog yang keluar melalui keluaran ke perekod carta adalah merupakan satu voltan arus terus (DC) sebesar antara 0 volt hingga 10 Volt, voltan DC ini akan diubahsuai dan ditukarkan kepada satu nilai berdigit dengan menggunakan satu penukar analog ke digit (ADC) 12-bit jenis AD 57,. Nilai digit ini kemudiannya boleh dibaca oleh mikrokomputer melalui saluran RS 232Cnya.

Pada mikrokomputer pula mestilah ditulis satu aturcara yang sesuai supaya data-data yang mewakili kandungan oksigen boleh diperolehi daripada

23

antaramuka dan seterusnya dimanipulasi dan diproses seper t i yang dikehendaki.

Selain daripada membolehkan data d ipero leh i dan diproses oleh mikrokomputer, antaramuka juga te lah direkabentuk supaya dapat mengawal beberapa in jap yang digunakan untuk keseluruhan sistem perolehan data penganal is is oksigen tersebut .

Projek i n i adalah 807. s iap d a r i segi perkakasan dan peris iannya. Pengujian antaramuka dalam keadaan sistem sebenar masih be 1urn l ag i d i ja lankan dan di jangka akan d i ja lankan dalam tahun 1989.

1.11 Oxygen analyser to microcomputer interface

Jamaludin Omar

This project is to interface a Morgan type Oxygen Analyser owned by MARDI to a microcomputer, to facilitate data acquisition, data storage and data manipulation using the microcomputer. The oxygeti analyser has the facility to be connected to an analog chart recorder. The overall system Mill be used in research work, at the Animal Breeding Division, HARDI, Serdang, for the gas analysis system, involved in the measurement of the metabolic rate of CONS.

The oxygen analyser has an accuracy of up to 0.1'/. of the oxygen content. This project is also aimed at increasing the accuracy of the oxygen analyser up to O.OOIY. of the oxygen content.

Diagram 1.11.1 shows the block diagram of the interface designed and developed for this project. The interface was designed to modify an analog signal going out from the oxygen analyser to the chart recorder. This signal, a DC voltage with a value from 0 volt to lO volts, will be converted to a digital value using a 12-bit analog to digital converter (AD 574). This digital value can then be read by the microcomputer via its RS232C channel.

At the microcomputer side, an appropriate software must be developed so that the data representing the oxygen content can be read from the interface and then processed as required.

The interface was also designed to control a few valves used in the overall oxygen analyser's data acquisition system.

This project is BOX complete in terms of its hardware and software. Testing of the hardware design with the actual system has not yet been done. It is expected to be done in 1989.

24

1.12 Antaramuka meterkadar PSR8 dengan mikrokomputer

Jamaludin Omar

Projek ini adalah untuk msngantaramuka dan (nenyambungkan sekurang— kurangnya dua meterkadar PSR8 kepada mikrokomputer bagi memudahkan proses perolehan data daripada meterkadar PSR8 dengan menggunakan antaramuka tersebut. Data-data yang diperolehi itu kemudiannya bolehlah disimpan pada cakera liut dan sebagainya ataupun diproses dengan menggunakan mikrokomputer tadi untuk memperolehi maklumat yang dikehendaki dalam masa yang singkat. Keseluruhan sistem ini akan digunakan untuk projek—projek yang menggunakan teknik penyurih nuklear yang dijalankan oleh Kumpulan Teknik Penyurih dan Tolokan Nuklear, Program Penggunaan Isotop dan Sinaran dalam Industri.

Rajah 1.12.1 memberikan gambarajah blok bagi antaramuka yang direkabentuk dan dibangunkan untuk tujuan projek ini. Pada meterkadar PSRB terdapat satu keluaran analog yang mewakili kadar keaktifan yang diukur. Keluaran ini adalah untuk disambungkan kepada satu perekod carta. Antaramuka yang dikehendaki telah direkabentuk untuk mengubahsuai isyarat analog tadi dan seterusnya dihantar kepada mikrokomputer melalui talian RS232C.

Isyarat analog daripada meterkadar PSR8 adalah merupakan satu voltan arus terus (DC) sebesar antara 0 Volt hingga 1 Volt. Voltan DC ini akan diubahsuai dan ditukarkan kepada satu nilai berdigit dengan menggunakan satu penukar analog ke digit (ADC) 12-bit jenis AD 574. Nilai digit ini kemudiannya bolehlah dibaca oleh mikrokomputer melalui saluran RS232Cnya.

Pada mikrokomputer pula mestilah ditulis satu aturcara yang sesuai supaya data-data yang mewakili kadar keaktifan boleh diperolehi daripada antaramuka dan seterusnya dimanipulasi dan diproses seperti yang dikehendaki.

Antaramuka yang dinyatakan telah direkabentuk supaya dapat memeriksa empat saluran masukan daripada empat meterkadar PSR8 serentak. Terdapat kemudahan pada rekabentuk antaramuka itu untuk diubahsuai supaya dapat menerima lapan saluran masukan serentak. Projek ini masih pada peringkat pembuatan papan litar tercetak. Walaubagaimanapun, pengujian rekabentuk asasnya di atas "protoboard" adalah berfungsi seperti yang dikehendaki. Sebahagian daripada perisian yang berkenaan juga telah dibangunkan.

1.12 PSR8 Ratemeter to microcomputer interface

Jamaludin Omar

The aim of this project is to design and develop an interface /between at least two PSR8 ratemeters and a microcomputer, in order to facilitate data acquisition from the ratemeters. The data gathered can then be stared to floppy disk(s), etc or can be processed by the microcomputer in order to obtain all the information and results needed as soon as possible. The overall system will be used by the Radioisotope Tracer Technique and Nuclear Gauging Group of the Isotope and Radiation in Industry Programme, in projects using the nuclear tracing technique.

Antarcmukcj (Interface) 25

Penyesuai teyaro Signal Conditioner

i i

) ' ADC

Pilih Saluran

UART

(Channel Select)

L

4 Saluran Talian 14 Channels) RS 232C

Meterkadar PSR8 (PSR8 Rotemeter)

\

\7

Mikrokomputer (Microcomputer)

Rajah 1.12.1 : Gambarajah blok antaramuka meter kadar PSR8 dengan mikrokomputer

Figure 1.12.1 : Black diagram of the PSR8 ratemeter to microcomputer interface

Antaramuka I Interface)

Pembilang Dekad 8 Digit (8Digit Decade Counter) UART

Logik Pilih Dekad (Decade Select Logic)

Talian RS232C

Meterkadar BICRON (BICRON Ratemeter)

3L Mikrokomputer

(Microcomputer!

Rajah 1.13.1 : Gambarajah blok antaramuka meter kadar BICRON dengan mikrokomputer

Figure 1.13.1 : Block diagram of BICRON ratemeter to microcomputer interface

26

Diagram 1.12.1 shows a block diagram of the interface. The analog output from the PSR8 ratemeter represents the radioactivity rate that can be connected to a chart recorder. The interface was designed so that this signal can be read by the microcomputer via its RS232C channel.

The analog signal, a DC voltage from O volt to 1 \/olt, will be amplified and then be converted to a digital value using a 12-bit ADC (AD 574). This digital value can then be read by the microcomputer.

A software must be developed for the microcomputer so that all the data representing the rate of radioactivity, from the interface can be manipulated and processed as required.

The hardware part of the interface is not complete and is still undergoing PCS fabrication. However, the interface Has tested on the protoboard and was found to be functioning as required. As for the software, some parts of it has been developed.

1.13 Antaramuka meterkadar BICRON dengan mikrokamputer

Jamaludin Omar

Projek ini adalah untuk mengantaramuka dan menyambungkan meterkadar BICRON kepada mikrokamputer bagi memudahkan proses perolehan data daripada meterkadar BICRON dengan menggunakan antaramuka tersebut. Data-data yang diperolehi itu kemudiannya bolehlah disimpan pada cakera liut dan sebagainya ataupun diproses dengan menggunakan mikrokomputer tadi untuk memperolehi maklumat yang dikehendaki. Keseluruhan sistem ini akan digunakan untuk projek-prajek yang menggunakan teknik tolokan nuklear yang dijalankan oleh Kumpulan Teknik Penyurih dan Tolokan Nuklear, Program Penggunaan Isotop dan Sinaran dalam Industri.

Projek ini merupakan ubahsuai daripada projek seperti yang dilaporkan pada bahagian 1.16 Aktiviti-aktiviti Bahagian Penyelidikan 1987. Antaramuka seperti yang telah dinyatakan itu telah direkabentuk semula dan diubahsuai menggunakan komponen-komponen CMOS bagi membolehkan bateri yang digunakan sebagai bekalan kuasa, tahan lebih. lama. Rekabentuk antaramuka ini juga membolehkan mikrokomputer mengawal proses perolehan data daripada antaramuka, berbeza dengan antaramuka terdahulu yang secara automatik akan menghantar data ke mikrokomputer sebaik sahaja tamat masa melakukan pembilangan.

Rajah 1.13.1 memberikan gambarajah blok bagi antaramuka yang direkabentuk dan dibangunkan untuk tujuan projek ini. Antaramuka telah direkabentuk untuk membolehkan maklumat bilangan sinaran yang dicatitkan pada meterkadar BICRON dibaca oleh mikrokomputer melalui talian RS232C. Pada rekabentuk meterkadar BICRON yang sedia ada tiada kemudahan untuk menyambungkannya dengan mikrokomputer melalui talian RS232C.

Pada mikrokomputer pula mestilah ditulis satu aturcara yang sesuai supaya data-data yang berkenaan boleh diperolehi daripada antaramuka dan seterusnya dimanipulasi dan diproses seperti yang dikehendaki.

27

Proses pembuatan papan litar tercetak untuk antaramuka telah siap pada pcnghujung 1988. Pengujian contoh dasar perkakasan dan pembangunar perisian yang sesuai untuk rekabentuk ini sedang dijalankan.

1.13 BICRON ratemeter to microcomputer interface

Jamaludin Omar

This project is to design and develop an interface between a BICRON ratemeter and a microcomputer in order to facilitate data acquisition from the ratemeter. Ml the data gathered through the interface can then be stored to floppy disk(s), etc and processed using the microcomputer to obtain all the relevant information needed. The overall system will be used in projects using nuclear gauging technique carried out by the Radioisotope Tracer Technique and Nuclear Gauging Group of the Isotope and Radiation in Industry Programme.

This project is a modified version of the project reported in section 1.16 of the report on the Activities of the Research Division 1987. The interface was redesigned and modified, making use of CtlOS components so that the power supply from the battery can last longer. This interface also enables the microcomputer to control the data acquisition process.

Diagram 1.13.1 shows a block diagram of the interface designed for this project. The microcomputer is able to read information on total counts of radiation from a radiation detector at the front end of the ratemeter through the interface via its RS232C channel. The existing ratemeter does not have the facility to be directly connected to the microcomputer via the RS232C channel.

fin appropriate software must be developed for the microcomputer so that the data gathered through the interface by the microcomputer can be processed and manipulated as required.

The hardware for the interface was completed by the end of 1988. Its prototype, hardware and software, is still under testing and development.

1.14 Penganalisis gamma : Bahagian penganalisis (prapenguat dan penganalisis satu saluran)

Alawiah Musa

Penganalisis ini telah direkabentuk untuk membolehkan ianya diguna dengan alat kesan natrium iodida atau alat kesan Geiger-Muller. Sejenis prapenguat peka cas yang mempunyai sumbangan hingar yang rendah telah direkabentuk untuk digunakan dengan alat kesan natrium iodida. Isyarat dari alat kesan akan melalui penganalisis satu saluran. Penganalisis satu saluran itu akan menjana satu keluaran denyutan yang mempunyai' amplitiud dan sela yang tetap sekiranya isyarat masukan berada di antara paras rendah dan paras tinggi pemilih.

28

Jadi, denyut-denyut analog daripada alat kesan adalah diwakili sebagai denyut-denyut berdigit pada keluaran penganalisis satu saluran. Isyarat berdigit ini kemudiannya boleh diproses selanjutnya oleh modul-modul kawalan dan pembilang.

1.14 Gamma Analyseri analyser)

Analyser part (preamplifier and single-channel

Mawiah Musa

The analyser was designed so that it can either be used with a sodium iodide detector or a Geiger-MuHer .detector. A low noise charge-sensitive preamplifier was designed, to be used with the sodium iodide detector. Signals from the detector will go through a single channel analyser. The single channel analyser provides an output pulse of a constant amplitude and duration if the input signal lies between the upper level discriminator and lower level discriminator.

Thus analogue pulses from the detector is represented as digital pulses at the output of the single channel analyser. This digital signal can then be processed further by the control and counting module.

1.15 Kawalan suhu untuk piring pemanas

Izhar Abu Hussin dan Alawiah Musa

Ini adalah satu alat yang digunakan untuk mengawal suhu dengan menggunakan pengganding suhu dan litar kawalan pada sebuah piring pernanas dari 0 - 300°C (+i°C). Suhu yang diukur dipaparkan secara berdigit kepada satu angka perpuluhan. Suhu boleh dikawal dengan menggunakan dail berpusing.

Spesifikasi alat :

Suhu Kestabilan Paparan Prob

0=C - 400=C ±1°C berdigit nickel chrome/nickel aluminium

Gambarajah blok alat adalah seperti dalam gambarajah blok 1.15.1. Gambarajah blok 1.15.2 menunjukkan sistem kawalan suhu yang telah direkabentuk.

Prob digunakan untuk mengesan dan memberi voltan mengikut kepanasan pada plat pemanas. Voltan yang diukur akan dibesarkan dengan menggunakan penguat suhu dan akan digunakan oleh pembanding dan juga litar panel kawalan. Pembanding akan membuat pembandingan di antara voltan masukan dan voltan kawalan, keluaran digunakan untuk mengawal sebuah geganti. Litar kawalan panel akan menukar voltan analog kepada paparan berdigit.

29

PLAT PANAS (Heater)

LITAR KAWALAN (Controller)

PAPARAN (Display)

Rajah 1.15.1 : Gambarajah blok sistem kawalan suhu untuk piring pemanas

Figure 1.15.1 : Block diagram of the temperature controller system for a hot plate

240VaC

0 0

GEGANTI (Relay) •

< IjUHJU Sensor

PLAT PANAS (Heater)

I PEMBANDING

COMPARATOR)

X Setting

PENGUAT (Amplifier)

LITAR PANEL

(Panel circuit)

/ - / / /

PAPARAN (Display)

Raiah 1.15.2 : Gambarajah blok sistem kawalan suhu yang te lah direkabentuk

Figure 1.15.2 : Block diagram of the temperature controller which was designed

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1.15 Temperature controller for hot plate

Izhar ftbu Hussin and Alawiah Musa

This project is to build a temperature controller, using a thermocouple as a means of controlling the temperature of a hot plate from Cf - 300=0 (+J.°C). The temperature measured is represented by a digital display correct to one decimal place. The temperature can be set-up by using a rotary dial.

Equipment Specification:

Range : CPC - 400=0 Stability : ±1°C Display : digital Probe : nickel chrome / nickel aluminium

The system's block diagram is as shown in diagram 1.15.1. Block diagram 1.15.2 shows the temperature controller which was designed.

The probe is used to sense and give out the potential difference corresponding to the temperature of the hot plate. The voltage measured is amplified by the thermocouple amplifier and is fed to the comparator and digital panel circuitry. The comparator compares the voltage input between the set-up value and the amplifier input. The output signal is used to control the relay. The panel circuitry enables the measured temperature to be displayed in digital form.

1.16 Penganalisis gama : Modul kawalan/pembilang

Mohd Ashhar Hj Khalid dan Chong Foh Yoong

Projek i n i te lah dimulakan pada tahun 1987 d i mana u j i an ke atas contoh dasar te lah dapat d i lakukan. Pada tahun 1988 ker ja -ker ja yang di lakukan adalah merekabentuk papan l i t a r tercetak dan pengujian ke atasnya. Kerja membuat f i l em p o s i t i f te lah dibuat o leh sya r i ka t luar dan kerana beberapa sebab yang tak dapat dielakkan ianya hanya d ipero leh i pada penghujung tahun 19B3. L i t a r tercetak yang siap te lah d i u j i dan hanya s e d i k i t pembetulan per lu d i lakukan. Ker ja-ker ja berikutnya adalah mengubahsuai modul-modul per is ian pada contoh dasar untuk disesuaikan pada papan l i t a r te rcetak . I n i adalah kerana u j i a n pada contoh dasar d i ja lankan dengan menggunakan u n i t komputer mikro piawai dan papan l i t a r masukan-keluaran (ru juk A k t i v i t i - A k t i v i t i Bahagian Penyelidikan 1987, ms 23) . Penyesuaian terpaksa di lakukan kerana sistem yang direkabentuk merupakan sistem b imbi t . Sehingga berakhirnya tahun 1988 kesemua modul per is ian te lah ber ja lan dengan ba ik .

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1.16 Bamma analyser : Control and counting module.

Mohd Ashhar Hj Khalid and Chang Fah Yoong

This project started in mid-19B7. The software developed was running perfectly on the prototype. In lfBB, the printed circuit board design and operation testing Mere carried out. The positive film development for the PCB was done by a local company and due to unavoidable circumstances we only received the product by the end of the year. Test on the PCB Mas then carried out and only a few corrections were needed. The following procedure was to adapt the software on the prototype to the PCB. The testing of the prototype was done on the standard Z-BO mother board and the input-output board (refer to Activities of the Research Division 1987, p 23). Software modification was needed because this system is of a portable type, A large number of circuit reduction was done on the prototype. Till the end of the year, all of the software modules were running perfectly.

1.17 Antaramuka alat ujian serbaguna (UTM) dan mikrokomputer Casio PC

Abu Bakar Hasan, Jamaludin Omar dan Abdul Aziz Mohammad

Projek ini bertujuan untuk mengatasi beberapa kelemahan atau kekurangan yang terdapat pada alat UTM terutamanya di segi perisian dan meningkatkan kemampuan mikrokomputer untuk menganaiisis data-data analog. Rekabentuk projek terbahagi kepada bahagian perkakasan dan perisian di mana bahagian perkakasan terdiri daripada litar antaramuka terus (DIC) dan litar penukar analog-digit (ADC). Melalui perisian yang direka khas untuk kegunaan pengguna suatu hasil kerja penyelidikan telah dapat ditingkatkan di segi persembahan laporan analisis data.

Projek ini masih berterusan di segi perkakasan di mana suatu litar pengawal cakera (DDC) sedang dibangunkan. Diharapkan apabila hasil kerja ini dapat disiapkan, semua data-data UTM boleh diguna-sama oleh mikrokomputer-mikrokomputer serasi Casio.

1.17 Universal testing machine (UTM) to Casio PC microcomputer interface

Abu Bakar Hasan, Jamaludin Omar and'Abdul Aziz Mohammad

The project was aimed at solving all the short-comings found in the UTM's software and up-grading the Casio microcomputer capabilities in analysing analog data. The hardware and software designs were implemented based on what the researchers require.

The hardware part consist of a direct interface circuitry (DIC) and an analogue to digital converter circuit (ADC). Using the specially developed software the researchers are able to upgrade and produce a better presentation of data analysis.

32

Further investigation is still carried out and progress is made in the design of a disc-drive controller circuitry (DDC). It is hoped that with the completion of this project, all the data from UTM can be shared with all other Casio compatible microcomputers.

1.18 Bekalan kuasa 12V, 5A

Mohd Saleh Mihud

Rekabentuk alat ini berasaskan kepada pengatur boleh ubah litar terkamil LM 78 HGK, 5V-24V, 5A. Ianya menggunakan alat-ubah yang keduaannya 12V-0-12V, 5A dan dua buah kapasitor 4700 jaf, 25V sebagai pelurus. Alat ini telah diuji dan didapati pengatur bebannya ialah 27. dan riak maksimumnya 0.1V. Alat ini digunakan oleh Jabatan Reaktor.

1.18 12V, 5ft Poner supply

Mohd Salleh Mihud

The design of this instrument was based on an adjustable voltage regulator LM 78HGK I.C, 5V to 24V, 5ft. It uses a transformer with 12V-0-12V, 5ft at the secondary and two capacitors of 4700 JJF, 25V as the filter. This instrument was tested and found that the load regulation is 2% and the maximum ripple is 0.1V.

1.19 Pemandang filem sinar—X

Mohd Salleh Mihud dan Abu Bakar Ghazali

Terdapat dua buah contah dasar alat ini telah dibangunkan. Jenis yang pertamanya menggunakan lampu pendarfluor dan jenis keduanya menggunakan lampu filamen. Kedua-dua alat ini dikawal keamatannya dengan menggunakan litar triac.

Uhtuk jenis yang pertama, dua buah lampu pendarfluor 20W 'mula sendiri' jenis Philips disusun selari dan sebuah alat-ubah pra-pemanas model PMP42T 05 Philips menggantikan pemula. Hasilnya ialah keamatannya tidak cukup terang untuk melihat filem positif sinar-X tertentu dan keamatan cahaya pada permukaan pemandang tidak sekata.

Bagi jenis yang kedua, empat buah lampu filamen 250W disusun sebaris dan jarak antara lampu itu dengan permukaan pemandang dijauhkan, lebih kurang 8 sm. Permukaan sebelah bawah dilapisi dengan cermin kaca tebal (4 mm) dan permukaan atasnya dipasang dengan sekeping perspeks. Alat ini disejukkan dengan kipas bisingan rendah 50 cfm RS 507-393. Hasilnya, permukaan pemandang adalah sekata dan keamatannya mencukupi tetapi alat ini menjadi panas apabila disetkan pada maksimum dan dibiarkan beberapa lama. Langkah selanjutnya ialah menggantikan kipas yang lebih berkuasa dan memilih permukaan perspeks yang lebih lutsinar. Keluasan permukaan pemandang ialah 9.5 sm lebar dan 41 sm panjang.

33

1.19 X-ray film viewer

Mohd Salleh tlihud and Abu Bakar Ghazali

Two types of viewers were being developed. The first type uses florescent lamps and the second type uses filament lamps. Both types were controlled by the triac circuit.

For the first type, two 20W self-starting florescent lamps, manufactured by Philips were arranged in parallel and a pre-heating transformer model PfF> 42T 05 Philips was used as a starter. It was found that the brightness was not sufficient for viewing the specified X-ray positif films and that the light intensity of the viewing surface was not evenly distributed.

For the second type, four 250W filament lamps were arranged in one line. The distance from the lamps and the viewing surface was approximately 8 cm apart. A thick glass plate (4 mm) was placed for the inner surface and the outer surface consists of a white perspex. This instrument was ventilated by a low noise fan of 50 cfm, RS507-393. It was found that the intensity of light on the viewing surface is evenly distributed with sufficient brightness but i t becomes warm after sometime when the maximum brightness was set. The next step is to replace the fan with a more powerful one and select a perspex of higher transparency. The size of viewing area is of 9.5 cm width and 41 cm length.

1.20 Meter frekuensi analog

Salmiah Mohd Said* dan Abu Bakar Ghazali

Pembinaan alat ini adalah sebahagian daripada latihan industri pelajar dari Politeknik Sultan Hj. Ahmad Shah, Kuantan. Ianya dibangunkan setelah ujian dan ubahsuaian dibuat ke atas litar yang terdapat di dalam majalah Practical Electronics, September, 1981. Preset VR1 hanya sesuai untuk julat-julat lain kecuali julat X10. Qleh itu suis pemilih ditukar dari IP 6W kepada 2P 6W dengan dua preset VR1 (100k). Julat frekuensi yang boleh diukur ialah 0-1 MHz. Masukan minimumnya ialah 200 mV dan maksimumnya 200V puncak ke puncak. Meter pemapar yang digunakan ialah 50 uA.

1.20 Analogue frequency meter

Salmiah Hohd Said* and Abu Bakar Ghazali

The development of this instrument is part of the industrial training for a student from the Sultan Hi. Ahmad Shah Polytechnic, Kuantan. It was developed by modifying a circuit published in the Practical Electronics

* Politeknik Sultan Hj Ahmad Shah, Kuantan

34

magazine of September 1981. It was found that the preset Vf?i is only suitable for other ranges except the X10 range. Therefore, the selector has been replaced from IP 6W to 2P 6W with two preset W i (100k). This instrument can measure the input signal frequency from 0 to 1 MHz. The minimum peak to peak input is 2O0 m\/ and the maximum is 200 V. A 50 yiA atrmeter was chosen for the analogue display.

1.21 Sistem Interkom

Salmiah Mohd Said* dan Aisah Ibrahim

Sistem interkom i n i adalah sebahagian daripada l a t i h a n i n d u s t r i pe la ja r Po l i t ekn ik Sultan Hj Ahmad Shah, Kuantan. A l a t i n i digunakan untuk menghubungkan antara dua b i l i k atau l e b i h . la boleh juga digunakan sebagai loceng p i n t u pagar untuk mengelakkan orang-orang yang t idak dikehendaki sepe r t i j u r u - j u a l yang berkunjung ke rumah-rumah. Sistem i n i terbahagi kepada dua bahagian i a i t u "master" dan "s lave" . Sistem i n i d ibuat khas untuk menghubungkan b i l i k memproses "PCB" dan b i l i k dra f J IK . "Master" d i tempat d i b i l i k dra f manakala "s lave" d i tempatkan d i b i l i k memproses "PCB". Sistem i n i beroperasi dengan menggunakan arus- te rus yang dibekalkan o leh l i t a r bekalan kuasa yang t e l a h d ib ina bersama dengan sistem te rsebu t .

Cara penggunaannya amat mudah dengan hanya menekan butang panggil d i u n i t "master" dan dengan i n i buzzer berbunyi . Di s i n i pembesar suara d i "master" bert indak sebagai mikrofon dan "s lave" sebagai pembesar suara begi tu juga sebal iknya.

1.21 Intercom system

Salmiah Mohd Said* and Aisah Ibrahim

This project was done as part of an industrial training by a student from the Sultan Hj. Ahmad Shah Polytechnic, Kuantan. It is used as a means of communication between two rooms or more. It can also be used as a door bell in the house so as to avoid meeting unwanted people for example salesmen.

This system is divided into 2 parts that is master and slave. It is specially designed as a means of communication between the PCB and the drafting rooms of JIK. The master unit is placed in the drafting room and the slave is placed in the PCB processing room. The system has its own built-in power supply which supplies DC voltage for the operation of the system.

This project is very simple to use, that is by pressing the call button at master , the slave buzzer will be activated indicating that someone is calling. In this situation, the speaker £C master acts as the microphone and the slave acts as the speaker and vice—versa.

* Pol i teknik Sultan Hj Ahmad Shah, Kuantan

35

1.22 Bekalan kuasa 1A 12V

Aisah Ibrahim

Bekalan kuasa ini dapat dibuat dengan harga yang murah dan mudah dar mempunyai banyak kegunaan. Bekalan kuasa ini berupaya nnenukarkan arus ulang-alik kepada arus terus yang lebih stabil untuk dibekalkan kepada alat-alat elektronik yang serba lengkap masa kini untuk beroperasi. Bekalan kuasa ini berupaya mengeluarkan voltan 12V dan arus terus 1 Ampere.

Prajek ini dibuat khas untuk membekalkan alat pancaran laser supaya boleh berfungsi dengan baik. Sebanyak 3 unit projek ini telah dibina dan kesemuanya telah diserahkan kepada pihak pengguna yang telah membuat permintaan. 2 daripada 3 projek ini mengguna 'pelurus jambatan' manakala satu unit lagi menggunakan 'pelurus dan diod' sahaja di atas sebab—sebab kekurangan kompanen. Keluaran bagi kedua-dua jenis pelurus ini adalah sama cuma dari segi penggunaan komponennya sahaja yang berbeza.

Walau bagaimanapun ketiga-tiga unit tersebut sedang dalam penggunaan oleh pihak pengguna.

1.22 12V, lft Power supply

Aisah Ibrahim

This project is very simple and cheap to build and is very important for sophisticated electronic equipment to operate accurately. It is able to change alternate current (A.C) from the mains line to a more stable direct current (D.C). The output voltage is 12 Volt and the current is 1 Ampere. It is used as the power supply for an equipment used in generating laser beams.

This project was specially designed for the laser equipment. 3 units Mere constructed and 2 of i t made use of a bridge rectifier circuit where else the other one made use of 2 diodes as the rectifier due to lack of components. Anyhow, all the units are presently used by the user.

1.23 Meter frekuensi 6 digit

Mohd Fadzli* dan Abu Bakar Mhd Ghazali

Meter frekuensi ini adalah sebahagian daripada latihan industri pelajar ITM. Alat ini menggunakan dua litar terkamil 14553, 3 digit pembilang dan dua pemandu/dekcxi 4543 sebelum disambungkan kepada 6 buah pemapar 7 ruas " common-ancxJe". Litar kawalan untuk membilang, set semula dan latch kepada pembilang tersebut dipasang supaya menjadi meter frekuensi.

* Institut Teknologi MARA

36

Alat ini boleh menerima isyarat masukan yang julat puncak ke puncaknya adalah dari 200 mV hingga 200 V. Perbandingan bacaan pada pemapar dengan meter frekuensi yang dibeli iaitu jenis Philips, model PM 6673 didapati kejituannya mencapai + 1 Hz.

1.23 6 Digit frequency meter

Mohd Fadzli* and Abu Bakar Ghazali

The development of this instrument is part of the industrial training for a student from 1TM.

This instrument uses two 3 digit event counter 14553 and two decoder/driver 4543 before connecting i t to the 6 common anode 7-segment display. The control circuit for count, reset and latch was attached to this counter so that it becomes a frequency counter. This instrument can accept an input signal as small as 2O0 mV peak-to-peak. The maximum input signal is 200 V peak-to-peak. It's reading was compared w i t h the Philips frequency meter, model Ffl 6673 and it was found that its accuracy was +1 Hz.

1.24 Penguat audio

Ramli Mamat"1", Abu Bakar Ghazali dan Rosmaini

Litar pada penguat ini telah diubahsuai supaya dapat menerima isyarat audio dari sebuah mikrofon. Sebuah pembekal kuasa +15V ditambahkan kepada litar ini. Alat ini adalah sebahagian daripada kelengkapan alat untuk projek yang dijalankan oleh Jabatan Fizik, UPM.

1.24 Audio amplifier

Ramli Marnaf-, Abu Bakar Ghazali and Rosmaini Mamat

The circuit in this amplifier was modified so that it can receive an audio signal from a microphone. A pother supply of +15V output is added to this circuit. This amplifier is part of the equipment required for a project carried out by the Physics Department, UPM.

* Institut Teknologi MARA * EME, Johor

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1.25 Sistem maklumat berkomputer bantuan teknik IAEA

Azri Hashim

Sistem ini menyimpan dan memanipulasi rekod bantuan teknik IAEA yang telah/sedang diterima oleh Malaysia. Setakat ini terdapat 85 projek yang telah/sedang berjalan. Pada mulanya sistem ini telah dibangunkan dengan menggunakan perisian Dbase II di kamputer NEC pada tahun 1986. Memandangkan keupayaan kcxnputer tersebut yang sangat terhad, maka sistem ini telah dipindahkan serta dikembangkan lagi menggunakan kamputer IBM PC serasi yang lebih berkemampuan. Ianya tidak lagi menggunakan cakera liut, tetapi menggunakan cakera keras dan perisian Foxbase.

Sistem ini boleh mengeluarkan 13 jenis cxitput :-

(i) Laporan lengkap sesuatu projek. (ii) Maklumat projek serta ringkasan peruntukan dan perbelanjaan (iii) Maklumat projek dan senarai pakar diterima. (iv) Maklumat projek dan senarai peralatan diterima. (v) Maklumat projek dan senarai latihan/fellowship. (vi) Senarai pakar yang diterima mengikut projek. (vii) Senarai pakar yang diterima mengikut abjad. (viii)Senarai alat yang diterima mengikut projek. (ix) Senarai alat yang diterima mengikut abjad. (x) Senarai fellowship/latihan saintifik mengikut projek. (xi) Senerai fellowship/latihan saintifik mengikut rujukan fellowship. (xii) Senarai fellowship/latihan saintifik msngikut abjad nama calon. (xiii)Senarai catatan/laporan pakar mengikut projek.

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1.26 Perkhidmatan

1.26.1 Khidmat pengujian dan penyelenggaraan alat-alat elektronik/nuklear kepada Jabatan-Jabatan di UTN masih diteruskan dan telah dapat menyelenggarakan sebanyak 482 kerosakan alat yang diterima sepanjang tahun 198B. Berikut ialah pecahan bilangan alat yang dibaikpulih mengikut Jabatan di Unit Tenaga Nuklear :

Jabatan/Program

Jabatan KSK Jabatan Reaktor Program ISI Program ISBP Program Teknologi Nuklear Jabatan I & K Jabatan Isotop Jabatan Kejuruteraan Jabatan Latihan Jabatan S. Penerangan Jabatan K. Fizikal Jabatan Perancangan Bhg. Pentadbiran

Jumlah — — ... —

Bilangan Alat

107 7

100 92 25 56 25 10 9 14 16 3 18

482

1.26.2 Khidmat pemasangan dan pengujian teknikal alat-alat baru UTN masih diteruskan dan pada tahun ini sebanyak 198 buah alat telah dibuat ujian teknikal. Berikut ialah pecahan bilangan alat yang dibuat ujian teknikal mengikut Jabatan-jabatan di Unit Tenaga Nuklear :

Jaba tan/Program

Program R & D Jabatan Reaktor Jabatan KSK Jabatan I & K Jabatan Kejuruteraan Jabatan Isotop Bhg. Pentadbiran Bhg. Perancangan

Jumlah

Bilangan Alat

102 3 4

63 2 12 5 7

198

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1.26.3 Khidmat penyelenggaraan alat kepada institusi luar juga diperluaskan bukan sahaja kepada institusi-institusi kerajaan tetapi juga kepada syarikat swasta dan badan berkanun. Sepanjang tahun 1988 sejumlah 127 aduan kerosakan alat yang diterima daripada institusi luar telah berj'aya dibaik-pulih. Berikut ialah pecahan bilangan alat yang dibaik-pulih mengikut institusi :

I n s t i t u s i

Ansel1 (M) Sdn Bhd Antah S e r . Sdn Bhd As ian Rare E a r t h Sdn Bhd A s i a Lab Sdn Bhd Adv. M i c r o Dev ices Sdn Bhd Adv. I n s p e c t i o n & t e s t i n g Bradken (M) Sdn Bhd Caleb B r e t t (M) Sdn Bhd Fa r Eas t Gidward Sdn Bhd F i I t e r a t e Co Sdn Bhd FRIM Harum LPG (M) Sdn Bhd I n s . M a r k e t i n g S e r v i c e s Independent T e s t i n g Co. I n d . T e s t i n g Eng . Sdn Bhd I n s . Peny. Perubatan Jaya A s t r a Sdn Bhd Jabatan B a l i a n LPTA L o t t I n s p e c t i o n Sdn Bhd M e d i t e l Sdn Bhd MARDI Ma lays i a LN3 Sdn Bhd Mic ro Mach in i ng Sdn Bhd NTI (M) Sdn Bhd N a t i o n a l Semiconductor O i l f i e l d St Chemical Co OTN S e r v i c e s Sdn Bhd P e t r o - p i p e I n d . Sdn Bhd PETRONAS C a r i g a l i S. Bhd PSTP SIRIM Song Seng I n d . Sdn Bhd UKM U n i . I n s p e c t i o n Sdn Bhd U n i v e r s a l T e s t i n g Co. UPM VELOSI (M) Sdn Bhd

Ju i i l ah

B i l a n g a n A l a t

1 1 1 1 2 1 2 4 1 1 1 1 4 1 4 3 1 1

12 5 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 1 1 3 3 1

10 3

• 1

24 22

127

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1.26.4 Khidmat rekabentuk dan pembangunan instrumentasi kepada institusi luar mula dilaksanakan pada tahun ini. Sebanyak 6 permohionan khidmat projek telah diterima dari beberapa institusi seperti berikut :

Nama Pro jek

Opto acoustic pre-amp and Amplifier

Oxygen Analyser to PC In terface

Survey meter (2 un i t )

Survey meter (1 u n i t )

Electrochemical System

I n s t i t u s i Pemohon

UPM

MARDI

L o t t I n s p e c t i o n Sdn Bhd

M 's ian M in ing C o r p o r a t i o n

UKM

S t a t u s P ro jek

S iap

90"/. s i a p

K a l i b r a s i

K a l i b r a s i

Rekabentuk

1.27 Kursus

Kursus mikroprosesor dan perantaramuka

Kursus ini telah dijalankan di Kompleks PUSPATI, UTN daripada 3hb. Oktoter 1988 hingga Bhb. Oktober 19BB.

Objektif kursus adalah untuk membolehkan peserta mendapatkan pengetahuan dan kemahiran menggunakan mikroprosesor, khususnya Z80, dan mengantaramukakannya mengikut keperluan.

Seramai sepuluh orang peserta daripada institusi luar dan lima orang peserta pemerhati daripada UTN sendiri telah mengikuti kursus ini. Di antara sepuluh orang peserta daripada institusi luar itu, lima orang peserta adalah daripada UKM, dua orang peserta daripada UPM, dua orang peserta daripada Kementerian Kesihatan dan seorang lagi peserta adalah daripada ITM.

Sebanyak 14 syarahan telah diberikan. Syarahan-syarahan telah disampaikan oleh En. Mohd Nasir Hj Abdul Wahid, En. Mohd Ashhar Hj Khalid, En. Jamaludin Omar dan En. Abdul Muin Abdul Rahman. Lima amali juga telah dijalankan oleh peserta.

Ahli Jawatankuasa Teknikal kursus adalah terdiri daripada En. Jamaludin Omar (Pengerusi), En. Mohd Ashhar Hj Khalid dan En. Abdul Muin Abdul Rahman.

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1.28 Seminar

Seminar Penyenggaraan dan Penaurusan Peralatan Saintifik

Tarikh : 23-24 hb November, 1988

Tempat : Unit Tenaga Nuklear, Kompleks PUSPATI, Bangi.

Objektif seminar :-

- Untuk memberi kesedaran kepada semua pihak betapa pentingnya penyenggaraan peralatan saintifik diuruskan dengan sistematik untuk membantu pembangunan negara.

- Untuk mendapatkan gambaran sebenar mengenai masaalah-masaalah yang dihadapi oleh pihak-pihak yang ada hubungan terus dengan peralatan ini dalam kerja seharian mereka.

- Untuk mengadakan -forum bagi pertukaran maklumat mengenai penyenggaraan dan pengurusan peralatan saintifik.

Seminar ini telah dihadiri oleh 65 orang peserta dari pelbagai institusi di negara ini yang terdiri daripada jurutera, pembantu teknik, ahli akademik, ahli sains dan Iain-lain peserta yang ada kaitan dengan penggunaan peralatan saintifik.

Sebanyak 15 kertas kerja dibentangkan yang kandungannya merangkumi aspek-aspek berikut :-

- masaalah penyenggaraan dan pengurusan peralatan saintifik serta langkah-langkah yang telah diambil untuk mengatasinya.

- tatacara penyenggaraan baik-pulih dan penyenggaraan cegahan berkala peralatan saintifik.

- perkhidmatan penyenggaraan peralatan saintifik yang boleh didapati di negara ini.

Satu sidang bengkel telah diadakan bagi membincangkan satu kertas kerja bertajuk 'Cadangan Penubuhan Pusat Instrumentasi Negara' sebagai kajian kes. Segala rumusan dari sessi bengkel ini dibentangkan semasa sessi panel kepada ahli panel yang terdiri daripada :—

a. Datuk Dr Mohd Ghazali Hj Abd Rahman, Ketua Pengarah, Unit Tenaga Nuklear - Pengerusi.

b. Datuk Dr Hj Omar Abdul Rahman, Penasihat Sains, Jabatan Perdana Menteri

c. Dr Ahmad Zaharudin Idrus, Pengawal, SIRIM.

Seminar ini telah merumuskan beberapa ketetapan yang telah diserahkan

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kepada Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Alam Sekitar untuk tindakan selanjutnya. Satu pameran juga telah diadakan sempena seminar tersebut.

AJK teknik terdiri daripada En. Izhar B Abu Husin (Pengerusi), En Abu Bakar Mhd Ghazali, En. Abu Bakar Hasan, Pn. Alawiah Musa, En. Mohd Nasir Abd. Wahid (Penasihat) dan En. Mohd Ashhar Hj Khalid (Setiausaha).

1.29 Penerbitan Publications

Kertas-kertas Persidanaan {Conference Pagers)

Mohamad Nasir Abdul Wahid, Nuclear Instruments Maintenance, Development and Technical Training at UTN. Paper presented at 'Seminar Penyenggaraan dan Pengurusan Peralatan Saintifik', 23-24 November, 1988, UTN, Bangi.

Razali Hamzah, Abu Bakar Hasan, 'Maintenance of Instrumentation an Overview'. Paper presented at 'Seminar Penyenggaraan dan Pengurusan Peralatan Saintifik',23-24 November 1988, UTN, Bangi.

Mohd Ashhar Hj Khalid, 'Maintenance of a Liquid Scintillation Counter'. Paper presented at Seminar 'Penyenggaraan dan Pengurusan Peralatan Saintifik, 23-24 November, 1988, UTN, Bangi.

Abu Bakar Mhd. Ghazali, Alawiah Musa, 'Instrument Development - A May of reducing the maintenance problems'. Paper presented at 'Seminar Penyenggaraan dan Pengurusan Peralatan Saintifik', 23-24 November, 1988, UTN, Bangi.

Razali Hamzah, Kamaruddin Sulaiman, Mohd Ashhar Hj Khalid, Mohd Nasir Abdul Wahid, 'Computerised Management For Preventive Maintenance'. Paper presented at 'Seminar Penyenggaraan dan Pengurusan Peralatan Saintifik, 23-24 November, 1988, UTN, Bangi.

Laporan Dalaman ( Internal Reports)

Mohd Nasir A. Wahid, 'Lapuran Tahunan 1987-Jabatan Instrumentasi dan Kawalan'. PPA/OR/22.

2

PROGRAM TEKNOLOGI NUKLEAE

HUCi-E^f* -rECHMOL-OG-r- F»l*OGl*Jt\MFtE:

43

PROGRAM TEKNOLOGI NUKLEflR

2.1 Pengenalan

Banyak perkara telah berlaku kepada Program Teknologi Nuklear (PTN) dalarr tahun 1988. Pada awal tahun, hanya perkara-perkara biasa yang memberi dorongan untuk terus maju dapat dirasakan. Bagaimanapun, dalam tiga bular di akhir tahun 1988, suatu perkara besar telah berlaku, dan ini aka menentukan kegiatan-kegiatan kakitangan dalam PTN dalam tahun-tahun akan datang.

Projek-projek penyelidikan telah mengalami cabaran yang lebih besar dalam tahun ini. Namun kemajuan yang baik dicapai, dan ini adalah hasil daripada kesungguhan usaha kakitangan dalam Program ini. Kemajuan-kemajuan ini dapat dilihat dalam laporan-laporan yang diterbitkan kali ini.

Projek pembinaan alat serakan sudut kecil neutron telah berjalan lancar dengan adanya peruntukan yang mencukupi (laporan 2.2). Kebanyakan usaha ditumpukan kepada rekabentuk, pembuatan komponen dan pembelian alat-alat khas. Projek ini merupakan yang terbesar bagi penggunaan alur neutron daripada Reaktor TRIC3A PUSPATI (RTP) sehingga ini. Berkait rapat dengan serakan neutron ialah belauan sinar-X (XRD), di mana dua ahli PTN telah dapat memberi sumbangan yang ketara dalam pengaturan penyelidikan bersama Bahagian Teknologi Seramik, SIRIM, untuk memberi perkhidmatan penganalisaan kepada industri seramik tempatan dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan mutu barangan keluaran (laporan 2.3 dan 2.4). Ini dapat dilakukan meskipun alat XRD masih belum ditauliahkan di UTN. Teknik penganalisaan lain juga turut digunakan sebagai pelengkap.

Teras penubuhan PTN, iaitu penyelidikan bahan api nuklear telah diteruskan dengan usaha penyarian dan penganalisaan uranium dan thorium seperti yang terdapat dalam laporan-laporan 2.5 hingga 2.12. Kenyataan kepakaran ahli-ahli PTN dalam lapangan ini dapat dilihat daripada permintaan penganalisaan uranium dan thorium daripada berbagai institusi dan individu untuk berbagai tujuan.

Kajibahan dan kajilogam turut diperluaskan dengan penyelidikan-penyelidikan lanjutan. Dalam tahun 1988, usaha telah dibuat untuk memperluaskan skop ini kepada penyelidikan industri, di mana penglibatan pihak industri adalah pada tahap yang lebih mendalam serta dalam jangka masa yang lebih panjang. Ini telah dapat dilakukan dengan adanya kelengkapan yang mencukupi, serta kepakaran yang telah dibentuk.

Penyelidikan bahan-bahan semikonduktor telah bermula dengan baik melalui kajian-kajian pendopan transmutasi neutron (laporan-laporan 2.16 hingga 2.20). Aktiviti-aktiviti ini mengkaji beberapa aspek teknik pendopan transmutasi neutron dengan tujuan untuk memberi penyelesaian dan sokongan terhadap teknik tersebut. Projek ini juga melibatkan penggunaan neutron daripada RTP. Satu lagi projek yang memerlukan penyinaran neutron daripada RTP ialah pentarikhan runut pembelahan (laporan 2.22).

Pada keseluruhanr.ya PTN telah mencapai prestasi yang baik dalam tahun 1988. Bagaimanapun, pencapaian ini masih tidak mencukupi bagi kakitangan PTN yang sentiasa mencari suatu identiti sendiri. Dalam bulan September,

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ahli-ahli PTN telah mengadakan suatu bengkel untuk menilai prestasi dan mengkaji semula projek-projeknya serta meninjau masa depannya. Rumusan ketara yang dipersetujui sebulat suara ialah perubahan penekanan PTN daripada penyelidikan bahan api nuklear kepada penyelidikan bahan sahaja. Nama baru yang dicadangkan ialah Program Sains dan Teknologi Bahan (PSTB) untuk lebih melambangkan penekanan kegiatan-kegiatan baru. Kumpulan-kumpulan disusun menjadi Kumpulan Fizik Gunaan, Kumpulan Fizik Semikonduktor, Kumpulan Metalurgi dan Kumpulan Kimia Industri. Maklumbalas baik diterima daripada pihak pengurusan Uhit Tenaga Nuklear mengenai cadangan ini, dengan harapan bahawa PSTB akan lebih memberi penekanan kepada bidang-bidang sains fizik dan gunaan. Atas penerimaan cadangan daripada semua pihak, Kumpulan Kimia Industri akan berpindah ke Program Isotop dan Sinaran dalam Industri, manakala PTN akan dibentuk semula menjadi PSTB bersama tiga kumpulan penyelidikan berteras fizik; semua perubahan akan dilaksanakan dalam tahun baru.

Dengan itu, penerbitan ini adalah terakhir bagi PTN. Mulai tahun hadapan, laporan-laporan akan muncul dalam PSTB. Beberapa kegiatan lama akan kekal, tetapi kegiatan baru juga akan bertambah. Saya ingin mengucapkan berbanyak terima kasih kepada semua ahli PTN kerana usaha mereka untuk memajukan dan menjayakan segala kegiatan seharian. Saya harap perubahan organisasi program akan mendatangkan kebaikan dan memberi dorongan yang lebih bermakna kepada mereka yang akan bersama saya dalam PSTB. Bagi mereka yang berpindah daripada PTN, saya ingin merakamkan penghargaan saya yang setinggi-tingginya kerana telah memberi sumbangan dalam apa bentuk selama bertugas bersama saya. Saya juga mengucapkan selamat maju jaya dalam bidang baru yang diceburi.

Abdul Bhaffar Ramli, PhD, MIPM, Ketua Program Teknologi Nuklear

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MJCLEm TECH^LOEY PROERAfTE

2.1 Introduction

A number of things happened to the Nuclear Technology Programme (PTN) in 1999. At the beginning of the year, only normal matters giving rise to encouragement for progress could be felt. However, in the last thret* months of 1988, one major happening took place, and this is instrumental in deciding the future activities of everyone in PTN in the years to come.

Research projects have met with even bigger challenges this year. Despite that, good progress is achieved, and this is due to conscientious effort put up by PTN personnel. These progress can be seen in the reports in this issue.

The construction of a small-angle neutron scattering instrument proceeded well with the allocation of sufficient funds (report 2.2). A lot of work was concentrated on the design, component fabrication and purchasing of specialised items. This project is, to date, the biggest attempt to utilize neutron beams from Reaktor TRIGA PUSPATI (RTP). Linked closely to neutron scattering is X-ray diffraction (XRDJ, where two PTN members have been able to provide significant contribution in a joint research arrangement with the Ceramic Technology Division in SIRIM, with a view to provide analytical services to local ceramic industry in order to improve product quality (report 2.3 and 2.4). This is achieved even though an XRD equipment has still not been delivered to UTN. Other analytical techniques are also used for completion to the work.

The core of the establishment of PTN, that is research on nuclear fuels have been continued with efforts in the extraction and analysis of uranium and thorium, as can be seen in reports 2.5 to 2.12. The recognised expertise of PTN staff in this area can be seen from the requests for uranium and thorium analyses from a number of institutes and individuals for various purposes.

/Materials science and metallurgy were continually expanded with appropriate research extensions. In 1988, efforts were made to widen this scope to industrial research, whereby there is deeper industrial involvement and over a longer term. This can now be offered with the existence of adequate equipment and the expertise which have been established.

Research on semiconductor materials began well through work on neutron transmutation doping (reports 2.16 to 2.20). These activities investigate various aspects of neutron transmutation doping with the view to provide means and support to the technique. This project also makes use of neutrons from RTP. Another notable project which requires neutron irradiation in RTP is fission track dating (report 2.22).

On the whole, PTN achieved a good performance in 1988. However, this achievement alone is not enough for PTN members, who continually look for its own identity. In September, members of PTN held a workshop to assess and' review its projects and at the same time to look at its future. A significant decision which received all round agreement is the change in

46

emphasis _n PT.\ from r&search -zn nucl&^r fuels to research on materials. A new name proposed is Materials Science and Technology Programme (PSTB) in order to reflect the emphasis of new activities. The group arrangement became Applied Physics Group, Semiconductor Physics Group, Metallurgy Group and Industrial Chstrdstry Group. A favourable response was received from UTN management concerning this proposal, with the hope that PSTB Mill provide a stronger- emphasis on thp physical sciences. As a result of agreements from all par£.vc± involved, the Industrial Chemistry Group would be "rD"~=ii tn thp J^ov-—•" and RadiPtion in Industry Programme, while th<? rest c' FTN m>j.ii o^ /_ -formed into FSTB with three physics-based research groups; all changers to take effect in the new year.

With that, this is the last issue for PTN. As of next year, reports shall appear under PSTB. A number of previous activities shall continue, but new ones will also be on the rise. I would like to thank all members of PTN for their effort in promoting all daily activities and ensuring their success. I hope the change in organisational structure will bring about improvements and provide meaningful motivation to those who will Join me in PSTB. For those who are leaving PTN, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for their contribution in any form while being with me. I wish them all the very best in the new areas they are facing.

Abdul Ghaffar Ramli, PhD, MIPM, Head, Nuclear Technology Programme

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2.2 Pembinaan alat serakan sudut kecil neutron

Abdul Ghaffar Ramli, Abdul Razak Rohany*, Shaharum Ramli*, Mohd. Ali Mohd. Sufi dan Mohamad Deraman

Kod Projek : IRPA 4-O1-O1-O01-O1

Setelah beberapa tahun dalam perancangan, pembinaan alat serakan sudut kecil neutron telah dapat dimulakan dalam tahun ini, ikutan daripada kelulusan peruntukan projek ini di bawah peruntukan R&D. Perancangan bagi tahun 1988 adalah pembinaan perisai pemonokromat berserta komponen-kampanen di dalamnya seperti pengkolimat kasar, bukatup, meja pelarasan pemonokromat dan kriostat nitrogen cecair. Usaha juga tertumpu kepada pembelian kompcoen-komponen khas seperti komponen-komponen vakum, pengawas neutron kepertamaan, bahan-bahan perisai, hablur berilium dan hablur grafit.

Rekabentuk perisai pemonokromat telah diubah untuk kali terakhir untuk menemui kehendak bagi kebolehan pembinaan serta pengurangan kos pembinaan. Perubahan kepada rekabentuk yang telah dilaporkan sebelum ini (lihat Aktiviti-aktiviti Bahagian Penyelidikan 1987) ialah dalam penggunaan plumbum dan konkrit sebagai bahan perisai di mana keseluruhan perisai dibentuk daripada 13 blok plumbum dan 22 blok konkrit (Rajah 2.2.1). Satu kebaikan rekabentuk baru ini ialah keupayaan untuk menambah satu lagi alat alur neutron di belakang perisai. Melalui susunatur ini, pembinaan alat kedua dapat dilakukan dengan kos yang lebih rendah dan penggunaan lubang pancaran juga dapat dijimatkan.

Pembinaan blok-blok ini telah berlangsung pada akhir tahun 1988. Jumlah berat blok-blok ini ialah 6 tan bagi plumbum dan 35 tan bagi konkrit. Pemasangan blok-blok ini pada Reaktor TRIGA PUSPATI (RTP) telah dijadualkan dalam bulan Disember tetapi kelewatan pembinaan telah mengakibatkan usaha ini ditunda ke awal tahun 1989.

Selain daripada pembinaan perisai, rekabentuk serta pembinaan pengkolimat kasar dan kriostat nitrogen cecair juga telah diusahakan. Pengkolimat kasar kini telah lengkap dibina dan hanya menunggu pemasangan bersama blok-blok perisai. Bagi kriostat nitrogen cecair pula, segala komponen kriostat juga telah lengkap dibina, tetapi pemasangan dan pengujian kriostat ini ditunda sehingga gelang 0 diterima daripada pembekal.

Meja pelarasan pemonokromat tidak dapat direkabentuk kerana kelewatan penerimaan komponen-komponen seperti meja pusing dan goniometer. Rekabentuk dan pembinaan alat ini akan dilakukan dalam tahun 1989. Pada keseluruhannya, usaha pembinaan alat ini telah mencapai tahap kemajuan yang.baik walaupun tertunda selama beberapa bulan.

Penqharqaan

Kami ingin merakamkan penghargaan kami kepada John Edwards daripada ANSTO kerana telah membantu mengesahkan rekabentuk perisai serta memberi beberapa cadangan dan perangsang yang baik. Kami juga terhutang budi

* Jabatan Perkhidmatan Kejuruteraan

Rajah 2.2.1 : 22 blok konkrit dan 13 blak plumbum yang siap dibina sebagai perisai penapis dan pemonokromat alat serakan sudut kecil neutron -£"

Figure 2.2.1 : 22 concrete blocks and 13 lead blocks that were constructed ^ ^ to form the filter and monochromator shield for the small-angle neutron scattering instrument

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kepada kakitangan Bengkel Keiuruteraan yang te lah menyumbang usaha dan tenaga sepenuhnya dalam pembinaan kompcnen-kompanen a l a t i n i .

2.2 Construction of the small-angle neutron scattering instrument

Abdul Bhaffar Ramli, Abdul Razak Rohany*, Shaharum Ramli*, Mohd. AH Mohd. Sufi and Mohamad Deraman

Project Code : 1RPA 4-01-01-001-01

After having been in the planning stage far a number of years, the construction of the small—angle neutron scattering instrument began this year following budget approval for this project under the R&D allocation. The intended work in 1988 was the construction of the monochromator shield together wit/7 its internal components such as the coarse collimator, shutter, monochromator alignment table and liquid-nitrogen cryostat. Efforts were also emphasized an the procurement of special components such as vacuum components, primary neutron monitor, shielding materials, beryllium crystal and graphite crystals.

The design of the monochromator shield was altered for the» last time in order to meet requirements both for construction capability as well as reduction in construction cost. The change that was made on the last reported design (see Activities of the Research Division 1987) was in the use of lead and concrete as the shielding materials. The entire shield now is constructed from 13 lead blocks and 22 concrete blacks (Figure 2.2.1). One advantage of this new design is the ability to add another neutron-beam instrument at the back of the shield. In this way, the construction of a second instrument may be done at lower cost as well as economising an the use of beam ports.

Construction of the blocks began towards the end of 1988. The blacks weigh a total of 6 tonnes lead and 35 tonnes concrete. Assembly of the blocks was scheduled for December but the delay in construction forced this to be re-scheduled to early 1989.

Besides the shield construction, the design and construction of the coarse collimator and liquid-nitrogen cryostat also got under way. The coarse collimator has been fabricated and is awaiting assembly together with the shielding blocks. As for the liquid-nitrogen cryostat, all components have been made, but the assembly and test of the cryostat is deferred until the O-rings have been received from the supplier.

The monochromator alignment table could not be designed because of the delay in receipt of components such as rotating table and goniometer. The design and construction of this instrument will be pursued in 1989. On the whole, the construction of the instrument has achieved a good state of progress even though is delayed by a few months.

* Engineering Services Department

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ftcknawl edaemen t

W? would like to express our appreciation to Mr. John Edwards from fiNSTO for his assistance in verifying our shielding design and at the same time providing some constructive advice and suggestions. Me are also indebted to the staff of the Engineering Workshop who have given their fullest effort and energy in the construction of the various components.

2.3 Penggunaan teknik belauan sinar-X untuk menganggar kandungan kehabluran dalam sampel seramik

Kok Kuan Ying dan Mohamad Deraman

Teknik sinar-X lazim digunakan dalam makmal industri dan akademik kerana ia menawarkan ukuran kuantitian yang cepat dengan kejituan yang ketara bagi kawalan mutu dan penganalisaan berkala. Memandangkan kelebihan ini, dua kaedah yang menggunakan teknik sinar—X, iaitu kaedah kamilan dan kaedah korelasi, dicuba di sini untuk menganggar kandungan kehabluran dalam sampel-sampel silika. Kaedah-kaedah ini ditemui sebelum itu oleh Wakelin untuk menentukan kehabluran dalam selulos kapas tetapi belum lagi bagi bahan seramik.

Kajian ini dilakukan pada 11 sampel silika dengan kehabluran yang berlainan dan keputusan yang diperolehi menunjukkan bahawa kaedah kamilan dapat menganggar kandungan kehabluran dalam sampel-sampel ini lebih baik daripada kaedah korelasi. Kaedah yang pertama ini menghasilkan ralat purata sebanyak 9.6'/. manakala kaedah kedua menghasilkan ralat purata sebanyak 21V.. Kejituan yang diperolehi oleh kaedah kamilan adalah sebanding dengan keputusan Wakelin bagi selulos kapas dan kejituan ini boleh diperbaiki jika beberapa imbasan dibuat pada sebilangan sampel yang sama di samping memastikan tekanan memadat yang seragam pada setiap sampel belauan semasa penyediaan sampel.

2.3 Estimation of crystalline content in ceramic samples using X-ray diffraction technique

Kok Kuan Xing and Mohamad Deraman

X-ray technique has been a very important tool in industrial and academic laboratories as i t can offer rapid quantitative measurements wit/7 moderate accuracy for quality control and routine analysis. In view of this, two methods which make use of X-ray technique, namely the integral and the correlation methods, were tested to estimate the crystalline content in silica samples. The methods were formerly developed by Make 1 in to determine the crystal Unity of cotton cellulose but not on ceramic materials.

Analysis was carried out on 11 silica samples of different crystallinity and the results obtained show that integral method is able to give a better estimation of crystalline content in the silica samples

51

investigated compared to the correlation method. The former gave an average error of 9.6'/. while the latter gave an average error of 21'/.. Accuracy obtained by the integral method is comparable to that obtained by Uakelin for cotton cellulose and this accuracy can be improved if a few replicate runs are done on a number of samples of the same type associated with a uniform packing density applied to each diffractometric sample during sample preparation.

2.4 Pengenalan dan pengkuantitian mineral atau sebatian dalam sampel-sampel seramik

Mohamad Deraman, Kok Kuan Ying, Mohd Harun, Abdul Khalik Wood dan Jamaliah Sharif

Aktiviti ini dilaksanakan melalui pembentukan satu kumpulan kerja yang terdiri daripada kakitangan-kakitangan UTN, LPM dan SIRIM. Tujuan aktiviti ini ialah untuk menjalankan kerja-kerja pengenalan dan pengkuantitian mineral atau sebatian dalam sampel-sampel seramik dengan menggunakan teknik-teknik seperti belauan sinat—X, mikroskopi elektron imbasan, analisis pengaktifan neutron dan juga teknik Walkey dan Black yang digunakan khusus untuk pengkuantitian karbon. Menjelang akhir tahun 1988, lebih daripada 100 sampel daripada SIRIM telah dianalisis. Aktiviti ini akan dilanjutkan sehingga akhir tahun 1989 dan akan dipergiatkan lagi apabila alat belauan sinar—X bantuan IAEA diterima oleh UTN.

2.4 Identification and quantification of minerals or compounds in ceramic samples

Mohamad Deraman, Kok Kuan Ying, Mohd Harun, Abdul Khalid Mood and Jamaliah Sharif

This activity is run by a working group which comprises staffs from UTN, UPM and SIRIM. The purpose of this activity is to carry out works on the identification and quantification of minerals or compounds in ceramic samples using techniques such as X-ray diffraction, scanning-electron microscopy, neutron activation analysis and also walkey and Black technique which is used specifically for carbon quantification. To date, over 10O samples from SIRIM have been analysed. This activity will be proceeded until end of 1989 and will be intensified when the X-ray diffractometer from IAEA is received by UTN.

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2.5 Pengurasan kek thorium dengan asid nitrik

Meor Yusoff Meor Sulaiman, Wan Razali Wan Ibrahim, Kamarudin Hashim, Zulkafli Ghazali dan Ahmad Rahman Songip*

Kod Projek : IRPA 4-01-01-007 JKP/PP/(6.1)/87(2)

Pengurasan melibatkan pelarutan logam-logam yang bernilai daripada bahan sumber. la juga berfungsi sebagai pemisah pepejal/cecair di mana hampas pepejal atau galian 'gange' akan dipisahkan daripada larutan pengurasan. Asid nitrik digunakan sebagai agen pengurasan kerana di samping melarutkan uranium dan thorium, ia juga bertindak sebagai agen penggaram nitrat yang amat dikehendaki semasa peringkat penyarian pelarut.

Dalam kajian ini keadaan optimum bagi kepekatan asid, masa pengacauan, suhu, ketumpatan pulpa dan kelajuan pengacau ditentukan untuk pengambilan maksimum uranium dan thorium.

2.5 Leaching of thorium cake by nitric acid

Mear Yusoff Meor Sulaiman, Man Razali Ulan Ibrahim, Kamarudin Hashim, Zulkafli Ghazali and Ahmad Rahman Songip*

Project Code : IRPA 4-01-01-O07 JKP/PP/(6.1 )/B7(2)

Leaching involves the bringing into solution of the valued metals from the feed material. It also functions as a solid/liquid separation stage where the residual solids or gange minerals are separated from the leach liquids. Nitric acid is used as the leaching agent for, besides recovering uranium and thorium, i t also acts as a nitrate salting agent which is much needed in the solvent extraction stage.

In this study, the optimum condition of acid concentration, time of stirring, temperature, pulp density and stirring speed are determined to establish the maximum recovery of uranium and thorium.

* Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

53

2.6 Pemendakan p i l i h a n sebagai satu kaedah pengunjsan s isa kek thorium

Meor Yusoff Meor Sulaiman dan Wan Razali Wan Ibrahim

Kod Projek : IRPA 4-O1-O1-0O7 JKP/PP/C6.1)/B7(2)

Pengurusan s isa rad ioak t i f bertujuan untuk mengurangkan is ipadu s is ^ sebanyak yang mungkin, memejalkan dan akhirnya membuangkan s isa supaya i d t idak akan mendatangkan keburukan kepada sistem b i o l o g i . Dengan i n i kami te lah menghasilkan satu proses yang boleh memberi pengurusan s isa yang leb ih baik kepada kek thorium yang te rhas i l d i Malaysia. l a juga menit ikberat kepada pengambilan semula sebanyak mungkin unsur nad i r bumi yang terdapat d i dalamnya. Rajah 2 .6 .1 menunjukkan proses tersebut . Pengurasan HCl diguna kerana i a dapat melarutkan uranium, thorium dan nadir bumi dengan l e b i h ba ik . Selepas penurasan, pemendakan p i l i han dilakukan terhadap larutan pengurasan untuk memisahkan unsur rad ioak t i f dan nadir bumi. Tiga sebatian nad i r bumi yang te rhas i l i a lah hidroksida nadir bumi, k l o r i da nad i r bumi dan oksida nadi r bumi.

2.6 Selective precipitation as method for the waste management of thorium cake

Meor Yusoff /tear Sulaiman and Man Razali Nan Ibrahim

Project Code : IRPfil 4-01-01-G07 JKP/PP/16.1 )/B7(2)

The management of radioactive waste serves the purposes of reducing the volume of the waste as much as possible, solidifying and finally disposing the waste in such a May that it no longer constitutes a potential hazard to the biocycle. This leads us to develop a process for better waste management of our locally produced thorium cake. It also emphasizes on the need to recover as much as passible of the rare-earths content. Figure 2.6.1 represents the process. HCl leaching is used because i t gives a better recovery for uranium, thorium and the rare-earths. Upon filtration, selective precipitation is done on the leach liquid to separate the radioactive elements and rare-earths. Three RE compounds are produced, namely RE hydroxide, RE chloride and RE oxide.

54

Kek thorium ( Thorium cake)

Pengurasan (Leaching)

Penurasan HC1 > (Filtration)

Larutan kuras (Leached solution)

NaOH

1 Amang

( Tailing)

Pemendakan t e r p i l i h (Selective precipitation)

Penurasan (Filtration)

Campuran hidroksida U/Th (Mixed U/Th hydroxides)

Larutan k l o r i da nadir bumi (Rare earth chloride solution)

Pemendakan (Prec ip i ta t ion)

Pengwapan (Evaporation)

HNCb

Pemendakan (Precipitat ion)

Hidroksida nadir bumi

(RE hydroxide)

Klorida nadir bumi

(RE chloride)

Oksalat nadir bumi

(RE oxalate)

Pengkalsinan (Calcination)

Oksida nadir bumi (RE oxide)


Proses pemendakan terpilih bagi kek thorium Selective precipitation process for thorium cake

55

2.7 Kajian dalam pra-pengalahan kimia enapcemar kek thorium bagi pengurangan klorida dan fosfat

Mear Yusoff Meor Sulaiman, Wan Razali Wan Ibrahim, Kamarudin Hashim, Jamaliah Sharif, Shamsiah Abd. Rahman, Zulkafli Ghazali dan Ahmad Rahman Songip*

Kod Projek : IRPA 4-O1-O1-0O7 JKP/PP/(6.1)/87(2)

Terdapat sejumlah ion klorida dan fosfat dalam kek thorium yang terhasil daripada industri pemprosesan monazit di Malaysia. Kedua-dua anion ini harus dikurangkan kerana ia boleh memberi kesan buruk terhadap keseluruhan proses ekstraksi thorium dan uranium. Klorida boleh menambahkan kesan kakisan pada peralatan besi terutama semasa proses pengurasan, manakala fosfat boleh merendahkan nilai angkali taburan thorium dalam peringkat penyarian. Kajian ini bertujuan menentukan keadaan optimum bagi parameter-parameter kepekatan NaQH, masa percampuran dan ketumpatan pulpa dalam proses pra-pengolahan itu. Pelarutan thorium dan uranium yang minimum juga diambilkira dalam pemilihan keadaan terbaik.

Selain daripada persampelan berperingkat, teknik persampelan selanjar juga digunakan. Satu kaedah altematif (pembasuhan air) dibangunkan juga dengan keputusan dan keupayaan yang sama seperti kaedah lazim peneutralan NaOH.

2.7 A study an the chemical pretreatment of thorium cake sludge for the reduction of chloride and phosphate

Meor Yusoff Hear Sulaiman, Man Razali Man Ibrahim, Kamarudin Hashim, Jamaliah Sharif, Shamsiah Abd. Rahman, Zulkafli Ghazali and Ahmad Rahman Songid*

Project Code : IRPA 4-01-O1-CO7 JHP/PP/(6.1)787(2)

Thorium cake produced from the monazite processing plants in Malaysia contains considerable amount of chloride and phosphate. These two anions are needed to be reduced since they tend to affect the overall performance in the uranium and thorium extraction process. Chloride Mill increase the corrosivity of Fe-based equipment especially during the leaching process, while phosphate is shown to cause a decrease in the distribution coefficient of thorium in the extraction stage. This study aims at determining the optimum conditions for NaOH concentrations, time of mixing and pulp density parameters in the pretreatment process. Minimum liberation of thorium and uranium is also being considered in selecting the best conditions.


56

NKOH CONCENTRATION («)

10 15 KEPEKATAN NaOH I*)

Rajah 2 .7 .1 : Kajian paranneter ke atas kepekatan NaQH yang ber lainan Figure 2.7.1 i Parameter study an different NaOH concentration

10 : :<CHl.QHX0E i lB. ' i )

.;. URANIUM ;0D3! - &PHOSPHATE i t ! . ^TJtOWUU iooai + •

.* "*

10

MIXING TIME {minutes} —I 1 1 r

_ ] _

••A..

_1_

20 40 60 60 100 12Q MASA CAUPUHAN (»1nit)

_i_

U 0 100

»-a: v.: » -2 o

:so

Rajah 2.7.2 : Kajian parameter ke atas masa campuran yang berlainan Figure 2.7.2 : Parameter study on different mixing times

57

Besides using the batch sampling, cantinaus sampling technique is also been tried. fin alternative technique (water washing) is also being developed with results and performance equivalent to that of the conventional method of NaOH neutralization.

2.8 Pengurusan sisa enapcemar thoria - kajian awal penjerapan uranium dan thorium pada karban teraktif

Zulkafli Ghazali, Kamaruddin Hashim, Jamaliah Sharif, Shamsiah Abd. Rahman, Kamarudin Bahari, Wan Ali Wan Yusuf, Eewiat Endin Put dan Linda Ee Beak Cheng

Objektif utama projek ini adalah untuk mengenalpastikan kebolehan fasa pegun karbon teraktif untuk menjerap uranium dan thorium yang terdapat di dalam sisa thoria (Th(OH) .) yang merupakan sisa buangan daripada industri memproses monazit untuk mendapatkan logam-logam nadir bumi. Secara tidak langsung, pengasingan unsur—unsur ini akan mengurangkan paras keradioaktifan sisa tharia tersebut. Ini adalah kerana uranium dan thorium rnerupakan unsut—unsur utama yang bersifat radioaktif di dalam sisa tersebut.

Kajian awal yang berpandukan kaedah Igelsrud et. al (USA Energy Commisssion) yang dijalankan bagi penjerapan uranium menunjukkan keputusan awal yang baik (Jadual 2.8.1). Di dalam kaedah ini, larutan piawai uranium telah diaduk bersama karbon pada suhu dan kadar pengacauan yang tetap. Selepas suatu jangkamasa yang ditetapkan, campuran ini dituras dengan penuras Buchner dan kandungan unsur yang dijerap dianalisis rnelalui teknik analisis neutron tertunda (DNA). Parameter-parameter seperti suhu, kadar putaran, takat pengoksidanan dan tempoh putaran yang optimum untuk penjerapan maksimum akan ditentukan di dalam kajian selanjutnya bagi memperolehi peratus penjerapan yang lebih tinggi. Kajian seterusnya akan menggunakan sampel sisa thoria itu sendiri di mana sisa tersebut akan dikuras oleh asid bagi melarutkan uranium dan thorium yang terdapat di dalamnya.

Kajian juga akan dibuat untuk mengkaji kesesuaian bahan-bahan penjerap yang lain seperti kitosan dan zeolit dalam penjerapan uranium, thorium dan radionuklid-radionuklid lain yang berhayat panjang (seperti Ac dan Ra) yang juga terdapat di dalam sisa tersebut dan turut menyumbangkan keradioaktifan. Sekiranya uranium, thorium dan radionuklid-radionuklid yang berhayat panjang ini dapat dipisahkan secara penjerapan ke dalam suatu media lain, isipadu sisa yang tertinggal dapat diuruskan dengan lebih baik. Di samping itu, jenis fasa yang terbaik lagi ekonomik untuk bertindak sebagai penjerap unsur-unsur aktif dan penggunaan semula fasa mereka akan turut dikaji.

58

90

URANIUM CONTENT C:n) 5

T

85

80 -

7. < a. < tn -> z UJ

a.

75

70 •

65 -

60

•z. c

0. K C cn

<

10 20 30 40

KANDUNGAN URANIUM (ml 5

50 60

Rajah 2.8.1 : Penjerapan uranium di dalam karbon teraktif Figure 2.B.1 : Uranium adsorption in activated carbon

59

Uranium diberi (Uranium given)

(mg)

11.95 23.89 47.78 71.67 95.56 119.45

Hasil turasan (Filtrate)

(mg)

1.65 4.92 12.96 23.68 36.67 46.B8

V. uranium terjerap ('/. uranium adsorbed)

86.21 79.87 72.87 67.35 62.75 61.75

Jadual 2 .8 .1 Table 2.8.1

Penjerapan uranium pada karbon t e r a k t i f Uranium adsorption on activated carbon

2.8 Thoria sludge Haste management - a preliminary study of uranium and thorium adsorption on activated carbon

Zulkafli Ghazali, Kamaruddin Hashim, Jamaliah Sharif, Shamsiah flbd. Rahman, Kamarudin Bahari, Man Mi Ulan Yusuf, Eewiat Endin Put and Linda Ee Geak Cheng

The main objective of this project is to determine the capability of activated carbon to adsorb uranium and thorium from thoria sludge, a waste from monazite and xenotime cracking and processing industry. Uranium and thorium are the main radioactive elements found in sludge, thus separation of these elements hopefully will reduce the radioactivity of the sludge.

Initial work employing the Igelsrud et. al method (USA Energy Commission) for uranium adsorption has showed an encouraging result (Table 2.8.1). In this method, standard uranium solution was mixed with activated carbon at constant temperature and stirring rate. After 6 hours of mixing, the mixture was filtered through a Buchner funnel and the content of uranium and thorium in the filtrate was analysed by delayed neutron analysis technique (DNA). The content of uranium and thorium adsorbed was calculated by substracting the content in the filtrate from the content of the standard.

Parameters such as temperature, stirring rate, oxidation state, and time of mixing for optimum adsorption will be studied in subsequent work. Further work will involve adsorption of uranium dan thorium from thoria itself. The sludge will has to undergo acid leaching to dissolve uranium and thorium.

The feasibility study to use other adsorption materials such as chitosan and zeolite has also been planned to adsorb uranium, thorium and other long-lived radionuclides (such as fie and Ra) found in the sludge which also contribute radioactivity to the sludge. If these uranium, thorium and other long-lived radionuclides can be separated by adsorption on other medium, the waste can be managed properly as regards to its volume.

60

2.9 Penentuan kandungan uranium dan thorium melalui kaedah pemeteran pendarfluor, spektrofotometri dan analisis neutron tertunda

Zulkafli Ghazali, Kamaruddin Hashim, Jamaliah Sharif, Shamsiah Abd. Rahman, Kamarudin Bahari, Wan Ali Wan Yusuf, Eewiat Endin Put dan Linda Ee Beak Cheng

Khidmat analisis uranium dan thorium telah dilakukan bagi sampel—sampel kajian di dalam kumpulan dan juga sampel-sampel daripada agensi serta syarikat—syarikat di luar UTN.

Kaedah penentuan uranium dan thorium yang digunakan bergantung kepada anggaran kandungan unsut—unsur tersebut di dalam sampel. Bagi sampel yang rendah kandungan uranium dan thoriumnya, kaedah kimia basah digunakan. Dalam kaedah ini, penentuan thorium dilakukan dengan kaedah pembentukan kompleks berwarna Arsenazo Ill-thorium. Penyerapan warna kompleks ini ditentukan dengan kaedah spektrofotometri pada panj'ang gelombang 650 nm (JSIVM 6, i, 1988 (31-35), dan di dalam Pros. Simposium Kimia Analisis II, USM, 1988). Kandungan uranium pula ditentukan dengan kaedah pemeteran pendarfluor. Kaedah ini berdasarkan sifat uranium (UGW") yang boleh berpendarfluor (JSNM 5, 1, 1987 (29-34), dan di dalam Pros. Simposium Kimia Analisis I, UKM, 1987).

Penentuan uranium dan thorium juga dilakukan dengan teknik analisis neutron tertunda. Teknik ini digunakan bagi kebanyakan sampel yang tinggi kandungan uranium dan thoriumnya. Prinsip asas penentuan uranium dan thorium dengan teknik ini berdasarkan pembilangan neutron tertunda yang terhasil apabila sampel yang dikaji disinar dengan pancaran neutron (Pros. Simposium Kimia Analisis II , USM, 1988).

Sampel-sampel dari UTN kebanyakannya terdiri daripada sampel-sampel projek penyarian uranium dan thorium daripada sisa enapcemar thoria. Sampel—sampel dari luar UTN pula terdiri daripada sampel-sampel galian, pelantar minyak, cecair dan dedebu udara yang diperolehi daripada syarikat-syarikat seperti MMC, ESSO, LPTA dan Jabatan Balian Malaysia. Jadual 2.9.1 menunjukkan jumlah bilangan sampel yang telah dianalisis.

2.9 Determination of uranium and thorium using fluorimetry, spectrophotometry and delayed neutron analysis

Zulkafli Ghazali, Kamaruddin Hashim, Jamaliah Sharif, Shamsiah Abd. Rahman, Kamarudin Bahari, Man Ali Ulan Yusuf, Eewiat Endin Put and Linda Ee Geak Cheng

Determination of uranium and thorium is being accorded for samples within UTN research group as well as from agencies and companies outside UTN. This work is done routinely.

Method used for the determination of uranium and thorium depends on the estimated amount of these elements in the sample. For sample with low uranium and thorium content, wet chemistry method was employed. In this method, thorium was determined spectrophotometrically through the formation of Arsenazo Ill-thorium colour complex. Absorption of this

61

colour complex was measured at 650 nm wavelength (JSW 6, 1, 1989 (31-35), and Proc. Symp. final. Chem. I I , USM, 1999). As for uranium, the content was determined by fluorimetry method. This method is based principally on the characteristic of uranium (UOD that fluoresced upon excitation by UV light (JSNM 5, 1, 19B7 (29 - 34), and Proc. Symp. Anal. Chem. 1, UKM, 1997).

Apart from this, uranium and thorium determination was also carried out using delayed neutron analysis technique. This technique was used for samples wit /7 high uranium and thorium content. Principally, DNA was based on the counting of delayed neutrons produced when the investigated sample was bombarded by neutrons (Proc. Symp. Anal. Chem. 11, USM, 1988).

Most of the samples received were for the project of uranium and thorium extraction from thoria waste. Other variety of samples such as minerals, shale of oil platform, liquid and air particulate were also received from companies such as MMC, ESSO, LPTA and Beological Department of Malaysia. Table 2.9.1 shows the total number of samples that has been analysed.

Sampel (Sample)

Projek Kerjasama UTN/UTM (Cooperat ion project UTN/UTM)

PTN - Sampel galian (PTN - mineral sample)

LPTA UKM SSM KSK-UTN PORIM UTM - Jabatan Kimia

(UTM - Chemistry Dept.) ESSO LAIN-LAIN (Others)

JUMLAH ( TOTAL)

Bilangan Sampel (Ab. of samples)

448 '

202

137 45 63 41 14 10

9 29

99Q

Jadual 2 . 9 . 1 : Sampel-sampel yang d i t e r i m a un tuk a n a l i s i s u ran ium dan t h o r i u m

Table 2.9.1 : Samples received for the analysis of uranium and thorium

62

2.10 Kesan parameter alat ke atas serapan besi untuk pengoptimuman alat spektrometer serapan atom

Sheriffah Noor Khamseah Al-Idid

Sebelum kepekatan sesuatu unsur dapat ditentukan melalui alat serapan atom (AA5), penyediaan larutan piawai adalah perlu untuk memperolehi satu graf tentukuran penyerapan sebagai fungsi kepekatan. Setelah graf ini diperolehi, sampel-sampel yang hendak dianalisis disediakan dalam bentuk larutan air suling atau pelarut-pelarut lain. Larutan ini kemudian disedut ke dalam penunu spektroskcp serapan atom. Penyerapan yang diperolehi dibandingkan dengan bacaan pada graf tentukuran untuk memperolehi kepekatan persamaan.

Bagaimanapun, terdapat beberapa parameter alat yang mempengaruhi bacaan penyerapan dan sebagai langkah untuk mengoptimumkan alat AAS ini, satu kajian dijalankan untuk menyiasat kesan-kesan parameter alat ke atas penentuan unsur besi.

Analisis telah dijalankan mengguna alat AAS Pye Unicam SP9 dengan pemasangan tiub katod geronggang. Mengikut syor pembuat, alat ini perlu dikendalikan dengan parameter alat seperti berikut : panjang gelombong 248.3 nm, lulus jalur 0.2-0.5 nm, arus lampu 7 mA, ketinggian penunu 6 mm, putaran penunu 0, tekanan udara 30 mbar dan kadar aliran asetilena. Dalam kajian ini, parameter—parameter tersebut telah diubah untuk mengoptimumkan penganalisaan.

Rajah 2.10.1 dan Rajah 2.10.2 menunjukkan dua contoh keputusan yang diperolehi mengenai kesan panjang gelombang dan kesan lulus jalur ke atas bacaan penyerapan masing-masing. Bagi setiap parameter yang dikaji, graf-graf seperti ini wujud dan daripada graf-graf ini, parameter-parameter pengendalian alat yang optimum untuk penganalisaan besi dapat ditentukan.

Sebagai tambahan, ion dalam bentuk garam uranil dan sebatian kuprum telah dicampur kepada larutan besi tulen. Tujuan ini ialah untuk mengkaji kesan parameter alat ke atas penganalisaan unsur apabila terdapat kehadiran ion-ion gangguan.

Penghargaan

Penulis merakamkan penghargaan kepada Encik Mat Bakar Mahusin d i Jabatan KSK atas bantuan be l iau .

2.10 The efect of instrumental parameters on the absorbance of iron in the optimization of an atomic absorption spectrometer

Sheriffah Noor Khamseah ftl-Idid

Before the concentration of an element can be determined by atomic absorption spectrometer (AfitS), preparation of standard solution is required to obtain a calibration graph of absorbance against concentration. After the graph has been obtained, samples whose concentrations are to be determined are prepared in solution form using

63

CONCENTRATION (pom)

4 6 6

KEPEKA7AN Ciis}}

Rajah 2.10.1 : Kesan panjang gelcmbang ke atas penyerapan Figure 2.10.1 : Effect of wavelength on absarbance

CONCENTRATION CpusU

4 a s KEPEKATAN f b s j ;

10 VI

Rajah 2.10.2 : Kesan putaran penunu ke atas penyerapan Figure 2.1Q.2 : Effect of burner rotation on absorbance

64

distilled water or other suitable solvents, and thereafter aspired into the burner of the spectrophotometer. The absorbances measured are then compared to the readings on the calibration graph in order to obtain the required concentration.

However, i t is found that several instrumental parameters are affecting the absorbance reading and thus as a means of optimizing the AAS, a study is conducted to investigate the effects of these parameters in the determination for iron.

Analysis has been carried out using the AAS Pye Uhicam SP9 fitted with a hallow cathode tube. According to the manufacturer, this instrument is recommended to be operated wit/7 the following parameters: wavelength 243.3 nm, bandpass 0.2-0.5 nm, lamp current 7 mA, burner height 6 mm, burner rotation O, air pressure 30 mbar and acetylene fuel flow rate. In this study, the above parameters have been changed to optimize the analysis.

Figure 2.10.1 and Figure 2.10.2 show two examples of the results obtained for the effect of wavelengths and bandpass on absorbance readings respectively. For each parameter studied, similar graphs are obtained and from which, the optimum operating parameters for the analysis of iron can be deduced.

In addition, some ions in the form of uranyl salts and copper compounds are also added to the pure iron solution. The purpose of this is to investigate the effect of the instrumental parameters in the determination of elements when interfering ions are present.

Acknowledoement

The author wishes to extend her gratitude to Mr. Mat Bakar Mahusin of the Health Physics Dept. for his kind assistance.

2.11 Kaj ian perbandingan makmal untuk menentukan kandungan uranium d i dalam sampel-sampel rujukan penjelajahan geokimia

Sher i f fah Noor Khamseah A l - I d i d dan John B. McHugh*

Satu a n a l i s i s te lah di ja lankan untuk menentukan kandungan uranium d i dalam 6 sampel rujukan penjelajahan geokimia (GXR-1 ke GXR-6) yang dihantar daripada Jabatan Penyiasatan Kajibumi Amerika Syar ikat (USGS). Tujuan ana l i s i s i n i i a l ah untuk meni la i ke j i t uan kaedah-kaedah a n a l i s i s yang terdapat d i UTN berbanding dengan makmal-makmal d i negara yang l a i n .

Kaedah-kaedah a n a l i s i s yang digunakan i a l ah kaedah pembedilan neutron yang melibatkan ana l i s i s neutron tertunda (DMA) dan ana l i s i s pengaktifan neutron a latan (INAA) serta kaedah sinaran cahaya yang melibatkan

* Jabatan Penyiasatan Kajibumi Amerika Syar ikat

65

fluorimeter dan teknik berpendarfluor aruhan laser (LIF). Jadual 2.11.1 menunjukkan jenis-jenis sampel serta lokasi dari mana sampel-sampel tersebut diperolehi dan Jadual 2.11.2 menunjukkan kandungan uranium yang ditentukan oleh pelbagai kaedah analisis yang telah dijalankan.

Pengharqaan

Penulis merakamkan penghargaan kepada LEGS kerana menghantarkan sampel -sampel rujukan penjelajahan geokimia untuk kajian perbandingan makmal ini.

Sampel (Sample)

GXR-1

GXR-2

GXR-3

GXR-4

GXR-5

GXR-6

Perihalan (Description)

Jasperiod composite sample

Residual gray-brown loam

Fe-Mn rich hotspring deposit

Porphyry copper mill head sample

B-horizon of a podzoil soil

B-horizontal of a residual

Lokasi yang dijumpai (Location found)

Drum Mountains Juab Gounty, Utah

Park City Mining District Summit County, Utah

Hotspring deposit Humboldt County, Utah

Kenneth Copper Corp., Utah

Somerset County, Utah

Davidson County North, North Carolina

Jadual 2.11.1 : Jenis sampel yang dikaji dan lokasinya Table 2.11.1 : Types of sampel studied and their location

2.11 An interlaboratory comparison study for the determination of uranium content in geochemical exploration reference samples

Sheriff ah Noor Khamseah Al-Idid and John B. McHugtf

Analysis has been carried out to determine the uranium content in <£ geochemical exploration reference samples (GXR-1 to GXR-6) sent by The United States Geological Survey (LEGS). Purpose of this analysis work is to evaluate the accuracy of various methods of analysis in UTN as compared to laboratories in other countries.

Methods of analysis employed here are neutron bombardment method hihich comprises of delayed neutron analysis (DNA) and instumental neutron

* United States Geological Survey Department

66

act- iVat- icn analysis (IN/¥*) as well as photon irradiation method which comprises of fluorimetry and laser-induced fluorescence technique (LIF). Table 2.11.1 shows the six LOSS geochemical exploration reference samples together with their location. Table 2.11.2 shows the uranium content determined by the various methods of analysis employed.

Acknowledgement

The author ncxild like to thank the United States Geological Survey (USGS) for sending In the six geochemical exploration reference samples for this interlaboratory comparison study.

Stampel (Sample)

6XR-1

6XR-2

GXR-3

GXR-4

GXR-5

GXR-6

Kaedah a n a l i s i s (Method of analysis)

Pembedilan neu t ron (Neutron bombardment)

E*W(UTN)

34 .9

2 . 9

3 . 0

6 . 1

2 . 2

1.6

INAA

34 .8

3 . 0

3 . 1

6 . 4

2 . 1

1.6

INAA(UTN)

28.23

2 .B

5 .5

6 .74

1.9

2 . 6

S ina ran cahaya (Light irradiation)

LIF(USt3S)

2 2 . 1 - 2 3 . 6

2 . 1 - 2 . 5

1 . 5 - 1 . 8

3 . 1 - 3 . 5

1 . 8 - 2 . 1

1 . 2 - 1 . 6

F l o u r

15-36

1 .2 -6 .0

0 . 8 - 4 . 2

3 . 9 - 7 . 6

0 . 8 - 3 . 4

0 . 4 - 2 . 6

Flour(UTN)

20 .03

1.4

1.3

2 . 9

1.0

6 . 0

Jadual 2 .11 .2 : Kandungan uranium yang d i p e r o l e h i o l e h p e l b a g a i kaedah a n a l i s i s

Table 2.11.2 : Uranium contents obtained by various analisis methods

2 . 1 2 Fenentuan uran ium dan t ho r i um d i dalam sayur—sayuran tempatan

Z u l k a f l i G n a z a l i , Kamaruddin Hashim, Jama l iah S h a r i f , Shamsiah Abd. Rahman, Kamarudin B a h a r i , Wan A l i Wan Yusu f , Eewiat End in Pu t dan L i nda Ee Geak Cheng

Ba ja fos-fat t e l a h d i k e t a h u i mengandungi unsur r a d i o a k t i f , u ran ium dan t h o r i u m . Di M a l a y s i a , ba ja f o s f a t i n i t e l a h d igunakan secara meluas d i da lam sek ta r p e r t a n i a n d isebabkan harganya yang murah dan senang d i d a p a t i d i pasaran. Oleh kerana kandungan uranium dan t h o r i u m yang agak t i n g g i d i da lam ba ja i n i , wu jud kemungkinan unsu r -unsu r i n i t e r k u r a s semasa proses s i raman dan d i s e r a p o l e h tumbuh-tumbuhan s e p e r t i sayu r - sayu ran dan l a i n -

67

lain. Kajian ini dijalankan untuk memastikan kemungkinan pengambilan kedua-dua unsur ini.

Kajian awal ke atas beberapa sampel sayuran yang dibeli dari pasar di sekitar Kuala Lumpur menunjukkan kandungan uranium di dalam julat bahagian per juta (ppm). Thorium, walaubagaimanapun tidak dikesan di dalam sampel-sampel ini. Di dalam kajian ini, uranium ditentukan dengan kaedah pemeteran pendarfluor sementara thorium ditentukan dengan kaedah spektrometri warna. Keputusan kajian ini adalah seperti yang ditunjukkan di dalam jadual 2.12.1.

Kajian lanjut perlu dijalankan bagi mengenalpasti jenis-jenis sayur yang mengambil uranium dan thorium dan seterusnya mengkaji hubungan antara jenis baja yang digunakan dengan kandungan uranium dan thorium di dalam sayur-sayuran.

Sampel (Sample)

Terong (Brinjal) Kangkung ( Jpomea green) Bendi (Lady's finger) Salad bulat I Crisp lettuce) Kacang buncis {French bean) Cili (Chilli) Daun bawang (Leek) Salad daun (Lettuce)

Uranium ppm x 10-= (berat kering) I dry freight)

5.B

11.7

259.1

13.4

5.4

-

7.3

11.7

Uranium Sampel ppm x lO-3

(Sampel) (berat kering) (dry weight)

Kacang panjang -(Lang bean) Kobis (Cabbage) Seleri (Celery) Sawi 10.7 (Mustard green) Lobak merah 83.0 (Carrot) B.Kucai (Chives) Kailan 5.9 (Chinese kale)

Jadual 2.12.1 : Kandungan uranium dalam sampel-sampel sayuran yang dikaji

Table 2.12.1 : Uranium content in the vegetable samples studied

2.12 Determination of uranium and thorium in local vegetables

Zulkafli Bhazali, Kamaruddin Hashim, Jamaliah Sharif, Shamsiah Abd. Rahman, Kamarudin Bahari, Man Mi Man Yusuf, Eewiat Endin Put and Linda Ee Geak Cheng

Phosphate fertiliser has been known to consist of radioactive element, uranium and thorium. In Malaysia, phosphate fertiliser is widely used in agriculture sector because i t is cheap and readily available in the

18

oarket. Since the content of uranium and thorium are high in this fertiliser, they can probably be leached out during plant watering or by ••ain and then being taken up by the plants such as vegetables and others. This study is aimed at identifying the intake of these elements.

Preliminary nark on several vegetable samples bought from a market around Kuala Lumpur snowed that the uranium content is in parts per million (ppm) range. But no thorium was detected in the sample. Uranium WBS determined using fluorimetric method and thorium spectrophotometrically. The results from this study are shown in table 2.12.1.

In a subsequent study, work will be done to confirm the type of vegetable that uptake uranium and thorium and consequently to study the relationship between fertiliser used and the content of uranium and thorium in vegetables.

2.13 Kesan rawatan haba ke atas keliatan dan kekuatan bagi keluli C-Mn

Mohd b. Harun, Boh Kian Seong* and Jasmin Baba*

Keluli C-Mn adalah bahan biasa yang paling murah untuk digunakan dalam komponen-komponen struktur seperti jambatan, bangunan, kenderaan, dandang pemanas dan paip. Dalam pembangunan untuk pembuatan keluli, keluli berkarbon rendah dihasilkan melalui pengunaan teknik-teknik pengawalan gulingan dan penyejukan. Pertambahan keliatan boleh dicapai melalui pengawalan kandungan kimia dan rawatan haba. Ujian hentaman takik-V Charpy digunakan untuk menyiasat pengaruh rawatan haba ke atas keliatan dan digunakan untuk kawalan mutu dan penerimaan bahan. Keliatan takik atau kecenderungan kepada kegagalan rapuh ditentukan oleh suhu peralihan dan ciri ini dapat menolang jurutera untuk memilih bahan yang mempunyai keliatan takik yang sesuai pada keadaan-keadaan perkhidmatan yang merbahaya.

Dua jenis rawatan haba telah dipilih untuk membuat ujian hentaman takik-V Charpy pada suhu-suhu d^lam julat -2O0°C hingga +150°C.

Permukaan-permukaan retak untuk setiap ujian hentaman diperiksa dengan mikroskop imbasan elektron dan suhu peralihan j'uga ditentukan. Ujian-ujian tegangan dilakukan dengan menggunakan mesin ujian serbaguna ZWICK 10-T. Rajah 2.13.1 membandingkan mikrograf-mikrograf elektron bagi permukaan retak yang rapuh dan permukaan retak yang mulur. Rajah 2.13.2 dan Rajah 2.13.3 menunjukkan garis-garis lengkung bagi tegasan-terikan dan tenaga-suhu peralihan masing-masing.

* Universiti Teknolagi Malaysia

Rajah 2.13.1 : Mikrograf elektron bagi permukaan retak yang rapuh dengan suhu ujian hentaman -i<S7°C (kiri) dan permukaan retak yang mulur dengan suhu ujian hentaman 52°C (kanan)

Figure 2.13.1 : Electron micrograph for brittle fracture surface with impact test temperature of -167°C (left) and for ductile fracture surface with impact test temperature of 52'C (right)

10

70

A SoMion-trtsted at 980*0, 2h. Ft. to 760*C,maintoin«d ot 760*C 3h,WQ(B)

• Solution-treated at 980*0.211, Fc, to room temperature, Hcoted at TBCC, 3h, W0(A)

A B «tempering at 200» C. 1h WQ o A»l«np«ring at 500° C, 1h WO oB.tampering at 500*C, th WQ

" ^

« 56 TERIKANI STRAIN), %

70

Rajah 2.13.2 Lengkung tegasan-terikan bagi ke lu l i C-Mn yang mengalami rawatan haba dan penyepuhan

Figure 2.13.2 : Stress-strain curve of heat-treated and tempered C-fti steel

-200 -160 -120 -80 -40 0 SUHU (TEMPERATURE) ,* C

Raiah 2.15.3 : Kesan rawatan haba ke atas garis lengkung suhu peralihan-tenaga bagi ke lu l i C-Mn

Figure 2.13.3 : Effect of heat treatment on the transition temperature-energy curves of C-tti steel

71

2.13 Effect of heat-treatment on toughness and strength properties of C-t+i steel

Mohd b. Harun, Goh Kian Seong* and Jasmin Baba*

C-fti steel is the most common and economic material used in structural components such as bridges, building, ships, vehicles, boilers and pipelines. In more recent steel making developments, low carbon products are manufactured using controlled rolling and cooling techniques. The increasing of toughness can be achieved by controlling the chemistry requirements and heat-treatment. Charpy \/-notch impact is used for investigating the influence of heat-treatments on toughness as well as for quality control and material acceptance purposes. The notch toughness or tendency for brittle failure is determined by the transition temperature and this feature can help engineer to select a material which has a sufficient notch toughness for severe service auditions.

Two type of heat-treatments have been selected for Charpy {/-notch impact tests at several temperatures, ranging from -200*0 to +150=0.

The fracture surfaces were subsequently examined by scanning electron microscope and the transition temperature was determined. The tensile tests were carried out using a 10 - T Zwick universal testing machine. Figure 2.13.1 compares the electron micrographs for brittle fracture surface and ductile fracture surface. Figure 2.13.2 and Figure 2.13.3 shows the stress-strain and the energy transition temperature curves respec ti vel y.

2.14 Kecekapan bahan perencat bagi beberapa campuran garam aluminium-tiourea untuk kakisan keluli lembut di dalam air biasa

Muhamad Daud, Jasmin Baba* dan Hasbullah Saad*

Kecekapan perencat campuran garam aluminium-tiourea untuk kakisan keluli lembut di dalam air biasa pada suhu bilik telah dikaji. Perencat ini diuj'i dengan menggunakan teknik pengutuban anod mengikut piawai yang dicadangkan oleh Persatuan Ujian dan Bahan Amerika G59-78 (ASTM). Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa kecekapan perencat bertambah sehingga 40% jika ion aluminium dicampurkan dengan tiourea pada julat aluminium sulfat 20-50 bpj dan tiaurea 20 bpj. . Pada kepekatan yang lebih tinggi, kecekapan perencat tersebut tidak menunjukkan sebarang pertambahan.


72

2.14 Inhibitive efficiency of same aluminium sal t-thiourea mixtures for the corrosion of mild steel in ordinary water

Muhamad Daud, Jasmin Babaf and Hasbullah Saad*

The efficiency of aluminium sal t-thiourea inhibitors for the corrosion of mild steel in ordinary Mater at room temperature was studied. The inhibitors were tested using the anodic polarization technique according to the standard suggested by American Society for Testing and Materials B59-7B (ASTTi). It was found that the efficiency of inhibitors can be increased up to 40/i if aluminium ions are used in conjunction with thiourea in the range of 20-SO ppm aluminium sulphate and 20 ppm thiourea. However, no significant increase in the efficiency was observed at higher concentrations.

2.15 Perkhidmatan mikroskop imbasan elektron dan mikroanalisis

Mohd b. Harun dan Zaiton Selamat

1. Penentuan kerencaman kimia bagi aloi zirkonium dan keluli (Esah bt Hamzah, Jabatan Kejuruteraan Jentera, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia)

2. Mikroskopi dan analisa sampel lateks di dalam campuran konkrit-lateks (Amiruddin Ismail, Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam dan Struktur, Uhiversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia)

3. Mikroskopi dan analisis sampel seramik POMN-1 (Ramli Salleh, SIRIM)

4. Penentuan unsur—unsur dalam batu ginjal (Lee Lay Kuan, Jabatan Sains Nuklear, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia)

5. Penganalisaan bendasing pada permukaan 'silicon wafer' (Syarikat SEH (M) Sdn. Bhd.)

6. Kajian mikroskop imbasan elektron bagi zarah-zarah 'airborne' yang halus dan kasar di Kuala Lumpur (Mohd. Rashid Mohd. Yusof, Jabatan Kejurutaan Kimia, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia).


73

2.16 Kesan neutron laju ke atas sifat-sifat struktur NTD-Si

Abdul Fatah Awang Mat dan Muhammad Jamal Md. Isa

Kod Projek : JKP/PP/(14.1)/88

Penggunaan silikon yang didopkan dengan teknik transmutasi neutron (NTD) nampaknya semakin popular semula disebabkan permintaan untuk menghasilkan 'very-large-scale integration' (VLSI) yang mana bahan asas yang bermutu tinggi dan keseragaman yang luas diperlukan. Proses pendopan ini adalah berdasarkan tindak balas nuklear berikut :

Si-30(n, $ )Si-3i > 2.6 jam > P-31 + f

Dengan mendedahkan silikon dalam bentuk sama ada rod atau kepingan terhadap fluks neutron terma di dalam reaktor, atom-atom stabil P-31 akan terbentuk dengan kandungan yang seragam. Kuantiti yang mencukupi untuk pendopan pula bergantung kepada masa pendedahan yang bersesuaian.

Reaktor TRIGA Mark II di UTN digunakan untuk projek NTD ini. Walaupun reaktor ini membekalkan neutron terma (E ~ 0.025 eV), tetapi ia selalunya disusuli juga oleh neutron laju. Neutron laju ini tidak diperlukan untuk menghasilkan pendopan kerana ia mendatangkan kemusnahan sinaran kepada hablur silikon seperti kecacatan titik, kompleks-kompleks insterstisi dan kekosongan, sekumpulan kecacatan yang lebih besar dan dislokasi. Ketumpatan bandingan kecacatan-kecacatan ini bergantung kepada suhu penyinaran, spektrum tenaga neutron dan fluens neutron.

Tujuan asas kajian ini adalah untuk melihat kesan fluens neutron ke atas sifat-sifat struktur silikon yang didopkan dengan teknik transmutasi neutron. Matlamatnya ialah untuk menghubungkan sifat-sifat ini dengan parameter-parameter penyinaran supaya silikon dengan mutu yang dikehendaki dapat dihasilkan.

Sampel-sampel yang digunakan dalam kerja-kerja ini ialah kepingan silikon jenis-n yang bermutu elektronik. Sebaik sahaja sampel-sampel ini dicuci dan diberi rawatan kimia yang tertentu, ianya dimasukkan ke dalam balang silinder aluminium sebelum disinarkan dalam kelengkapan rak berputar reaktor TRISA Mark II, UTN pada 750 kW. Dalam kerja-kerja awalan ini, nilai suhu dan nisbah fluks neutron terma terhadap neutron laju pada tempat penyinaran adalah dianggap tetap. Parameter operasi yang hanya dianggap berpengaruh kepada nilai neutron fluens ialah masa penyinaran. Oleh itu, perubahan masa penyinaran antara 89 dan 218 jam telah digunakan. Selepas penyinaran, sampel-sampel ini dibiarkan untuk beberapa hari agar isotop S-31 mempunyai masa untuk menyusut ke paras yang tidak membanayakan sebelum tindakan selanjut dilakukan ke atas sampel-sampel ini.

Sifat-sifat struktur bahan telah dikaji dengan teknik FTIR pada suhu bilik. Teknik ini didapati sangat berfaedah untuk menentukan pusat-pusat kecacatan yang dihasilkan oleh neutron laju. Peningkatan keamatan mod penyerapan 'neai—edge' yang berlaku pada nombor gelombong kurang daripada 1600 cm-1 dan jalur 'divacancy' pada 5555 cm-1 apabila masa penyinaran ditingkatkan menunjukkan bahawa ketidakaturan struktur akibat sinaran neutron laju bertambah dengan fluens neutron. Perkara ini menghadkan

74

masa penyinaran yang boleh digunakan.

Dalam ker ja i n i , kesan f luens nsutrcxi ke atas s i f a t - s i f a t l a i n juga d i k a j i . Proses rawatan haba untuk membaik-pulih kerosakan pada bahan yang te lah d is inarkan walaupun d i s i n a r dalam jangkamasa yang pendek adalah p e r l u . I n i adalah ke r j a - ke r j a yang akan d i ja lankan se lan ja tnya.

2.IS The influence of fast neutron on the structural properties of NTD-Si

Abdul Fatah Awang Mat and Muhammad Jamal Md. Isa

Project Code : JKP/PP/(14.1)/B9

Recently, a renewed interest in Neutron-Transmutation Doping (NTD) of silicon can be observed because of the very-large-scale integration (\A.SI) technology requirements for high quality and homogeneity of the basic material to produce large diameter wafers. The doping process is based on the following nuclear reaction:

Si-30(n, ^)Si-31 > 2.6 hour > P-31 + fi~

By exposing silicon rods or silicon slices to thermal neutrons flux in a nuclear reactor for a reasonable period^ stable P-31 atoms will distribute homogeneously and in sufficient quantity for doping purposes in the silicon.

TRIGA Mark II reactor at UTN is used for this NTD project. Although this reactor provides thermal neutrons (E~ 0.025 eV), this thermal flux is always accompanied by a fast neutron component which is not useful in producing doping transmutations but does bring about radiation damage such as simple point defects, insterstitial and vacancy complexes, larger defects clusters and dislocation. The relative concentration of these defects depends on the irradiation temperature, neutron energy spectrum and the neutron fluences.

The purpose of this work is to study the effect of neutron fluence on the structural properties of NTD silicon. The aim is to correlate the properties of the material with the irradiation parameters from which the desired characteristics of the final products can be tailored to.

The samples for this study are n-type electronic grade silicon wafers. After cleaning and subjected to appropriate chemical treatment, the samples are loaded into aluminium cylinders before being lowered into the rotary rack radiation facility of UTN TRIGA Mark II reactor. The wafers are then irradiated at a constant reactor power of 750 kU. For this preliminary work, i t is assumed that temperature and the ratio of thermal to fast neutron flux at the place of irradiation are to be constant. The only operating parameter which is considered to determine the neutron fluences is the irradiation time. Hence the samples are irradiated for different periods of time varying from 99 to 318 hours. After irradiation, the specimens are left for several days, depending on the total activity, to allow the Si-31 isotope to decay. As the activity has

75

decayed to well below the most stringent safety limits, the specimens are then ready for handling.

The structural properties of the material are studied by FTIR technique. Ml measurements are carried out at room temperature. It is found that this technique is quite a useful method to determine the defect centres created by fast neutron. The increase in intensity of near-edge absortion mode which occurs at wave number less than 1600 cnrx and divacancy band at 5555 cnr3- as the irradiation time increase indicates that the structural disorder due to fast neutron increases with neutron fluences. This limits the practical irradiation time that can be used.

From this study, the effect of neutron fluences an other properties is also established. fin annealing process to repair the damage even on material that has been irradiated for reasonably short period is necessary. This is our future nork.

2.17 Pembuatan alat pemegang sampel

S. Kanesan dan Abd. Fatah Awang Mat

Dalam kerja-kerja yang melibatkan bahan-bahan semikonduktor, alat pemegang sampel diperlukan untuk dua tujuan utama iaitu pengukuran parameter-parameter elektrik dan rawatan haba.

'Satu alat pemegang sampel (rajah 2.17.1) telah direkabentuk dan difabrikasikan dengan bantuan Jabatan Perkhidmatan Kejuruteraan. Pemegang sampel ini berbentuk tabung uji yang diperbuat daripada silika dan dilengkapkan dengan penyambung ke pam vakum. Di dalamnya terdapat satu lagi tiub silika yang mengandungi suatu dawai nikel teregang bertujuan untuk mewujudkan talian elektrik di antara sampel dan terminal keluaran.

Tekanan vakum yang stabil pada 5 x ICr6' milibar telah berjaya dicapai dan dipertahankan selama lebih daripada tiga jam. Pemegang sampel ini sekarang boleh digunakan untuk membuat kajian-kaj'ian selanj'utnya.

Penoharoaan

Penulis msngucapkan ribuan terima kasih kepada kakitangan Jabatan Perkhidmatan Kejuruteraan atas kerjasama dan bantuan yang telah diberikan dalam menyiapkan pemegang sampel ini.

l

PENGGANDING SUHU (THERMDCGUPLE)

..— KE PAM VAKUM (TD VACUUM PUMP)

i— DAVAI NIKEL (NICKEL VIRE)

~ KACA (GLASS) 40,0 en •

/

r ET

10.0 cn

KACA <GLASS) SAMPEL PADA SUBSTRE (SAMPLE DN SUBSTRATE)

PEMEGANG KACA (GLASS HOLDER)

RaJah. 2.17.1 : Alat pemegang sampel untuk tujuan kajian semikonduktor Figure 2.17.1 : Sample holder equipment for semiconductor investigations

77

2.17 Fabrication of a sample holder

S. Kanesan and Abd. Fatah Awang Mat

ft sample holder is required in semiconductor work for two main purposes, electrical measurements and heat treatment.

ft simple sample holder (fig. 2.17.1) has been designed and fabricated with the help of the Engineering Services Department. The holder is simply a container in the shape of a test tube made of silica and incorporating an attachment for connection to a vacuum pump. Mi thin this silica container is another silica tube containing nickel wines for electrical connection between the sample on its substrate mounting and the lead through.

Stable vacuum pressure of 5 x lO-* millibars has been successfully achieved and maintained for more than three hours. The sample holder is now ready to be used for further experiments.

ftcknowledaement

The authors wish to thank the staff of the Engineering Services Department for their invaluable help in fabricating the sample holder.

2.18 Pembangunan teknik fotoakustik laser

Sheriffah Noor Khamseah Al-Idid dan Wan Mahmood*

Teknik fotoakustik laser sedang dibangunkan bersama oleh Unit Tenaga Nuklear dan Universiti Pertanian Malaysia untuk mengkaji struktur permukaan dan bawah permukaan.

Penggambaran -fotoakustik merupakan satu kaedah penelitian bahan tanpa musnah yang memberi maklumat mengenai struktur optik serta haba sesuatu permukaan. Bidang penggunaan fotoakustik ini meliputi penelitian logam dan bahan separuh pengalir, seramik serta analisis polimer dan contoh-cantoh biologi.

Teknik ini dibangunkan knas untuk menyokong penyelidikan pendopan transmutasi neutron, dengan mengkaji perubahan ke atas struktur permukaan silikan yang telah disinar dengan fluks neutron yang berlainan dan juga telah diperbaiki permukaannya melalui teknik penyahlindapan haba dan laser.

Tambahan juga, penggambaran fotoakustik juga berupaya untuk menghasilkan pemetaan litar terkamil pada peringkat kedalaman yang berlainan pada wafer si1ikon. Ciri ini amat berguna semasa menjalankan kawalan mutu ke atas fabrikasi litar terkamil.

* Universiti Pertanian Malaysia

78

Satu c i r i unik mengenai teknik fotoakust ik i n i i a l a h pengesanan s t ruk tu r dapat dilaksanakan leb ih mendalam daripada kedalaman penusukan o p t i k . Qleh ker-ana j u l a t kedalaman merupakan fungs i f rekuensi modulatan sinaran laser yang mengimbas permukaan canton yang d i u j i , maka teknik i n i juga sesuai untuk ka j ian 'depth p r o f i l i n g ' .

2.18 Development of laser photoacoustics

Sheriff ah Noor Khamseah M-Idid and Wan Mahmood*

The technique of laser photoacoustics CPfl) is being developed jointly by UTN and LPM to investigate surface and the subsurface structures.

Pfl imaging is a method of non-destructive material inspection which provides information on optical as well as thermal structures. Fields of application include inspection of metals and semiconductors, ceramics, analysis of polymers and biological samples.

The primary objective of developing this technique in UTN is to support the neutron transmutation doping (NTD) studies, that is to investigate the structures of the silicon chip wnjfr/? have undergone the process of neutron bombardment in order to determine the effect of different neutron fluxes on the surface structure. Pft imaging also provides a means for monitoring these structures after thermal and laser annealing which serves to recrystalize the surface layer as close to its original structure.

f) spin-off in the area of investigation of semiconductors is the capability of Fto imaging in providing a mapping of integrated circuits at various depths in a silicon wafer and this can assist in the quality control in the production of integrated circuits.

ft unique feature of PA detection is the possibility to detect structures which are far beyond the optical penetration depth, fte the depth range depends on modulation frequency of the laser beam used to scan the surface of the sample to be investigated, i t thus allows for depth profiling studies.

2.1? Aspek kesihatan dan keselamatan s i1 ikon yang didop dengan kaedah transmutasi neutron

Muhammad Jasnal Md. I sa , S. Kanesan dan Abdul Fatah Awang Mat

Kod Projek : JKP/PP(14.1)/88

Penyelidikan i n i merupakan sebahagian caripada projek yang bertajuk "Pendopan dengan kaedah transmutasi neutron" .

* U n i v e r s i t i Pertanian Malaysia

79

Sepertimana bahan-bahan lain, si1ikon apabila disinar dengan neutron akan menjadi radioaktif. Bagaimana pun, separuh hayat yang terlibat adalah pendek dan pereputan keradioaktifannya ke paras yang selamat Juga pantas. Keradioaktifan sampel-sampel yang telah disinarkan itu dihasilkan terutamanya oleh kontaminasi permukaan dan bendasing—bendasing yang terkandung di dalamnya. Jadi, objektif kajian ini ialah untuk menentukan betapa selamatnya sampel-sampel silikon itu apabila kaedah-kaedah rawatan yang bersesuaian sebelum dan selepas penyinaran dilakukan.

Sebagai pendahuluan, satu kajian untuk membandingkan keberkesanan beberapa kaedah rawatan selepas penyinaran untuk mengurangkan kontaminasi permukaan telah dilakukan. Sampel-sampel silikon setelah dicuci dengan aseton dan bebas daripada segala kontaminasi permukaan yang dapat dikesan dengan mata kasar, disinarkan dengan mengguna 'rak berputar' TRIGA PUSPATI (RTP). Setelah dikeluarkan dari reaktor, sampel-sampel silikon ini ditempat ke dalam 'sel-panas' Jabatan Isotop selama beberapa hari supaya nuklid-nuklid yang berhayat pendek mereput ke paras sinaran latar belakang. Kadar dos setara sebelum dan selepas sampel-sampel silikon ini dicuci diukur dengan beberapa kaedah rawatan dan keputusannya adalah seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Jadual 2.19.1.

Jenis rawatan (Types of treatment)

Punaran selama 10 minit (lO minutes etching)

Tanpa rawatan (Untreated)

Asid hidrofluorik (HF) (Hidrofluoric acid (HF))

Asid nitrik (HNQ*) (Nitric acid (HNOsJ)

HF + HN03 (1:3)

Kadar dos setara di permukaan sampel (Dose equivalent rate at surface of sample)

(x 10 - s Sievert per jam) (x 10~* Sievert per hour)

Sebelum (Before)

7

5

5

3

Selepas {After)

7

2

2

1

Jadual 2.19.1 : Kaedah-kaedah rawatan yang dijalduikan ke atas siiikcn selepas penyinaran

Table 2.19.1 .• Treatments applied on silicon after irradiation

80

2.19 The health and safety aspects of neutron doped silicon

Muhammad Jamal Md. Isa, S. Kanesan, Abdul Fatah Awang Mat

Project Code : JKP/PP(14.1)/8B

This work is part and parcel of the project entitled "Neutron Transmutation Doping".

In common wit/7 all materials, silicon becomes radioactive when irradiated with neutrons in a reactor. However, it is fortunate that the half—life involved is very short and the decay of its radioactivity down to negligible level is very rapid. The radioactivity of the irradiated silicon samples comes mainly from both the surface contamination and the activation of impurities which exist in the samples themselves. Hence, the objective of this work is to determine how safe the silicon samples are when the proper pre-irradiation and post-irradiation treatments are carried out.

Very preliminary studies are carried out to compare the effectiveness o f various post-irradiation cleaning methods in removing the surface contamination. Samples of silicon after being cleaned with acetone and are free from any observable surface contamination are irradiated via the "rotating rack" of PUSPATI's TRIE» reactor (RTF). After removal from the reactor, the samples are then left in the "hot cell" of the Isotope Department to "cool down" for a few days. Dose equivalent r-ate due to the samples before and after the various post-irradiation cleaning methods are then roughly measured and results are as shown in Table 2.19.1.

2.20 Perant i logam-semikonduktor - hubungannya dengan teknik—teknik f ab r i kas i

Abdul Fatah Awang Mat dan S. Kanesan

Kod Projek : JKF7PP(14.1)/88

Fabrikasi peralatan semikanduktor selalunya melibatkan proses pemendapan lapisan-lapisan filem nipis logam yang bertujuan sema ada sebagai penyambung, sentuhan ohmic atau sebagai peranti logam-semikanduktor yang bersifat tidak ohmic atau dipanggil sentuhan Schottky. Kegunaan pertama di atas selalunya didapati dalam penyambungan peralatan elektronik dan dilakukan di antara lapisan penebat, jadi ciri-cirinya tidak melibatkan semikonduktor. Sebaliknya untuk sentuhan ohmic dan Schottky, ciri-cirinya bergantung kepada bahan semikonduktor yang dipakai, penyediaan permukaan, teknik-teknik pemendapan filem logam dan rawatan selepas pemendapan. Oleh kerana penggunaan semikonduktor yang diterakai dalam bidang elektronik semakin maju, suatu kajilidikan yang sistematik dirasakan perlu dijalankan untuk mendalami pengetahuan berkenaan dengan sentuhan logam ke atas semikonduktor.

Demi memahami teknologi pembuatan di atas, kami telah mencadangkan satu

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siri penyelidikan yang perlu diselenggarakan. Kajian ini mempunyai dua matlamat, pertamanya ialah untuk membangunkan teknik-teknik pengukuran sifat-sifat elektrik bahan semikonduktor di makmal ini dan keduanya ialah untuk mernahami sifat-sifat fizik sentuhan logarn pada semikonduktor di mana suatu cara pembuatan yang piawai dapat dibentuk dan dapat digunakan untuk membuat alat pengesan sinaran sawar permukaan.

Kajian awal ini berkisar kepada pengaruh rawatan asid pada permukaan semikonduktor (sebelum pemendapan logarn) ke atas sifat-sifat peranti dan juga kesan rawatan haba selepas pemendapan. Untuk tujuan ini, silikan bermutu elektranik yang terdapat di pasaran digunakan sebagai bahan asas kajian, bersama-sama dengan tiga jenis sentuhan logam iaitu Au, Al dan Cu. Pemilinan bahan-bahan ini adalah berdasarkan penggunaannya yang meluas dalam industri elektranik. Dalam kajian ini, teknik peruapan terma telah digunakan untuk memendapkan sentuhan logam pada permukaan silikon. Proses ini dioperasikan pada tekanan kurang daripada 10_=l torr. Feranti-peranti yang telah siap dibuat kemudiannya diukur sifat-sifat elektriknya. Ciri-ciri I-V gelap peranti ini telah diukur dalam kedua-dua arah arus pada sunu bilik. Daripada lengkungan I-V ini, nilai tenaga sawang 0 dan rintangan tentu sentuhan Re diukur. Daripada kedua-dua parameter ini serta dibantu oleh ciri-ciri khas yang ditunjukkan oleh lengkungan I-V, sifat sentuhan logam itu (sama ada sentuhan logam yang terbentuk itu bersifat ohmic atau Schattky) dapat diramal. Kedua-dua jenis sentuhan ini mempunyai keistimewaan tersendiri dalam komponen-komponen elektronik.

Dari sudut kerja-kerja ujikaji, pengukuran ciri-ciri I-V yang boleh dipercayai telah dapat kami bangunkan. Kesimpulan ini dibuat berdasarkan keputusan-keputusan yang diperolehi yang mana sebanding dengan keputusan yang telah dilaporkan oleh pekerja di makmal-makmal lain.

Akhir sekali, pengukuran kemuatan terhadap voltan akan dibangunkan untuk mempastikan keputusan sekarang. Ini merupakan ujikaji yang akan dibangun selanjutnya di makmal ini.

2.20 Metal-semiconductor junctions - related to fabrication techniques

Abdul Fatah ftwang Mat and S. Kanesan

Project Code : JKP/PP(14.1)/8B

Semiconductor device fabrication always incorporate the deposition of metal films for interconnections, for ohmics contacts and for metal -semiconductor Junctions of non-ohmic behaviour, blocking or Schattky contacts. The first of these three applications occurs on insulating layers and is therefore independing on semiconducting properties whereas the rest depends on the metal used, the semiconducting material, the surface preparation, the method of deposition and the post deposition treatment. As the application of semiconductors for electronic devices becomes more exotic, a systematic effort is necessary to extend the knowledge about metal contacts on semiconductor substrate.

To understand the above state-of-art technology, we have proposed a

82

series of study to be undertaken with two main objectives. Firstly is to establish the measurement techniques for electrical characterization of semiconductor in this laboratory, and secondly, to understand the physics of metal for semiconductor contacts from which the standard recipies for electronic devices fabrication can be established and to be used later for designing home made surface barrier radiation detectors.

In this preliminary work, the effect of acid treatment on semiconductor surface prior to metal film deposition and the effect of post annealing treatment after deposition have been investigated. Commercially available electronic grade crystalline silicon is used in this study as the base material with three metal films, namely fiu, ftl and Cu, as the metal contacts. The choice of these materials is based on their wide application in the electronic industry. These metal contacts are coated on silicon wafers under vacuum of less than 10~s torr to become a diode by thermal evaporation technique. The devices that have undergone appropriate treatments are then probed to monitor the electrical characteristics of the diodes. The dark I-V characteristics in both directions at room temperature are measured. The barrier height O and specific contact resistance R= are also determined. These two parameters as well as the special characteristics shown by the I-V curves will tell whether the films are behaving as a rectifier or as an ohmic contact when they come in contact with silicon. Both of these contacts have their own speciality in electronic components.

fts far as experimental work is concern, a reliable I-V characteristics measurement technique has been established. This conclusion is made based on our present results which are comparable to those reported elsewhere.

Finally, a capacitance versus voltage measurement has to be established in order to confirm the present results. Tu's i s our next experimental design to be set-up in this laboratory.

2-21 Kesan keadaan pemendapan ke a tas s i f a t - s i f a t s t r u k t u r s i l i k a n amorfus te rh id rogen (a-S i :H) dan oks ida ind ium-t imah (ITO)

Abdul Fatah Awang Mat, Muhammad Jamal Md. I s a , Rahim Salam*, S i t i Mariam Abdul Ghani* dan Saodah Abdul Rahman*

Penemuan kesan f o t o v o l t a d i dalam a -S i :H yang d i h a s i l k a n dengan kaedah nyahcas berbara dan f i l e m n i p i s ITO t e l a h merangsangkan penye l i d i kan -penye l id ikan d i tahap antarabangsa dengan tu juan untuk menghasilkan s e i se 1 s o l a r yang berkas rendah bagi penjanaan kuasa e l e k t r i k . Bagaimana pun, penggunaan bahan-bahan i n i sangat-sangat bergantung ke atas e i r i -c i r i s t r u k t u r n y a , i a i t u kandungan dan t a t a r a j a h pengikatan hidrogen d i dalam a -S i :H dan/atau oksigen d i dalam ITO. I n i adalah kerana s i f a t -s i f a t e l e k t r i k dan o p t i k bahan-bahan i n i b ^ r k a i t - r a p a t dengan s i f a t - s i f a t s t r u k t u r dan dengan i t u juga cara penyediaan dan pe r i nc ian keadaan semasa

* U n i v e r s i t i Malaya

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pemendapan. Dalam ka j i an i n i , pengaruh keadaan k e t i k a pemendapan khususnya suhu subs t ra t dan jumlah tekanan dinamik ke a tas s i f a t - s i f a t s t r u k t u r a~Si:H yang d i has i l kan dengan kaedah nyahcas berbara dan ITO yang disediakan secara penyejatan terma t e l a h d i s e l i d i k i . Kesemua sampel yang digunakan dalam ka j i an i n i t e l a h d isediakan d i Makmal F i z i k Keadaan Pepe ja l , U n i v e r s i t i Malaya.

S i f a t - s i f a t s t r u k t u r bahan-bahan i t u t e l a h d i k a j i dengan menggunakan tekn i k FTIR. T iga mod getaran j a l u r penyerapan berka i tan dengan pengayunan, pembengkokan dan peregangan atom H d i dalam a-S i :H dan 0 d i dalam ITO te l ah digunakan untuk meramalkan kecacatan-kecacatan s t o i k i o m e t r i dan k e k i s i d i dalam bahan-bahan i n i . Maklurr.3t i n i beg i t u berguna s e k a l i bagi meramalkan s i f a t - s i f a t e l e k t r i k dan o p t i k yang berka i tan dengan keadaan-keadaan pemendapan yang t e l a h digunakan.

2.21 The effect of deposition conditions on structural properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and indium-tin oxide (ITO)

Abdul Fatah Awang Mat, Muhammad Jamal Md. Isa, Rahim Salarrf, Siti Mariam Abdul Ghani" dan Saodah Abdul Rahman*

The discovery of the photovoltaic effect in glow discharge-produced of a-Si:H and thin film of ITO has stimulated an international research effort with the goal of producing low-cost solar cells for the generation of electric power. The potential use of these material however is very much depending on their structural characteristic, namely the contents and bonding configuration of hydrogen in a-Si-H and/or oxygen in ITO. This is due to the fact that the electrical and optical properties of these material have a strong intercorrelation with their structural properties and hence also the method of preparation and detailed condition during deposition. In this work, the influence of deposition conditions in particular the substrate temperature and total dynamic pressure on structural properties of a-Si:H prepared by glow discharge and ITO prepared by thermal evaporation have been examined. All the samples used in this study are prepared at the Solid State Physics Laboratory, University of Malaya.

The structural properties are examined by FTIR technique. Three vibrational modes of absorption bands corresponding to rocking, bending and stretching of H atom in a~Si:H and O in ITO have been used to predict the stoicbiometry and lattice defects in these materials. The information is very useful in predicting the electrical and optical properties in relation to the deposition conditions that have been used.

* Universiti Malaya

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2.22 Penentuan terus pemalar zeta runut pembelahan bagi kaca dosimeter piawai NBS SRM 962a dengan menggunakan piawai umur apatit Fish Canyon Tuff

Ng Inn Khuan dan 6ui Ah Auu*

Untuk sampel yang berumur kurang daripada 10O juta tahun, persamaan umur runu£-pembelahan boleh dimudahkan kepada:

A = £ (N./Ni)pD

di mana C = suatu pemalar yang ditentukan secara ghalib. Pemalar ini mengandungi pemalar susutan pembelahan spantan dan suatu faktor penukaran daripada fluens neutron termal kepada ketumpatan runut bagi kaca dosimeter piawai.

N„/Ni = Nisbah bagi runut spantan terhadap runut teraruh

p D = Ketumpatan runut teraruh bagi piawai dosimeter

Terdc'Dat tiga kaedah yang berbeza bagi penentuan umur, iaitu kaedah zeta tidak terus, kaedah piawai umur dan kaedah zeta terus. Kaedah zeta terus adalah yang paling biasa digunakan.

25 hablur Piawai Apatit Fish Canyon Tuff (27.8 + 0.7 juta tahun) dicagakkan ke atas setiap damar poliester dalam bentuk susunan matriks 5 x 5 dan bagi setiap set sampel, dua damar (iaitu alikot C dan D) disediakan. Dengan cara ini, 10 set sampel yang mengandungi sejumlah 500 bijirin piawai apatit diperolehi. Selepas penggilapan, penyinaran dan punaran, hanya 4 set sampel didapati sesuai untuk pembilangan runut disebabkan oleh ketidaksempurnaan runut yang terbentuk pada pengesan luar muskovit bagi sampel-sampel yang lain. Daripada 4 set sampel ini, data daripada 129 bijirin apatit piawai diterima untuk analisis zeta sementara yang lain ditolak oleh ujian statistik bagi taburan runut dengan menggunakan perisian komputer yang telah dibangunkan.

Sampel daripada alikot D diatur dengan satu kaca dosimeter piawai (NBS SRM 962a) diletak di atas dan di bawah sampel-sampel yang tersusun ini. Kemudian sampel-sampel ini disinarkan dengan neutron di dalam Reaktor TRIGA PUSPATI bersama-sama dengan kaca dosimeter selama 1 jam pada 100 kW. Belepas disejukkan, kedua-dua alikot C dan D kemudian dicanai dan digilap untuk mendedahkan permukaan 4JT supaya sampel-sampel ini bebas daripada gangguan luar. Selepas dipunarkan dalam 5M HNQ3, kesemua sampel ini disinarkan pada 100 kW selama 4 jam dengan pengesan luar muskovit bersentuhan rapat dengannya. Ini adalah untuk mengesan perbezaan dalam kandungan uranium di antara alikot C dan D.

Kesemua bilangan runut yang terdapat di atas apatit dan pengesan luar muskovit dibilang di bawah mikroskop optik dengan pembesaran 1000 X. Runut-runut yang dibilang ialah runut spontan bagi hablur dalam alikot C (N«)i jumlah runut spantan dan teraruh daiam alikot D (N„ + N*), runut teraruh pada pengesan luar untuk hablur dalam alikat C (NEDC) serta

* Jabatan Reaktor

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alikot D (NEDD) dan juga ketumpatan runut teraruh pada pengesan luar bagi kaca dosimeter (pD). Seterusnya nilai jangkaan N«./NA didapati daripada persamaan regressi di antara N. dengan NEDC dan di antara (N. •+• N*.) dengan NEDD untuk setiap set sampel.

Pemalar zeta yang didapati daripada kajian ini adalah 297.99. Ini adalah nilai awalan kerana statistik bagi taburan runut yang diperolehi tidak memuaskan. Tentukuran harus diulangi untuk mendapat nilai pemalar zeta yang lebih baik sebelum kerja pentarikhan ke atas sampel yang tidak diketahui umurnya dapat dijalankan.

2.22 Direct determination of fission-track zeta constant for standard dosimeter glass NBS SRM 962a using Fish Canyon Tuff age standard apatite

Ng Inn Khuan and Gui Pih P*JU*

For sample with age lesser than 100 million years, the fission-track age equation can be simplified to

A = f (HL/NL)(>B

where C = an empirically determined constant which includes spontaneous fission decay constant and a conversion factor from thermal neutron fluence to track density of a standard dosimeter glass.

Nm/Ni. = the ratio of spontaneous to induced tracks.

f-o = induced track density of dosimeter standard.

Three different methods of age determination are possible, namely the indirect zeta method, age standard method and direct zeta method. Direct zeta method is by far most commonly practised.

25 crystals of Fish Canyon Tuff apatite standard (27.8 ±_ 0.7 Ha) were mounted on each polyester resin in a 5 x 5 matrix arrangement and for each set of sampel, 2 resins (namely aliquot C and D) were prepared. In this way, 10 sets of samples which contained 500 grains of the apatite standard were obtained. After polishing, irradiation and etching, only 4 sets of samples were found to be good for track counting due to poor tracks formed on the muscouvite external detectors for the rest of the standard samples. Of the A sets of samples, data from 129 grains of the apatite standards were retained for zeta analysis while others were rejected after statistically tested for track distribution using the programme which had been developed earlier.

The samples from aliquot D were stacked up with one standard dosimeter glass (NBS SRM 962a) placed on top and bottom of the stack respectively.

Reactor Department

86

These samples together with dosimeter glasses w?re then irradiated with neutrons in Reaktor TRIGA PUSPATI for 1 hour at 100 khl. After cooling, both aliquots C and D tuere ground and polished to reveal Ijt internal surface to ensure the samples were free from external interference. After etching in S M HT\Ox, all the samples were irradiated at lOO kW for 4 hours with external muscouvite detectors in close contact. This is to check the difference in uranium concentration between C and D aliquots. Ml the track numbers on apatite and muscouvite external detectors were counted under optical microscope using 1000 X magnification. These track numbers are from spontaneous tracks for crystals in aliquot C (l\LJ, total of spontaneoLts and induced tracks for crystals in aliquot D CAL + N±), induced tracks in external detectors for crystals in aliquot C (NSDC) and aliquot D (f^koo), and induced track density in external detector for dosimeter glass (pD). Finally the expected values of NU/Nj. were obtained from the regression equations between /\> amd A b e and that between (ftL + Ni.) and AfeuD for each set of sample.

The zeta constant obtained from this work is 297.98. This is still preliminary due to poor statistics observed for track distribution of some samples. The calibration has to be repeated to establish better value for the constant before dating of unknown samples can be carried out.

2.23 Kajian kebersihan udara bekerja di lambong-lombong bijih timah di Malaysia

Zulkafli Ghazali, Kamaruddin Hashim, Jamaliah Sharif, Shamsiah Abd. Rahman, Kamarudin Bahari, Wan Ali Wan Yusuf, Eewiat Endin Put, Linda Ee Geak Cheng dan Che Seman Mahmood

Kajian ini merupakan kajian peringkat akhir yang dijalankan di bawah kontrak penyelidikan IAEA. Kebersihan udara bekerja di lombong-lombong bijih timah ditentukan dengan menganalisis debu-debu udara di kawasan kering loji memproses bijih timah. Sampel-sampel debu udara dikumpul di atas kertas turas dengan menggunakan alat persampelan udara. Sampel-sampel yang diperolehi kemudiannya dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik pengaktifan neutron (t\£*A). Kesesuaian teknik ini telah dikaji dengan menganalisis sampel piawai IAEA, AIR 3/1.

Teknik NAA melibatkan penyinaran sampel-sampel, contoh kosong dan piawai yang diisi di dalam vial plastik khas dan disinar di dalam Reaktor TRIGA PUSPATI. Keaktitan sinar gama daripada sampel, contoh kosong dan piawai dibilang dengan menggunakan pembilang HpGe (ORTEC) yang dihubung kepada penganalisis spektrum ND 66 (Nuclear Data). Kepekatan unsui—unsur di dalam sampel—sampel ini dikira dengan membandingkan luas puncak foto daripada spektrum sinar gama dengan yang diperolehi daripada spektrum sinar gama piawai. Piawai yang digunakan ialah sampel piawai simulasi, AIR 3/1 dan SL-1 (IAEA) dan coal fly ash <NBS).

Jadual 2.23.1 menunjukkan kandungan unsur—unsur yang terdapat di dalam kawasan bekerja di lombong-lombong bijih timah. Uranium, arsenik, barium, ferum dan manganis didapati wujud di semua kawasan loji pemprosesan

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lombong-lombong yang d i k a j i . Unsur—unsur l a i n pula hanya terdapat d i kawasan lombong--lombong yang t e r t e n t u saha ja . Keadaan i n i mungkin disebabkan f a k t o r geo log i kewujudan b i j i h t imah bagi kawasan t e r sebu t .

B i j i h t imah se la lunya dilombong bersama-sama dengan minera l bersekutunya s e p e r t i monazi t , z i r k o n , xenotim dan a r senopy r i t . M inera l -m inera l i n i mengandungi unsur-unsur toks i k s e p e r t i uranium, tho r ium, vanadium, arsen ik dan manganis. Minera l -minera l i n i terbebas sebagai debu-debu d i pe rsek i ta ran l o j i te rsebut semasa pemprosesan b i j i h d i lakukan dan kandungan setengah-setengah unsur i n i d i d a p a t i me leb ih i paras TLv" {Threshold limit value) yang d ibenarkan. I n i boleh membahayakan kesihatan peker ja -peker ja d i l o j i - l o j i pemprosesan t e r sebu t . Kesan kehadiran unsur—unsur toks ik i n i dapat dianggarkan dengan membandingkan n i l a i kepekatan yang d i p e r o l e h i d i dalam debu-debu udara te rsebut dengan n i l a i TLV unsur-unsur berkenaan s e p e r t i yang d i l apo rkan o l eh Fer rante (1979), P lunke t t (1976) dan PCSIH (19BO).

Kaj'ian i n i juga menunjukkan terdapatnya beberapa unsur-unsur t oks i k d i dalam debu-debu udara d i kawasan beker ja l o j i pemprosesan b i j i h t imah. Pendedahan unsur—unsur i n i kepada peker ja-peker ja secara berpanjangan mungkin akan mendatangkan kesan sampingan dan pe r l u d iamb i l pe rha t i an . Walaubagaimanapun, suatu k a j i a n t e r p e r i n c i pe r l u di laksanakan bagi mengenalpasti kesan pendedahan i n i terutamanya terhadap peker ja-peker ja d i kawasan pemisah bermagnet, pemisah bervo l tan t i n g g i dan kawasan pembungkusan yang d i d a p a t i banyak menghasilkan debu-debu.

2.23 Occupational hygiene in tin mining in Malaysia

Zulkafli Ghazali, Kamaruddin Hashim, Jamaliah Sharif, Shamsiah ftbd. Rahman, Kamarudin Bahari, Han Mi Nan Yusuf, Eewiat Endin Put, Linda Ee Beak Cheng and Che Seman hahmood

This work was carried out under IP£P) research contract and had been completed. Occupational hygiene in tin mining areas was assessed by analysing the air particulates in the tin-shed, a place where tin ore was processed. The air particulate Mas accumulated on a filter paper using personal and high volume air samplers. The samples were analysed using neutron activation analysis (Nftfl). The suitability of this technique used was checked by analysing IAEA standard sample, MR 3/1.

NM technique involved irradiation of samples, blanks and standards in plastic vial in Reaktor TRIGG PUSPATI. Gamma ray produced from samples, blanks and standards were counted by HpGe counter (ORTEC, USQ), connected to ND 66 (Nuclear Data, USA). The concentration of elements found in the samples was calculated by comparison of photopeak area of the samples with that of standards. The standards used in this work were simulated air particulate standard, MR 3/1, SL-1 (Ifi£M and coal fly ash (NBS).

The elements found in the working areas of tin mines are as shown in Table 2.23.1 . Uranium, arsenic, barium, ferrum and manganese are found in most of the processing plant areas. Other elements are only found at some of the tin mines. This work can ascertain why there is a difference

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Lombong (Mines.)

A i r H i tarn T i n D redg ing

K i l l i n g -h a l l

mc

Rahman H y d r a u l i c

A . A . T i n

T imah Matang

Kawasan b e k e r j a (Work ing areas)

A B C D

A B C E

B C E D

A C E

C E D

B E

Kandungan u n s u r - u n s u r s u r i h a n , n g / 1 u d a r a (Content of trace elements, ng/1 air)

Mn V As Fe IJ Th

3 . 0 + . 1 5 5 . 4 + . 6 5 2 . 5 + 0 . 4

1 3 . 2 + 1 . 3 3 . 9 + 0 . 8 6 . 1 + 0 . 9 3 . 7 + 0 . 2

616 .5+73 0 . 1 + . 0 5 0 . 7 + 0 . 1

B . 9 + 1 . 0 1 2 . 0 + 0 . 8

2 . 4 + . 1 2

0 . 8 + . 0 9 1 . 6 + . 9 3

1 . 0 + . 0 7 9 . 2 + . 8 2 . 2 + 0 . 2

2 . 1 + 0 . 3

1 . 7 + . 2 2

0 . 3 + . 0 2 0 . 2 + . 0 3

0 . 0 1 + . 0 0 2 0 . 0 3 + . 0 0 1 0 . 0 1 + . 0 0 4 0 . 1 8 + . 0 2 7

0 .15+0 .C3 0 . 0 8 + 0 . 0 3 0 . 2 9 + 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 8 + 0 . 0 3

1 5 . 6 0 + 0 . 6 0 4 .9O+0 .59

6 6 . 8 0 + 8 . 0 1 1 4 . 1 0 + 1 . 6 0

0 . 5 0 + 0 . 0 7

1 .51+0 .01 0 . 6 3 + 0 . 0 9

0.2O+.O05 0 . 0 4 + . 0 0 3

5 4 7 . 0 + 4 9 . 0 2 0 0 . 0 + 1 6 . 0

4 7 6 . 0 + 2 9 . 0 2 3 6 . 0 + 1 2 . 0 6 9 5 . 0 + 4 2 . 0

1 3 . 1 + 1 . 3 5 1 2 . 0 + 3 6 . 0

322 .O+39 .0 2 3 9 . 0 + 2 6 . 0

4 .0O+ .36 1.03+02 O.3O+.05

0 . 1 0 + . 0 2 0 . 6 0 + . 7 0

0 . 9 0 + . 1 4 2 . 0 O + . 3 O.2O+.03

0 . 1 4 + . 0 7 O.2O+.08

7 . 0 + 1 . 4 6 . 1 + 1 . 0 5 . 5 + 0 . 7 5 . 6 + 0 . 7 3

0 . 2 9 + 0 . 0 5

7 . 7 + 1 . 2 4 . 7 + 0 . 2 4

0 . 5 + 0 . 0 6 3 .0+O.21

No ta (Note) : A : Kawasan pembungkusan (Packaging area) B : Pemisah v o l t a n t i n g g i (High—voltage separator) C : P e n g e r i n g (Drier) D : P e n t a b i r (Screen ing ) E : Pemisah bermagnet (Magnetic separator)

Jadua l 2 . 2 3 . 1 : U n s u r - u n s u r s u r i h a n pada b e r b a g a i p e r i n g k a t pemprosesan b i j i h

Table 2.23.1 : Trace Elements at Different Process Stages of Ore Dressing

of air particulate content found at different tin mines which may be due to the geological factor of the tin ore occurrence for that particular area.

Tin ore is often associated with other minerals such as monazite, zircon, ilmenite, columbite, mica, silica, xenoLime and arsenopyrite. These minerals contain toxic elements such as uranium, thorium, vanadium, arsenic and manganese. These minerals are airborned in the form of dust or air particulate in the tin-shed as a resul t of tin ore processing. The content of certain elements are found to exceed the TLV value (Threshold

89

limit value) and thus poses a hazard to the worker in the plant. The effect of the presence of these toxic elements can be estimated by comparing the content found with TLV value of the particular elements as reported by Ferrante (1979), Plunkett (1976) and fiCBIH (19BO).

In conclusion, this study shows that several toxic elements are present in the air particulate in working areas of tin processing plant. Exposure of these elements for a long period on workers can probably cause a side effect and necessary precaution must be taken. Nevertheless, a detail study shall be carried out to determine the exposure effect especially to workers working in or near magnetic separators, high tension separator and bagging area which are observed to be very dusty.

2.24 Pengambilan perak daripada sisa pengikat gambarfoto

Meor Yusoff Meor Sulaiman, Muhamad Daud dan liohamad Shamsul Azhar Mohd Yusof

Kumpulan-kumpulan yang terlibat dalam pemprosesan gambarfoto di UTN ialah UPDK, UTM dan metalurgi. UPDK terlibat dalam pemprosesan lencana filem, UTM terlibat dalam radiographi industri manakala kumpulan metalurgi pula terlibat dalam gambarfoto SEM. Penghasilan sisa pengikat gambarfoto daripada kumpulan-kumpulan ini berjumlah 30 liter sebulan dan UPDK merupakan pengeluar terbesar.

Kaedah yang dilakukan di UTN ketika ini ialah membuangkan sisa ini ke dalam saluran sisa utama tanpa sebarang pra-pengolahan, maka kebanyakan perak yang terdapat dalam larutan pengikat ini akan dibuang. Analisis kandungan perak daripada larutan pengikat ini menunjukkan ianya mengandungi secara purata 0.9"/. perak.

Kandungan perak yang tinggi berserta dengan isipadu sisa yang besar menjadikan pengambilan perak ini suatu proses yang berpotensi ekonomik. Satu proses pengambilan perak berdasarkan penukaran logam telah dibangunkan bagi larutan sisa pengikat UTM. Perak yang terdapat di dalam larutan itu akan terkumpul pada permukaan suatu logam kuprum. Analisis terhadap sebatian yang terkumpul itu menunjukkan bahawa ianya mengandungi lebih daripada 90"/. ketulenan perak.

2.24 Recovery of silver from photographic fixer waste

Meor Yusoff Meor Sulaiman, Muhamad Daud and Mohamad Shamsul Azhar Mohd Yusof

The groups involve in photographic processing at UTN are SSDL, NDT and metallurgy. SSDL involves processing film badges, NDT involves processing industrial radiography while the metallurgy group involves in SEM photographs. The total fixer waste output from these groups amounts to 30 litres per month and SSDL seems to be the main source.

90

The current practice at UTN is to dispose the photographic waste into the main waste stream without any pre-treatment, hence most of the silver left in the fixer solution will be disposed. Analysis of the silver content from this fixer solution shows that i t has an average of O.T/. silver.

The high silver content and volume of waste involved makes silver recovery a potentially economic process. R silver recovery process by metallic replacement method has been developed for UTN fixer waste. Silver which are present in the solution is deposited on a capper metal. An analysis of the deposited compound shows that i t has more than 90X purity of silver.

91


Kertas-kertas Persidanqan (ConfenEnce Papers)

Meor Yusoff Meor Sulaiman. Pendarfosfor : Satu teknik alternatif bagi penentuan uranium dalam sampel mineral. Prosiding Seminar Spektroskopi Kebangsaan Pertarna, UTM, Kuala Lumpur, April 1788.

Meor Yusoff Meor Sulaiman, Kamarudin Hashim, Ahmad Rahman Songip. Penggunaan sisa radioaktif kek thorium dari kilang pemprosesan mineral. Dim. 5irnpaci!:T) K.'.jurLiterasn Ki.nia Ketmpat, R'jTC, Kuala Lumpur, Jun 19B8.

Meor Yusoff Meor Sulaiman, Kamarudin Hashim and Ahmad Rahman Songip. Pemisahan thorium, uranium dan unsur nadir bumi dari sisa radioaktif kek thorium. Prosiding Simposium Kimia Analisis Kebangsaan Kedua, USM, Pulau Pinang, Sept. 1988.

Meor Yusoff Meor Sulaiman, Kamarudin Hashim and Ahmad Rahman Songip. Extraction and production of strategic elements from radioactive waste of tin-tailing mineral processing industry. Paper presented at Development of Extractive Metallurgy of Tin and related Metals, Ipoh, Oct. 1988.

Meor Yusof Meor Sulaiman, Kamaruddin Hashim, Zulkafli Shazali dan Abd. Ghaffar Ramli. Delayed Neutron Analysis : Its Application and Comparison with other Analytical Techniques. In Proc. Malaysia Chemical Conference, Johor Baru, Aug. 1988.

Mohamad Rashid Mohd Yusof dan Mohd b. Harun. Scanning electron microscope study of fine and coarse airborne particles in Kuala Lumpur. Paper presented at First Particulate Technology Conference '88, Kuala Lumpur.

Sham5iah Abd. Rahman dan Zulkafli Ghazali, Penentuan thorium di dai^ monazit dengan kaedah Spektrometri warna - Arsenazo III. Dim. Prosiding Simposium Kimia Analisis Kebangsaan Kedua, USM, Pulau Pinang, Sept. 1988.

Sheriffah Noor Khamseah Al-Idid. Dichromated gelatin as a material suitable for use as a holographic optical element. Proceeding International Workshop on Advance in Holography and Speckle Phenomena arv' their Industrial Applications, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India, Dec. 1983.

Zulkafli Ghazali, Kamaruddin Hashim, Jamaliah Sharif, Shamsiah Abd. Rahman, Meor Yusoff Meor Sulaiman dan Abd. Ghaffar Ramli, Penggunaan teknik analisis neutron tertunda di dalam penentuan uranium dan thorium di dalam mineral-mineral sampingan bijih timah. Dim.,Prosiding Simposium Kimia Analisis Kebangsaan II, USM, Sept. 1988.

Zulkafli Ghazali, Kamaruddin Hashim, Jamaliah Sharif dan Shamsiah Abd. Rahman, Penggunaan teknik nuklear di dalam kajian kebersihan udara di lombong-lombong bijih timah dan kil^ng amang. Dim. Prosiding Malaysian Chemical Conference, Johor Baru, Ogos 1988.

92

Penerbitan Jumal (Journal Publication)

Abd. Fatah Awang Mat (1988). Effect of thermal annealing on structural and optical properties of RF sputtered amorphous silicon. J. Sains Nuklear Malaysia, 6, 2, pp 43-51.

Meor Yusoff rleor Sulaiman (1988). Penggunaan teknik pendarfosfor pada suhu bilek bagi menentu uranium dalam sampel mineral sampingan bijeh timah. J. Sains Nuklear Malaysia, 6, 2, pp 81-87.

Mohammad Ali Mohd. Sufi (1988). Temperature variation studies using neutron diffraction technique, 1. Structural changes in supet—cooled liquid heavy water. J. Sains Nuklear Malaysia, 6, 1, pp 19-29.

Muhammad Daud, Abd. Razak Daud dan Zainal Abidin Sidi (1988). Studies an plant extracts as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in air saturated water. J. Sains Nuklear Malaysia, 6, 2, pp 71-79.

Shamsiah Abd. Rahman, Kamaruddin Hashim dan Zulkafli Ghazali (1988). Kajian parameter bagi penentuan thorium dengan Arsenazo 111 menggunakan kaedah Spektrofotometer UV/VIS, J. Sains Nuklear Malaysia, 6, 1, pp 31-35.

Laporan (fteports)

Zulkafli Bhazali, Kamaruddin Hashim, Che Seman Mahmood, Jamaliah Sharif, Shamsiah Abd. Rahman, The Application of Nuclear Techniques In Occupational Hygiene in Mineral Industries in Malaysia : Final Report IAEA No. 3876/RB (1988).

3

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93

PROGRAM ISOTQP DAN SINARAN DALAM INDUSTRI

3.J. Pengenalan

Laporan ini meliputi kerja-kerja penyelidikan, perkhidmatan serta latihan yang dilaksanakan oleh Program Isotop dan Sinaran dalam Industri (PISI) sepanjang tahun 1988. Aktiviti penyelidikan terutamanya telah dapat dijalankan dengan lebih giat dengan adanya peruntukan kewangan melalui vot penyelidikan atau lebih dikenali sebagai IRPA (Intensification of Research in Priority Areas). Kebanyakan aktiviti di atas diterangkan secara ringkas iaitu abstrak dan senarai penerbitan dalam laporan selanjutnya.

Pada keseluruhannya semua aktiviti yang dirancangkan berjalan dengan lancar dan memuaskan. Saya ingin merakamkan tahniah dan syabas kepada semua kakitangan PISI atas dedikasi dan ketekunan dalam menjayakan aktiviti-aktivitinya. Juga ucapkan terima kasih dan penghargaan kepada semua kakitangan UTN yang telah memberi kerjasama kepada PISI secara langsung atau tidak langsung dalam menjayakan aktiviti kami.

Daud Mohamad, MSc Ketua Program Isotop dan Sinaran dalam Industri

ISOTOPE PND RADIATION IN INDUSTRY PROGRAWE

3.1 Introduction

This report cavers the work of Isotope and Radiation in Industry Programme (PISI) which include research, services and training activities throughout 1988. The research activity in particular has been intensified as an additional source of budget was allocated through R&D vote i.e. IRPA (Intensification of Research in Priority Areas). Host of these activities are shown in the following abstracts and list of publication as discussed in the ensuing report.

By and large, everything was smooth and satisfactory for PISI throughout 1988. I would like to take this occasion to express my heartfelt congratulations to all PISI personnel for their diligence and dedication in making PISI's activities a success. Last but of course not least, thanks also to the rest of UTN staff who have given their cooperation, directly or indirectly to make a truly wonderful and successful year for all of us.

Daud Mohamad, MSc Head, Isotope and Radiation in Industry Programme

94

3.2 Teknik pemeriksaan radiometri bagi penentuan tetulang dan kehadiran lompang udara dalam pengalas jambatan

Yahaya Jafar, Jaafar Abdullah dan Mohd Azmi Ismail

Kedudukan tetulang dan kehadiran lompang udara dalam pengalas jambatan adalah dua masalah utama yang dihadapi oleh pengeluar dalam pengawalan mutu sesuatu pengalas jambatan. Tetulang pengalas jambatan diperbuat dari bererapa kepingan keluli yang disusun selari di antara satu sama lain sepanjang pengalas. Kecacatan selalunya berlaku bila tetulang keluli tidak selari dan/atau bengkok dan pembentukan lompang udara berhampiran tetulang.

Bagi tujuan pengawalan mutu, satu siri kajian awal telah d.ibuat pada contoh-contoh pengalas jambatan yang dibekalkan oleh Institut Penyelidikan Betah Malaysia (RRIP1) , menggunakan teknik radiometri. Maklumat mengenai kedudukan tetulang dan kehadiran lompang udara dalam pengalas oleh teknik nuklear akan memberikan satu kaedah pilihan kepada RRIM dalam program kawalan mutu yang tanpa musnah dan cepat.

Satu sistem pemeriksaan contoh dasar menggunakan punca termetri (3 mCi Ba-133 atau 3 mCi Cs-137) dan pengesan sinaran Nal(Tl) telah direkabentuk oleh UTN. Sistem ini dibentuk sedemikian rupa bagi menentukan bahawa alur sinaran dan pengesan adalah selaras. Dalam proses pengukuran, contoh pengalas jambatan diletakkan ditengah-tengah antara punca dan pengesan dan diimbas ke atas pada kelajuan yang sama. Pengesan mengukur keamatan pancaran sinaran merupakan fungsi ketumpatan bahan yang diukur. Keamatan tersebut direkod melalui penskala/meter kadar/penganalisis kepada perekod carta. Kelajuan imbasan dan perekod carta dibuat sama bagi kesenangan mengira jarak. Bagi tujuan perbandingan di antara keamatan latar belakang dan yang diukur, pengukuran dibuat pada 2 sm di atas dan di bawah contoh.

Data imbasan menunjukkan bahawa ketumpatan bahan yang berbeza memberikan keamatan yang berlainan. Oleh yang demikian, isyarat keluaran bagi udara, getah, tetulang dan lompang udara boleh dibezakan. Secara amnya, graf data imbasan diwakili oleh siri lembah, dengan puncak-puncak kecil.

Oleh kerana ketumpatan tetulang adalah yang tertinggi, maka keamatan yang diukur adalah terendah, disebabkan oleh penyerapan sinar gama yang maksimum. Mereka diwakili oleh lembah-lembah yang dalam. Dari kedalaman dan kelebaran lembah tersebut, kesimpulan boleh dibuat samada tetulang berkenaan selari/tak selari atau bengkok. Saiz lembah bagi tetulang yang tak selari atau bengkok adalah lebih lebar dan lebih cetek berbanding dengan tetulang yang selaras. Bentuk mereka juga adalah tidak simetri, bergantung kepada arah kecacatan.

Kehadiran lompang udara dalam bahantara getah akan mengurangkan ketumpatan bahan tersebut. Oleh yang demikian, bila garis imbasan melalui lompang, keamatan yang direkod akan bertambah. Lompang terbentuk bila udara terperangkap semasa pembuatan, dan selalunya terbentuk berhampiran dengan tetulang. Kehadiran lompang diwakili oleh puncak-puncak kecil dan saiznya bergantung kepada saiz lompang. Oleh itu puncak yang lebih tinggi dan lebar menandakan lompang yang lebih besar atau terdapat sekumpulan lompang sepanjang garis imbasan (Rajah 3.2.1).

95

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3.2.1 : Keamatan sinaran yang diukur dari satu garis imbasan yang dilakukan ke atas contoh pengalas jambatan. Puncak-puncak kecil di sekeliling kepingan keluli menandakan kehadiran lompang udara. Measured radiation intensity from a scan line made on a bridge bearing sample. Small peaks around the middle of the steel plates indicate the presence of voids.

96

Teknik i n i juga berupaya mengukur j a rak sebenar da antara t e t u l a n g , dengan mengukur j a r a k d i antara dua lembah. Bagi penqalas yang sempurna, j a rak d i antara te tu lang seharusnya sama dam kelainar. d a r i i t u adalah dianggap caca t .

Sebagai kesimpulan, u j i a n awal membuktikan kebaikan tekn ik i n i dan adalah diharapkan i a menjadi tekn ik p i l i h a n dalam penentuan kawalan mutu sesuatu pengalas jambatan. Walau bagaimanapun keputusan yang l e b i h baik di jangkakan akan d i p e r o l e h i dengan menggunakan pera la tan e l e k t r o n i k bagi menyurangkan turun-naiknya bacaan keamatan s ina r gama.

3.2 Non-destructive radiometry inspection technique for locating reinforcements and voids/porosity in bridge hearings

Yahaya Jafar, Jaafar Abdullah and Mohd Azmi Ismail

The location of reinforcements and the presence of voids/porosity in bridge bearings are two major problems frequently encountered by manufacturers in controlling the quality of bridge bearings. The reinforcements in a bridge bearing are made from several pieces of steel positioned parallel to each other along the bearing length. Typical manufacturing defects during fabrication are misalignment and/or bent steel plates and also the formation of voids/porosity in rubber medium adjacent to the steel plates.

For the purpose of quality control programme, a series of preliminary studies has been carried out on bridge bearing samples provided by the Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia (RRIM), using a non-destructive radiometry inspection technique. Information on the position of the steel plates and the presence of voids in the bearing by the nondestructive nuclear technique would give the RRIM an alternative method in conducting quality control and quality assurance programmes, instead of the present method which is not only destructive but also time consuming.

ft prototype inspection system consists of a radioative sealed-source (3 nCi Ba-133 or 3 mCi Caesium-137) txxised in a collimated lead container and a 1" x 1" Nal(Tl) scintillation radiation detector has been developed at Unit Tenaga Nuklear. The system is designed in such a way that the radiation beam and ttie detector are aligned in the same horizontal plane. In the measuring process, the bridge bearing sample is placed between the source and the detector and is scanned upwards at a constant speed. The detector measures the transmitted radiation intensity, which is a function of the mean density of material in the beam path. The intensity was then recorded via a portable scaler/ratemeter/analyser to a chart recorder for plotting the variation in the emerging radiation intensity. In order to get a true internal characteristic of the bearing, the scanning speed and the chart recorder speed were synchronised. To compare between air radiation intensit; (background) and measured radiation i tensity, the scanning position was started and stopped at about 2 cm under and above the bearing sample.

The scanning data clearly show that differences in density of the

97

material in the bearing sample result in the differences in the recorded radiation intensities. Thus the output signal for air, rubber medium, steel plates and voids can readily be differentiated. Overall, the chart recorder printout shows that the result for each scan is represented by a series of valleys, with small peaks.

Since the density of the steel plates is the highest, the emerged radiation intensity is the lowest, due to high attenuation of gamma-ray. On the chart recorder plots they are represented by deep valleys. From the depth and width of the valleys, i t can be deduced that the steel plates are either aligned/misaligned or bent. The size of the valley for misalignment or bent steel plates is wider and shallower than the aligned steel plates, as a result of less total attenuation of the transmitted radiation. Also, the shape of the valley for both misaligned and bent steel conditions are slightly asymetrical, depending on the direction of the defect.

The presence of voids (porosity) in the rubber medium will decrease the density of the material. Therefore, when voids intersect the scan line, there will be an increase in the recorded radiation intensity compared with void-free rubber. Voids are normally formed when air is trapped during fabrication, especially adjacent to the steel plates. The occurence of voids is represented by small peaks and the dimension of the peaks (height and width) is a function of the size of the void. Therefore a wider and higher peak could indicate a bigger void or there are a group of voids sitting along the scan line (Figure 3.2.1).

The technique can also determine the actual distance between steel plates. This can be done by simply measuring the distance between the lowermost valleys. For a perfect bridge bearing, the distance between steel plates must be the same and any deviation can be considered as a defect.

To conclude, the performances of the radiometry inspection technique have proved successful in this preliminary test and i t is hoped that i t will serve as an alternative technique for quality control and quality assurance procedures. Better results can be achieved by using some electronic devices to reduce fluctuations of the recorded gamma-ray intensities.

3.3 Penggunaan teknik transmisi gama dalam menaksir kehadiran baki buah kelapa sawit dalam tandan liat

Jaafar Abdullah, Mohd Azmi Ismail dan Yahaya Jafar

Dalam mekanisma peleraian, di mana buah dipisahkan dari tandannya, proses yang tidak sempurna boleh menyebabkan bertambahnya jumlah buah yang tertinggal pada tandan. Setengah buah mungkin tidak terlerai atau jika terlerai ia masih terlekat pada ruangan di antara tangkai.

Sebab lain mengapa buah tertinggal pada 'tandan adalah kerana pensterilan yang tidak sempurna. Keadaan pensterilan dipilih bagi memenuhi

98

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99

kebanyakan tandan tetapi setengah daripada mereka tidak sempjrna masak atau tidak normal, jadi mereka memerlukan masa yang lebih lama dari biasa. Tandan yang masih terlekat buah selepas diproses dipanggil tandan liat dan selalunya mereka dipisahkan untuk pemprasesan semula.

Buat masa ini, sernua kilang penapisan kelapa sawit di Malaysia menempatkan pekerja di hujung pelerai bagi memisahkan tandan-tandan liat untuk diproses semula. Masalah yang dihadapi oleh pekilang ialah kesukaran membezakan di antara tandan liat dengan tandan yang telah diproses sempuma, yang membawa kepada kerugian bernilai berjuta-juta ringgit.

Satu kajian telah dibuat oleh UTN bagi mengenalpasti masalah dan adalah dicadangkan teknik radiometri berkemungkinan membantu menyelesaikan masalah tersebut. Kajian awal menggunakan prinsip transmisi gama telah dilakukan ke atas beberapa contoh tandan. Ujian dibuat menggunakan punca Cs-137 3 mCi dan pengesan Nal(Tl).

Keputusan ujian (Rajah 3.3.1) menunjukkan bahawa teknik ini berupaya membezakan di antara tandan yang mempunyai bak buah dengan yang tidak berbuah. Walau bagaimanapun, penyelidikan lanjutan adalah perlu bagi memperbaiki teknik pengukuran.

3. J The use of gamma transmission technique in assessing the presence of remaining fruit in hard bunches

Jaafar Abdullah, Mohd Azmi Ismail and Yahaya Jafar

In the stripping mechanism, where sterilised fruits are separated from the sterilised bunch stalks of oil palm, irregular feeding of the stripper can cause» an increase in the amount of fruit leaving with the stalks. Some of the fruits may not be dislodged or, if dislodged, may not be able to escape due to blocking of the spaces between the bars.

Another reason for fruit remaining in the stalk is inadequate sterilisation. The sterilising conditions are chosen to suit the majority of the bunches but there are always some bunches which are undet—ripe or abnormal in some other way so that they require a longer than average sterilising time before they will strip completely. Stalks which have fruits still firmly attached even after they have passed through the stripper are called hard bunches and these are normally separated from the fully threshed stalks before the latter are disposed of and then re-sterilised and re-threshed.

Presently, in all palm oil refineries in Malaysia, operators at the end of the stripper are responsible to decide which discharged bunches should be separated for recycling. Most of the hard bunches are hardly differentiated from those which are fully stripped. As a result, factories are loosing millions of ringgit every year.

A feasibility study has been carried out by Unit Tenaga Nuklear to identify the problem and i t is suggested that non-destructive radiometric technique might be of great help in solving the problem. Preliminary

100

studies have been carried out using gamma-ray transmission principle on both hard and fully stripped bunches. The study was performed using a radioactive source of 3 mCi Ceasium-137 and a Nal(Tl) scintillation counter.

The result of the studies (Figui^e 3.3.1) shews that the technique is capable of differentiating bunches with residual fruits from those fully stripped. However, further research i^ork are needed to improve the measurement technique.

3.4 Penggunaan prinsip peperlahan neutron bagi menilai bentuk permukaan sesuatu tangki penyimpan petroleum

Jaafar Abdullah, Mohd Azmi Ismail dan Yahaya Jafar

Tangki penyimpap petroleum seringkali dikosongkan bagi menjalankan berbagai pemeriksaan, meliputi keadaan tangki dan permukaan dasarnya. Pemeriksaan bentuk permukaan dasar adalah yang paling penting dalam menilai keselamatan satu-satu tangki. Pemeriksaan permukaan dasar meliputi :

i. pemeriksaan ruangan di antara kepingan bawah dengan permukaan dasar

ii. siasatan bentuk bahagian dasar iii. siasatan tanah.

Belum ada lagi teknik yang boleh mengukur secara tanpa musnah ruangan tersebut yang sesungguhnya amat penting diketahui bentuknya secara tepat. Ujian ultrasonik telah digunakan bagi mengukur ketebalan kepingan bawah dan maklumat mengenai bahagian dasar diperolehi dengan menggerudi atau menghentak kepingan dasar tersebut.

Walau bagaimanapun, ruangan yang terbentuk di antara kepingan bawah dengan permukaan dasar boleh diukur secara kuantitatif menggunakan fenomena serakbalik neutron laju. Alat pengukur yang terdiri daripada punca neutron laju dan pengesan neutron perlahan diletakkan di atas kepingan bawah suatu tangki yang dikosongkan. Neutron laju yang dipancarkan akan kehilangan tenaga semasa perlanggaran dengan nukleus atom yang ada. Jika permukaan dasar terdiri dari atom hidrogen (air, minyak, asfalt) neutron terserak secara kenyal, menyebabkan sebahagian besar dari tenaganya hilang kepada nukleus dan menjadi neutron terma. Sebaliknya jika ia mengandungi atom yang lebih berat dari neutron, sedikit sahaja tenaga yang hilang dan neutron tersebut masih bertenaga tinggi. Selepas beberapa perlanggaran dengan bahan dasar, neutron diserakbalik ke arah pengesan. Neutron laju tersebut dikesan dengan pengesan He-3 dengan penapis kadmium. Bilangan neutron laju berhubungan dengan jarak di a.ntara. kepingan bawah dengan permukaan dasar, atau dipanggil juga ruangan. Sebaliknya jumlah air atau minyak diukur menggunakan pengesan He-3 tanpa penapis kadmium, atau dengan perkataan lain mengukur neutron terma.

Satu contoh dasar alat pengukur ruangan menggunakan neutron telah

101

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102

direkabentuk o leh UTN. l a mengandungi punca neutron l a j u (30 nCi Am-Be) dan pengesan He-3. Kaj ian tentukur yang d ibua t ke atas beberapa j e n i s permukaan dasar, s e p e r t i k o n k r i t , a s f a l t dan pas i r (Rajah 3 .4 .1a , b dan c) menunjukkan bahawa a l a t i n i berupaya mengukur ja rak ruangan d a r i O ke 170 mm. Kaj ian se lan ju tnya terutama bagi memperbaiki s is tem pengukuran adalah pe r l u d ibua t .

3.4 The use of neutron moderation principle in evaluating base gmund surface shape under the bottom plate of petroleum storage tanks

Jaafar Abdullah, Mohd Azmi Ismail and Vahaya Jafar

An oil-storage tank is regularly emptied for various inspections, covering both the tank itself and its foundation. The surface shape of the foundation is one of the most important inspection items in evaluating the safety of a tank. Inspection dealing with foundation includes :

i . inspection of the clearance between the bottom plate and the foundation

i i . survey of the overall configuration of the foundation Hi. soil survey.

There has, however, never been any technique to measure non-destructively the clearance between the bottom plate and the ground surface which is necessary to know precisely the ground surface configuration. Ultrasonic tests have been used to measure the thickness of the bottom plate and the information on the configuration of the foundation is obtained by drilling or hitting the bottom plate.

However, the clearance between the bottom plate and the ground surface can be determined non-destructively and quantitatively using the scattering phenomenon of a high energy neutron. A measuring apparatus which consists of a fast neutron source and slow neutron detectors is placed on the bottom plate of an empty tank. The fast neutron emitted from the source will lose its energy during collision with the nuclei of the different atoms present. If the foundation material contains hydrogen (water, oil, asphalt) the neutron scattered elastically, losses a large proportion of its energy to the nucleus, and becomes a thermal neutron. If, on the other hand, i t contains atoms heavier than neutron, the neutron loses very little energy and remains as a fast neutron. After repeated collisions with foundation material, neutrons are scattered back towards the detector probe. The fast neutron is detected by He-3 counter with a cadmium filter. The fast neutron count corresponds to the distance between the bottom plate and the foundation, namely clearance. On the other hand, the quantity of water or oil is measured by He-3 counters without cadmium filter, which in fact is detecting thermal neutrons.

A prototype clearance measuring device utilizing neutron has been developed by UTN. The device consists of a fast neutron source (30 mCi Am-Be) and a He-3 detector. Calibration studies made an different foundations, such as concrete, asphalt and sand (Figures 3.4.1a, b and

103

c), have shown that the equipment is capable of measuring clearance from 0 to 170 mm. Further research work, especially in improving the detecting system mil be carried out.

3 .5 Pemeriksaan secara t e rus tu rus pemisah naphtha menggunakan tekno log i imbasan s inaran

Jaa fa r Abdu l lah , Mohd Azmi I sma i l dan Daud Mohamad

Kefahaman yang baik mengenai keupayaan sesebuah k i l a n g i n d u s t r i adalah pent ing bagi membantu k i l a n g te rsebut beroperasi dengan l e b i h berkesan. Penggunaan rad io i so top dalam s iasatan proses t e l a h t e r b u k t i berguna d a r i seg i ekonomi, samada menjimatkan atau mempertingkatkan mutu pengeluaran.

Satu canton penggunaan rad io i sa top dalam penyiasatan i n d u s t r i proses adalah pengimbasan tu rus pemisah menggunakan tekn i k t r ansm is i gama. Pemeriksaan tu rus pemisah mel ibatkan p e n e l i t i a n secara te rus c i r i - c i r i t u rus dan mengenalpasti kerosakan. Kaj ian sedemikian t e l a h d i j a l ankan d i sebuah k i l a n g penapis minyak d i Po r t Dickson, m&iggunakan punca r a d i o a k t i f t e r m e t r i Cs-137 50 mCi dan pengesan k e l i p a n .

Sebagai h a s i l d a r i pengukuran i n i (Rajah 3 . 5 . 1 ) , adalah d i k e n a l p a s t i bahawa t u rus pemisah i n i d i d a p a t i t i dak beroperas i sebagaimana c<=Datutnya. B i l a kadar pam masuk di tambah, data menunjukkan bahawa *J>- naran d iserap secara i n t e n s i f d i kawasan atas t u r u s , menandakan bahawa '-.kungan bahagian atas menakung paras c e c a i r yang t i n g g i , yang d i pangg i l keadaan b a n j i r .

3.5 On-line inspection of a naphtha splitter column using radiation scanning technology

Jaafar Abdullah, Mohd Azmi Ismail and Daud Mohamad

A good understanding on how an industrial process plant performs is very essential in order to help improve the operation of the plant. The application of radioisotope in process investigation has proved to be very useful in terms of economic benefit, either as savings or as improved production efficiency.

/On example of the application of radioisotope in industrial plant investigation is the splitter column scan using gamma-ray transmission technique. In most practice, inspection of the splitter column involves looking at the on-line characteristics of the column and the identification of process malfunctions. Such a study Mas performed at an oil refinery plant in Port Dickson, using a sealed radioactive source of SO mCi Cs-137 and a scintillation detector.

As a result of the investigation (Figure 3.5.1), i t was identified that the splitter column was operating far below its specification. When the pump-dawn rate was increased, the scanning results show that the

104

• • •

-2.i

-4. t

z 5 "*•• Q. Ill U

Ul l i .

g -12.« a u. UI a < -14.• »-U) • • *

a

-lO.t

-10.«

-2C.I

1 1 I I II III

49 -»-— 48 — — 47

45

44

43

42

41 40 39 36 37 36 35 34 33 32

T—i riTiirr i i i i m i

TRAY NUMBER

1 I II H I M I I I I M i l l ' I I I II II

1B IB 10 RADIATION INTENSITY (count* / 1 2 —c>

10

Rajah 5.5.1 : Profil ketumpatan turus naphtha Figure 3.5.1 : Density profile of a naphtha splitter column

105

radiation was intensely absorbed around the top part of the column, indicating that the top trays were holding high liquid levels, namely flooded condition.

3.6 Teknik imbasan rad iome t r i bagi pemeriksaan t e rus t u r u s berper ingkat

Jaa fa r Abdul lah dan Mohd Azmi Ismai l

Pro jek kerjasama i n i d i j a l a n k a n ke a tas t i g a t u rus berper ingka t d i k i l a n g as id berlemak dan g l i s e r i n d i Kawasan Per indus t r i an P r a i , menggunakan p r i n s i p t r ansm is i gama. Dalam k a j i a n i n i , sa tu punca r a d i o a k t i f Cs—137 dan pengesan s inaran ke l i pan digunakan.

Keputusan d a r i pengukuran ke a tas k e t i g a - t i g a t u rus berper ingka t menunjukkan banawa dua daripadanya adalah dalam keadaan baik dan beroperas i memuaskan. Data imbasan ke a tas tu rus k e t i g a menunjukkan bahawa keseluruhan bahagian bawah dan sebahagian bahagian tengah t u r u s mengalami p r o f i l ketumpatan rendah (Rajah 3 . 6 . 1 ) . Corak yang d i tun jukkan i n i menandakan yang bahagian te rsebut t e l a h mengalami kerosakan f i z i k a l .

3.6 Advanced non-destructive radiometry scanning technique for on—line inspection of fractionation columns

Jaafar Abdullah and Mohd Azmi Ismail

This collaborative project was carried out on three fractionation columns at a fatty acid and glycerine plant in Prai Industrial Estate, using a radioisotope gamma-ray transmission principle. In this study, a radioactive source of Ceasium-lJ7 and a Nal(Tl) scintillation radiation counter were used.

Results cf the measurements on three fractionation columns showed tliat two of them were in good condition and were operating according to their specifications. The scanning data for the third column showed that the full length of the lower section and parts of the middle section were having low density profiles (Figure J.6.1). These features may indicate that these sections have undergone gross physical damage.

3.7 Teknik t r ansm is i s i n a r gama bagi penyiasatan te rus ke a tas taburan dan kadar pembentukan mendakan dalam sa tu s i k l o n

Mohd Azmi Ismai l dan Jaa-far Abdul lah

Ki lang kapur dan simen p u t i h d i Perak t e l a h mengalami masalah d i mana l ap i san bahan longgar terbentuk secara per lahan- lahan pada permukaan dalaman s i k l o n , terutama d i bahagian tengkoknya. Bagi mengelakkan berlakunya sumbatan, s i k l o n te rsebut d i c u c i menggunakan udara te r tekan

RADIATION INTENSITY tCOUNTS/3 SECONDS) •15

-18 -

5-17

2-18

1-19

£-20

«-21

5 °-22

-23

-24

- 2 5 10 '

" I 1 1 1 — I I l I I 1 1 1 1 — I — I I I

J ^ x penyokong

(support)

j i i i i i i i

1 0 ' KEAMATAN SINARAN (8ILAN8AN/3 SAAT)

O a.

a u u. 3 3 EC U.

Ul

o

l -

a

1 0 '

Rajah 3.6.1 : Profa 1 ketumpatan bagi bahagian bawah satu turus berperingkat

Figure 3.6.1 : Density profile for the bottom section of a fractionation column

RADIATION INTENSITY I COUNTS/3 SECONDS}

- . 5 I-

•1

•1.5

•2

•2.5

•3

-3.5

-4

-4 .5

- 5 10*

~i—i—i—r

, kesan st ruktur da law j— ( effect of int. s true* UK-e)

- i i i i—J_ i i i i

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1 0 ' KEAUATAN SINARAN (BlLANBAN/3 SAAT)

10'

Raj ah 3.7.1 : Profil ketumpatan satu siklon Figure 3.7.J : Typical density profile of a cyclone

107

setiap 4 jam sekali.

Bagi mendapatkan maklumat mengenai taburan dan kadar pemendakan dalam si!:lon, pihak syarikat telah meminta UTN untuk menjalankan kajian lengkap menggunakan teknik penyerapan gama. Kajian ini dibuat menggunakan punca radioisotop Cs-137 100 mCi dan pengesan sinaran kelipan.

Sebagai data asas, satu imbasan rujukan telah dilakukan sejurus selepas siklon tersebut dicuci dan dua imbasan lagi dibuat selepas 2 jam dan 4 jam selepas pencucian. Berasaskan kepada imbasan rujukan, di mana diandaikan tiada mendakan pada siklcrij taburan dan ketebalan mendakan selepas 2 dan 4 jam beroperasi dapat ditentukan menggunakan ungkapan berikut :

I/I0 = Be" "-'

d i mana I a adalah keamatan s inaran t u j u pada satu s i s i , I adalah keamatan s inaran yang t e r ke lua r d a r i s i s i ber tentangan, p. adalah p e k a l i pelemahan l e l u r u s bahantara, x adalah ketebalan bahan dan B adalah f a k t o r tokokan. Dalam kes pengukuran s i k l o n , I 0 boleh dianggap sebagai s i n a r gama yang terpancar me la lu i s i k l o n be rs ih dan I adalah keamatan s inaran bagi s i k l o n yang bermendakan. Contoh keputusan yang d i p e r o l e h i adalah d i tun jukkan dalam Rajah 3 . 7 . 1 .

3.7 Gamma-ray transmission technique for on-line investigation of the distribution and the rate of deposit build-up in a cyclone

Hand Azmi Ismail and Jaafar Abdullah

A white portland cement and lime plant in Perak has experienced a severe fouling problem, where loose material coating layer i s formed gradually on the internal surface of a cyclone, particularly at the neck of the cyclone cone. To avoid any serious blockages, the cyclone was manually cleaned by compressed air foui—hourly.

In order to obtain information on the distribution and the rate of deposit build-up in the cyclone, the company has requested UTN to undertake a comprehensive study at their plant, by gamma-ray absorption technique. The study was performed using a radioisotope source of lOO mCi Caesium-137 and a radiation counter (1" x 1" Nal(Tl) scintilator).

As a baseline data, a reference scan was done immediately after the cyclone was manually cleaned, and two more scans were carried out after 2 hours and 4 hours cleaning, respectively. With the reference scan, where it was assumed that no internal deposit was present in the cyclone, the distribution and the thickness of deposit after 2 hours and 4 hours operations could be determined using the following expression :

I/I0 = Be-y"

where Ia is the intensity of the incident radiation on one side of a solid material, I is the intensity of the radiation emerging from the other side, p is the linear attenuation coefficient for the material and

108

gamma-ray concerned, x is the thickness of the material and B is a buildup factor. In the case of the measurement across a cyclone, / 0 can be regarded as the intensity of gamma-ray transmitted through a clean cyclone, and I is the transmitted intensity through the cyclone when the deposit is present. Typical result of the measurement is shown in Figure 3.7.1.

3.8 Penyiasatan terus taburan dan ketebalan mendakan dalam reaktor menggunakan teknik radiametri sinar gama

Jaafar Abdullah dan Mohd Azmi Ismail

Teknik radiametri sinar gama telah. digunakan dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan maklumat mengenai taburan dan ketebalan mendakan dalam satu reaktor di sebuah kilang petrokimia di Jahor. Kajian ini dibuat menggunakan punca radioaktif Cs-137 50 mCi yang diletakkan dalam bekas plumbum dengan lubang pengkolimat yang sesuai, dan dua pengesan kelipan bagi pengukuran dua sisi.

Pengukuran dibuat dengan car a. yang sama dengan projek sebelumnya, iaitu pengukuran siklon. Keputusan pengukuran adalah seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 3.B.I.

3.8 On-line investigation of the distribution and the thickness of deposit in a reactor using gamma-ray radiometry technique

Jaafar Abdullah and Mohd Azmi Ismail

£> gamma-ray radiometry technique was used with the aim of getting information on the distribution and the thickness of deposit in a reactor at a petrochemical plant in Johor. This study was performed using a radioactive source of 50 mCi Cs-137, housed in a lead container with a suitable collimating hole, and two scintillation detectors for double sides measurements.

The measurement was carried out in a similar way to the previous project, that is the measurement of a cyclone. The result of the measurement is shown in Figure 3.8.1.

3.9 Pengukuran paras dan antaramuka dalam tangki penyimpan menggunakan teknik radioisotap

Jaafar Abdullah dan Mohd Azmi Ismail

Pemeriksaan paras dan antaramuka dalam reaktor proses • dan tangki penyimpan adalah satu contoh penggunaan yang penting dalam menilai dan meningkatkan keupayaan kilang.

109

RAQIATION INTaiSITY (COUNT3/12 3ECON03)

3-1

tr E-2.5

«-a

I....

-s 10'

T i i i i i i

kesan s t r u k t u r dalaman ^ (effect of internal structure)

_i_t_ - i i—i i i i

s

10° KEAMATAN SINARAN 18ILANBAN/12 3AAT)

10

Rajah 3.S.1 : Profil ketumpatan satu pempolimer Figure 3.8.1 : Density profile of a polymerizer

1.5

1.25

1

.75

.5

.25

NEUTRON INTENSITY (COUKTS/12 SECONDS)

1 I I J i

f •

-

|

• V — _ _ _ _ ^

— > - - • — • • '

500 1000 1500 2000

KEAUATAN NEUTRON taiLAN9AN/12 SAAT) 2500 3000

Rajah 3.9.1 : Profil ketumpatan satu tangki penyimpan yang menunjukkan ketinggian paras dan antaramuka

Figure 3.9.1 : Density profile of a storage tank showing the height of level and interface

110

Dalam kajian ini, teknik serakbalik neutron telah digunakan untuk mengukur paras dan antaramuka cecair berhidrogen dalam tangki penyimpan. Pengukuran ini dibuat menggunakan satu peralatan khas yang direkabentuk di UTN. Kepala pengukur yang mengandungi punca neutron laju Am-Be 100 mCi dan pengesan neutron perlahan He-3 diletakkan pada permukaan tangki dan digerakkan ke atas dan ke bawah.

Pengukuran paras dan antaramuka yang dibuat ke atas beberapa tangki penyimpan di sebuah kilang memproses gas asli di Terengganu telah membuktikan kebaikan teknik ini, bukan saja disebabkan ianya satu kaedah yang tak memusnahkan tetapi juga pengukuran dilakukan di luar sistem, cepat dan tepat. Pengesanan paras cecair dalam tangki penyimpan terutamanya telah dibuat dengan jayanya dan satu contoh hasil yang didapati adalah sebagaimana yang ditunjukksn dalam Rajah 3.9.1.

3.9 Level and interface measurements in storage tanks using radioisotope technique

Jaafar At/dull ah and Nohd ftzmi Ismail

The detection of levels and interfaces inside process reactors and storage tanks is an application of great importance in assessing and improving plant performance.

In this study, a neutron backseatter technique was used for the detection of level and interface of hydrogenous liquids inside storage tanks. The measurement was made using a specialized piece of equipment developed by UTN. The measuring head consists of a lOO mCi Am-Be fast neutron source and a He-3 slow neutron detector was positioned against the wall of the tank and was moved up and down over the surface.

Level and interface measurements made on a number of storage tanks at a natural gas processing plant in Terengganu has proved that the technique is very useful in such inspections, not only because i t is a nondestructive metho of inspection but i t is also placed external to the system, rapid and accurate. Detection of liquid levels in storage tanks, in particular, has been very successfully done and a typical result of the scans is as shown in Figure 3.9.1.

3.10 Penyediaan damar bolehpulih menggunakan sinaran : poliester tak tepu

Dahlan Hj. Mohd, Hussin Mohd Nor dan Mohd Hilmi Mahmood

Tujuan sesuatu penemuan teknologi yang baru ialah untuk mengeluarkan sesuatu barangan lebih baik dengan harga lebih murah. Sebelum penemuan sinaran sebagai alat pemprosesan, kaedah haba telah digunakan untuk pulihkeras (curing). Poliester tak tepu yang dilarutkan dalam stirena atau Iain-lain monomer tak tepu adalah salah satu damar terawal yang digunakan dalam penyalutan permukaan bahan-bahan berasaskan kayu. Ini ialah kerana sistem damar ini mempunyai kebaikan tertentu. Dbjektif

111

220

200

3 1 B 0

180 ui DC

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

JJJ] a

rs^ Q n O

^W^'a' X'

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 BOO MASA. ml n i t (TIME, minutes)

a MX m < UJ _J UJ tc cr UJ

<

w . <

"1 a» UJ ID IT UJ

900

Rajah 3.10.1 : Pemonitoran sintesis untuk formulasi Bl Figure 3.10.1 : Synthesis monitoring of formulation Bl

100 200 300 400 500 BOO

MASA, ml nit (TIME, minutes)

700 BOO 900

Rajah 3 .10 .2 : Pemonitaran s i n t e s i s untuk formulas i B2 Figure 3.10.2 : Synthesis monitoring of formulation B2

112

kerja ini ialah menyediakan sistem damar tersebut untuk kerja pulihkeras dan seterusnya menyediakan suatu metodologi penyediaannya.

« Damar poliester tak tepu adalah berasaskan kepada komponen tak tepu yang dibentuk terus ke dalam rantai panjang poliester tersebut. Kumpulan tak tepu itu hendaklah berupaya menjalani pengkopolimeran tambahan secara terus dengan monomer vinil. Untuk memberi suatu polimer lelurus, asid dwibasik (contoh asid isophathalic, asid succinnic, asid adipic, asid sebacic dsb.) boleh digunakan, tetapi resepinya hendaklah termasuk komponen tak tepu seperti maleic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, asid fumaric, asid acenitic dsb.

Untuk kerja ini, dua jenis poliester tak tepu disediakan iaitu formulasi Bl terdiri dari phthalic anhydride (1.6 mol), asid fumaric (2.4 mol) dan kumpulan alkohal (jumlah mol 4.4) terdiri dari propilena glikol (2.2 mol), dietilena glikol (1.8 mol) dan gliserin (0.4 mol). Manakala untuk formulasi B2, campurannya terdiri dari phthalic anhydride (1.6 mol), maleic anhydride (2.4 mol) dan kumpulan alkohol (jumlah mol 4.4) terdiri dari propilena glikol (2.2 mol), dietilena glikol (1.8 mol) dan gliserin (0.4 mol). Kedua-dua sistem ini disediakan dalam kelalang tindak balas empat leher yang berukuran 1 liter yang mana dilengkapi dengan pengaduk mekanik, jangkasuhu, saluran untuk gas nitrogen dan pemeluap refluks.

Dalam kerja sintesis yang melibatkan pempolimeran pemeluapan, kawalan suhu dan aliran gas nitrogen untuk mencapai keadaan lengai adalah penting. Ini kerana, contohnya suhu bukan saja boleh memulakan tindak balas tetapi boleh juga menyebabkan kumpulan berfungsi damar terganggu. Didapiati naik turun suhu sebanyak 10° C boleh diterima.

Rajah 3.10.1 dan Rajah 3.10.2, masing-masing mewakili lengkuk kawalan sintesis untuk formulasi Bl dan B2. Lengkuk kawalan ini menunjukkan suhu tindak balas dan juqa jumlah air yang dibebaskan hasil dari tindak balas tersebut. Jumlah air yang terbebas menunjukkan setakat mana tindak balas itu sudah berlaku. Maklumat ini perlu kerana tindak balas tersebut melibatkan beberapa peringkat pemanasan. Dari hasil maklumat ini nilai asid (AN) campuran tindak balas diukur. Pemanasan dihentikan apabila jumlah air terbebas mencapai, masing-masing 97.5 ml (AN 46.5) dan 46 ml (AN 48) untuk Bl dan B2. Taburan berat molekul mereka didapati berada di antara 2500 dan 3500.

Langkah yang tidak kurang penting dalam penyediaan sistem damar ini ialah percampuran dengan monomer vinil contohnya stirena, MMA, AN, dan monomer berfungsi banyak (PFM) contohnya TMPTMA dan 1, 4-butandiol diakrilat. Percampuran dilakukan semasa damar itu mula menyejuk. Untuk kerja ini, monomer yang digunakan ialah stirena dengan nisbah campuran (PE: styrene) 7:3.

Z.IO Preparation of radiation-curable resin : unsaturated polyesters (PE)

Dahlan Hi. Mohd, Hussin Mohd Nor and Mohd Hilmi Mahmood

The purpose of finding new technology is to produce better product at a cheaper price. Before the advent of radiation technique, people had been

113

using thermal technique with the help from initiator. Unsaturated polyesters, dissolved in styrene or other unsaturated monomers, were one of the earliest types of resin to be used in radiation curing of surface coating of wood substrates. They are popular because they have advantages over the conventional thermal technique. The objectives of this work are to prepare unsaturated polyester resins for further curing work and to establish preparation methodology of the resins.

Unsaturated polyester resins are based on components which introduce unsaturation directly into the polyester backbone. This unsaturation must be capable of direct addition copolymerization with vinyl monomers. To give a linear polymer, dibasic acids (e.g. isophthalic acid, succinnic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid etc.) or dihydric alcohols (e.g. ethylene glycol, glycerol, pentaerythritol, diethylene glycol etc.) can be used, but the ingredient must include some unsaturated components e.g. maleic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, fumaric acid, acenitic acid etc.

In this work two types of unsaturated polyester Mere prepared i.e. formulation Bl containing phthalic anhydride (1.6 mole), fumaric acid (2.4 mole) and alcohol group (mole total 4.4) i.e. propylene glycol (2.2 mole), diethylene glycol (1.8 mole), and glycerine (0.4 mole).

For the formulation B2, the ingredients were phthalic anhydride (1.6 mole), maleic anhydride (2.4 mole), and alcohol group (mole total 4.4) i.e. propylene glycol (2.2 mole), diethylene glycol (1.8 mole), and glycerine (0.4 mole).

Both Bl and B2 were prepared in one-litre four necked reaction flasks, each equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a thermometer, an inlet tube for nitrogen gas and a reflux condenser.

In this synthesis process i.e. through the condensation polymerization, the control of temperature and nitrogen gas flow to achieve an inert environment, are important. In the case of temperature, besides starting the reaction, i t can also initiate radical polymerization, thus the functional group i.e. double bond be consumed. In this work i t is found that fluctuation in temperature of not more than 10" C is tolerable.

Figures 3.10.1 and 3.10.2 represent synthesis monitoring curves for the formulations Bl and B2, respectively. The figures show the synthesis temperature as well as water released as the reactions take place. These information are necessary because the reactions involve few stages of heating. To monitor whether the reactions are complete or not, the amount of i^ater condensed is measured. From these readings, the acid number (AN) of the batches are taken. The heating was stopped when the total water released were 97.5 ml (AN 46.5) and 46 ml (AN 48) for Bl and B2, respectively. Their molecule weight distribution were measured i.e. between 250O and 3500.

The equally important step in preparing the unsaturated FE is mixing with copal ymerizable vinyl monomers such as styrene, MMA, AN, and polyfunctional monomers (FFM) such as TMPTNA and 1, 4-butanediol diacrylate. The mixing is carried out when the resin is cooling, by introducing the monomer to the resin. In this work, the monomer chosen was styrene with a mixing ratio (PE: styrene) of 7 to 3.

114

3.11 Sintesis prapolimer akrilik

Hussin Mohd Nor, Dahlan Hj Mohd dan Mohd Hilmi Mahmood

Suatu prapolimer akrilat telah disediakan daripada glisidil metakrilat (5MA), butil metakrilat (BMA), metil metakrilat (IW) dan asid akrilik (AA). Butil asetat (BAC), benzoil peroksida (BzO), 4-metoksifenol (MPH) dan trietilamina (TEA) masing-mas,ingnya digunakan sebagai pelarut, pemula, perencat dan mangkin. Prapolimer tersebut disintesiskan di dalam suatu kelalang 5-leher yang dilengkapi dengan suatu pemeluap refluks, suatu corong penitik, suatu pengacau mekanikal, suatu jangka suhu dan suatu saluran gas nitrogen.

Suatu kopolimer daripada GMA, BMA dan MMA disintesiskan dalam butil asetat pada suhu 127°C. Selepas 5 jam tindak balas, asid akrilik telah ditambahkan titik demi titik kepada kopolimer pada suhu 100°C untuk menghasilkan prapolimer akrilik. Sintesis tersebut dihentikan apabila nilai asid prapolimer itu mencapai nilai 9.4 mg KOH/g damar. Berat molikul damar ialah 14,408.

3.11 Synthesis af acrylic prepalymer

Hussin Mohd Nor, Dahlan Hj Mohd dan Mohd Hilmi Ma I mood

fin acrylic prepolymer was prepared from glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), butyl methacrylate (BMA), methyl methacrylate (MMA) and acrylic acid (AA). Butyl acetate (BAC), benzoyl peroxide (BzO), 4-methoxyphenol (MPH) and triethylamine (TEA) were used as solvent, initiator, inhibitor and catalyst, respectively. The prepalymer was synthesized in a 5-necked reaction flask which was equipped with a reflux condenser, a dropping funnel, a mechanical agitator, a thermometer and a nitrogen gas inlet.

A copolymer of GMA, BMA and MMA was synthesized in butyl acetate at 127°C. After 5 hrs reaction, acrylic acid was then introduced dropwisely to the copolymer at 10O"C to produce acrylic prepolymer. The synthesis was terminated when the acid value of the prepolymer attained a value of 9.4 mg KOH/g resin. The molecular weight of the resin was 14,408.

3.12 Sintesis akrilat epoksi

Hussin Mohd Nor, Mohd Hilmi Mahmood dan Dahlan Hj Mohd

Damar epoksi AER 331 yang berataranya antara 180-200 g dibekal oleh Asahi, Jepun, telah digunakan untuk mensintesiskan akrilat epoksi. Tindak balas terlibat dalam sintesis ini ialah di antara kumpulan epoksi dan asid akrilat yang boleh diringkaskan dengan persamaan seperti di dalam rajah 3.12.1.

Sintesis ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat radas yang sama sebagaimana sintesis prapolimer akrilik. Trietilamina (TEA) dan

115

hidroquinon (HQ) masing-masing telah digunakan sebagai mangkin atau perencat. Hasil diperolehi, telah dicirikan dengan alat FTIR. Berdasarkan kepada spektrum IR akrilat epoksi, suatu puncak yang mewakili kumpulan akrilik muncul pada 1635 cm-J- sementara puncak pada 915 cm-1

yang mewakili kumpulan epoksi lenyap mencadangkan bahawa kumpulan epoksi telah digunakan dalam proses akrilasi.

-C-C-

\/ O b ==» CHCOOH

Kumpulan epoksi As id a k r i l i k (Epoxy group) (Acrylic acid)

-CH-CH-I I

D OH I C = 0 Akrilat epoksi | (Epoxy aerylate) CH

II

Rajah 3.12.1 : Tindak balas sintesis akrilat epoksi FiQure 3.12.1 : Epoxy aery late synthesis reaction

3.12 Synthesis of epoxy aerylate

Hussin Mohd Nor, Mohd Hilmi Mahmood and Dahlan HJ Mohd

Epoxy resin AER 331 having equivalent weight between 1BO-2O0 g supplied by Asahi, Japan, was used to synthesise epoxy acrylate>. The reaction involved in this synthesis is between epoxy group and acrylic acid which can be summarized as in figure 3.12.1.

The synthesis was carried out using a similar set up as for the synthesis of acrylic prepolymer. Triethylamine (TEA) and hydroquinone (HO) were used as catalyst and inhibitor respectively. The product was characterized using FTIR. According to JR spectrum of epoxy acrylate, a peak representing acrylic group appears at 1635 ctirx whereas the peak at 915 cnrx representing epoxy group disappeared thus suggesting that epoxy group was consumed in the acrylation process.

3.13 Sintesis oligomer uretan berakrilat

Mohd Hilmi Mahmood, Hussin Mohd Nor dan Dahlan Hj Mohd

Monomer—monomer ataupun polimer-polimer berakrilik yang mengandungi kumpulan hidroksi boleh ditindak balaskan dengan diisosianat ataupun prapolimer-prapolimer yang mengandungi kumpulan-kumpulan isosianat

116

berlebihan untuk menghasilkan poliuretan berakrilat yang peka terhadap sinaran. Damar ini mempunyai si fat rawatan yang baik di samping dapat menunjukkan prestasi yang memuaskan di atas banyak substrat. Sifat-sifat akhir penyalutan adalah bergantung kepada struktur oligomer, berat molikul dan kelikatan, diluen reaktif, pemulafoto-pemulafoto dan keadaan perawatan yang sesuai.

Di dalam kerja ini, oligomer uretan berakrilat telah disintesiskan dengan menggunakan poli(propilena) diol berat malikul 1000, taluena diisosianat (TD1) dan 2 - hidroksietil akrilat (HEA) pada suhu 50° - 90°C. Tindak balas telah dilakukan di dalam kelalang berleher empat berukuran 1 liter yang dilenukapi dengan pengacau, jangkasuhu, gas nitrogen, pemeluap dan corong penitik. Pengawalan suhu dicapai dengan menggunakan kukus minyak yang dilengkapi dengan pengawal haba. Peratus isosianat (NCO) bebas yang tertinggal di dalam campuran tindak balas telah ditentukan dengan kaedah titratan.

Tindak balas telah diberhentikan iaitu dengan cara mengalihkan haba, selepas tiga belas jam di mana kandungan isosianat bebas menghampiri sifar. Damar yang terhasil adalah merupakan cecair likat, tanpa warna pada suhu bilik dan spektroskopi IRnya tidak lagi menunjukkan kewujudan kumpulan NCO bebas pada panjang gelombang 2220-2300 cm-1. Berat molikul oligomer adalah di sekitar 6000 g/mol, sebagaimana yang telah ditentukan oleh kromatografi penyerapan gel, GPC.

3.13 Synthesis of acrylated urethane oligomer

Ptohd Hilmi Mahmood, Hussin Mohd. Nor and Dahlan Hj Mohd

Hydroxy-group containing acrylic monomers or polymers can be reacted with diisocynates or prepolymers containing an excess of isocynate groups to produce radiation-curable acrylated palyurethanes. Coatings based on these resins are capable of giving good cure speeds combined with good all-round performance properties on a variety of substrates. The properties of the finishes have been shown to be dependent on the oligomer structure having suitable molecular weight and viscosity, reactive diluent, photoinitiators and proper curing conditions.

In this work, an acylated urethouie oligomer was synthesized using poly (propylene) diol rPJ 1000, toluene diisocynate (TDI) and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) at 50 - 9Q=-C. The reaction was done in a one litre four necked flask equipped with a stirrer, a thermometer, nitrogen gas line, a condenser and a dropping funnel. The reaction temperature was controlled by means of an oil bath fitted with thermoregulator. The percentage of free NCO left in the reaction mixture was determined by means of titration.

The reaction was terminated i.e. by removing the heat, after thirteen hours where the NCO content approached approximately zero and the product was cooled to room temperature while scirring. The product was a viscous, colourless liquid at room temperature and its IR spectrum showed no trace of -NCO group at 2200-230O crrrx. The molecular weight of the oligomer was around 6OO0 g/mole as was determined by gel permeation chromatography, GPC.

117

3.14 Perawatan permukaan kayu menggunakan alur elektron : penyalutan filem FVC ke atas substrat kayu

Mohd Hilmi rlahmood

Penggunaan sinaran di dalam perawatan damar telah bertambah dengan pesatnya terutama sekali di dalam bidang penyalutan dan laminasi permukaan kayu. Ini berlaku sejak lebih lima belas tahun yang lalu terutama sekali di Amerika Syarikat dan Eropah. Dengan meninggikan mutu beberapa jenis kayu seperti papan serabut, papan keras dan sebagainya secara teknik ini, ianya akan dapat menawarkan pilihan daripada terlalu bergantung kepada penggunaan kayu padat serrulajadi yang semakin mahal disebabkan kenaikan belanja buruh dan kayu itu sendiri.

Di dalam kerja ini, filem-filem yang terhasil melalui proses perawatan menggunakan sinaran ke atas rumusan-rumusan (formulations) yang dibuat menggunakan beberapa jenis oligomer seperti poliester dan poliuretan akrilat, monomer—monomer mono-, di-, dan trifungsi telah diselidiki. Kebolehan prosesan (processability) rumusan-rumusan ini di atas substrat kayu juga telah diperiksa dan kemudiannya memilih beberapa rumusan-rumusan yang sesuai untuk digunakan sebagai pelekat (adhesive) di dalam proses laminasi filem PVC ke atas substrat kayu menggunakan sinar alur— elektron.

Adalah didapati, kebanyakan rumusan memerlukan jumlah dos yang agak rendah iaitu di sekitar 3 hingga 6 Mrad untuk perawatan yang lengkap. Rumusan-rumusan yang mempunyai lebih daripada satu monomer didapati menghasilkan filem-filem yang mempunyai kekerasan yang rendah. Rumusan-rumusan yang mempunyai kelikatan lebih daripada 500 cps didapati sesuai untuk digunakan sebagai pelekat di atas permukaan kayu.

Rumusan-rumusan yang disediakan daripada oligomer-oligomer uretan berakrilat menunjukkan sifat-sifat pelekatan yang lebih baik daripada rumusan-rumusan lain. Ini mungkin disebabkan oleh kelikatan rumusan dan keliatan (toughness) filem yang tinggi.

Kebanyakan rumusan yang dipilih untuk proses laminasi memberikan kekuatan siat di sekitar 1 kg/in. Walau bagaimanapun beberapa rumusan menunjukkan kekuatan siat yang agak tinggi iaitu disekitar 1.5 hingga 3.0 kg/in.

Tebal pelekat dan dos penyinaran yang berbeza memberikan sedikit kesan ke atas kekuatan siat laminasi. walau bagaimanapun kekuatan filem PVC tidak menunjukkan banyak perubahan dengan perubahan dos.

3.14 Electron beam (EB) curing of wood surface finishing : lamination of PVC film on wood substrates

Mohd Hilmi Mahmood

The use of radiation is becoming increasingly important for curing of resins. Wood surface finishing, i.e surface coatings and surface laminations, has been one of the major applications of radiation curing technology since the last fifteen years in Europe and the United States.

118

By upgrading one of the various composition boards such as particle-board, fibre-board and hardboard by using this technique they 01 fer an alternative to using solid natural wood which is becoming more expensive and luxurious due to the rise of labour and wood costs.

In this work, the properties of the films formulated by using various acrylated polyesters and urethane oligomers, mono-, di- and tri functional monomers cured by using EB machine were investigated. The processability of these formulations on wood substrates were also examined and later to apply those few selected formulations in the EB curing of lamination of PvC films on mood substrates.

It was found that, most formulations required relatively lower doses for curing, i.e., ranging from J to 6 Mrads. Formulations having more than one monomer showed to have films of lower hardness. The processability of resins on wood panels showed to be greatly dependent on the viscosity of the formulations, i.e., more than 50O cps was required.

Formulations prepared from acrylated urethane oligomers showed better adhesion properties than other formulations. Higher viscosity and toughness of the films might be the factors which contribute to this superior performance.

Most formulations chosen for the lamination process, gave peel strength of adhesive bonds of around 1 kg/in. However some formulations displayed a relatively higher strength, i.e., 1.5 to 3.0 kg/in.

Thickness of adhesives and irradiation dose showed some effects on the peel strength of the lamination. However the strength of PVC films does not change very much with irradiation dose.

3.15 Mood polymer composites: penetration and distribution of polymer

Nik Bhazali Nik Salleh

Rubberwood samples 2 cm x 2 cm x 6 cm were used in this experiment. They were placed under 0.25 mbar pressure for 2 hours and then immersed in monomer. The monomer used for all treatments was methyl methacrylate (tnfii) inhibited with 0.0057. hydroquinone. The pressure was raised to atmospheric and the sampels were allowed to soak for 1 hour. Then they were sent for irradiation at 2 Mrads.

From calculation, the polymer loading of this sample was found to be 54.2'/. of polymethyl methacrylate. The sample was then cut into transverse sections and parallel to the grain (see Figure 3.15.1). P) small portion of the sample was taken and the structure of wood was determined by the use of scanning electron microscope (SEM).

It was found that the monomer had penetrated throughout the wood. From the photographs taken by the scanning electron microscope, we can see polymethyl methacrylate occupied certain parts inside the wood. There are still some pores which have not been filled by the polymer (see

. ^

%

Figure 3.15.1 : Rubben*jood sample was cur into transverse sections and parallel to the grain

Figure 3.15.2 : SEM image of untreated sample

120

Figure 3.15.3 : SEM image of a treated sample

TEMPERATURE. 'C 20

18

18 o o

2 u

« 1 2 <a % 10

5 B

2«, i— 0 _ l

a« 2

0

oUP-K*TPe0A AUP-K*HD0A vUP-H*H0OA

10

o o o

3 o

60

Figure 3.16.1 : Viscosity of unsaturated oligoestet—acrylate (in 50'/. of monomers) as a function of temperature

121

Figures 3.15.2 and 3.15.3).

fit suitable method for determining the distribution of polymer throughout the wood is by density measurement. The weights and volumes of small samples taken from several locations throughout a specimen were determined and the densities compared with the density of the corresponding unmodified wood. It is thereby possible to determine accurately the existence of polymer concentration gradients in wood-polymer specimens. It is worth mentioning that some migration of monomer occurs in impregnated wood before and during the early stages of irradiation. This can be seen by comparing the monomer gradient in similar, identically treated specimens which had been irradiated.

3.16 Viscosity study of unsaturated oligaester components at different temperatures

Nik Bhazali Nik Salleh

The main components of the electron beam curable coating used in this work were unsaturated oligoesters and their acrylates. A typical representative of this group is :

CHz= CH-C-0-(CH>)t, [O-C-fCHzU-C-fChhi)*] O-C-CWCHs

II II II o o o

This oligomer was dissolved either in hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) or in tripropyleneglycol diacrylate (TPGDA). The structures of HDW and TPGDA are shown below :

i . HDM

O O

II II ct-k = OM:-o-CH*-CHs-cH>-&k-chk-c}b>-o<:-a-L = oh

i i . TPGDA O 04s CHr. CHs O

II I I I II Chk = CH^-0-C>h<>i-U^C>h-a+<hCHz-CHHD-C-CH = Chh>

The equipment used in this experiment was Rheotest 2. The amount of unsaturated oligaester component, dissolved in the above monomers, needed for viscosity measurement was 50 ml ±_ 5'/.. Each sample was measured at 20=C, 30=0, 4CPC and 50°C. The amount of monomers (reactive diluents! in the resin were varied in the range of 30 - SOX.

Figure 3.16.1 shows the viscosity of unsaturated polyester in 50'/. monomers either in hexanediol diacrylate or tripropyleneglycol diacrylate. From this result, the viscosity of the coating materials can be reduced by using monomers with low viscosity. Usually, this type of

122

TEMPERATURE, 'C

Figure 3.16.2 : Viscosity of unsaturated oligoester in triprapyleneglycol diacrylate (TPGDA) at different concentration as a function of temperature

40

as

g so O • • •

x 25

a % 20

5 15

5J 10

5

AHQDA09> 7H0DAlS0)

TEMPERATURE. 'C

1

10

o o

§ u

60

Figure 3.16.3 : Viscosity of unsaturated oligoester in hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) at different concentration as a function of temperature

123

monomers have irritant characteristics.

Figure 3.16.2 shows unsaturated oligoester in different percentage of tripropyleneglycol diacrylate and Figure 3.16.3 shows unsaturated oligoester in 30'/. and 50'/. of hexanediol diacrylate. From these results, the viscosity of coating materials can be reduced by using monomers in large proportion, fit higher temperature, the viscosity of the coating materials can also be reduced but this will cause stability problem.

Viscosity data can provide accurate reference paint in the formulation of the materials, facilitating the achievement of consistency from batch to batch. Once a correlation has been developed between rheological data and product behaviour, the data can be used to predict product performance.

3.17 Pemvulkanan lateks getah asli menggunakan sinaran

Wan Manshol W. Zin, Norjanah Mohid dan Shukri Abd. Wahab*

Kod Projek : IRPA 2-01-01-007-01

Sektor pengilangan hasil-hasil keluaran lateks telah berkembang dengan pesat dalam masa lima belas tahun kebelakangan ini. Sektar ini merupakan sektor yang kedua besarnya selepas sektor pengeluaran tayar, di dalam Plan Induk Industri Negara (IMP). Contoh barangan keluaran lateks ialah sarung tangan bagi kegunaan kerja rumah, perubatan dan perindustrian, kondom, belon, 'catheters', benang lateks, puting susu, tilam, kusyen, alas karpet dan bahan pelekat.

Barangan keluaran lateks ini diperbuat daripada lateks yang telah melalui proses pemvulkanan cara lazim. Formulasi lateks ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan campuran sulfur, bahan pemecut (ditiokarbonat) dan bahan pengaktif (zink oksida) dan kemudian dipanaskan bagi melengkapkan proses pemvulkanan tersebut. Jenis taut silang yang terhasil merupakan taut silang sulfur.

Buat masa ini masalah keracunan dari barangan keluaran lateks yang digunakan bagi fabrikasi barangan perubatan dan pemakanan dipersoalkan. Malah sesetengah negara telah menghadkan paras nitrosoamin dan sebatian-sebatiannya di dalam barangan lateks tersebut. Memandangkan sisa bahan-bahan kimia ini dihasilkan dari proses pemvulkanan lateks secara lazim, maka kaedah pemvulkanan lateks yang berlainan perlu diguna.

Kaedah lain bagi pemvulkanan lateks getah asli ialah dengan menggunakan sinaran gama. Jenis taut silang yang akan terbentuk dengan menggunakan kaedah ini ialah taut silang karbon-karbon.

Projek pemvulkanan lateks getah asli dengan menggunakan sinaran (RVNRL) telah dirancangkan dan dibiayai Dleh UNDP dan IAEA serta melibatkan

* Pusat Penyelidikan Getah Malaysia

124

negara-negara RCA di kawasan Asia dan Pasifik. Projek ini telah dijalankan di negara Jepun dan Perancis dalam tahun 60-an dan 70-an.

Objektif UNDP di dalam perancangan projek ini ialah untuk tujuan pemindahan teknologi penyinaran kepada industri-industri di kawasan Asia dan Pasifik. Projek bermula pada tahun 1781. Laji percubaan bagi kemudahan penyinaran lateks yang pertama didirikan di Indonesia pada tahun 1993. Penglibatan Malaysia di dalam prajek ini adalah terhad kerana sebahagian besar program penyelidikan dan pembangunan (R&D) ini dijalankan di Indonesia dan Jepun. Walau bagaimanapun kakitangan dari UTN dan RRIM turut terlibat di dalam program R&D dan juga mengikuti program-program latihan yang dijalankan di negara-negara tersebut.

Walaupun teknologi RVNRL ini belum berkembang dengan sepenuhnya, penyelidikan program R&D yang dijalankan di Jepun dalam tahun 1986 telah menunjukkan keputusan yang memuaskan serta menunjukkan potensi yang baik dari segi teknikal dan ekonomi. Oleh itu penyelidikan dan pembangunan dari segi teknologi bagi RVNRL amat diperlukan di Malaysia. Bagi menjalankan penyelidikan dan pembangunan terhadap RVNRL, satu Kumpulan Penyelidikan Kebangsaan telah ditubuhkan terdiri daripada para penyelidik dari UTN, RRIM dan UKM.

RVNRL dikatakan mempunyai beberapa kelebihan seperti berikut :

o Prapemvulkanan lateks yang lebih stabil (boleh disimpan dengan lebih lama),

o Mempunyai kelikatan yang lebih rendah (boleh menghasilkan barangan celup yang lebih nipis),

o Kurang atau tiada masalah ketoksikan (kurang penggunaan bahan kimia),

o Boleh menghasilkan barangan lateks yang nipis (warna yang lebih jelas)

o Modulus yang rendah (keperluan bagi sesetengah penggunaan)

Qbjektif utama bagi kerja-kerja penyelidikan yang sedang dijalankan pada masa ini ialah untuk mencari keadaan yang optimum, terutamanya dari segi das penyinaran dan formulasi lateks, yang boleh menghasilkan pemvulkanan lateks getah asli dengan kekuatan ketegangan yang tertinggi.

Dua pemeka digunakan bagi tujuan tersebut, iaitu karbon tetraklorida (CCLa) dan 2-etil heksil akrilik (2-EHA). Formulasi pemeka-pemeka tersebut dengan lateks getah asli dinyatakan di dalam Jadual 3.17.1 dan 3.17.2.

Sebelum pengacuan dijalankan, lateks yang telah melalui proses penyinaran dibiarkan selama 24 jam pada suhu bilik agar ianya stabil. Lateks itu kemudiannya ditapis ke dalam acuan kaca. Ketebalan filem yang diperolehi apabila ianya kering adalah lebih kurang satu milimeter. Filem lateks kemudiannya didebukan dengan talkum, sebelum diluluh larut selama 24 jam di dalam air suling dan dibiarkan kering pada suhu bilik. Setelah itu sampel tersebut dipanaskan pada suhu 70°C selama satu jam sebelum ujian ketegangan dijalankan. Keputusan ujian ketegangan ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 3.17.1 dan 3.17.2.

Daripada modulus yang diperolehi jelas menunjukkan bahawa kekisi-kekisi

125

30

25

J 20 » 3 o JH i s 3

I„

•

"

•

"

O'

1.

RADIATION OOSH.

o —

/ ° /° °

—1 1 l~

Urad

i 1_

^ " ^ - 0

-

, i , .

Si

CD Z u CO

1U _ l # - • CO

s s

0 1 2 3 4 5 8 7 8

005 SINARAN. Urad

Rajah 3.17.1 : Kekuatan ketegangan lawan dos sinaran Figure 3.17.1 : Tensile strength versus irradiation dose

RADIATION 00SE. Urad

T"

3 4. 5

DOS SINARAN. Urad

Rajah 3.17.2 : Kekuatan ketegangan lawan dos sinaran Figure 3.17.2 : Tensile strength versus irradiation dose

125

tersebut telah melalui proses pemvulkanan. Pemvulkanan lateks yang menggunakan CCIA sebagai pemeka menghasilkan kekuatan ketegangan maksimum lebih kurang 21 MPa pada dos penyinaran lebih kurang 3.5 Mrad. (Rajah 3.17.1). Rajah 3.17.2 pula menunjukkan pada das penyinaran lebih kurang 4 Mrad, kekuatan ketegangan maksimum ialah lebih kurang 26 MPa iaitu bagi formulas! lateks yang menggunakan 2EHA + CCl^ sebagai pemeka. Kekuatan ketegangan bagi proses pemvulkanan yang menggunakan formulasi 2EHA + tXl4

ini adalah hampir sama dengan kekuatan ketegangan bagi lateks yang melalui proses pemvulkanan dengan menggunakan sulfur.

Kajian-kajian seterusnya akan ditumpukan kepada kemajuan dari segi kekuatan ketegangan dengan menggunakan dos penyinaran yang lebih rendah dan bahan pemeka yang lain.

phr wet. wt (g)

H.fi Latex, 60.43% drc 100 167 CCU 5 5 20'/. potassium laurate 0.5 2.5 Mater to 50'/. tsc 26.5

Jadual 3.17.1 : Formulasi lateks menggunakan CCl* sebagai pemeka Table 3. 17.1 : Latex formulation using CC1* as the sensitiser

phr wet wt (g)

Hft Latex, 60.48/. drc. 100 167 2-EHA 5 5 CCU 1 1 20'/. Potassium laurate 0.5 5 Water to 50'/. tsc 17

Jadual 3.17.2 : Formulasi lateks menggunakan 2-EHA dan CC1« sebagai pemeka Table 3.17.2 : Latex formulation using 2-EHA and CCl^ as the sensitisers

3.17 Radiation vulcanisation of natural rubber latex

Wan Manshol 1/1. Zin, Narjanah Mohid and Shukri Abd. Wahati*

Project Code : IRPA 2-01-01-007-01

The latex products manufacturing sector has been the biggest growth in Malaysia in the last fifteen years. The sector has been identified as the second largest growth area, after the tyre sector, in the Industrial

* Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia

127

Master Plan. Latex products including gloves (household, medical and industrial), condoms, balloons, catheters, latex thread, baby teats, foam products (ma tresses, cushion and carpet backing) rubberised coir, adhesives etc.

Latex products are often made from pre-vulcanised latex which is prepared by adding the latex with sulphur, an accelerator (e.g. dithiocarbonates) and an activator (eg. zinc oxide), and subjecting the latex to heat to complete the vulcanization. The crosslink formed are sulphur crosslink type.

There is at the moment a problem of toxicity with regard to latex product to be used in contact with food and in medical application. Some countries are limiting the level of nitrosoamine and nitrosatable compounds in such products. Pm these chemical residues are derived from the chemical added to vulcanise the latex conventionally, finding an alternative method of vulcanising natural rubber latex i s of advantage.

Pn alternative method of crosslinking NR latex is by irradiating the NR latex with gamma rays. The crosslinks farmed by this method are said to be carbon-carbon crosslink type.

Following initial work by French and Japanese researchers in the 60s and 70s a project on Radiation vulcanisation of Natural Rubber Latex (RvNRL) has been instituted and funded by UNDP and IPEPt involving RCP> member states in Asia and the Pacific Region. The abjective of this UN-bodies funded project is to transfer radiation technology to the participating countries to be applied industrially. The project began in 1931 and in 1983 a pilot latex irradiation facility was set up in Indonesia. Malaysia's involvement in this project (through participation of RRIM and UTN) was limited as the research and development programme was mainly carried out in Indonesia and Japan. However, personnel from UTN and RRIM participated in the R&D as well as training programmes held in the two countries.

The RvNRL technology as undertaken by the UNDP/IPEP programme was not in fact fully developed. Pi coordinated R&D programme which was undertaken in 1986 in Japan, hofjever, resulted in some tangible results showing the technical and economic merits of RVNRL,. Therefore, an indigenous technological development of RVNRL is without doubt necessary to ensure Malaysia acquired the technnological knowhow. In order to pursue the research on RVNRL a National Research Group has been formed i.e researchers from UTN, RRIM and UKM.

RvNRL is considered to possess the following advantages over conventional pre-vulcanised latex :

o Better latex stability (longer shelf life); o Lower latex viscosity (thinner dipped films passible); a Less or absence of toxicity problems (less chemical additives); o Better clarity of products (better colouration); o Lower modulus (requirement for certain applications).

The objective of the present work is to find the optimum conditions, especially the irradiation dose and latex formulations which give

128

vulcanised NR latex of the highest tensile strength.

Two sensiUsers are employed i.e. carbon tetrachloride (CCL+) and 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate (2-EHA). Their formulations with latex are given in Tables 3.17.1 and 3.17.2.

The irradiated latex was allowed to stablise at room temperature for about 24 hours before casting was done. The latex was cast by filtering the latex onto a glass plate. The film thickness obtained when dried was about one millimetre. The films were dusted with talc, leached for 24 hours in distilled water and dried at room temperature. The samples were heated at 70PC for one hour before tensile tests were carried out.

Results of tensile studies are presented graphically in Figures 3.17.1 and 3.17.2. From the moduli obtained, i t seems that the lattices nave undergone vulcanisation. Latex formulation using CCl^ as the sensitiser produced crosslinked latex with the maximum tensile strength of about 21 MPa at an irradiation dose of about 3.5 Mrad (Figure 3.17.1). Crosslinked latex with the maximum tensile strength of about 26 MPa at an irradiation dose of about 4 Mrad was produced by the latex formulation using 2-EHA + CC1*. as the sensi tiser (Figure 3.17.2). The vulcanised latex produced using the latex formulation is very similar to the tensile strength of latex vulcanised by conventional method i.e. using sulphur as the crosslinking agent. Further work will be concentrated on improving the tensile strength and minimising the irradiation dose.

3.IB Graft copalymerisation of methyl methacrylate onto natural rubber

Ulan Manshal W. Zin and wan Noor Azlina Ulan Md. Zaid

Project Code : IRPA 2-01-O1-O07-04

Polymers consisting of two different monomers, A and B are termed copolymers. Species 1 and II represent the basic structures of simple copolymers comprising of fit and B. They are referred to as random (1) and graft (II) copolymers, respectively. If homopolymers (-A-A-A-A-) and (-B-B-B-B-) are linked at one point on their chains, a linear graft or block copolymer (III) i s formed. That part of the copolymer originally present in the ungrafted polymer (-Pt-fi-Pr-flr-A-) is called the backbone or trunk, whilst the new chains (-B-B-B-B-B-) are referred to as grafts.

A~B-A-B-B-A-A-B-A- -A-fl>-P>-Pi-P>-Pi B

I B B

-fl>-A-A-fl-B-B-B-B- B

III II

Graft copolymerisation has been widely used to modify polymers,

129

RADIATION DOSE, Mrad

1 1.5 2

DOS SINARAN, Mrad

n * MIA GRAFTEO O» CONV. IMA Tt

K

§

ro MH PUUA

2 .5

Figure 3.18.1 : Percentage of conversion versus irradiation dose

RADIATION OOSE. Mrad

100

90

80

70

B0

S 50 LU a.

40

30

20

10

0 A .8 . 8

DOS SINARAN. Mrad

-O-

O» «MA BttPTEO C» COW. IMA TC(

3S O »-• CO EC 111 > 3: o o

TO NR PUUA

1 . 2

Figure 3.18.2 : Percentage of conversion versus irradiation dose

130

particularly in modifying such commodity polymers as fibres, plastics, rubber and coatings. Graft copolymers are of interest to polymer chemists since film or fibre of a chain of A's can be surface grafted wit/? branches of B's in order to increase the surface Mater repellancy, light resistance, flame retardancy and also to increase gas permeability. Often grafting of monomer B on to the surface of a polymer, or within the polymer to a certain depth, produces significant changes to the physical properties of the polymer.

The objectives of grafting are basically .--

i . To improve the property of natural rubber, and i i . To increase the usage of graft copolymers.

P> series of methyl methacrylate (MMPi) graft copolymers are prepared by gamma irradiation from Co-60 source, on natural rubber (NR) swollen by the monomer. Several different techniques are utilised to compare the properties of unmodified NR with those of graft copolymers. Investigations are also being carried out in order to determine the effect of increasing MMfl content on the properties. Comparison will be made with a commercial natural rubber-polymethylmethacrylate graft copolymer (MG rubbers).

The MMA contents are determined from the weight increase and also checked by infra-red analysis and selective degradations of NR backbone polymer.

The molecular weight of the MMPi grafted onto NR and of polymethyl methacrylate homopolymer will be determined by using gel permeation chromatography. Other characterisation techniques will include the determination of glass transition temperatures, 7 , by using a differential scanning calorimeter and the examination of NR and graft copolymer brittle fractured surfaces on a scanning electron microscope.

The tensile properties of NR and the graft copolymer vulcanizates will be determined and analysed in terms of crosslinking in MMA and carbon-carbon crosslinks between the NR chains. Crosslink densities can be determined by Rivlin-Mooney analysis of tensile behaviour, and by swelling measurements carried out on the vulcanizates.

The results for the grafting of MMA onto NR are shown in Tables 3.18.1 and 3.18.2 and graphically in Figures 3.18.1 and 3.18.2, respectively.

The irradiation dose used for the first series of graft copolymers was in the range of 0.5 to 2.5 Mrad. For the second series, lower doses were used i.e from 0.2 to 1.0 Mrad. From Figure 3.18.1, i t is shown that both the percentage of MMfit converted into PMMA and of MMA grafted onto NR, increases with irradiation dose before they start to decrease at the doses beyond 1.5 Mrad. The decrease in the percent of grafting could be due to the degradation of PMMA initially grafted onto NR. Whereas the decrease in the percent of conversion could be due to the degradation of the PMMPt itself. The degradation process probably was so great that i t produced very low molecular weight PMMA which could not be determined by the technique employed in this research, find the copolymers produced was found to be hard and difficult to process. As an alternative, a lower irradiation dose range was employed, in which the results show that up to

131

the dose utilised in the preparations of the series of graft copolymers i.e 1.0 Mrad, there is an increase in the percent of FTT1A (Figure 3.IB.2). The graft copolymers obtained is also soft and turn out to be processable.

In further work attempt will be made to increase the percentage of grafting at a minimum dose, before any other analysis is carried out.

Irradiation dose (Mrad)

0 . 5 1.0 1.5 2 . 5

nm grafted to NR

65.16 B3.56 85.11 59.79

'/. Conversion of /TW t o flW

75.13 92.26 95.30 74.35

Table 3.18.1 : Graft copolymerisation of methyl methacrylate onto natural rubber (high irradiation dose)

Irradiation dose (Mrad)

0 . 2 0 . 4 0 . 6 0 . 8 1 .0

•/. MMA Grafted to NR

8.02 61.15 78.75 80.58 81.19

'/. Conversion of mfit to PMMA

8.60 62.61 82.54 82.66 85.14

Table J. 18.2 : Graft copolymerisation of methyl methacrylate onto natural rubber (low irradiation dose)

3.19 Radiation effects on medical products

Nan Manshol kl. Zin and Fazilah Ahmad

Radiation sterilisation using gamma radiation from Co-60 source is by now well established as a very efficient and convenient technique for achieving a high level of sterility in medical supplies. However, due to the nature of gamma radiation and polymers used for the fabrication of medical products, not all of the medical products are suitable to be sterilised by this method. /9 research project an radiation effects on medical products is a very relevant project in order to develop expertise in this area.

We intend to use the gamma radiation facilities at the Unit Tenaga Nuklear to irradiate medical products and develop the techniques of

132

RADIATION DOSE. Mrad

155

o

z < a. n < O

z Q. ZD X C0

150

145

140

0UNDER NITROGEN <> UNDER OXYGEN

_!_ - i - -L -L

O

o a. o z

u/

6 8 10 12 U

DOS SINARAN, Mrad

16 18 20

Figure 3.19.1 : Melting point at irradiated polypropylene under nitrogen and oxygen atmospheres as a -function of irradiation dose

133

analysing the effects produced on them. This Mill also involve the standard spectroscopic analytical techniques of polymer sciences, for example W , u\7, IR and GPC to evaluate any change Sn the molecular weight.

The mechanical properties of the samples Mil be measured to elucidate the effects of radiation on impact strength, breaking strength, yield and deformation. The physical properties including melting and glass transition temperatures will be measured. Solution properties will be studied where appropriate. The morphology of the samples will be examined by SEJi and thermal analysis system will be utilised to investigate any crosslinking or degradation.

Basic to the whole project will be an attempt to understand the overall process of gamma radiation effects on medical products. The results will be useful for the medical products manufacturers and to the researchers in finding new types of polymers/capolymers or to modify the existing polymers to suit gamma radiation.

Currently, studies of gamma radiation effects on polypropylene (PP) is being carried out. PP samples t*>ere irradiated at doses of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 17.5 and 20.0 Mrad by gamma radiation. Melting points of the samples Mere determined by using a Shimadzu differential scanning calorimeter (Model DSC 40), under nitrogen and oxygen atmosphere. Graphs of melting points versus irradiation doses are given in Figure 3.19.1. From the results obtained, i t was found that the melting points of PP decreases as the irradiation dose increases.

The drop in the melting paints after irradiation may be due to the degradation of the irradiated PP. In order to confirm this, further analysis for example by using GPC, FTIR etc will be carried out. find the results will be reported in the near future.

Irradiation Dose

O.O 2 . 5 5 . 0 7 . 5

1O.0 17.5 2O.0

(Mrads) Melt.

Uhder Ni

152.1 151.B 153.6 146.9 148.4 144.9 144.8

ing trogen

Point (°C) Under Oxygen

152.7 145.2 145.2 145.2 145.2 142.4 145.3

Table 3.19.1 : The melting point of irradiated polypropylene under nitrogen and oxygen atmosphere

134

3.20 The effects of Irradiation an rubber gloves

Zahrah Abdul Kadir

The effects of both gamma and EB radiations on three rubber gloves Mere compared. Two of these gloves are commercially produced in Japan and one is not. The two commercially produced rubber gloves called SvBl and SvG2 Mere made from sulphur vulcanization while the third called RvG was made from RvNRL with the addition of 2-EHQ monomer and CC1*. (5:1 p.h.r.). Radiation vulcanized latex films were also prepared in order to compare its radiation stability with RvG. Their stability In radiation will be compared from their tensile test, chemiluminescence measurements and infrared spectra.

From the data obtained, i t can be concluded that RVG, the gloves made by radiation-vulcanization, can be used as rubber gloves, fit 25 kBy, the sterilization dose used, RVG is still acceptable for use as rubber gloves. For sensitivity and long duration of use, RvG Is more superior than the sulphur vulcanized gloves.

For all of the three rubber gloves, i t was found that the tensile strength and elongation at break were not significantly affected after irradiation in either gamma-ray or EB, and also during storage. Tear strength, on the other hand, decrease with incrasing dose and storage for all of the rubber gloves and from this data, it Mas found that degradation is higher in gamma-ray than EB.

Figure 3.20.1 shows the chemi luminescence (CL) decay curves of the rubber gloves and the latex film at 40aC after 50 kBy Irradiation with gamma-ray. The CL intensity is found to be highest in the latex film and lowest in sample SvG2. Latex film without the presence of antioxidant degrades the most. The concentration of peroxy radicals found in the latex film is the highest compared to the other three rubber gloves and because of this, i t Is expected that the latex film will degrade further and faster on storage than the rubber gloves.

Comparing the CL decay curves of the three rubber gloves the rate of degradation Is highest in the SVG1 followed by RvG and SVG2. This data shows that the choice of antioxidant is very important if radiation is to be used for sterilizing the rubber gloves.

Infrared spectra of all the three rubber gloves at O, 50 and 100 kGy were obtained in order to study the oxidative degradation and to observe the cis and trans transformation in these samples. The transmission spectra of RvG at 0, 50 and lOO kGy are shown in Figures 3.20.2a, 3.20.2b and 3.20.2c, respectively. In Figures 3.20.3a and 3.20.3b are shown the difference spectra of RVG after irradiation in gamma-ray at 50 and lOO kGy, respectively. The band at 19O0 cm*1- was used as the baseline while the band at 1375 car3- was used as the internal standard. In these difference spectra, the absorbance bands above the baseline reflect an increase in a particular chemical species while those below the baseline reflect a decrease in the chemical species due to the irradiation process.

fit summary of the bands observed in the difference spectra after 100 kGy

135

1<T

+ •*.

4- V

•p c a o u

•J (J

10 3 A.

10'

a

o ©

9 .

o_ * %

o.

. . * * L O, <*»%

V a )

e, a

V (bl ' \

%

(c)

0

«

* * A .

Jd )

cb

*

20 40

Time (min)

e - • 1.

o o ©

*

60

Figure J. 20.1 Chemi luminescence decay curves of the rubber gloves and latex film after 50 kBy gamma-ray irradiation. The measurement temperature was 40°C. (a) latex film, <b) SVB1, (c) RVG, (d) SUB2.

136

100.00

2 80.00

<5 60.00

40.00

20.00

0.00 i i • r 4000 3200 2400

i • 1 ' r 1600 1200 800

- 1 , 400

Wavenumbers (cm )

Figure 3.2Q.2 : Infrared spectra of RVG at (a) O kGy, (b) 50 kGy, (c) lOO kGy

4000 3600 3200 2300 2400 200O 1G00 1S00

Havcnumbors (cm }

Figure 3.20.3 : Difference spectra of fM3 at (a) 50 kGy, (b) 100 kGy

137

irradiation in gamma-ray and their assignments far the three rubber gloves are shown in Table 3.20.1. From the infrared data, i t is suggested that oxidative degradation has occurred in all the three rubber gloves. The trans-cis isamerizatian observed in FM3 and SvCl and the cis-trans isomerization observed in SVG2 lie within 5-10'/. conversion and hence did not affect the physical properties of the gloves.

SVGl f a r 1 J increase

1650

1260

1200-10C0

e;<o 800 560

Decrease

2960

2920

2340

1460 1330

SV52 (cr1) Increase Increase

2960

2920

2S50

1450

1375

1240 1240 1220

12CO-1C0O 831

532

m (or1] Increase decrease

2960

2850

1650 1575 1540

1460 1380

1260

109?

830 800

Assignment

-Oh stretching

-Gfe- stretching

-CH2- stretching C=C of cis-1,4 addition

C-Q, of sali of carboxylic acid

C=Q, of salt of cartnxylk acid -Qfe- deformation mode

-CHz defamation «ode =C-Q- vibration

=C-0- vibration

-CH3-Q-CH2- stretching overlapping bands of C-S, 5=0, e tc . C-H bending of cis structure

7

C-S stretching

Table 3.20.1 : Assignment of the infrared bands observed in the difference spectra (100 kGy - O kGy) of SVGl, SVG2 and RvG surgical rubber gloves

3.21 The effects of nucleating egent on the oxidative degradation of polypropylene

Zahrah Abdul Kadir

The radiation stability of high and low molecular weight polypropylene (PP) with and without nucleating agent (NA) (Table 3.21.1) are being compared. The nucleating agent was p-tertiarybutyl benzoic aluminium (0.1 wt '/.). PP sheets were prepared by moulding chips under a pressure of 150 kg cnr^ for 5 min at 20O*C using a spacer of 0.5 mm after preheating for 5 min at the same temperature. The sheets were then immediately cooled between two plates of cold press at 23^C.

Figure 3.21.1 shows the percent elongation at break at different doses for the various PP samples with and without NA. The decrease of the elongation at break reflects the degradation of PP. Comparing samples la, 2a and 3a i t can be seen clearly that sample la is the most stable since degradation starts only at 50 kGy. Far sample 2a, the degradation

138

DOSE. kGy

1000

20 30

DOS, kGy

Figure 3.21.1 : Percent elongation at break at different doses for PP

139

starts at 25 kGy while for sample 3a, the degradation starts a JO kGy. This shows that the high molecular weight PP (sample la) is more stable than the lower molecular weight PP. After the addition of nucleating agent, the stability of the PP is reduced. The stability of low molecular weight PP with AW reduced markedly after irradiation.

In order to correlate the radiation stability of the various PP with their morphology, the haze, differential scanning calorimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical relaxation studies, chemiluminescence analysis, pulsed NTT? analysis and micrographs of the PP were carried out. In both cases (high and low molecular weight PP), the addition of AW increased the transparency and peak crystallization temperatures of the PP. These qualities are advantageous in the production of medical disposables. The high transparency and peak crystallization temperatures in the PP with AW were found to be due to their small spherulite size. In the high molecular weight PP, the spherulite size of the PP with AW was 1.5 times larger than the PP with AW while in the lower molecular weight PP, i t was 5.0 times larger.

A summary of the data obtained is shown in Table 3.21.2. The radiation stability of the high molecular weight PP with AW is found to be lower than the PP without AW. This is due to the high crystal Unity of this sample as shown by the viscodynamic property studies. In a previous work, i t was found that the high crystal Unity of the PP caused the PP to be less stable in radiation. Pulsed NMR studies also show that sample lb is more crystalline than sample la at all temperatures studied.

The CL data further confirms that the high molecular weight PP with AW will be less stable in radiation than the sample without AW since the condentration of peroxy radicals found in this sample is higher than the sample without AW indicating that the oxidative degradation occurs easier in sample lb than la. The more peroxy radicals found in sample lb causes the sample to degrade further upon storage.

For the low molecular weight PP, the stability of the sample with AW (Sample 3b) was also found to be lower than the sample without AW (Sample 3a). The less stability of sample 3b in radiation is also due to the high crystal Unity of the sample as shown by the viscodynamic studies. The CL data, however, does not support this since lower concentration of peroxy radicals are found in sample 3b than 3a. It would then be expected from the CL data that sample 3b would be more stable than sample 3a in radiation. This is not the case since from this study, i t was found that sample 3b is less stable than sample 3a in radiation.

From pulsed NMR studies, i t was found that sample 3a is more crystalline than sample 3b at 6CPC but at BCPC and 10CPC, sample 3b is more crystalline than sample 3a. It is now clear that higher concentration of peroxy radicals are found in sample 3b than 3a because at the temperatures where the CL analysis were carried out (4CPC and 50=0, sample 3b was more crystalline than sample 3a even though the overall crystallinity of sample 3b is higher than sample 3a from the viscoelastic property studies. Pulsed NMR is more sensitive in obtaining the '/. crystallinity in the samples at specific temperature.

The discrepancy in the CL data for samples 3a and 3b could also be

140

explained in terms of the size of the spherulites. Since the spherulite size of sample 3b is 5.0 times smaller than sample 3a, the mobility of the crystalline part of this sample Mould also be higher. Radicals formed in sample 3b after 50 kBy irradiation (during CL measurements) are more unstable than sample 3a. Hence, probably during the CL measurements these unstable radicals recombine with the radicals farmed during CL measurements resulting in lower concentration of peroxy radicals found in sample 3b.

Sample No.

Without

la 2a 3a

With m

lb 2b 3b

m

n, x io-«

4.63 2.71 2.11

4.63 2.71 2.11

t*L X 10-*

35.5 20.5 16.3

35.5 20.5 16.3

Table 3.21.1 : Molecular weight of the PP

Variables High mol. wt. + -

Low mol. wt.

Transparency Peak temperature Radiation stability Crystallinity CL intensity Spherulite size

> > < > > <

> > < > < <

Table 3.21.2 : ft summary of the data obtained

3.22 The effects of nucleating agent on the oxidative degradation of copolypropylene

Zahrah Abdul Kadir

The random and block copolypropylene (CP) containing 6'/. of ethylene units were used in this experiment. Table 3.22.1 shows the molecular weight of these samples (sample 1 denotes the random CP while sample 2 denotes the block CP). 0.1 wt '/. of nucleating agent (p-tertiarybutyl benzoic aluminium) were added to samples lb and 2b.

141

(a)

(b)

Figure 3.22.1 : Photomicrographs of maximum spherullte size observed at 125°C for random CP. (a) sample la, (b) sample lb.

142

(a )

(b)

Figure 3.22.1 : Photomicrographs of maximum spherulite size observed at 125"C for block CP. (a) sample 2a, (b) sample 2b.

143

Experiment carried out on these samples were as described in the previous report (on polypropylene).

In Table 3.22.2 is shown a summary of the data obtained. The radiation stability of the CP with AW is lower than the CP without AW. This is due to the high crystal Unity of the CP with AW compared to the CP without AW. The shear modulus and pulsed /Vf? data show that the samples with AW are more crystalline than the samples without AW. However, the mechanical loss show that the CP without AW is more crystalline than the CP with AW. It was found that this discrepancy is due to the difference in shape of the spherulites of these samples. The spherulite size and shape are very different in the samples with AW than without AW as shown in the photomicrographs of these samples (Figures 3.22.1 and 3.22.2).

Further work on the chemiluminescence analysis of the random CP shows that higher concentration of peroxy radicals are found in sample lb than la indicating that the radiation stability of sample lb is lower than sample la. This is indeed the case. Pulsed ATf? analysis further confirmed that the crystal Unity of sample lb is higher than sample la at 60=C.

Unlike the PP whereby the transparency is improved with the addition of AW, the apposite is true far the CP. Here again, the size and shape of the spherulite play an important role. The shape of the spherulite are totally different in both CP with and without AW. Beck et al compared the size of spherulites between PP with and without AW and from the previous work on PP, the smaller the size of the spherulite, the mare transparent is the PP. In the case of PP, the shape of the spherulites are the same. The size can then be compared. Introducing AW to CP changes the size and shape of the spherulites to the extent that the addition of AW does not improve the transparency of the CP but decrease i t .

Even though transparency is not improved in the CP with AW, the peak crystallization temperature (T^) of the CP with AW i s still higher than the CP without AW. Thus, addition of NR to CP is an advantage in producing medical supplies since the moulding time is shorter and hence, more economical in the mass production of medical supplies.

Sample No. /% X 10~a ru X lCr*

Without AW

l a 4.17 17.6 2a 4.07 30.4

With AW

l b 2b

Table 3.22.1 : Molecular weight of the CP

144

Variables Random CP + -

Block CP + —

Transparency Peak temperature Radiation stability Crystallinity CL intensity

Table 3.22.2 : P\ summary of the data obtained

3.23 Pembangunan teknik analisis

Abdul Khalik Hj. Wood, Mohd. Suhaimi Hamzah, Che Seman Mahmood dan Zaini Hamzah

Sebagai persediaan untuk member! khidmat analisis unsur—unsur, kutnpulan PTKA membuat kajian ke arah membangunkan beberapa prosidur analisis agar suatu keadaan optimum dapat dikenalpasti sebelum ianya dapat dijadikan prosidur seharian bagi sesuatu unsur dalam sampel tertentu. Lazimnya kajian-kajian dilakukan bilamana suatu permintaan perkhidmatan analisis diterima bagi membantu sesuatu projek penyelidikan atau industri. Kajian pembangunan atau pengubahsuaian terhadap sistem peralatan yang ada juga dilakukan dari masa ke semasa bagi meningkatkan lagi pencapaian sistem tersebut dan seterusnya meninggikan mutu hasil analisis. Di antara kajian-kajian yang telah dilakukan adalah seperti berikut :

1. Perbandingan kesensitifan APN terma dan epiterma dalam menganalisis unsur-unsur secara alatan.

2c Kesan gangguan tindak balas neutron laju dalam penentuan unsur— unsur Mg, Al, Na dan Mn.

3. Kesan masa-mati sistem pembilangan ke atas kehilangan bilangan keaktifan yang direkodkan dan menentukan faktor pembetulan.

4. Tentukuran kecekapan sistem pembilang terhadap tenaga gama dan faktor—faktor geometri.

5. Pemisahan unsur—unsur nadir bumi di atas turus penukar kation Dowex-50.

6. Penentuan unsur emas dan tungsten di dalam sampel mineral secara alatan dan pemisahan radiokimia.

Pemisahan emas dan platinum menggunakan karbon teraktif.

a. Penggunaan karbon teraktif untuk pemisahan unsur bagi tujuan pemekatan sebelum pengukuran.

145

9. Pemisahan arsenik secara penyulingan bromida bagi penentuan arsenik ke tahap 0.05 ppm.

10. Pemelarutan sampel biologi bagi mendapatkan media yang sesuai untuk menentukan unsur plumbum dan kadmium dengan teknik voltametri perlucutan anod (ASV).

3.24 Kajian unsur toksik dalam bahan makanan di Malaysia

Zaini Hamzah, Abdul Khalik Hj Wood, Che Seman Mahmood dan Suhaimi Hamzah

Kod Projek : RC/4307/R2/RB

Projek ini dilaksanakan di bawah Kontrak Penyelidikan yang diselaraskan oleh Agensi Tenaga Atom Antarabangsa (IAEA). Tujuan utamanya adalah untuk mendapatkan data asas bagi kandungan unsut—unsur toksik yang terdapat di dalam berbagai jenis makanan di Malaysia khususnya makanan asasi. Unsur—unsur utama yang menjadi perhatian ialah As, Sb, Hg, Se, Cd, Pb, Fe, Zn dan Br. Teknik analisis yang dipilih adalah analisis pengaktifan neutron (alatan dan pemisahan kimia) dan analisis perlucutan voltametri anod.

Sampel yang dianalisis terdiri dari beras, gandum, sayur—sayuran seperti sawi, bayam dan kangkong, makanan laut seperti ikan kembung, ikan tenggiri, kerang, sotong dan udang, ayam dan daging serta makanan dalam tin. Sampel telah dipungut dari seluruh Semenanjung Malaysia (lihat Jadual 3.24.1).

Sampel makanan laut telah siap dianalisis dan keputusannya dapat dilihat dalam Jadual 3.24.2 dan 3.24.3. Pengiraan dibuat berdasarkan berat kering bahan tersebut. Keputusan untuk sampel jenis yang lain masih di dalam kajian dan pengumpulan.

Keputusan yang diperolehi juga boleh dibandingkan dengan Akta Makanan 1983 dan Peraturan Makanan 1985. Ianya dapat memberikan gambaran secara. langsung kedudukan sebenar dari segi kesihatan dan keperluan untuk memperkemaskan pelaksanaan akta dan peraturan tersebut.

Kuala Perlis Tanjung Cukai Jerteh Marang Dungun Paka

Keling

Kuala Kedah

Muar Rompin Kuantan Tumpat Bacok Kuala Pahang Kuala Terenggan Batu Pahat

Batang Tiga, Melaka Pantai Remis Lumut Teluk Intan Kuala Selangor Morib Tanjung Dawai

Pekan Tajung Kupang Benut Pontian Mersing Endau Parit Jawa

Jadual 3.24.1 : Kawasan persampelan

146

Unsur

Se ug/g

As ug/g

Hg ug/g

Br ug/g

Zn ug/g

Bastrel-lager sp

2.1 -5.6

2.0 -11.7

0.26 -0.33

3.9 -12.3

20.2 -35.8

Scombero-morus sp

2.2 -3.2

2.8 -25.1

0.26 -0.32

10.5 -16.2

14.B -21.1

Udang

1.2 -3.2

3.8 -26.9

0.32 -0.26

32.9 -53.4

47.5 -55.3

So tang

2.7 -4.5

7.0 -24.2

0.25 -0.46

31.4 -75.1

31.7 -49.9

Kerang

l.B -5.0

3.0 -1O.0

0.3 -0.37

20.4 -33.7

38.2 -78.6

Jadual 3 .24 .2 : Keputusan a n a l i s i s kandungan unsur dalam bahan makanan

Sampel

Restrelliger sp. (fish)

Scomberomorus sp. (fish)

Udang Sotong Kerang

Cd (ug/g)

50 -

10 -

20 -180 -1410 -

180

108

510 820 4390

Pb (ug/g)

0.68

0.49

0.53 0.6 1.44

- 3.3

- 2.26

- 3.21 - 1.55 - 2.14

Jadual 3 .24.3 : A n a l i s i s Cd dan Pb dalam sampel dengan tekn ik APN

3.25 Ka j ian mineral dalam pemakanan haiwan

Za in i Hamzah dan Abdul Rahman Yass in*

Ka j ian i n i adalah untuk me l iha t kesan keracunan Cu pada b i r i - b i r i d i samping me l iha t kai tannya dengan kehadiran unsur—unsur l a i n yang mungkin menyokong atau menghalang keracunan t e r s e b u t .

Bagi me l iha t kesan i n i kandungan unsur Cu dan unsur—unsur yang be rka i t an d i dalam makanan b i r i - b i r i i n i t e l a h d i k a j i . Di samping i t u ' f eaces ' b i r i - b i r i s e r t a leb ihan makanan te rsebu t juga d i a n a l i s i s kandungan

* Bahagian Penye l id ikan TernakoT., MARL) I , Serdang

147

u n s u r n y a . S e l a i n d a r i p a d a i t u o rgan ( h a t i , j a n t u n g , l i m p a , g i n j a l dan p a r u - p a r u ) dan serum b i r i — b i r i t e r s e b u t j u g a d i a n a l i s i s u n t u k m e l i h a t s e j a u h mana pengumpulan logam t e r t e n t u t e r u t a m a n y a Cu b a g i membolehkan rumusan d i b u a t dengan l e b i h k o n k r i t .

T e k n i k yang d igunakan a d a l a h a n a l i s i s p e n g a k t i f a n n e u t r o n a l a t a n b a g i u n s u r - u n s u r Na, K, Mg , M i , Ca, Ba, C I , F e , Co dan Z n . Manaka la Cu dan Mn t e l a h d i a n a l i s i s menggunakan t e k n i k a n a l i s i s p e n g a k t i f a n n e u t r o n s e c a r a pemisahan k i m i a . Kaedah pemisahan k i m i a yang d i p i l i h u n t u k Cu dan Mn a d a l a h kaedah e k s t r a k s i p e l a r u t .

J a d u a l 3 . 2 5 . 1 menunjukkan sebahag ian d a r i p a d a h a s i l a n a l i s i s yang t e l a h d i p e r o l e h i .

Saipel

6 6124 H6124

J 6124

PP6124

L 6124 S 6164 H 6164

J 6164

PP6164 L6164

J 6123

L 6123

Cu ug/g

21.39

5148.22 14.32 82.00

8.04

32.22 1698.26

25.59

61.56 16.88

25.64

29.55

(to ug/g

39.0

127.3 -

14.3 -

62.8

164.6 --

44.2 -

36.6

CI ug/g

7725.2

2277.3 2986.3

6350.1 4288.9 6586.2

2653.6

3026.4

6882,5 4293.3

2960.5

4717.9

Kepekatan unsur

Ca ug/g

1719.9 -----------

«3 ug/g

_

7743.6 ----

6587.2 --

911.6 --

Kn ug/g

-13.8 --- "

-17.3 -----

Na M

0.67

0.20

0.33

0.53

0.26 0.53

0.23 0.33

0.55 0.29

0.36 0.29

K M

0.98 0.92

0.77

0.76

1.08 0.81

0.98 0.88

0.78 1.43

0.88 1.11

Br ug/g

12.19 4.19

5.61

13.11 7.54 7.51

3.40

4.49

12.21 5.68

4.39 5.95

As ug/g

----0.37 -------

Fe M

-

0.23 --2.36 ----0.92 -1.93

Zn ug/g

48.4 54,5 ---

31.99

88.3 39.9 -

46.7

26.9 59.9

Catatan : G = G in j a l PP = Paru-paru H = Ha t i L = Limpa J = Jantung — = do bawah tahap pengesanan

Jadual 3 . 2 5 . 1 : Keputusan a n a l i s i s sampel organ b i r i - b i r i

3.26 Penentuan unsur-unsur dalam l i k e n tempatan dengan kaedah a n a l i s i s pengakt i fan neutron

Nor Mastura Abdul Rahman*, Za in i Hamzah, A. Kha l i k H j . Wood dan Mohd. Soot Ahmad*

Liken adalah tumbuhan s e j e n i s lumut yang hidup d i permukaan kayu, batu dan tanah. Liken i n i peka kepada perubahan sek i ta rannya dan banyak k a j i a n t e l a h d i l akukan untuk menghubungkan perubahan pada l i k e n i n i dengan pencemaran alam s e k i t a r .

* Jabatan Sains Nuklear , UKM

148

Di dalam kajian ini satu jenis liken yang hidup di permukaan kayu (batang) dari dua kawasan di mana suasana persekitaran yang berbeda telah dikaji. Liken jenis yang sama yang dipungut di UKM dan di Petaling Jaya jelas menunjukkan perbedaan kandungan unsurnya yang boleh dijadikan penunjuk kepada tahap pencemaran.

3.27 Kawalan mutu sebatian berlebel dengan P-32

Zuriati Hj. Ismail*, Shaharuddin Mohamad"*", Zaini Hamzah dan Mahd Soat Ahmad*

Di dalam pengeluaran sebatian berlebel P-32 beberapa bentuk analisis perlu dijalankan untuk memastikan mutu hasil yang dikeluarkan. Bermula dari bahan sasarannya lagi, analisis ketulenan bahan telah dijalankan. Analisis pengaktitan neutron telah digunakan untuk tujuan ini untuk melihat kandungan bendasing di dalam bahan sasaran tersebut.

Selain daripada itu, bahan proses dan bahan hasil juga perlu dianalisis untuk melihat ketulenan sebatian berlebel P-32 tersebut. Teknik Feather dan kromatografi kertas telah dipilih untuk tujuan ini.

3.28 Penggunaan teknik telaga tunggal dalam kajian air tanah

Md. Shahid Ayub, Wan Zakaria Wan Mohd. Tahir, Daud Mohamad, Roslan Mahd. Ali, Zainudin Othman dan Juhari Yusuf

Kod Projek : IRPA 2-01-O1-0O2

Satu kajian pergerakan air tanah menggunakan teknik telaga tunggal telah dijalankan pada bulan November 1988 di Tg. Sepat (iaitu tapak eksperimen sementara UTN). Telaga-telaga di Tg. Sepat menembusi lapisan aluvium sebagaimana yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 3.28.1.

Tiga telaga bergarispusat 20 cm telah digunakan. -i berkeaktifan kira-kira 100 jaCi/m turus air telah disuntik sebagaimana yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 3.28.2. Prosedur eksperimen dilakukan seperti berikut :

i. Turus air diukur bagi mendapatkan jumlah keaktifan penyurih yang diperlukan.

ii. Pengukuran bilangan latar belakang.

iii. Tiub plastik dimasukkan ke dalam telaga (lihat Rajah 3.28.2) dan i3iiI dicurahkan dari atas. Kemudian tiub tersebut ditarik keluar pada kelajuan yang tetap.

* Jabatan Sains Nuklear, UKM * Jabatan Isotop

BH 3 W5

8AHAGIAN TABIR. SCREEN SECTION

Ra iah 3 . 2 8 . 1 : Ra jah p r o - f i l h i d r o g e o l o g i kawasan u j i a n Figure 3.28.1 : Diagrammatic hydrogeological profile of the area

LARUTAH PENyuKiH

TRACER SOLUTION.

1 ^ WATER TABLE. | MUM AlA TAAJAH

SALURAA; PLASTIK

PLASTIC TUBE.

PENVHRIH

TRACER.

WEIGHT.

Ra jah 3 . 2 8 . 2

Figure 3.23.2

Gambar kaedah menanda k e s e l u r u h a n a i r da lam t u r u s t e l a g a dengan p e n y u r i h Sketch of the method for labelling the whole.Mater column

151

WELL 3

5.

10.

15.

to Q.

"5-S. » — 3

ID

ro

— n>

.30.

35.

W.

4S.

0.

ill ill

1

1 •

-

-

-

Kepekatan Penyurih [Tracer Concentrat ion

SO.

«^A

! cpm)] 100- 150.

i i i i i

<>y i

• 1= 0

o t « t h .

r t * 2 0 h .

Ra jah 3 . 2 8 . 3 : Perubahan kepekatan p e n y u r i h pada masa dan kedalaman yang b e r l a i n a n

Figure 3.28.3 : Variation of tracer concentration at different times and well depths

152

iv. Setelah t_ub ditarik keluar, prafil pertama kepekatan penyurih terus diukur.

v. PrDfil kedua dilakukan setelah enam jam suntikan diikuti dengan profil ketiga 14 jam kemudian.

vi. Profil keempat diambi1 kira-kira satu bulan kemudian.

Sebagai contoh, tiga profil pertama dari telaga nombor 3 ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 3.28.3. Aliran menegak di telaga ini dan di dua lagi telaga adalah kurang dari 5 m/hari. Aliran menegak ini boleh diukur dengan lebih tepat lagi jika dilakukan suntikan penyurih pada titik di /nana aliran menegak itu bermula di dalam telaga dengan menggunakan "packer" (tetapi UTN tidak mempunyainya). Variasi halaju aliran menegak di sepanjang paksi lubang gerudi dapat menunjukkan dengan tepat jalan masuk dan jalan keluar air di dalam lubang gerudi tersebut.

3.29 Application of single well technique in groundwater -a preliminary study

Md. Shahid Ayub, Man Zakaria wan Mohd. Tahir, Daud Mohamad, Roslan Mohd Mi, Zainuddin Othman and Juhari Yusuf

Project Code : IRPA 2-01-01-002

A groundwater flow measurement employing single well technique was carried out at Tg. Sepat (i.e UTN's temporary experimental site) in November 1999. The wells at Tg. Sepat penetrate through alluvium as indicated in Figure 3.29.1.

Three 20 cm diameter wells were utilised. *•=*•/ with an activity of about 100 pCi/m of water column was injected as shown in Figure 3.28.2. The experimental procedure was carried out as follows :

i . Measurement of water column, this will determine the activity of the tracer to be used.

i i . Measurement of background count.

Hi. Plastic tube was introduced into the well (scs Fig. 3.29.2) and j.311 Mas poured through the top. Then the tube was withdrawn slowly at constant velocity.

iv. Immediately after the withdrawal of the plastic tube, the first profile of the tracer concentration was measured.

v. A second profile of concentration was taken 6 hrs after inj'ecticn, then fallowed by a third profile 14 hrs later.

vi. A fourth profile was taken about a month later.

As an example, the first three profiles at well number 3 are shown in Figure 3.29.3. The vertical flow at this well and the other two wells

153

are less than 5 m/day. The vertical flow can be determined precisely by carrying out a point injection of tracer at the point where the vertical flow starts inside the borehole and packers have to be used (but this is not available at UTN). The variations of the vertical flow velocity along the borehole axis give precise indication of the inlet and outlet of water existing in the borehole.

3.29 Kajian awal hidrologi isotop negeri Perl is

Md. Shahid Hj Ayub, Roslan Mohd Ali, Daud Mohamad, Juhari Yusuf dan Hassan Lanchor

Kod Projek : IRPA 2-01-O1-O02

Sebagaimana yang dinyatakan di dalam laporan 1987, kajian ini dibuat dengan kerjasama JKR Perlis untuk menilai sumber air di Negeri Perlis bagi keperluan semasa dan jangka panjang. Masalah-masalah hidrologi yang besar adalah :

i. Sumber air tanah di Semadong - adakah ia berasal dari formasi Chuping ?

ii. Kemungkinan air masin merejah ke dalam air tanah Arau.

Sampel-sampel air permukaan, air tanah dan air laut telah dipungut pada akhir tahun 1987 dan analisis telah siap pada suku pertama tahun 1988. Keputusan kajian isotop stabil diringkaskan ke dalam Rajah 3.29.1 dan kandungan klorida mengikut masa dalam air tanah Arau ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 3.29.2.

Keputusan isotop stabil tidak memberikan jawapan mutlak samada air tanah di Semadong berasal dari formasi Chuping (yang terletak di timur Semadong) kerana persamaan nilai-nilai isotop stabil di kedua-dua kawasan. Namun demikian pencerapan di lapangan dan kedudukan saringan di setiap telaga di Semadong menunjukkan bahawa air yang dipam sedikit sebanyak mempunyai ciri-ciri tempatan.

Sementara itu nilai isotop stabil daripada persempelan pertama di Arau tidak menunjukkan terdapatnya rejahan air masin. Tetapi pengukuran kandungan klorida yang terakhir (Dktober 1988) memaksa Kementerian Kesihatan menjalankan penyiasatan lanjut (> 600 ppm klorida).

Perkara ini menimbulkan spekulasi bahawa peningkatan kandungan klorida secara mendadak mungkin disebabkan oleh pencemaran buangan domestik ke atas air tanah yang dipengaruhi oleh kejadian banjir sebelum itu.

Pencerapan seterusnya perlu dilakukan, dan selain daripada analisis-analisis yang telah sedia dijalankan, perlu ditambah juga analisis nitrat, ammonia serta E_j_ coli.

SO = 8.260 .13-4

SHOW

i n wat«f mining lin*

-» -2 7- - i . -S -4 -3 Kandungan Oksigen-18 (<J 0-18 in %. ) [ Oxygen-18 Contenh ((J0-1Bin %. ) I

Ra jah 3 . 2 9 . 1 : Hubungan d i a n t a r a kandungan o k s i g e n - 1 8 dan d e u t e r i u m d i P e r l i s

Figure J .29.1 : Relationship beti^een oxygen-IB and deuterium in Perlis

-10

* #

•200 a \ o \ o

E — z> c H-30 _3 -£

at o a

• M a .2 o> «-c a<

Is a a

502*: —

• ( 0

-70

NUMBER OF MONTHS PROM JANUARY 1988

9 12 15 IB 21 24 27

8ILAN9AN 8ULAN 0ARI JANUARI 1988

Rajah 3 .29 .2 : Graf kandungan k l o r i d a d a r i sampel a i r tanah Arau sebagai rangkap .nasa d a r i Januar i 1986

Figure J.29.2 : Time-function (from January 1986) chloride content of Aratu groundwater

155

3.29 Preliminary isotope—hydrology study of Perlis

Md. Shahid Hj. fityub, Roslan Mohd. Ali, Daud Mohamad, Juhari Yusuf and Hassan Lanchor

Project Code : IRPft 2-01-01-O02

As previously reported, this study is undertaken by UTN in cooperation with JKR Perlis, w i t h the aim of assessing the water resources in the state of Perlis for immediate and long term needs. The hydrological problems of major interest are :

i . The source of Semadang groundwater - does i t originate from the Chuping formation 7

i i . The possibility of saline water intrusion into the flrau groundwa ter.

Samples of surface water, groundwater and sea water were collected in late 1987 and analysis were completed by the first quarter of 1989. The result of stable isotopes study is summarised in Figure 3.29.1 and temporal variation of chloride content of flrau groundwater is presented in Figure 3.29.2.

The results obtained do not give the ultimate' answer as to whether the Semadang groundwater originated from the Chuping formation (to the east of Semadang) due to the similarity of the stable isotope content in both areas. Nevertheless field observation and screen position in each well at Semadang indicated that the water pumped out had a certain amount of local content.

Whilst the stable isotope value from the first sampling at Arau does not indicate saline water intrusion, the last chloride content measurement (October 1988) warrants further investigation by the Ministry of Health (i.e. >6O0 ppm). This leads to speculation that the sudden increase of chloride content may be due to the domestic waste contamination of ground-water brought about by the recent flood. Further observation should be made, and in addition to the existing analysis, i t should also include nitrate, ammonia as well as E. coli content.

3.30 Sediment movement study at Port Bintulu, Sarawak using radioactive tracers

fib. Kadir Ishak, Zainuddin Othman, Mohd. Azhar Mazlan, Roslan Md. Ali and Juhari Yusoff

Project Code : IRPA 4-01-01-OO8

The study at Port Bintulu was aimed at assessing the efficiency of a possible new spoil ground for the large quantities of dredged sediment that has to be removed annually from the long approach channel and harbour area. Since its commissioning in 1983, about 2 million nP of

156

sediment is dredged annually to maintain the navigable depth of the approach channel and in the harbour area. The dredged material which is mud, is dumped mare than 20 km away from the part in 27 m water depth. The choice of such a distance spoil ground is to ensure that the dumped material does not quickly return and speed up the siltation rate in the channel. As the maintenance dredging is one of the biggest item in the port annual expenditure, the port authority considers that the economics can be made in cost by simply reducing the proportion of lost of time expended by the dredger on travelling to the dump site.

A site which is located approximately 10 km from the port and about 5 km from the seaward entrance of the dredged channel was tested as a possible new spoil ground for the port. The study which was started in September, 1988 will continue till mid 1939.

In this study radioisotope Iridium—192 (halflife 74 days) in the form of glass particles was used as the tracer. lOOO g of this glass in the size range 5 - 60jjm with total activity of 20 Ci was mixed with a total mud volume of about 10,000 rfF- in the dredger hopper and discharged at the newly proposed spoil ground.

The radioactive survey carried out 24 hours after the release revealed a coherent and clearly defined tracer imprint on the bed with tracer patches elongated parallel to the coast and centered about the release location. The bulk of the tracer was present in a roughly elliptical patch of 800 m by 650 m. A second survey carried out one week after the tracer release showed no significant change in tracer distribution from that measured after one day. A few more surveys will be carried out in 1989 in order to proof that there is no significant movement of the material dumped in this new location.

3.31 Linear location in 1-D plane by using acoustic emission technique

Ah. Razak Hamzah, Abdul Aziz Mohamed, Hishamuddin Alham* and Abu Bakar Hassan

In acoustic emission (AE), the source of acoustic waves may be due to dislocation movement, phase transformation, crack initiation and propagation. For example, during straining, short impulsive waves are generated at a failure point such as a propagating crack. These stress-waves (acoustic waves) will be detected by suitable transducers/receivers. By having the source situated in line with two transducers, suitable instrumentation can locate and map the location of the source.

When an acoustic source generates waves and the waves are detected by two receivers at different positions, these waves will either be detected at the same time or at different times. For instance, if the location of acoustic waves source at A (see Figure 3.31.1), the receiver I will be

* Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UTM

157

hit first before receiver II, and the time difference ( 4 T) is equivalent to a maximum time difference ( 4 7"™««;. This can be expressed as follows :

A 7^«,., = 2x/v,

where v is the acoustic waves velocity and 2x is the distance between the two receivers.

With the source at C, however, will result in a zero time difference (AT = O), because both receivers would, theoretically, be hit at the same time.

The experiment has been conducted by using AE 3OO0/301O PAC system. The acoustic wave was created using an external pulse-generator. The generator was placed in the middle of tva AE receivers. In this test three different metals were used, namely, copper, steel and aluminium (see Table 3.31.1).

In the instrumentation used, the time difference can be deduced from a plat of event peak versus location where the X-axis of the plat has an arbitrary scale that numerically corresponds to the values of AT. So one can set 47^»« to suitable scale, say 170 units. Based upon this scale, when the source is placed in the middle between the two receivers a plot such as shown in Figure 3.31.2 can be obtained.

Time di ff. 4 Tmax (value calib.) JJS Time diff. 4 Tmax (value input J JJS Average time diff of arrival JJS

Average energy

Average count

Average amplitude

Average rise time /JS

Channel 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4

Aluminium

29

30

0 . 8

4222 5025 3163 3152

92.4 93.4 86.0

139

Copper

54

6 0

1.6

1611 3330 1376 1987

81 .1 90.3 80.0

151

Steel

34

40

1.4

3185 3030 2860 2865

89.4 89.5 51.0

136

Table 3.31.1 : Results of acoustic emission studies on aluminium, copper and steel

158

A I C II <- * -> o <- * -> o

Figure 3.31.1 : Source and receiver geometry considerations

event peak

< 85 >

I ' II O location 170

Figure 3.31.2 : An acoustic—wave source midway between two receivers will produce a central event peak

3.32 Penentuan faktor pembetulan bagi kepekaan radiograf sinar-X apabila penunjuk kualiti imej di tempatkan di sebelah film

Abd. Razak Daud*, Azali Muhammad, Lokman Zakaria""

Kepekaan radiograf sinar-X telah dikaji dengan pendedahan serentak dua set penunjuk kualiti imej, dengan satu darinya diletakkan di atas spesimen keluli kalis karat di sebelah sumber sinar X dan yang satu lagi diletakkan di bawah spesimen di sebelah filem. Teknik dedahan satu dinding satu imej dan dua dinding satu imej telah digunakan. Didapati wujud perbezaan yang jelas pada kepekaan radiograf di antara dua kedudukan penunjuk kualiti imej tersebut apabila tebal spesimen melebihi 3 mm. Satu lengkung faktor pembetulan telah diperalehi untuk pembetulan data kepekaan radiograf apabila penunjuk kualiti imej ditempatkan di sebelah filem.

3.32 Determination of correction factor for X-ray radiographic sensitivity when image quality indicator is placed on film side

Abd. Razak Daud*, Azali Muhammad and Lokman Zakaria*-

The X-ray radiographic sensitivity was studied by a simultaneous exposure of two sets of image quality indicators where one of them was placed on the stainless steel specimen facing X-ray source while the other was placed under the specimen facing the film. Single wall single image and double wall single image exposure techniques were used. A significant difference in radiographic sensitivity was obtained between these two positions of image quality indicator when specimen thickness exceeds 3 mm. A correction factor curve was obtained for correcting the radiographic sensitivity data whence the image quality indicator is placed on the specimen facing the film.

* Jabatan Sains Nuklear, UKM - Inspection and Marketing Services (M) Sdn. Bhd.

159

3.33 Perkhidmatan Services

3.33.1 Perkhidmatan Analisis Unsur

Abd. Khalik Hj. Wood, Mohd Suhaimi Hamzah, Che Seman Mahmood dan Zaini Hamzah

Aktiviti utama kumpulan pembangunan teknik dan khidmat analisis ialah menyediakan khidmat analisis unsur kepada penyelidik-penyelidik atau pengguna dalam dan luar UTN. Aktiviti ini melibatkan analisis berbagai jenis sampel untuk tujuan penyelidikan (projek kumpulan atau projek kerjasama), khidmat tulen, pembangunan prosedur dan latihan. Sebahagian besar kerja-kerja analisis di jalankan dengan menggunakan teknik analisis pengaktifan neutron (alatan dan pemisahan radiokimia). Di samping itu teknik-teknik spektro-fotometri serapan atom dan voltametri perlucutan anod juga digunakan untuk beberapa jenis analisis tertentu. Di sepanjang tahun 1988 sebanyak 1400 sampel dari dalam dan luar UTN telah diterima untuk dianalisis yang mana telah melibatkan kerja-kerja penyediaan dan penganalisaan sebanyak 2900 subsampel. Bebanyak 30 peratus daripada jumlah bilangan sampel-sampel yang dianalisis adalah sampel dalaman sementara yang selebihnya adalah sampel-sampel luar. Sebahagian besar sampel-sampel luar diterima daripada agensi—agensi kerajaan seperti MARDI, UKM, UTM, LPTA, UM, UPM, RRI, GSM, PORIM dan PMINT (Perbadanan Memajukan Iktisad Negeri Terengganu). Selain dari itu terdapat juga beberapa syarikat-syarikat swasta seperti ICI Paint (M) Sdn. Bhd. dan Far East Mineral Sdn. Bhd. yang turut menghantar sampel untuk dianalisis. Senarai khidmat analisis yang telah diberikan kepada agensi-agensi luar dan kumpulan-kumpulan penyelidikan di UTN diberikan dalam Jadual-Jadual 3.33.1 hingga 3.33.2.

J.33.1 Elemental analysis services

Abd. Khalik Hj. Wood, Mohd. Suhaimi Hamzah, Che Seman Mahmood and Zaini Hamzah

The main activity of the analytical techniques development and services group is to provide elemental analysis services to researchers or users within and outside NEU. The activity involves the analysis of various types of samples for research, service, procedure development and training purposes. Most of the analyses are performed by using neutron activation analysis technique (instrumental and radiochemical separation). Besides that atomic absorption and anodic stripping voltametry are also used in certain analytical work. Throughout 1989 about 1400 samples were received which then involved the preparation and analysis of about 29O0 subsamples. About 30'/. of the samples were from UTN and the rest came from other agencies. Most samples came from government agencies namely MARDI,, UKM, UTM, LPTA, UM, UPM, RRI, GSM, PORIM and Terengganu SEDC. There are also a few private companies such as ICI Paint (M) Sdn. Bhd. and Far East Mineral Sdn. Bhd. who have sent their samples for analysis. A list of services rendered to the outside agencies and research groups within NEU are given in Tables 3.33.1 to 3.33.3.

160

Agensi/Syarikat (Agency/Company)

1. MARDI

2. UKM

3. UTM

4. UPM

5. LPTA

6. USM

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

Jenis Sampel (Sample type)

Makanan haiwan (Animal feed) Sisa makanan haiwan (fmimal feed leftover) Najis biri-biri (Sheep dung) Plasma/serum

Batuan granit & reolit

Unsur-unsur di analisis (Eiements analysed for)

Se, Hg

Mg, Ca, Co, Fe, Zn, Sb Br, Cu (Rnaa), Mo (Rnaa) Se

Se, Co (Rnaa), Mo (Rnaa)

La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, (Granite & reolite rocks)lh, Dy, Yb, Lu

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

1.

2.

1.

1.

Mangkin (Catalyst) Tembakau dan rokok

(Cigarrette & tobacco) Liken (Lichen)

Minyak pelincir (Lubrican t) Logam/aloi (metals/al loys) Penapis udara (air fil ter) Sedimen sungai ( r i ve r sediment) Air sungai (river water)

Plankton (plankton) Karbon (carbon)

Air dan penapis udara (water and air filter)

Habuk kayu (sawobst)

Pt

Berbagai (various Berbagai ( various

unsur* elements*) unsur* elements*)

Al, Cu, CI

Fe

Berbagai (various Berbagai ( various Berbagai (various

Berbagai (various Berbagai (various

U, Th

Berbagai ( various

unsur* elements*) unsur* elements*) unsur* elements*)

unsur* elements*) unsur* elements*)

unsur* elements*)

* Na, K, Al, CI, Ca, Mn, V, Br, As, Ti, Fe, La, Tb, Sb, Cs, Sc, Co, Ce, Th, Eu, U, Yb, Sm, Rb, Ba, Lu.

Jadual 3.53.1 : Senarai agensi penerima khidmat serta bahan bahan dan unsui—unsur yang telah di analisis

Table 3.33.1 : List of agencies receiving services and samples and elements that have been analysed

161

Agens i /Syar i ka t (Agency/Company

7. RRI

8 . PORIM

9 . IC I

l O . Far East Minera l

1 1 . PMINT

12. Petronas

13 . UM

)

1 .

1 .

1 .

2 .

1 .

1 .

2 .

1 .

1 .

2 .

3 .

J e n i s Sampel (Sample type)

Daun tumbuhan ( leaves)

Minyak saw i t ( palm oil)

Cat ( pain t) Minuman r ingan ( refreshments)

Zi.rV.an ( zircon)

Minera l WoI f rami t ( wolframite) Batuan ( rocks)

enapcemar (sludge)

Tanah ( soil) Bahan binaan ( building materials) T isu tumbuhan ( plant tissue)

Unsur-unsur d i a n a l i s i s (Elements analysed for)

Berbagai unsur* ( v a r i o u s elements*)

U, Th

Cu, Zn, Sn

Fe

U, Th

W

Au, As, Ag

Berbagai unsur* (various elements*)

Berbagai unsur* (various elements*) Berbagai unsur* (various elements*) Berbagai unsur* (various elements*)

* Na, K, Al, CI, Ca, Mn, V, Br, As, Ti, Fe, La, Tb, Sb, Cs, Sc, Co, Ce, Th, Eu, U, Yb, Sm, Rb, Ba, Lu.

Jadual 3.33.2 : Senarai agensi penerima khidmat serta bahan bahan dan unsur—unsur yang telah di analisis

Table 3.33.2 : List of agencies receiving services and samples and elements that have been analysed

162

Jabatan/Program Department/Programme

1 . PTN

2 . ISBP

3. KSK

4 . IS I

1 .

2 . 3 .

1 .

2 .

3 .

1 .

1 .

2 .

Jen is bahan /" fater ia i

Penapis udara (air filter) Minera l Bahan Seramik (ceramics)

Padi huma (hill padi) Tanah per tan ian (agri. soil) A i r sungai ( r i v e r water)

Tanah (sail)

Makanan l a u t dan sayuran daun (sea food and

Unsur-unsur d i a n a l i s i s Elements analysed for

Berbagai unsur* (various elements*) U, Th Berbagai unsur* (various elements*)

Berbagai unsur* (various elements*) Berbagai unsur* (various elements*) Na, K, A l , Ca, Mn, As, Mg, Fe

U dan Th

Se, As, Co, Fe, Br, Sb, Hg, Cu

leafy vegetable) A i r , batuan dan l a i n l a i n (wa te r , rocks, e

Berbagai unsur*

tc)

* Na, K, A l , C I , Ca, Mn, V, Br , As, T i , Fe, La , Tb, Sb, Cs, Sc, Co, Ce, Th, Eu, L), Yb, Sm, Rb, Ba, Lu .

Jadual 3 .33 .3 : Senarai Jabatan/Program yang menerima khidmat s e r t a bahan-bahan dan unsur-unsur yang t e l a h d i a n a l i s i s

Table J . 3 J . J •• List of Department/Programme receiving services and samples and elements that have been analysed

3.33.2 Perkhidmatan tentumur radiokarbon

Zaini Hamzah

Makmal tentumur radiokarbon ini telah ditauliahkan sejak awal tahun 1788 yang lalu. Makmal ini dilengkapkan dengan salur penyediaan benzin yang mana dua jenis sampel boleh diproses iaitu karbonat dan karbon. Selain daripada itu makmal penyediaan sampel yang berasingan serta kemudahan pembilangan juga disediakan. Penyediaan sampel adalah untuk membolehkan rawatan awal dijalankan ke atas sampel yang hendak dianalisis. Beberapa teknik rawatan (selain dari rawatan fisikal) digunakan termasuklah pendidihan asid, asid/alkali/asid dan punaran asid. Sampel yang dianalisis termasuklah kayu, arang, kelompang, peat, sedimen, tulang dan karbonat.

163

Kemudahan pembilangan yang ada di makmal ini ialah pembilang kelipan cecair (LSC) jenis Packard model 300 C. Pembilang ini memberikan bacaan latar 10 bsm. la dilengkapkan dengan komputer (PC 8201) bersama perisian untuk mengira umur sesuatu objek/sampel. Semenjak memulakan operasi, makmal ini sudah pun menerima berbagai jenis sampel dari agensi luar seperti UKM, LLM, LLN dan Museum Negara.

3.Z3.2 Radiocarbon dating services

Zaini Hamzah

The radiocarbon dating laboratory in UTN was commissioned in early 1989. This laboratory is equipped with a benzene preparation line which processes two types of starting materials namely carbonate and carbon. Besides that, there is a sample preparation laboratory and counting room. The sample preparation laboratory is for the pretreatment of samples. Several pretreatment techniques (besides the physical treatment) are used including acid boil, acid/alkali/acid, and acid etching. Samples received for analysis include wood, charcoal, shell, peat, sediment, bone and carbonate.

The counting facility that we have is liquid scintillation counter (LSC) model Packard 300C. This counter gives a background count of 10 cpm. It is connected to a personal computer for easy age calculation. Since this laboratory was commissioned, we have received and analysed samples from various agencies such as UKM, LLM, LLN and National Museum.

3.33.3 Perkhidmatan NDT

Perkhidmatan yang disediakan oleh kumpulan NDT untuk tahun 1988 adalah seperti berikut :

Bui an

Januari Februari Jun Julai Julai Ogos Ogos

September September September September Oktober

Oktober

Penerima

MITE Sdn Bhd ITI Sdn Bhd Caleb Brett Sdn Bhd MIMCS OIS Sdn Bhd PETRONAS KEMENTAH

PLIKUNAS LLN Eng. Dept. RRI PETRONAS

Eng. Dept.

Bentuk Perkhidmatan

Sewaan alat Sewaan alat Sewaan alat Rundingcara Sewaan alat Rundingcara Pemeriksaan kereta kebal

Pemeriksaan sambungan castellatian Sewa alat Pemeriksaan pool liner Pemeriksaan bridge bearing Pemeriksaan sambungan castellation dan sludge catcher Pemeriksaan lifting lug

164

3.34 Latihan

3.34.1 Skim Kelayakan dan Persijilan Kebanosaan NDT

Piawaian ketukanqan NDT

Pada tahun 1988, Jawatankuasa Piawaian Ketukangan NDT telah melengkapkan satu lagi Piawaian bertajuk Piawaian Ketukangan NDT untuk Penguji Zarah Bermagnet bagi peringkat asas, pertengahan dan juga lanjutan. Piawaian ini telah pun diluluskan oleh pihak Lembaga Latihan Perindustrian dan Persijilan Ketukangan Kebangsaan pada bulan November 1988.

Kursus

Bersesuaian dengan perkembangan bidang perindustrian di negara ini maka permintaan terhadap perkhidmatan NDT bermutu tinggi juga telah bertambah. Untuk membolehkan permintaan ini dipenuhi maka pihak UTN dan juga SIRIM yang merupakan agensi latihan NDT yang diiktiraf oleh pihak LLPPKK telah menyediakan kursus-kursus NDT secara konsisten. Pada tahun 1988 sebanyak 6 kursus telah dijalankan dengan jumlah peserta seramai 113 orang. Kursus-kursus tersebut adalah seperti berikut :

Tajuk Kursus

Radiografi Peringkat Asas Radiografi Peringkat Pertengahan

Ultrasonik Peringkat Asas Ultrasonik Peringkat Pertengahan

Radiografi Peringkat Asas Ultrasonik Peringkat

Tarikh

18 Jan - 3 Feb. 88 14 Mac - 31 Mac 88

6 Jun - 21 Jun 88 4 Julai-19 Julai 88

8 Ogos - 24 Ogos 88 3 Qkt. - 18 Okt 88

Bilangan Peserta

20 15

20 15

21 22

Peperiksaan NDT

Melalui projek ini pada tahun 1988 sebanyak 8 peperiksaan NDT telah pun dilaksanakan di bawah pentadbiran LLPPKK. Peperiksaan-peperiksaan tersebut adalah seperti berikul s

Peperiksaan

Radiografi L-l Radiografi L-2 Ultrasonik L-l Ultrasonik L-2 Radiografi L-l Radiografi L-2 Ultrasonik L-l Ultrasonik L-2

Tarikh.

22-25 Jun 88 27-30 Jun 88 2-5 Jun 88 28-30 Jul. 88 14-19 Nov. 88 21-26 Nov. 88 12-15 Dis. 88 19-22 Dis. 88

Bil Calon

12 7 11 13 18 16 24 13

Lulus

2 3 3 0 4 2 11 1

165

UTN adalah merupakan Pusat Peperiksaan bagi ujian radiografi yang diiktiraf oleh pihak LLPPKK sementara untuk ujian ultrasonik SIRIM adalah merupakan pusat ujian yang dilantik.

Latihan SKS dan SLK

Kumpulan ini telah menempatkan seramai 10 orang graduan-graduan di bawah Skim Latihan Khas dan Skim Siswazah Sambilan. Dari bilangan tersebut 3 pelatih telah pun berjaya memperolehi pekerjaan dengan syarikat NDT, sementara 4 yang lain sedang menjalani tempoh percubaan di berbagai-bagai syarikat NDT sebelum mereka diserap oleh syarikat tersebut.

Program latihan khas uTN-MARA

Program ini adalah bertujuan untuk membimbinn beberapa orang usahawan tajaan MARA yang berhasrat untuk menjalankan perniagaan di dalam bidang perkhidmatan NDT. Seramai 15 peserta telah menjalani latihan teori dan praktik di dalam berbagai-bagai bidang NDT seperti berikut :

Bidang Tarikh

Radiografi L-2 Cecair Penembus L-2 Arus Pusar L-2 Zarah Bermagnet L-2

5-24 Sept. 88 26 Sept. - 1 Okt. 3-15 Okt. 88 17-22 Okt. 88

88

Peperiksaan sinaran

amali penaendali radiografi dan peoawai perlindungan

Kumpulan NDT telah diberi tugas untuk melaksanakan peperiksaan tersebut bagi memastikan bahawa pengendali dan RPO yang terlibat dengan tugas-tugas radiografi benar-benar layak. Peperiksaan yang diadakan secara bulanan tersebut adalah seperti berikut :

Bui an

Januari Mac April

Jun Julai Ogos Oktober Disember

Jumlah CaIon

36 4 6 5 11 11 13 12

166

3.35 Seminar

J. 35.1 IAEA/UNDP-Reaional Training Course On The Advanced Methodologies Of Isotope Applications In Hydrology

Date : 31 October - 26 November, 1989

venue : Unit Tenaga Nuklear (UTN) Kompleks PUSPATI, Bangi

Organisers : International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Lhited Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and Government of Malaysia (Nuclear Energy Unit, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Drainage and Irrigation Department, Geological Survey Department and Public Marks Department).

Objectives : The objectives of the training course were :

i . To provide the participants with a review of the theoretical background of methodologies of isotope applications in hydrology as well as practical skills and methods in planning and implementing isotope investigations for various hydrological applications.

i i . To demonstrate the computer-aided statistical and mathematical approaches in quantitative evaluation of environmental isotope data and the results of injected tracer investigations in a variety of hydrological problems.

The training course was attended by 25 participants (15 foreign participants from Asia and the Pacific Region, Jordan and Brazil and 10 local participants). The IAEA has provided 5 lecturers (Messrs. B.R. Payne, Y. Yurtsever, A.P. Bedmor, G.R. Allison and H. Sakai).

3.35.2 Seminar promosi

Di dalam usaha untuk memperkenalkan teknik NDT kepada industri tempatan kumpulan ini telah mengadakan seminar bergerak, di mana di dalam seminar tersebut beberapa kertas kerja dibincangkan di samping demonstrasi penggunaan teknik dengan betul. Pada tahun 1988 seminar tersebut telah diadakan di tempat berikut :

Tempat Tarikh

PETRQNAS Kerteh 13-15 Jun 88 PERWAJA Kerteh 16 Jun 88 LLN Paka 12-13 Nov. 88

167


Penerbitan Jurnal (Journal Publications)

Abdul Razak Daud, Azali Mohamad dan Lokman Zakaria (1988). Penentuan faktor pembetulan bagi kepekaan radiograf sinar-X apabila penunjuk kualiti imej ditempatkan di sebelah filem. J. Sains Nuklear Malaysia, 6, 2, pp 53.

Z. A. Kadir, F. Yoshii, K. Makuuchi and I. Ishigaki (1988). Durability of radiation-sterilized polymers, XII: The effects of nucleating agent on the oxidative degradation of polypropylene. Polymer, 26, November.

Sukiman Sarmani, Thomas Koshy and Che Seman Mahmood (1988). Analysis of cobalt and zinc in plant materials by neutron activation for mineral prospecting. Sains Malaysiana, 17, 2, pp 205.

Noorddin Ibrahim, Che Seman Mahmood and Mohd. Suhaimi Hamzah (1988). INAA method in determining trace elements in Malaysian cigarette tobacco. J. Fizik Malaysia, 9, pp 71.

Kertas-kertas Persidanoan (Conference Papers)

Daud Mohamad, Wan Zakaria Wan Mohd Tahir, Jaafar Abdullah, Roslan Mohd Ali and Zainuddin Othman. Tracer and sealed-source of radioisotopes application in industry. Presented at the Simposium Ke Empat Jurutera Kimia Malaysia, 14th & 15th June 1988, Kuala Lumpur.

Zaini Hamzah, Abd. Khalik Hj. Wood, Che Seman Mahmood and Mohd. Suhaimi Hamzah. Determinaion of toxic elements in Malaysian foodstuffs. Presented at the Research Coordination Meeting on Nuclear Technique for Toxic Elements in Foodstuffs, April 19-22, 1988, Beijing, China.

Zaini Hamzah, Abd. Khalik Hj. Wood, Che Seman Mahmood dan Mohd. Suhaimi Hamzah. Penggunaan teknik analisis pengaktifan neutron (APN) dan analisis perlucutan voltametri (APV) dalam kajian unsur toksik. Dalam Prosiding Simposium Kimia Analisis Kebangsaan Kedua, 6-8 September 1988 di USM, Pulau Pinang.

Noorddin Ibrahim, Che Seman Mahmood dan Mohd. Suhaimi Hamzah. Inferen statistik hasil APN instrumentasi habuk rokok. Dalam Prosiding Simposium Kimia Analisis Kebangsaan Kedua, 6-8 September 1988 di USM, Pulau Pinang.

Abdul Nassir Ibrahim. Progress on NDT qualification and certification scheme in Malaysia-1988. Paper presented at the 4th. NDT National Coordinator Meeting, 18th - 23rd April 1988, Daeduk, Korea.

Ahmad Sabri Abd. Razak. Industrial radiography safety problems and their potential solution. Presented at the Seminar on Radiation Safety, 28th-29th November, 1988, Kuala Lumpur.

168

Laporan-laporan Dalaman ( In ternal Reports)

Jaafar Abdullah, Mohd Azmi Ismail and Daud Mohamad. On-line inspection of the T—17 new naphtha splitter column using radiation scanning technology. PPA/R/13.

Jaafar Abdullah and Mohd Azmi Ismail. Advanced non-destructive radiometry scanning techniques for on-line inspection of Kl, K2 and Li fractionation columns. PPA/R/15.

Jaafar Abdullah, Mohd Azmi Ismail and Yahya Jafar. On-line investigation of the distribution and the thickness of deposits in a polymerizer (K-203-F) using gamma-ray radiometry techniques. PPA/R/20.

Mohd Azmi Ismail, Jaafar Abdullah and Yahya Jafar. Bamma-ray transmission techniques for on-line investigation of the distribution and the rate of deposit build-up in C2 cyclone. PPA/R/21.

Jaafar Abdullah, Mohd Azmi Ismail and Yahya Jafar. Level and interface measurements in storage tanks using radioisotope techniques. PPA/R/26.

Yahaya Jafar, Jaafar Abdullah and Mohd Azmi Ismail. Non-destructive radiometry inspection techniques for locating reinforcements and voids/porosity in bridge bearings. PPA/T/89.

Zahrah Abdul Kadir. Durability of radiation-sterilized polymers. PPA/T/80.

Hussin Mohd. Nor, Dahlan Hj. Mohd. and Mohd. Hilmi Mahmood. Synthesis of acrylic prepolymer. PPA/T/82.

Hussin Mohd. Nor, Dahlan Hj. Mohd and Mohd. Hilmi Mahmood. Synthesis of epoxidised soya bean oil acrylate. PPA/T/86.

Mohd. Hilmi Mahmood. Electron beam curing of wood surface finishing: Lamination of PVC film on wood substrates. FPA/T/88.

Mohd. Hilmi Mahmood, Hussin Mohd. Nor and Dahlan Hj. Mohd. Synthesis of acrylated urethane oligomer. PPA/T/85.

Dahlan Hj. Mohd. Formulation of EB curable of epoxy resins - some important parameters. PPA/A/79.

Dahlan Hj. Mohd. and Hussin Mohd. Nor. Dosimetric characterization of the newly installed low energy multi-filament type electron beam accelerator. PPA/A/44.

Dahlan Hj. Mohd., Hussin Mohd. Nor and Mohd. Hilmi Mahmood. Preparation methodology of radiation-curable resin: unsaturated polyesters. PPA/T/83.

Wan Zakaria Wan Mohd Tahir dan Daud Mohamad. Kajian kebocoran/resapan bagi "Bunded storage reservoir", Paka, Terengganu. PTA-T-73.

Ahmad Sabri Abd. Razak. Laporan rundingcara NDT untuk Pusat Sains dan

169

Teknologi Pertahanan. PPA/R/1B.

Rosli Jaafar dan Aziz Mohamad. Laporan ujian NDT untuk jacket leg menggunakan kaedah ultrasonik di Petronas Carigali Sdn. Bhd. Kerteh. PPA/R/24.

Rosli Jaafar dan Aziz Mohamad. Laporan dan prosedur NDT bagi sludge catcher pipes dengan kaedah ultrasonik di Petronas Carigali Sdn. Bhd. Kerteh. PPA/R/24.

Rosli Jaafar dan Mohd. Pauzi Ismail. Laporan dan prosedur ujian NDT menggunakan kaedah zarah bermagnet bagi castellation joint di Petronas Carigali Sdn. Bhd. PPA/R/22.

Abdul Kadir Ishak, Zainuddin Otnman, Mohd. Azhar Mazlan and Daud Mohamad. A siltation study at Port Kelang by means of radioactive tracers. PPA/T/90.

4

PROGRAM ISOTOP DAN SINARAN DALAM BIOLOGI DAN PEETANIAN

zso-rof^E: A\MZ> n r> z \T Z O M ZM BZOI-OGY ^\MZ> A\GFZ ZCiJ £-TUFZ JE F* FZOG ftjCKM M &

171

FR0BW1 ISOTCP DPN SINPRftN DPLPM BIOLOGI PPM PERTANIftN

4.1 Pengenalan

Program Isotop dan Sinaran dalam Biologi dan Pertanian telah melaksanakan berbagai aktiviti sepanjang tahun 1988 selaras dengan obj'ektif program iaitu menggalakkan, menyelaraskan dan melaksanakan penyelidikan dan pembangunan dalam bidang biologi dan pertanian menggunakan teknik nuklear ke arah pembangunan sosio-ekonomi negara. Program ini merangkumi empat kumpulan utama penyelidikan iaitu :

i) Kumpulan Penyinaran Makanan : Kumpulan ini menggunakan teknologi sinaran bagi pengawetan bahan makanan melalui berbagai proses misalnya pengurangan infeksi kulat dan infestasi serangga, perencatan percambahan, kelewatan masa pemasakan dan penurunan kandungan bakteria. Komoditi-komoditi pertanian yang telah/sedang dikaji oleh UTTM adalah beras, lada hitam/putih, koko, udang beku, buah-buahan, sayuran, bunga keratan, ayam beku, tembakau dan Iain-lain. Bagi menggalakkan pemindahan teknologi sinaran ke peringkat industri makanan, kumpulan ini telah menyediakan draf perundangan makanan tersinar dan menjalankan kajian kemungkinan ekonomi.

ii) Kumpulan Biakbaka Mutasi : Kumpulan ini menggunakan teknologi sinaran untuk mengarah perubahan genetik dalam tanaman dengan tujuan untuk menghasilkan mutan-mutan atau baka-baka berhasil dan bermutu tinggi. Kaedah biakbaka mutasi adalah pelengkap kepada biakbaka lazim. Jenis tanaman yang dikaji adalah padi, kacang tanah, koko, getah, lada hitarn, sayur-sayuran dan pokok buah-buahan. Maklumat-maklumat asas mengenai keperluan sinaran bagi berbagai bahagian tanaman dan j'enis tanaman juga disediakan oleh kumpulan ini.

iii) Kumpulan Kajian Hubungan Tanah-Tanaman : Kumpulan ini menggunakan isotop sebagai penyurih di dalam penyelidikan bagi mendapatkan kaedah-kaedah pembajaan yang betul dan berkesan, kesesuaian tanah bagi sesuatu jenis tanaman, keperluan air, kesan racun rumpai dan racun perosak tanaman serta pengurusan tanah-tanaman secara am. Jenis tanaman yang sedang dikaji ialah padi, kelapa sawit, kacang tanah, getah, tanaman jangka pendek dan pokok buah-buahan. Kumpulan ini juga menyediakan khidmat analisis isotop N-15 menggunakan spektrometri jisim dan isotop P-32 menggunakan alat pembilang kelipan cecair.

iv) Kumpulan Radiobiologi Ounaan : Kumpulan ini melibatkan penggunaan teknologi nuklear di bidang biologi dan perubatan bagi meningkatkan taraf kesihatan dan menganalisis kesan biologi. Aktiviti ke arah penghasilan kit radiocerakinan imun untuk hormon-hormon tiroid/pembiakan dan pembangunan makmal dosimetri biologi dijalankan. Di bidang komersil, khidmat kawalan mutu mikrobiologi bagi sterilisasi penyinaran barang perubatan, farmasiutikal, makanan haiwan dan cantuman tisu diberikan. Kumpulan ini juga terlibat di dalam kajian pemakanan haiwan menggunakan teknik penyurih.

Pada keseluruhannya projek-projek penyelidikan telah berjalan lancar seperti dirancangkan. Usaha gigih serta penuh dedikasi yang telah ditunjukkan oleh ahli-ahli program adalah sangat dihargai dan syabas.

Dr. Ramli Othman Ketua Program Isotop dan Sinaran dalam Biologi dan Pertanian

172

ISOTOP AND RADIATION IN BIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE: PFDGRPttE

4.1 Introduction

The Isotope and Radiation in Biology and Agriculture Programme have conducted various activities in line with its objectives to promote, coordinate and conduct research and development in the field of biology and agriculture using nuclear techniques, towards enhancing the country's socio-economic development. The programme consists of four main research groups and their activities are as fallows :

i . Food Irradiation : Radiation technology can be utilized to extend the shelf-life of foodstuff through various processes such as reduction of fungal and bacteria infection, insect disinfeststion, sprout inhibition, delay in ripening and reduction in bacterial load. Agricultural commodities which have been and are being studied are rice, black/white pepper, cacao, frozen shrimp, fruits, vegetables, flower cutting, frozen chicken, tobacco and others. The group has done economic feasibility studies and also has been involved in drafting the regulation of irradiated food for the country.

i i . Mutation Breeding : Nuclear techniques in plant breeding is a supplement to conventional recombination procedures since hesitable changes can be induced by irradiation. Mutation breeding work that are being carried out focuses on plant improvement, basically on improvement of yield and quality. Research is being carried out on several plants which include, rice, groundnut, cacao, rubber, pepper, chili and ornamentals. The group also prepares basic information on the radiosensitivity of various plant tissues and varieties.

Hi. Soil-plant Relationship Studies s Isotopes are used for studies on the proper and efficient fertilization, soil suitability for plants, i*tater requirement, effect of herbicides and pesticides, and management of soil and plants in general. Studies are being carried out on several plants which include rice, palm oil, groundnut, rubber, fruit trees and other annuals. The group has been providing N-15 and P-32 analysis services using a mass spectrometer and liquid scintillation counter respec ti vel y.

iv. Applied Radiobiology : This group works on the use of nuclear technology in biology and medicine in order to upgrade the health status and to analyse biological effects. In research, activities are carried out to produce radioimmunoassay kit for thyroid and reproductive hormones and to set up the biological dosimetry laboratory. In commercial area, services on microbiological quality control for radiation sterilization of medical products, pharmaceuticals, animal feed and tissue graft are made available. This group also involves in the study of animal nutrition using tracer technique.

Programme activities have been smoothly carried out as planned. The sincere efforts, dedication, contribution and support by members of the programme are highly appreciated.

Dr. Ramli Othman Head, Isotope and Radiation in Biology and Agriculture Programme

173

4.2 Kajian pembungkusan beras tersinar

Rahmat Mardi, Zainon Othman dan Noorma Osman*

Tanaman padi sering mengalami kerosakan selepas menuai- akibat daripada infestasi serangga perosak sewaktu penyimpanan. Sinaran gama pada dos purata 1.0 kGy telah dilaporkan dapat mengawal infestasi serangga di dalam beras tetapi tidak dapat menahan keberlakuan infestasi ulangan. Penggunaan pembungkusan yang sesuai adalah faktor penting untuk menahan infestasi ulangan oleh serangga. Kajian ini bertujuan menguji keberkesanan beberapa jenis pembungkus terhadap infestasi serangga di dalam beras.

Keupayaan 4 spesies serangga perosak beras untuk menembusi 9 jenis bahan pembungkus telah dikaji di peringkat makmal. Spesies-spesies serangga yang digunakan pada peringkat-peringkat larva dan dewasa adalah Qryzaeohilus surinamensis (L.), Sitophilus zeamais (L.), Triboleum castaneum (Herbst) dan Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton). Bahan pembungkus yang diuji ialah polivinilklorida jernih ketebalan 0.13 mm, polietilena ketumpatan rendah pada ketebalan 0.035 mm, 0.10 mm, 0.13 mm dan 0.15 mm, polietilena ketumpatan tinggi ketebalan 0.06 mm, polipropilena ketebalan 0.08 mm dan kertas keras.

Data yang diperolehi menunjukkan kesemua jenis bahan pembungkus yang diuji adalah sesuai digunakan untuk mengawal infestasi ulangan kerana didapati tiada berlaku penembusan oleh serangga-serangga samada dari luar atau dari dalam pembungkus. Perlakuan sinaran pada dos 1 kGy berkesan untuk menyahinfestasi serangga-serangga di dalam beras sewaktu penyimpanan. Kesimpulan kajian ini adalah pembungkusan yang sempurna dan segera serta penyimpanan yang terkawal akan mengurangkan atau menghindarkan infestasi semula oleh serangga ke atas beras.

4.2 Studies on packaging of irradiated rice

Rahmat Mardi, Zainon Othman and Noorma Osman*

Padi is often subjected to post-harvest spoilage due to insect infestation during storage. Bamma irradiation at an average dose of 1.0 kGy has been reported to be effective far disinfestation of rice but could not prevent reinfestation. The use of suitable packaging material is an important factor in controlling reinfestation. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of several packaging materials against rice pests infestation.

The ability of 4 species of rice pests to penetrate 9 types of packaging materials has investigated on a laboratory scale. The insect species used were Orvzaephilus surinamensis ( L.), Si tophi lus zeamais (L.), Triboleum castaneum (Herbst) and Corcvra ceohalonica (Stainton), at larva and adult stages. Ttie packaging materials tested were white polyvinylchloride 0.175 mm thickness, clear polyvinylchloride 0.13 mm

* Jabatan Perlindungan Tanaman, UPM

174

thickness, low density polyethylene of thicknesses 0.065 mm, 0.10 mm, 0.1J mm and 0.15 mm, high density polyethylene 0.06 mm thickness, polypropylene O.OB mm thickness and craft paper.

The data obtained showed that all the packaging materials tested were suitable for use against insect infestation as no penetration was observed from either inside or outside the packages. Gamma irradiation at 1.0 kGy Mas also shown to be effective in disinfesting rice during storage. From this study, it may be concluded that proper and immediate packaging in combination with control led storage conditions can minimise or prevent reinfestation of rice.

4.3 finalisis fisiko-kimia tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) dan gentian asak kelapa sawit (GAKS)

Zainan Othman dan T. Kume*

Kod Projek : JKP/P&P/(11.1)/B7

Kajian ini merupakan sebahagian daripada projek mempertingkatkan mutu nasil sampingan kelapa sawit dengan pemerosesan menggunakan sinaran. Di dalam kajian ini, sifat fisiko-kimia TKKS dan GAKS dianalisis dan kesan sinaran gama juga dikaji. Ujikaji yang dijalankan ialah :

1. Analisis komponen kimia, iaitu larutan alkohol-benzene, larutan air panas, holoselulosa, alfa-selulosa dan lignin dalam TKKS dan GAKS dari beberapa kilang kelapa sawit.

2. Penentuan keupayaan menahan air.

3. Kesan penyinaran pada dos 10, 25 dan 50 kGy ke «tas komponen kimia.

4. Kesan penyinaran ke atas jumlah gula penurun dan gula penurun bebas.

5. Kesan penyinaran ke atas cernaan enzim pada TKKS dan GAKS.

Berdasarkan hasil kajian, dapat dirumuskan bahawa :

1. Komponen kimia TKKS dan GAKS dari beberapa kilang tidak menunjukkan perbezaan yang besar tetapi terdapat perbezaan yang jelas antara TKKS dan GAKS.

2. Sampel TKKS dan GAKS mempunyai keupayaan menahan air yang agak tinggi dan sesuai untuk digunakan sebagai media penapaian.

3. Jumlah gula penurun dan gula penurun bebas meningkat sedikit dengan peningkatan dos sinaran.

* Takasaki Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment, JAERI, Japan

175

Pada keseluruhannya, sinaran gama hanya memberi Kesan yang kac i l ke atas kompanen kimia dan cernaan enzim TKKS dan GAKS, dan mungkin t iada memberi kesan langsung pada dos pempasteuran yang rendah i a i t u 10 kGy.

4.3 Physico-chemical analysis of empty fruit bunch (EFB) and palm press fibre (PPF)

Zainon Othman and T. Kume*

Project Code : JKP/P&P/U1.D/87

This work is a part of the project on the upgrading of oil palm Hastes by radiation processing. In the present study, the physico-chemical properties of EFB and PPF were analysed and the effect of irradiation was also investigated. The following experiments were performed :

1. Analysis of chemical components i.e. alcohol-benzene extracts, hot water solubles, holocellulose, alpha-cellulose and lignin, of raw EFB and PPF from different mills.

2. Determination of water holding capacity.

3. Effect of irradiation (doses of lO, 25 and 50 kGy) on the chemical components of EFB and PPF.

4. Effect of irradiation on total and free reducing sugars.

5. Effect of irradiation on the enzyme digestion of EFB and PPF.

From the results obtained, it can generally be concluded that :

1. The chemical components of EFB and PPF showed little variations between different mills but some differences were observed between EFB and PPF samples.

2. The high water holding capacities of EFB and PPF suggest that they are suitable for use as fermentation media.

3. The total and free reducing sugar of EFB and PPF showed a slight tendency to increase with increasing radiation dose. The main reducing sugars found to be present were glucose and xylose.

4. Irradiation treatment produced only small effects on the overall chemical components and enzyme digestibility of EFB and PPF, and may have no effect at lower pasteurisation dose of 10 kGy.

* Takasaki Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment, JQERI, Japan

176

4.4 Kemungkinan penggunaan kemudahan gam* pelbagai guna untuk penyinaran makanan d i Malaysia

Muhamad Lebai Ju r i dan Fatimah Mohd. Arshad*

Kertaskerja i n i adalah bertujuan melapurkan kajian yang dijalankan bagi melihat kemungkinan ekonomi mendirikan kemudahan Lo j i Co-60 pelbagai guna untuk menyinar bahan makanan dan komoditi pertanian. Lokasi-lokasi yang dicadangkan untuk l o j i tersebut adalah Pelabuhan Pulau Pinang, Kelang dan Kuching. Bahan-bahan yang berpotensi untuk disinarkan adalah beras impot dan komoditi-komoditi untuk diekspat sepert i koko kering, lada hitam dan putih dan udang beku. K r i t e r i a - k r i t e r i a pelaburan yang digunakan bagi membandingkan pulangan pelaburan d i pelabuhan-pelabuhan yang d i p i l i h adalah kadar pulangan dalaman (IRR), n i l a i bersih masikini (NPV), nisbah kebaikan harga (B/C) dan jangkamasa pembayaran bal ik (PBP). Jumlah kesemua kos i a i t u kos model dan kendalian untuk kemudahan yang d i k a j i berjumlah antara M* 8.1 - M* B.7 j u t a , kos model ditaksirkan 94% dar i jumlah kesemua kos. Kajian menunjukkan l o j i Co-60 boleh memberikan keuntungan sekira dikendalikan selama 6000 j dan 8000 j setahun d i semua pelabuhan yang dicadangkan.

Peningkatan kadar kos penyinaran dan penurunan kadar faedah pinjaman boleh meningkatkan pulangan pelaburan. Kesemua l o j i - l o j i yang dicadangkan menunjukkan 'economy o-f scale' yakni kos purata penyinaran/kg menurun sekiranya jumlah bahan disinar dinaikan. Faktor-faktor la in yang boleh mempengaruhi pulangan ekonomi penyinaran makanan dengan sumber gama juga dibincangkan.

4.4 The feasibility of multipurpose gamma facility for food irradiation in Malaysia

Muhamad Lebai Juri and Fatimah Mohd Arshad*

This paper reports on a limited investigation carried out on the economic feasibility of installing multipurpose Co-60 facilities at some selected ports in Malaysia for treatment of food and agricultural commodities. The ports selected are Penang, Kelang and Kuching. The potential items for irradiation are imparted rice and commodities for export such as cacao beans, pepper and frozen shrimps. The investment criteria used for comparing economic feasibility are internal rate of return (IRR), net present value (NPV), benefit-cost ratio (B/C) and pay-back period (PBP). The total investment cost (capital plus operational costs) far the facilities at these ports ranges from Mi 8.1 - M$ 8.7 million. Capital cost accounted for 94'/. of the total cost. The study showed that the installation of Co~60 facilities at all the parts are financially viable tvhen operated at both 60O0 h and 8000 h. Charges for irradiation services and interest rate affect the economic viability of the facilities. Increasing charges and reducing interest rates significantly improve economic return of the projects. Ml the facilities exhibit economies of scale i.e. unit cost declines as throughput increases.

* Univers i t i Pertanian Malaysia

177

Other possible factors which may affect the feasibility of applying food irradiation technology in Malaysia were also discussed.

4.5 Taburan, mengenalpasti dan kepekaan terhadap sinaran oleh mikroorganisma da lam gentian asak dan tandan kosong sisa buangan kelapa sawit

Muhamad Lebai Juri, Foziah Ali , Mat Rasol Awang, Hassan Hamdani Hassan Mutaat, H. Ito* dan T. Kumi*

Kajian ini dijalankan untuk menilai tahap pencemaran dalam sampel-sampel gentian asak (PPF) dan tandan kosong (EFB) yang diambil dari 15 buah kilang kelapa sawit yang terdapat di seluruh Malaysia dan keberkesanan dos sinaran untuk menyahcemar sisa buangan kelapa sawit untuk kegunan seterusnya. Jumlah kiraan bakteria (IPC) dalam PPF adalah di antara lO" - lO'/g dan kiraan kulat (FC) terletak di antara iO* - 10"Vg. Dalam EFB, TPC terletak di antara iO61 - 10ic7g and FC di antara 10 s - lCPVg. Dos minimum yang diperlukan untuk menyahcemar sampel daripada bakteria ialah 2 Mrad. Manakala bagi kulat dos maksimum yang diperlukan ialah 1.0 Mrad. Ini bergantung juga ke atas kandungan tanggungan biologi sampel-sampel ini. Bakteria yang utama yang dapat dikesan yang menyebabkan pencemaran sampel ini ialah Bacillus sp. dan Serratia sp., manakala kulat pula ialah A. flavus. A. fumigatus, A. petrakii. A. versicolor dan PeniciIlium sp. Kajian kepekaan terhadap sinaran oleh kulat menunjukkan bahawa nilai Dj.o (penunjuk ketahanan terhadap sinaran) adalah cukup tinggi iaitu 3-5 kali lebih tinggi dalam sampel kering jika dibandingkan dengan sinaran di dalam penimbal fosfat.

4.5 Distribution, identification and radiosensitivity of microorganism in palm press fibre and empty fruit bunch of oil palm «teste

Muhamad Lebai Juri, Foziah Ali, Mat Rasol Awang, Hassan Hamdani Hassan Mutaat, H. I to* and T. Kume*

The study was carried out to evaluate the degree of contamination in palm press fibre (PPF) and empty fruit bunches (EFB) samples collected from 15 mills all over Malaysia and the efficacy of irradiation to decontaminate the wastes for further use. The total bacterial count (TPC) in the PPF ranged between 1CF - lCr/g and fungi count (FC) ranged between 10* -1(7/g. In EFB, the TPC ranged between lCf - KP-^/g and FC ranged between 1CP - 1CF/g. A minimum dose of 2 Mrad was required to decontaminate the samples from bacteria, whereas a maximum dose of 1.0 Mrad was required to pasteurise from fungi depending on the bioburden of the samples. The main bacteria identified contaminating the samples were Bacillus sp. and Serratia sp.; the fungi were A. flavus. A. fumigatus. A. petrakii. A. versicolor and penici Ilium sp. Radiosensitivity studies on fungi performed showed that the A.o value (an indicator of radioresistance) were substantially higher i.e. 3-5 times higher in dry samples as compared to irradiation in phosphate buffer.

* Takasaki Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment, JAERI, Takasaki, Japan

178

4.6 Kesan sinaran ke atas kualiti mikrobiologi dan kimia daging ayam

Muhamad Lebai Juri, Foziah Ali, Rahmat Mohamed, Saiful Bahri Hussain, Zainab Harun dan Raduan Ariffin

Objektif utama kajian ini adalah untuk melihat keberkesanan sinar gama bagi memanjangkan masa penyimpanan daging ayam sejuk pada suhu 0 - 5°C selama 24 hari. Sampel-sampel daging ayam ini diperolehi daripada pasar basah dan juga dari kilang memproses daging ayam yang terkenal di Malaysia. Ciri-ciri yang digunakan untuk mengukur mutu daging ayam ini adalah bilangan jumlah bakteria, jumlah bes nitrogen meruap (TVBN) dan kandungan asid tiobarbiturik (TBA). Jumlah kiraan bakteria dari dua tempat di mana sampel-sampel diperolehi boleh dibandingkan iaitu pada julat di antara 2.00 x 10=7g dan 2.59 x 10s/g. ' Mikroorganisma tidak dapat dikesan di atas piring agar pada dos sinaran sebanyak 8 kGy. Bakteria patogen yang dapat dikesan ialah Escherichia coli. Staphylococcus aureus dan Listeria sp. sementara bakteria perosak ialah Pseudomonas. Aeromonas. Enterobacter. Proteus. Microccocus dan Providencia sp. Nilai D i o untuk beberapa spesies mikrcorganisma ini juga diperolehi. Kajian penyimpanan ke atas sampel yang disinar pada dos 0 -6 kGy menunjukkan dos sinaran 6 kGy dapat memanjangkan masa penyimpanan 2 hari lebih lama daripada sampel yang disinar pada dos 3 kGy apabila tahap jumlah kiraan bakteria yang dapat diterima diambil pada lCP/g. Nilai TVBN naik dengan cepat sekali di dalam sampel yang tidak disinar jika dibandingkan dengan sampel yang telah disinar, tetapi ketengikkan naik bagi sampel yang disinar jika dibandingkan dengan sampel yang tidak disinar seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh nilai TBA sepanjang 24 hari penyimpanan. Hubungan di antara kandungan mikroorganisma dan TVBN, dos sinaran dan TBA dibincangkan.

4.6 The effect of irradiation on the microbiological and chemical •qualities of poultry meat

Muhamad Lebai Juri, Foziah Ali, Rahmat Mohammed', Saiful Bahri Hussain, Zainab Harun and Raduan Ariffin

The primary objective of the investigation was to examine the efficacy of gamma irradiation to prolong storage life of chilled poultry meat kept at O - 5^C for up to 24 days. The meat samples Here obtained from local Met market and a Mell-knoMn poultry processing company in Malaysia. The indices used to measure quality Mere total bacterial counts, total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN) and thiobarbituric acid content (TBA). The bacterial counts cf the poultry meat obtained from the two locations are comparable i.e. ranging from 2.0O x lCP/g to 2.59 x lCP/g. Irradiation dose at 8 kGy was able to render the microorganisms undetectable on plate agar. The main pathogenic bacteria identified from the poultry meat Mere Escherichia coli. Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria sp.; and the spoilage bacteria were Pseudomonas. Aeromonas, Ehterobacter, Proteus. Micrococcus and Providencia so. The A.o for some of these microorganisms Mere established. Storage study on samples irradiated at 0 - 6 kGy shoMed that irradiation at 6 kGy can prolong storage life up to 2 days longer than samples irradiated at 0 - 3 kGy Mhen the acceptable level of total bacterial counts Mere taken as lCP/g. The TVBN values increased

179

rapidly in unirradiated samples as compared to irradiated samples. However, the rancidity markedly increased in irradiated as compared to unirradiated samples as indicated by the TBO analysis throughout the 24 days storage. The relationship between microbiological content and TVBN; and irradiation dose and TBA were discussed.

4.7 Penggunaan sinar gama untuk meningkatkan kualiti biji koko kering

Radziah Griffin, A. Rahim Muda*, Mohd Nor Omar* dan Kamaruzzaman Si jam4*

Objektif utama kajian ini adalah untuk menilai keberkesanan sinar gama sebagai salah satu teknik untuk mengawet biji koko kering semasa penyimpanan. Kajian dibuat pada aspek-aspek mikrobiologi, entomologi dan mutu pemakanan biji koko sepanjang tempoh penyimpanan selama 12 bulan. Biji koko kering dibungkus dengan dua jenis pembungkus iaitu polipropilena dan guni, dan kemudian disinarkan pada dos-dos di antara 0.2 kGy hingga 6 kGy. Keadaan bilik simpanan adalah sama seperti tempat simpanan bijirin yang lazim.

Keputusan kajian menunjukkan kesemua dos-dos sinaran membunuh hampir 100% serangga-serangga yang dikaji iaitu Triboleum castaneum. Orvzaephilus surinamensis dan Listeria serricorne. Progeni serangga-serangga berkenaan juga tidak muncul di dalam kedua-dua jenis pembungkus. Pertumbuhan kulat yang kebanyakannya ialah Aspergillus. Penicillium dan Mucoracea tidak dapat dikawal dengan perlakuan dos-dos yang rendah tetapi kadar pertumbuhannya berkurang apabila dos yang diberi adalah lebih tinggi dari 4 kGy. Jenis pembungkus dan dos-dos sinaran sehingga 6 kGy tidak menunjukkan kesan yang bererti terhadap kandungan kimia biji koko iaitu kandungan protein, lemak dan ciri-cirinya termasuk nilai iodin, nilai peroksida dan lemak bebas. Dua komponen 'flavor' yang penting di dalam biji koko iaitu tetrametilpirazina dan trimetilpirazina juga tidak menunjukkan perubahan selepas diberi perlakuan sinaran sehingga b kGy.

4.7 Upgrading of the quality of dried cocoa beans by gamma irradiation

Radziah Griffin, A. Rahim Muda*, Mohd Nor Omar* and Kamaruzzaman Sijaitt*

The main objective of this collaborative work was to study the feasibility of gamma irradiation as a preservation technique for stored cocoa beans. The study includes the microbiological, entomological, and nutritional aspects of cocoa beans stored for 12 months. The dried cocoa beans were packed in two types of packaging materials, woven polypropylene and gunny and were then exposed at doses ranging from 0.2 kGy to 6 kGy. The storage condition were designed to simulate the existing commercial handling system.

* MARDI ** Uhiversiti Pertanian Malaysia

180

The result shamed that almost 10OX mortality was achieved at all treatment levels against Triboleum castaneum, Oryzaephilus suranamensis and Listeria serricarne. Their progenies did not emerge throughout the storage period in both packaging materials. Mold growth especially of Aspergillus. PeniciIlium and members of Mucoracea was unhindered at lower doses but the infection was reduced considerably at 4 kGy and above. Types of packaging materials and irradiation doses up to 6 kGy did not have any significant effect on chemical components including protein, fat and other characteristics, i.e. iodine value, peroxide value and free fatty acids. The flavor components, tetramethylpyrazine and trimethylpyrazine was also unaffected by irradiation doses of up to 6 kGy, irrespective of packaging materials used.

4.8 Penyinaran sebagai perlakuan kuarantina bagi disinfestasi lalat buah

S. Vijayasegaran*, Norimah Yusof dan Rahmat Mardi

Kod Proiek : IRPA 1-O1-O1-003-O2

Kajian telah dijalankan bagi menentukan das sinaran gama untuk mensteril lalat buah (Dacus dorsalis). Telur dan larva lalat buah yang dibiakkan di atas kultur media tiruan lobak merah, telah disinarkan pada dos O, 20, 50, 100, 250 dan 500 Gy. Hasil percubaan menunjukkan sinaran pada dos > 100 By berkesan menghentikan pembentukan pupa dari telur dan dari larva peringkat instar pertama pada dos > 250 Gy. Larva pringkat instar ke 3 adalah paling resistan terhadap sinaran (Jadual 4.8.1).

Dari Jadual 4.8.1, sinar gama serendah 25 Gy dapat menghentikan pembentukan serangga dewasa dari telur, larva peringkat instar pertama dan ke 2. Pada amnya, telur dan larva yang disinar pada dos 50 Gy gagal membentuk serangga dewasa.

4.8 Irradiation as a quarantine treatment for disinfestation of fruit fly

S. Vijayasegaranr, Norimah Yusoff dan Rahmat Mardi

Project code : IRPA 1-01-01-003-02

A study was carried out to determine irradiation dose for sterilizing fruit fly (Dacus dorsal is). Eggs and larvae of the fruit fly, grown on carrot based artificial media, were irradiated at various doses 0, 20, 50, 100, 250 and 500 By. Results showed that radiation > 100 By and >250 Gy were effective to stop pupae development from eggs and from the 1st instar larvae respectively. The 3rd instar larvae was found to be the most resistant to radiation (Table 4.8.1).

From Table 4.8.1, gamma radiation as Ion as 25 Gy managed to stop the emergence of adult insects from eggs, 1st and 2nd instar larvae. In general, eggs and larvae treated at 50 Gy failed to emerge into adult.

* rv«Di

181

Peringkat pembentukan (Development stage)

Telur (egg) Instar peringkat 1 (1st instar larvae) Instar peringkat ke 2 (2nd instar larvae) Instar peringkat ke 3-awal (3rd instar larvae-early) Instar peringkat ke 3-akhir (3rd instar larvae-late)

Dos (Dose) By 25 50 100 250 500

'/.pupa ('/dewasa) '/.pupae (Xadult)

44 (0) 24 (0) 5 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)

134 (0) 55 (0) 49 (0) 28 (0) 0 (0)

84 (0) 85 (0) 72 (0) 30 (0) 2 (0)

87 (0.5) 80 (0) 82 (0) 70 (0) 49 (0)

115 (1.5) 101 (0) 116 (0) 101 (0) 102 (0)

Jadual 4.8.1 : Peratus pembentukan pupa dan peratus pembentukan dewasa (angka dalam kurungan) lalat buah setelah telur dan larva didedahkan kepada sinar gama. Peratus pembentukan dikira dengan membandingkan bilangan dari sampel kawalan dengan bilangan dari sampel disinar. Bilangan pupa kadang kala melebihi 100% kerana bilangan telur yang dikira dengan kaedah isipadu sangat berbeza-beza.

Table 4.8.1 : Percentage fruit fly pupae development and adult emergence (figures in brackets) after eggs and larva were exposed to gamma radiation. The percentage was calculated by comparing the number of farmed in control to the number farmed in irradiated samples. The number of pupae sometimes exceed lOOX because of variation in the number of eggs counted by a volumetric method.

4.9 Penyinaran sebagai perlakuan kuarantina bagi disinfestasi hama pada bunga orkid

Hamidah Sulaiman*, Norimah Yusof dan Rahmat Mardi

Kod Projek : IRPA 1-O1-01-003-O2

Hama yang diasingkan dari bunga orkid tempatan, didedahkan kepada sinar gama pada dos 0 hingga 4000 Gy. Selepas 7 hari dieram, didapati pada dos 250 Gy, telur yang dihasilkan gagal menetasj sedangkan hama yang tersinar pada dos >500 Gy tidak bertelur langsung.

* rVRDI

182

4.9 Irradiation as a quarantine treatment for disinfmstation of mites in orchids

Hamidah Sulaiman*, Norimah Yusaf and Rahmat Mardi

Project Code ; IRPA 1-01-01-003-02

Mites isolated from a local orchid were exposed to various doses of gamma irradiation 0 to 4OO0 By. After 7 days of incubation, eggs from mites irradiated at 250 By would not hatch, while mites irradiated at dose >50O Gy failed to lay eggs at all.

4.10 Kesan sinaran gama ke atas mutu cendawan tiram kelabu segar (Pleurotus sp.)

Abd. Shukor Abd. Rahman*, Norimah Yusof dan Salahbiah Abd. Majid

Kod Proiek : IRPA 1-01-O1-OO3-O2

Kajian dilakukan ke atas cendawan tiram kelabu segar (Pleurotus spf) yang dibungkus secara runcit (lihat Aktiviti-Aktiviti Bahagian Penyelidikan 1987, m.s. 132), disinar dan kemudian disimpan pada suhu 10=C, kelembapan bandingan 90"/.. Perbezaan mutu hanya ketara setelah 14 hari penyimpanan di mana cendawan tidak disinar mengalami kerosakan sebanyak 1007. berbanding dengan hanya 10"/. bagi cendawan yang diberi perlakuan sinar gama.

Kajian juga menunjukkan dos yang berkesan adalah diantara 1 - 3 kGy. Penyinaran berkesan mengawal penyakit oleh kulat tetapi tidak berkesan mengawal keperangan.

4.10 Effect of gamma irradiation on the quality of fresh grey oyster-mushroam (Pleurotus sp.)

Abd. Shukor Abd. Rahman*, Norimah Yusof and Salahbiah Abd. Maj'id

Project Code : IRPA 1-O1-01-003-02

A study was conducted on fresh grey oyster-mushroam (Pleuratus sp,) packed for retail market (refer to Activities of the Research Division, 1987, p. 133), irradiated and then stored et 10=C, 907. relative humidity. The differences in quality was significant only after 14 days of storage, at which unirradiated mushroom showed 1007. damage in comparison to only 107. in those received gamma irradiation treatment.

The study also showed that the effective dose was around 1 - 3 kBy. Irradiation was effective in controlling ,ungal disease but unable to control browning.

* MPRDI

183

4.11 Kesan sinaran ke atas aspek-aspek fizikal dan nilai pH daging ayam

Latifah Amin, Norimah Yusof, Saiful Abu Hussin, Sopiah Jusoh, Raduan Arifin dan Kamaruddin Saat

Satu kajian ringkas untuk melihat kesan sinaran pada dos-dos 1.5 dan 3.0 kGy ke atas daging ayam (bahagian peha) yang disimpan pada suhu O^C - 4°C seiama 13 hari telah dilakukan. Parameter-parameter yang dikaji meliputi aspek-aspek fizikal seperti rupabentuk, bau dan warna di samping pengukuran nilai pH.

Keputusan kajias* tahap warna kemerahan (nilai-a) menggunakan Hunterlab colorimeter ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 4.11.1, 4.11.2 dan 4.11.3. Daripada graf-graf itu dapat dilihat perbezaan warna yang jelas di antara kulit dan daging ayam (bahagian dalam dan luar) tersinar dengan yang tidak tersinar. Warna kemerahan pada kulit dan daging ayam didapati berkadar terus dengan dos dan perbezaan warna ini menjadi lebih ketara dengan tempoh penyimpanan. Walau bagaimanapun daging ayam yang tersinar mempunyai bau yang dikenali sebagai 'irradiation odour', tetapi bau itu hilang selepas 3 hari penyimpanan di mana bau ayam segar kembali timbul dan terus berbau lebih segar daripada sampel kawalan sehingga 13 hari. Secara keseluruhannya daging ayam yang tersinar kelihatan lebih segar dan menarik tanpa sebarang perubahan buruk yang ketara pada rupabentuk, bau dan warna berbanding dengan daging ayam yang tidak disinar yang hanya boleh diterima hingga hari ke 5. Kesan penyinaran ke atas nilai pH daging ayam tersinar dan tidak tersinar didapati tidak begitu ketara. (Lihat rajah 4.11.4).

Kajian seterusnya akan dilakukan ke atas aspek deria untuk menilai penerimaan orang ramai ke atas daging ayam yang tersinar.

4.11 Effect of radiation on the physical aspects and pH-value of chicken meat

Latifah Amin, Norimah Yusof, Saiful Abu Hussin, Sopiah Jusoh, Raduan Arifin dan Kamaruddin Saat

A brief study has been carried out to see the effect of irradiation at doses of 1.5 and 3.0 kGy on chicken meat (thigh portions) kept at 0=*C -4=,C for 13 days. Parameters studied include various physical aspects such as appearance, odour and colour besides pH-value determination.

Results from the study on the degree of redness (a-value) as measured by Hunterlab calorimeter are shown in Figures 4.11.1, 4.11.2 and 4.11.3. From the graphs i t can be seen that there is a distinct colour difference between the irradiated and nan-irradiated chicken skin and meat (inner and outer region). The redness of the skin and meat corresponds directly to doses and the difference in colour bettjeeen the irradiated and nan-irradiated samples becomes more distinct on storage. However the irradiated chicken meat possess irradiation odour that dissipated during up to J days storage, after which the fresh chicken odour reappeared and remained more fresh than the control until 13 days. Ch the whole the irradiated chicken were found to be more fresh and

184

NUMBER OF DAYS

m l

< _ J

0KA»ALAN a 1 .S kBy t,a.a key

— I

tCONTROL1

§

6 9

BILANGAN HARI 12 IS

Rajah 4.11.1 : Kesan sinaran dan tempoh penyimpanan ke atas tahap warna kemerahan <nilai-a) kulit ayam yang disimpan pada suhu 0°C - 4°C

Figure 4.11.1 : Effect of radiation and storage on the degree of redness (a-value) of chicken skin stored at 0"C - 4"C

NUMBER OF DAYS 11

to -

m I

<

0KAfALAN (CONTROL) n i . s key A3.O key

_i_ _i_

= < > i 09

6 9 BILANGAN HARI

12 IS

Pajah 4.11.2 : Kesan sinaran dan tempoh penyimpanan ke atas tahap warna kemerahan (nilai-a) daging ayam (bhg. dalam) disimpan pada suhu 0°C - 4°C Figure 4.11.2 : Effect of radiation and storage on the degree of redness (a-value) of chicken inner meat stored at O'C - 4"C

185

NUMBER OF DAYS

a l

z

6 9

BILANGAN HARI

12 IS

Rajah 4.11.3 : Kesan sinaran dan tempoh penyimpanan ke atas tahap warna kemerahan (nilai-a) daging ayam (bhg. luar) disimpan pada suhu 0°C - 4°C Figure 4. J 1.3 ; Effect of radiation and storage on the degree of redness (a-value) of chicken surface meat stored at 0°C - 4"C

NUMBER OF DAYS

6.9 "

x 6.8 a. < - J

z 8.7

6.8

6.5

_ —, .._ ., 0KAWALAN (COHTROUJ a 1 - 5 Key AS.O key

JK

I i

—r- i

s^ 3

' - '

LU

> X a.

8 9

BILANGAN HARI

12 IS

Rajah -4.11.4 : Kesan sinaran dan tempoh penyijnpanan ke atas n i l a i pH daging ayam yang disimpan pada suhu 0°C - 4"C

Fimire 4.11.4 : Effect of radiation and storage on the pH value of chicken meat stored at 0"C - 4"C

186

attractive without any profound deteriorating changes in their appearance, odour and colour up to the end of the storage period compared to the non-irradiated ones which were only acceptable for 5 days.

There is no clear effect of irradiation on the pH-value of irradiated and non-irradiated chicken during the 13 days storage period (Refer to Fig 4.11.4).

Further work will be done on the sensory aspect to see the acceptance of irradiated chicken by the public.

4.12 Ka j ian awal ke a tas komponen perasa h a l i a basah

L a t i f a h Amin, Norimah Yusof, Rahmat Mohamed and Kamaruddin Saat

Ha l i a diguna dengan meluasnya kerana mempunyai rasa pedas dan aroma yang t e r s e n d i r i . Kepedasan pada h a l i a segar adalah kerana kehadiran s e b a t i a n -sebat ian g ingero l ( 6 - , 8 - dan 1 0 - g i n g e r o l ) . Oleores in h a l i a , i a i t u campuran kasar komponen-komponen perasa h a l i a t e l a h d ieks t rak dengan p e l a r u t aseton. Seterusnya o leo res in i n i d i a n a l i s a dengan k romatogra f i l ap isan n i p i s menggunakan p i r i ngan ge l s i l i k a 60F-254 (E-Merck) dan n -h e k s a n a / d i e t i l - e t e r t e r s u l i n g (3/7) sebagai p e l a r u t pengembangan kawasan yang mempunyai n i l a i R-, d i antara 0.15 - 0,22 d i s y a k k i sebagai g i nge ro l berdasarkan laporan j u r n a l . Seterusnya kawasan g inge ro l i n i d iana l i sa . . dengan k romatogra f i c e c a i r berkeupayaan t i n g g i menggunakan p e l a r u t a s e t o n i t r i l - 2*/. as id ase t i k (2:3) sebagai p e l a r u t l a l u a n . Kaj ian i n i akan d i te ruskan d i mana puncak-puncak pada kromatogram yang d i s y a k k i sebagai g inge ro l akan d i a n a l i s i s dengan spektrometer j i s i m untuk pengenalan dan pemastian penganalisaan awal t a d i kerana ket iadaan sampel p iawai dagangan.

Ka j ian se lan ju tnya akan d i lakukan untuk me l iha t kesan s inaran ke a tas komponen rasa pedas d i dalam h a l i a i n i .

4.12 Preliminary study on the flavour components of fresh ginger

Latifah Amin, Norimah Yusof, Rahmat Mohamed and Kamaruddin Saat

Ginger is used widely and valued for its characteristic aroma and pungency. The pungency of fresh ginger is attributable to the presence of gingerol compounds (6—, 8- and 10-gingerol). Ginger oleoresin, the crude mixture of the flavour components mere extracted by acetone. The oleoresin was analysed by the thin layer chromatography using silica gel plates 60F-254 (E. Merck) and distilled n-hexane/diethyl ether (3/7) as the developing solvent. The region with R, 0.15 and 0.22 was suspected to be gingerols based on journal report. The pungent gingerol region was then analysed with high performance liquid chromatography using acetonitrile -270 aq. acetic acid (2.3) as the running solvent. This study will be continued whereby the peaks in the chromatogram suspected to be gingerols will be analysed by mass spectrometry for identification

187

and confirmation of the earlier analysis since standard samples are not available commercially.

Further study will be done to see the effect of irradiation on the flavour components of ginger.

4.13 Pembentukan aberasi kromosom di dalam sel-sel limfosit darah maknusia yang terdedah kepada sinaran mengion

Mohd Zaidan Kandar

Kajian pembentukan atau pengaruh aberasi kromosom di dalam sel-sel limfosit darah maknusia setelah didedahkan secara in-vitro kepada sinaran mengion (sinar-X, 1/ dan neutron) dijalankan berikutan pengwujudan makmal dosimetri biologi di UTN. Tujuan kajian ini ialah untuk menghasilkan satu lengkuk kesan-dos piawai yang menghubungkan dos-dos sinaran dengan bilangan kerosakan kromosom yang terhasil untuk setiap mutu sinaran khas untuk makmal ini yang boleh digunakan untuk penentuan dos pada individu-individu yang terdedah kepada sinaran pada masa-masa akan datang.

Untuk mewujudkan lengkuk kesan-dos bagi tiga jenis sinaran iaitu sinat—X, dan neutron, tiga siri percubaan telah dijalankan. Di dalam setiap percubaan contoh-contoh darah yang telah diambil daripada penderma dewasa yang sihat telah disinar secara. in-vitro pada beberapa dos sinaran. Contoh-contoh darah yang telah disinar kemudian di kulturkan di dalam media kultur selama 48 jam untuk membolehkan sel-sel limfosit tersebut membahagi. Setelah itu kultur-kultur sel tersebut diproses dan sel-sel kemudiannya dititikkan pada permukaan slaid kaca diikuti dengan proses pewarnaan. Set-set kromosom kemudian diperiksa di bawah mikroskop cahaya. Semua aberasi dikelaskan kepada dwipusat (dengan serpihan), gelang, serpihan tak berpusat, dan ekapusat tak normal

Punca-punca sinaran yang telah digunakan untuk percubaan-percubaan ini ialah sinar-X pada keupayaan 250 kVp dan kadar dos 0.568 Gy/min, sinar pada kadar dos 0.5 Gy/min dan sinaran campuran 2T-neutron terhasil daripada Reaktor TRIGA PUSPAT1 pada kadar dos 0.532 Gy/min. Kadar dos untuk sinar-X dan 2f telah diukur dengan menggunakan kebuk pengionan tentukuran Farmer, sementara bagi sinaran campuran S"-neutron TLD 700 telah digunakan.

Frekuensi dwipusat dan gelang telah dilakarkan bertentangan dengan dos seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah 4.13.1. Lengkuk kesan dan dos ini telah dihasilkan dengan menggunakan cara kaedah kuasa dua terkecil berlelaran pemberat, dan persamaan-persamaan paling baik untuk lengkuk-lengkuk piawai ini adalah seperti berikut :

Sinar-X : Y = (7.58x10-*) D + (3.67x10"*) EF Sinar-tf : Y = (3.77xlCr*) D + (6.55x10-*») D3

neutron : Y = (7.4 + 0.18) x iO"3 D

Pekali regresi untuk ketiga-tiga jenis mutu sinaran ini lebih-kurang menyamai data-data yang terdapat di dalam penerbitan-penerbitan

188

DOSE t r a d )

2 .5 -

LLI CO

CD Z <

CD

< W

Q. 1-1

Q

on

1 .5

X y + NEUTRON + C0-6Q *SINAR~X tX-RAY)

o

CD

z M

n: + o M 111 O

U_ o

100 200 300

DOS (rad) 400 500 600

Rajah 4.13.1

Figure 4.13.1

Hubungan sambutan dos bagi penghasilan dwipusat dan gelang se t iap se l bagi sinaran gama, X dan campuran neutron-gama Dose response relationship for production of dicentric and ring per cell for gamma, X-ray and mixed neutron-gamma radiation

189

antarabangsa. Keputusan daripada percubaan i n i te lah mengesahkan bahawa anal ie is aberasi kromosooi d i dalam sel -se l l im fos i t darah maknusia adalah satu ana l i s i s yang boleh diulang dan boleh digunakan untuk penentuan dos pada ind iv idu yang terdedah kepada sinaran mengion pada masa-masa akan datang.

4.13 The induction of chromosome aberration in human blood lymphocytes exposed to ionizing radiation

Mahd Zaidan Kandar

Studies on the induction of chromosome aberration in human blood lymphocyte cells exposed to ionizing radiation (X-, "6-ray and neutron) Mere carried out in conjunction with the establishment of a biological dosimetry laboratory at UTN. The intention of this study was to establish standard dose-effect curves relating radiation doses with the number of chromosome breaks produced for each radiation quality. Future dose assessment could refer to the studies carried out at this laboratory.

In establishing dose-effect curves for three types of radiation namely x-, <f and neutron, three series of experiments were carried out. In each experiment blood sampels taken from healthy adult donors, were irradiated at various doses. Irradiated blood samples were cultured in a culture medium for 48 hours to allow for lymphocyte cells to divide. The cells were then transferred onto slides and stained. Chromosome spreads were then examined under a light microscope. All aberrations were classified as dicentrics (with associated fragment), rings, acentric fragments, and abnormal monocentries.

The radiation sources used for these experiments were 250 kVp X-ray delivered at a dose rate of 0.568 Gy/min, cobalt-60 if rays at 0.5 Gy/min and 0.532 Gy/hour mixed neutron- tf irradiation generated from Reaktor TRIGA PUSPATI operated at 750 kU. The dose rate for x-rays and IC rays were measured using a calibrated Farmer ionizing chamber, while for mixed neutron-}!, TLD-700 was used.

Frequency of dicentrics and rings was plotted against the dose as shown in the figure 4.13.1. The dose-response curves were obtained by iteratively re-weighted least squares method, and the best equation fit to the frequency of dicentric and ring of each radiation were :

X-rays : Y = (7.53x10-") D + (3.67x10-+) IP * rays : Y = (3.77x10-") D + (6.55x10-+) IP neutron : Y = (7.4 ± 0.19) x lQ-* D

The regression coefficients for these three radiation qualities were in good agreement with those found in the literature. This confirms that the chromosome aberration analysis in Ituman blood lymphocytes is reproduceable and could be used for dose assessment in man exposed to ionizing radiation.

190

4.14 Pembentukan radiocerakinan imun dan cerakinan imun berenzim untuk hormon triidotironin (T3), tiroksin (T4) dan hormun perangsang tiroid (TSH)

Abdul lianaf Ali, Ismail Ahmad1*, Ahmad Bustamam Abdul, Normah Norbid*, Rahmad Mohamed*, Alias Kamis*, Abdul Khalid Kadir* dan Aziz Dollah*

Radiocerakinan imun dan cerakinan imun berenzim adalah dua teknik yang digunakan secara meluas bagi mengukur aras harmon T3, T4 dan TSH di dalam serum pesakit. Kadar penggunaan kit radiocerakinan imun di Malaysia adalah lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan cerakinan imun berenzim. Penentuan aras hormon tersebut adalah penting bagj. tujuan diagnosis gangguan fungsi organ tiroid dan penyakit yang berkaitan dengan organ tersebut. Di dalam pembentukan cerakinan imun dua perkara penting perlu dihasilkan iaitu antibodi samada poliklon atau monoklon terhadap hormon dan hormon yang berlabelkan Iodin-125 atau enzim. Dalam laporan ini kaedah penghasilan antibodi (poliklon dan monoklon) terhadap hormon T3/T4 dan kaeah pengukuran titer antiserum/antibodi menggunakan teknik tidak langsung protin-A enzim berangkai cerakinan imun. Pengkulturan Streptococcus aureus strain cowan I juga dilakukan bagi tujuan penghasilan protin-A untuk pembentukan cerakinan fasa pepejal untuk mempercepatkan masa pencerakinan.

T3 dan T4 dikonjugatkan kepada serum albumin maknusia atau lembu dengan bantuan l-siklo-heksil-3 (2-morfolinoetil)-karbodiimida atau l-etil-3-(3-dimetil-aminopropiD-karbodiimida klorida. Konjugat tersebut disuntik bersama adjuvan Freund tidak lengkap kepada kambing dan arnab bagi penghasilan antibodi paliklon terhadap hormon-harmon tersebut.

Sel mioloma NS-1 dikultur menggunakan medium RPM1-1640 atau DMEM yang mengandungi 10"/. serum anak lembu, penisilin dan glutamin. Kultur tersebut dieram di dalam pengeram CQa pada suhu 37°. Perlakuan NS-1 dengan sel-sel limfa dilakukan mengguna kaedah Kohler St Milstein (1975) yang terubah.

Enzim berangkai cerakinan imun tak langsung Protin-A dibentuk mengikut kaedah Ahmad et.al. dengan sedikit perubahan. Permukaan yang tidak diselaputi oleh antiserum atau antibodi ditutup dengan 37. albumin telur ay am.

Pengiodinan dilakukan dengan tindak balas kloramin-T antara T3 dan iodin-125. Pengasingan iodin-125 yang tidak terikat dengan 1=soI-T3 dan x=aI-T4 dilakukan dengan menggunakan kromatografi turus sephadex G25 halus.

Titer antiserum/antibodi ditentukan dengan kaedah enzim terikat cerakinan imun tak langsung protirr-A. Uhtuk titer T3 adalah 1:2560 (arnab) dan untuk T4 adalah 1:80. Penggunaan medium DMEM untuk pengkulturan adalah lebih baik jika dibanding dengan RPMI-1640 kerana pertumbuhan sel NS-1 dapat dikurang bagi meminimumkan penggantian media baru atau penggunaan

* Fakulti Sains Hayat, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia * Fakulti Perubatan, Uhiversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia * MARD1

191

kelalang tisu kultur baru. Kebanyakan kolani hibridoma yang diperolehi menghasilkan antibodi kepada protin konjugat. Ini adalah kerana molekul T3/T4 terlalu kecil berbanding dengan protin pembawa. Daripada 400 supernatan dari telaga yang diuji didapati kesemuanya positif kepada protin konjugat dan hanya satu telaga sahaja positif kepada T3. Pengklonan juga sedang dilakukan bagi tujuan menentukan kemungkinan terdapat hibridoma yang positif terhadap T3 dalam koloni yang positif kepada protin konjugat. Teknik pengiodinan di atas telah memberi 40-60"/. iodin-125 terj.kat kepada T4 dan 25-40"/. terikat kepada T3. Peratus pengikatan ini berubah bergantung kepada masa tindak balas kloramin-T. Dalam kajian perbandingan, iasI-T3 yang dihasilkan memberi keputusan yang sama dengan t==I-T3 dari Amersham dan Abbot. Walau bagaimanapun ia=I-T4 tidak nnemberi keputusan yang sama seperti i=BI-T4 dari Amersham dan Abbot.

4.15 Kesan aktiviti perladangan (UTN) ke atas ekologi dan alam sekitar di tapak percubaan pertanian Uhit Tenaga Nuklear

Nashriyah Mat, Zaini Hamzah, Khairuddin Abdul Rahim dan Abdul Aziz Basri

Kod Projek : JKP/PP(10.6)/85

Kajian pada tahun 1988 adalah terhadap sumber—sumber tumbuhan dan tanah. Tiada kajian yang dilakukan ke atas sumber air memandangkan aktiviti-aktiviti pembinaan loji Co-60 dan Kompleks Rumah Hijau sedang pesat berjalan dan mengotorkan anak sungai yang merupakan sumber air untuk kajian pada tahun-tahun sebelumnya (1985-1987).

Sampel-sampel tanah bekas paya dan daun keladi paya dikutip bermula dari generasi pertama keladi yang tumbuh subur selepas pemberian racun herba Gramoxone iaitu 14 bulan selepas penyemburan (A). Persampelan kedua dilakukan 4 bulan selepas persampelan pertama (B = 18 bulan selepas semburan). Persampelan terakhir yang dibuat secara rawak dilakukan setahun selepas persampelan pertama. (C = 26 bulan selepas semburan). Persampelan terakhir ini adalah ke atas generasi kedua keladi yang sedang tumbuh subur di dalam klon/rumpun.

Daripada penganalisaan yang dibuat ke atas sampel-sampel di atas, didapati kepekatan unsur-unsur zat makanan makro seperti K, Ca, Na dan zat makanan mikro seperti Mn adalah lebih tinggi di dalam daun-daun keladi jika dibandingkan dengan kandungan unsur—unsur tersebut di dalam tanah (Jadual 4.15.1). Pengambilan unsur-unsur tersebut pada ketiga-tiga masa persampelan membolehkan keladi paya tumbuh dengan subur. Walaubagaimana pun kepekatan unsur—unsur tersebut di dalam daun keladi paya menurun mengikut inasa dan ini mungkin dipengaruhi oleh kepekatan yang juga menurun di dalam tanah. Racun herba gramoxone disembur selepas pembakaran pokok renik dikawasan itu dilakukan. Penganalisaan ke atas tanah bakar (Jadual 4.15.2) menunjukkon tanah selepas pembakaran mengandungi kandi_igan zat makanan yang lebih tinggi dari tanah bekas paya. Data yang didapati juga menunjukkan bahawa keladi paya tidak mengumpulkan unsur—unsur Co, Fe dan Al di dalam daunnya walaupun kandungan unsur—unsur tersebut di dalam tanah bekas paya adalah lebih

192

tinggi. Pengumpulan unsur Zn juga rendah (nisbah tumbuhan/tanah kurang dari 2) tetapi meningkat semasa persampelan ketiga (2B bulan). Nisbah ini menunjukkan bahawa keempat-empat unsur ini mungkin kurang diperlukan, ataupun merupakan unsur toksik kepada keladi paya.

Dengan menganggap bahawa tanah semasa A (14 bulan) adalah berlainan dengan tanah semasa B (18 bulan) dan semasa C (28 bulan), satu perkirn^an kepekaan tumbuhan telah dibuat. Didapati keladi paya paling peka kepada kandungan unsur—unsur tanah seperti K, Zn, Ca, Mn, Co, Na dan Al mengikut susunan menurun di antara 14 hingga 18 bulan penyemburan Gramoxone. Terdapat perbezaan sensitiviti iaitu Zn, K, Co, Ca, Na, Mn dan Al di antara 14 hingga 28 bulan penyemburan (Jadual 4.15.1). Oleh kerana pengambilan unsur-unsur Co dan Zn meningkat secara relatif di dalam jangkamasa 28 bulan, dijangka terdapat kaitan di antara pengambilan dan kepekaan keladi paya terhadap unsur-unsur tersebut walaupun selepas dua tahun penyemburan Gramoxone. Pengambilan dan kepekaan keladi paya terhadap unsur—unsur zat makanan makro (K) dan zat makanan mikro (Mn) pula menurun dalam masa dua tahun selepas penyemburan Gramoxone berbanding setahun sebelumnya. Analisis adalah dengan menggunakan teknik Analisis Pengaktitan Neutron.

Uhsur Element

K* Ca* Na* Mn** Fe** Co* Zn**-A l -

Daun ( leaves) (bps) (ppm)

A B C

22,320 24,910 15,000 10,280 8,380 5,840 389.37 25.30 28.59 387.14 34B.23 227.56 177.0 103.5 N.D.

0.44 0 .39 2.10 49.93 20.75 116.06

399.26 123.7 96.22

Tanah (sail) (bps) (ppm)

A C

5,640 4,600 N.D. N.D.

147.16 89.10 48.57 31.46

24,400 18,000 2.37 2.10

26.42 50.38 72,4B0 59,700

Nisbah tumbuhan/tanah

Ratio plant/soil

A C

3 . 9 6 ~ ~ 3 . 2 6

2.65 0.32 7.97 7.23 0.0073 -0.185 1.00 1.89 2 .31

0.0055 0.0016

Kepekaan tumbuhan

Plant sensitivity

A-B A-C

86 75 82 66 57 66 77 65 70 77 71 80 90 53 62

* Zat makanan makro (Macronutrients) ** Zat makanan mikro (tficronutrients) * Unsur Toksik ( Toxic element) N.D. bermaksud tidak dikesan (denotes not detected)

Jadual 4.15.1 : Kepekatan unsui—unsur di dalam daun keladi paya (Taro sp.) dan sampel tanah bekas paya setelah 14 bulan (A), 18 bulan' (B) dan 28 bulan (C) pemberian racun herba Gramoxone pada kawasan paya yang dikeringkan dan dibakar untuk tujuan pertanian

Table 4.15.1 : Elemental contents of swampy Taro and ex-swampy soil samples from fit (14 months), B (IB months) and C (28 months) after Gramoxone application following draining and burning of swampy area for agricultural reclamation

193

Uhsur (Element)

Kepekatan Cancentration

(bps) (ppm)

K

10,900

Ca

4,500

Na

256.33

nn

49B.42

Fe

19,600

Co

3.94

Zn

198.1

A l

107,200

Jadual 4 .15.2 : Kandungan unsur-unsur (purata) d i dalam dua sampel tanah-tanaman has i l pembakaran hutan kepertamaan

Table 4.15.2 : Elemental contents of two burned soil (average) form burned primary jungle sail—p]ant (ecosystem)

4.15 The impact of agricultural practices on the ecology and environment at the agricultral experimental plot, Nuclear Energy Lhit

Nashriyah Mat, Zaini Hamzah, Khairuddin Abdul Rahim and Abdul Aziz Basri

In 1988 the above study focussed only on the monitoring of plants and soil. Ab study was made on the water source due to the rapid construction of the Co—60 plant and the greenhouse complex which affected the stream, the water source which was periodically monitored in the previous years (1985-1987).

Soil samples from the drained swamp area and samples of Taro so. leaves were collected since the first generation of Taro which emerged after the first application of the herbicide Bromoxone 14 months earlier (A). The second sampling (B) was done 4 months after the first sampling (B = 18 months after spraying with the herbicide). The final sampling, like the first and second, being carried out randomly, was done one year after the the first sampling (C = 28 months after spraying). The final sampling was on the second generation of Tara. From the analysis of the above samples i t was found that macronutrient such as K, Ca, Na and micronutrients such as f^i are higher in the Taro leaves than in the soil (Table 4.15.1). This could explain the healthy growth of Taro during those sampling periods. The concentration of those elements decreased with time and this could be due to the depletion of the elements in scil. The spraying of Bramoxane was carried out after burning of the shrubs in the area. Burning of plant materials lead to the increased fertility of the soil. Analysis on the soil from the burnt area (Table 4.15.2) showed the nutrient content are higher than the ex-swampy soil. Results also showed that Taro did not concentrate Co, Fe and Al in its leaves although the concentration of these elements in the soil were high.

Uptake of Zn was also low (plant to soil ratio was less than 2:1) but i t increased at the third sampling. These elements may be less needed by Taro or they could be toxic to the plants.

With the assumption that the soil at period A (14 months) was different from periods B (18 months) and C (28 months), the sensitivity of the plants were calculated. Taro was found to be most sensitive to K, Zn, Ca, Mn, Co, Na and Al (in that decreasing order) 14 to IB months after

194

spraying with Gramoxone (Table 4.15.1). Since the uptake of Co and Zn relatively increases in the period of 28 months, i t was assumed that there is a relation between the uptake of these elements and the sensitivity of the plants towards the elements even after 2 years since the spraying of the herbicide. Uptake of and sensitivity to macronutrient K and micronutrient tfi decreased during the two-year period as compared to the earlier period. Analysis of elements was done by Neutron Activation Analysis.

4.16 Ka j ian ke a tas sambutan tanaman pad i numa kopada ba ja -ba ja urea dan t a h i lembu

Nashriyah Mat, Khairuddin Abd. Rahim dan Abdul Khal ik H j . Wood

Ka j ian inkubas i ke a tas s i f a t b i o l o g i ba ja -ba ja organan tempatan t e l a h d i j a l a n k a n d i makmal sebelum d i lakukan k a j i a n d i ladang ke a tas sambutan tanaman padi huma kepada ba ja -ba ja urea dan baja organan yang sesua i . Has i l k a j i a n inkubas i menunjukkan baja Amina (keluaran A j inano to Malaysia Berhad) adalah menggalakkan pertumbuhan h i f a - h i f a k u l a t seminggu selepas inkubas i (n isbah ba ja : tanah i a l a h 1:100) berbanding dengan ba ja organan tempatan yang l a i n . Terdapat banyak b i j i - b i j i benih rumpai d i dalam tanah s i r i Bungor yang d i k a j i yang bercambah dengan baik sama ada tanpa pembajaan, d i b a j a i dengan Baja B io (ke luaran Sime Darby P l a n t a t i o n s ) , t a h i lembu, t a h i ayam mahupun baja Amina. Memandangkan baja t a h i lembu i a l a h yang p a l i n g mureh dan mudah d i d a p a t i s e r t a kurang menghadapi masalah in feks i /per tumbuhan k u l a t , k a j i a n seterusnya d i j a lankan dengan membandingkan baja organan t a h i lembu dengan baja tak organan d i ladang Percubaan U n i t Tenaga Nuklear , Jalan D e n g k i l .

P l o t - p l o t percubaan disusun secara rekabentuk blok lengkap terawak dengan empat r e p l i k a s i . Kadar baja tak organan yang digunakan i a l a h 17s21:70 unsur-unsur N, P, K i a i t u menurut kandungan unsur-unsur te rsebut d i dalam baja t a h i lembu. Pada p l o t u rea , unsur-unsur P dan K yang d i b e r i adalah dalam bentuk ba ja -ba ja dagangan TSP dan MOP. Sepanjang tempoh k a j i a n , hujan adalah mencukupi untuk pertumbuhan padi huma i a i t u me leb ih i 200mm/bulan; namun beg i tu penyiraman juga d i lakukan pada h a r i - h a r i yang sangat k e r i n g .

Pemberian baja urea ataupun t a h i lembu, d i d a p a t i menambahkan h a s i l j i r i m ke r ing (Jadual 4 .16 .1) padi huma te rsebu t j i k a dibandingkan dengan padi huma d i dalam p l o t kawalan. Bi langan anak ( t i l l e r ) keduaan dan anak s p i k e l e t juga bertambah. Baja t a h i lembu adalah l e b i h berkesan menambahkan anak keduaan t e t a p i t i dak menambahkan b i langan anak s p i k e l e t keduaan berbanding dengan u rea . Persampelan d i lakukan pada pe r ingka t pembangunan dan awal pengis ian buah. Has i l za t makanan makro i a i t u N, P, K, Ca, Mg dan Na dan za t makanan mikro yang d i k a j i i a i t u Co, Fe, Zn dan Mn adalah l e b i h t i n g g i pada padi huma yang d i b e r i perlakuan baja t a h i lembu (Jadual 4 .16 .2 dan 4 . 1 6 . 3 ) . H a s i l dar ipada p l o t kawalan adalah l e b i h dar ipada p l o t yang d i b e r i ba ja dan n i l a i i n i adalah b e r e r t i . D iseba l iknya kepekatan unsur-unsur l a i n s e p e r t i A l , B r , C r , Cs, Th dan Ce d i dalam p l o t - p l o t kawalan adalah l e b i h t i n g g i dan b e r e r t i dar ipada p l o t -p l o t yang d i b e r i b a j a . I n i menunjukkan bahawa padi huma d i p l o t - p l o t

195

kawalan mengalami kekurangan zat makanan dan ancaman keracunan dar i unsur-unsur toks ik . Anal is is adalah dengan teknik anal is is pengaktifan neutron, kaedah Kjeldahl (N) dan Scheele (P) ke atas bahagian-bahagian tampang (h i jau atau kering) dan pembiakan. Kajian seterusnya seharusnya menggunakan baja-baja urea dan tah i lembu berlabel r\H15 untuk menentukan perbandingan pengambilan nitrogen dar i baja-baja urea dan tah i lembu.

Perlakuan Treatment

Kawalan (Control) Urea Tahi lembu

(COM manure)

H a s i l j i r i m ke r ing Dry matter yield

(kg/ha)

1255.36

4882.32 6753.79

V. bioj is im ('/. of biomass)

Pembiakan Reproductive

0.4

1.3 1.1

Tampang vegetative

63.5

47.7 56.5

Ker ing Dead

36 .1

51.0 42.4

Jadual 4.16.1 : Hasil j i r i m kering dan peratusan b io j is im padi huma yang d iba ja i dengan baja tak organan (urea, TSP dengan MOP) berbanding dengan baja organan ( tah i lembu) pada tanah s i r i Bungor. P lo t -p lo t kawalan adalah tanpa pembajaan.

Table 4.16.1 : Dry matter yield and percentage of biomass for upland rice fertilized by inorganic fertilizer (urea, TSP with MOP) as, compared wi th organic fertilizer (cowdung) on Bungor soil. Control plot is without fertilization.

Perlakuan Treatment

Kawalan (Control) Urea

Tahi lembu (COM manure)

N

13.50

37.17

65.31

Has i l za t makanan makro (kg/ha) Macronutrients yield (kg/ha)

P K Ca Mg

2.04* 24.02* 3 .99* 2 .70*

11.29 61.30 19.37 11.58

13.98 106.74 20.72 15.77

Na

0.O5*

0.19

0.23

Jadual 4.16.2 : Hasil zat makanan makro Table 4.16.2 : Macronutrients yield

196

Perlakuan Treatment


Tahi lembu ( COM manure)

Has i l za t makanan mikro (kg/ha) Micronutrients yield (kg/ha)

Co Fe Zn Mn

0.0008* 1.92* 0 .04* 0 .28 *

0.0017 5.77 0.24 1.51

0.0031 5.57 0.45 2.53

Jadual 4 .16.3 : Has i l zat makanan mikro Table 4.16.3 : Micronutrients yield (kg/ha)

Perlakuan Treatment


Tahi lembu (Cow manure)

A l 7.

1.46*

0.87

0.66

CI •/.

0.64*

0.97

0.75

Kepekatan unsur-unsur l a i n Concentra tion

Br Cr ppm ppm

1184* 16.7*

860.9 11.9

752.1 13.9

of other elements Cs As ppm ppm

0 .8 * 13 .7*

0.7 6 . 6 *

0 .8 10 .2*

Th ppm

5.8*

3 . 9

3 . 1

Ce ppm

7 .6 *

5 . 1

5 . 1

Jadual 4 .16 .4 : Kepekatan unsur-unsur l a i n Table 4.16.4 : Concentration of other elements

4.16 A study on the response of upland rice to urea fertilizer and cow manure

Nashriyah Mat, Khairuddin A. Rahim and Abdul Khalik Haji Mood

An incubation study on the biological characteristics of locally produced organic fertilizers was carried out in the laboratory before the study on the effect of fertilization using urea and cow manure was carried out in the field. Results from the incubation study showed that Baja Amina (a product of Ajinomoto Malaysia Berhad) enhanced the growth of fungal hyphae following one week incubation (fertilizer to soil ratio 1:100) as compared to the other organic fertilizers which were tested. The Bungor series soil harboured a lot of weed seeds. This was shown by the abundance of weeds seedling sprouting from the soil whether or not i t was given any fertilizer, or being applied wxth Baja Bio (from Sime Darby Plantations), cow manure, chicken manure or Baja Amina. Since cow manure is the least expensive of all the above, easily available and also i t seemed to have fewer problems concerning fungal infections, further study was carried out to assess the performance of cow manure as compared to

197

urea on upland rice. The study was carried out at UTN Agricultural Experimental Plot, Jalan Dengkil.

The experiment follaiied the randomised complete block design with four replications. The fomulation of the inorganic fertilizer in terms of N, P, K was in the ratio of 17:21:70, following the ratio of N, P and K in COM manure. For the urea plots P and K was supplied in the form of triple superphosphate (TSP) and muriate of potash (MOP), respectively. Throughout the experiment, rainfall (200 mm/month) was sufficient Tor the growth of upland rice?i although hand watering was also carried out from time to time during very dry days. Both fertilizer applications, whether with urea or cow manure resulted in higher dry matter yields than the controls (Table 4.16.1). The number of secondary tillers which would produce spikelets was also higher in the fertilised plots. It seemed that cow manure was more effective in increasing secondary tillering but not producing more secondary spikelets as compared to urea. Harvesting was done during early flowering and milking stages. Yields of macronutrients such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na as well as micronutrients Co, Fe, Zn and Ph were higher for the cow manure treatments (Table 4.16.2 and 4.16.3). Yields for the control plots were significantly lower than the fertilized plots. However, concentrations of elements such as M, Br, Cr, Cs, Th and Ce in the controls were significantly higher than the fertilized plats. This showed that the unfertilised plots were insufficient in nutrients and were facing threats of toxicity from toxic elements. The elemental analysis carried out were by neutron activation analysis (N&)), KJeldahl (N) and Scheele (P) methods on the vegetative and reproductive parts of the plants, fit further study should be carried out, ideally using t^h-15 labelled cow manure and urea to determine the quantitative uptake of nitrogen from urea and cow manure.

4.17 Perbandingan pengambilan nitrogen dari baja—baja urea dan amonium sulfat oleh jagung manis yang diperairkan dan ditanam pada tanah siri Bungor : II Penilaian hasil dan biojisim

Nashriyah Mat dan Bajuri Kadmin

Jagung adalah merupakan tanaman tahunan yang memerlukan banyak baja (N, P, K) dan air yang mencukupi, oleh itu ia sangat sensitif kepada perubahan zat-zat makanan dan air di dalam tanah. Walaupun begitu, menurut hasil dari kajian pada tahun 1987 (Aktiviti-aktiviti Bahagian Penyelidikan 1987, ms 152-155), keberkesanan pengambilan nitrogen dari kedua-dua baja urea berbanding dengan amonium sulfat terhadap hasil jirim kering, hasil jumlah nitrogen, hasil nitrogen dari baja dan penggunaan nitrogen dari baja yang dicerap adalah setanding pada tanah siri Bungor setelah diletakkan secara jalur. Kajian berkenaan telah dilakukan pada plot-plot kajian yang kecil (15 rn persegi) iaitu satu amalan biasa di dalam kajian menggunakan baja berlabel N-15 yang mana mungkin menyebabkan data penghasilan yang dicerap adala i rendah daripada biasa. Mengambilkira komen-komen yang disuarakan, pada tahun 1988 satu kajian yang berkaitan telah dijalankan dengan penekanan kepada aspfr'-. memperbesarkan plot-plot (hampir 0.02 ha setiap plot) hanya untuk mengu.ii hasil dan biojisim pada tanah siri Bungor tersebut.

198

P u r a t a h a s i l yang d i d a p a t i ( J a d u a l 4 . 1 7 . 1 ) a d a l a h l e b i h t i n g g i dan menyokang h a s i l k a j i a n sebe lumnya d i mana t i a d a k e l e b i h a n penggunaan b a j a amonium s u l f a t ke a t a s b a j a u r e a ( l e b i h murah) d a r i s e g i p e n g h a s i l a n j i r i m k e r i n g b u a h , daun h i j a u , b a t a n g dan k e s e l u r u h a n k e c u a l i b u n g a . Memandangkan f a k t o r d i a t a s , p a r a p e t a n i d i s y o r k a n menggunakan b a j a u r e a ( s e c a r a j a l u r ) o l e h ke rana men j ima t kan b e l a n j a . T i a d a kesan d a r i penggunaan b a j a u r e a ke a t a s b i o j i s i m h i j a u ( J a d u a l 4 . 1 7 . 2 ) walaupun pada mata k a s a r d i d a p a t i l e b i h banyak se rangga pengorek j a g u n g d i da lam p l o t -p l o t yang d i b a j a i dengan b a j a u r e a . Racun se rangga M a l a t h i o n t e l a h d i g u n a k a n (semburan dua minggu s e k a l i ) b e r t u j u a n mengawal se rangga d i semua p l o t .

J i r i m k e r i n g (Dry matter), k g / h a P e r l a k u a n Buah Daun h i j a u Daun k e r i n g Batang Bunga Jumlah Treatment Cobs Green leaves Dry leaves Stalk Flowers Total

Urea 2 5 3 4 . 4 8 2 8 . 7 5 0 9 . 2 1275 .1 162 .B 5 3 1 0 . 1

NhLvSCU 2 2 6 7 . 7 8 3 1 . 4 4 9 8 . 5 1279 .6 144 .4 5 0 2 1 . 6

J a d u a l 4 . 1 7 . 1 : P e n g h a s i l a n j a g u n g man is pada t a n a h s i r i Bungor Table 4.17.1 .- Yield of sweetcam an Bungor soil

J i s i m ( B i a m a s s ) , '/. Per lakw; /» J i s i m h i j a u J i s i m k e r i n g Jumlah Treatment Green biamass Dead biamass Total

Urea 9 0 . 4 1 9 . 5 9 100

M-USCU 9O.07 9 . 9 3 100

J a d u a l 4 . 1 7 . 2 : P e r a t u s a n b i o j i s i m Table 4.17.2 : Percentage of biamass

4.17 Comparison of nitrogen uptake from urea and ammonium sulphate fertilizers by irrigated sweetcom on Bungor soil series : II yield and biamass assessment

Nashriyah Mat and Bajuri Kadmin

The annual crop of maize requires a higher application rate of fertilizers (N, P, K) and sufficient water which indicates that i t is very sensitive to changes in nutrient and i.ater supply. Nevertheless, the result from a 1987 study (Activities of the Research Division 1987, pp. 152-155) shows that the efficiency of nitrogen uptake by sweetcarn from urea fertilizers as compared with ammonium sulphate is similar for dry matter yield, total nitrogen yield, nitrogen fertilizer yield and

199

nitrogen fertilizer utilization. The study was done on small experimental plots (15 rir), which is a normal practice involving N-15 labelled fertilizers that perhaps resulted in lower yield. In response to a few comments, one related study was done in 1988 focussing mainly on enlarging the plot (to nearly 0.02 ha each) in order to test yield and biomass production of sweetcorn in reponse to urea and ammonium sulphate fertilizers on Bungor soil.

The average yisld obtained (Table 4.17.1) is higher with no significance difference in terms of dry matter yield of cobs, green leaves, stalks and total yield, with the exception of flowers, has been observed thus supporting the previous observation. However, farmers are advised to apply urea an sweetcarn (in bands) to reduce expenditure. It was observed that urea will not affect green biomass (Table 4.17.2) even though more stem borer was seer? in urea plots. The pesticide lialathion was used to control this insect on all plots (sprayed regularly once in two weeks).

4.18 Kajian aktiviti akar tanaman kopi

Bajuri Kadmin, Ahamad Sahali Mardi, Khairuddin A. Rahim, Tham Kah Cheng*, Kamaruddin Ambak* dan Wan Mohamad Wan Othman""

Tanaman bergantung kepada sistem akar aktif untuk penyerapan air dan pengambilan nutrien. Taburan dan perkembangan sistem akar adalah salah satu faktor yang menentukan kemuatan penyerapan. Penggunaan teknik isotap ^P adalah satu cara yang cepat dan berkesan untuk mengukur corak taburan akar-akar aktif.

Teknik yang berdasarkan dari kaedah yang diterangkan oleh Hall et al bagi tanaman-tanaman kecil boleh diterapkan bagi pokok-pokok di ladang. Larutan fosfat berlabel =KEP disuntik ke dalam tanah pada jarak serta kedalaman yang diuji. Beberapa minggu selepas suntikan, sampel-sampel daun yang sama umurnya diambil dari tempat morfologi yang tertentu dari pokok dan kemudian dilakukan analisis 3=P. Aktiviti 3=P di dalam sampel menggambarkan aktiviti akar pada beberapa tempat di dalam tanah.

Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk menempatkan baja fosforus seberapa dekat dengan akar-akar aktif setelah mengambilkira bahawa ion-ion fosfat mempunyai kebolehgerakan rendah di dalam tanah. Kaedah penempatan baja-baja fosfat akan mempengaruhi keberkesanan baja-baja tersebut. Ini dapat dimanfaatkan apabila penemDatan baja tersebut memastikan kepekatan ion-ion fosfat yang maksimum berhampiran dengan akar dan juga pada waktu di mana baja tersebut benar—bsnar diperlukan.

Hasil awal dari kajian yang dijalankan pada tanah gambut (Pontian) dan tanah siri Bungor menunjukkan ada perbezaan yang ketara di antara corak aktiviti akar tanaman kopi Liberica yang d;.tanam pada dua jenis tanah tersebut (rajah 4.18.1). Persampelan pada waktu tiga minggu selepas

* rVKDI ~ U n i v e r s i t i Per tan ian Malaysia

200

penyunt ikan 3 = P pada tanah gambut menunjukkan 747. jumlah a k t i v i t i akar berada d i dalam l ingkungan 50 sm berbanding dengan hanya 637. bagi a k t i v i t i akar d i tanah s i r i Bungar. Pada j a r a k 100 sm d a r i pangkal pokok n i l a i jumlah a k t i v . i t i akar adalah 107. pada tanah gambut dan 277. pada tanah s i r i Bungor.

D i dalam k a j i a n kedua ( r a j a h 4 .18 .2) a k t i v i t i akar d i d a p a t i pa l i ng t i n g g i pada j a r a k d i antara 25-100 sm d a r i pangkal pokok. Di dalam k a j i a n - k a j i a n corak a k t i v i t i akar d i an ta ra kopi Robusta dan Liberica, a k t i v i t i d i d a p a t i t i n g g i d i dalam pokok Robusta berbanding dengan Liberica pada kedua-dua l o k a s i , pada l o k a s i - l o k a s i s i r i Serdang ( d i p l o t ladang UPM) dan d i Stesen MARDI, Kluang ( r a j a h 4 . I S . 3 dan 4 . 1 8 . 4 ) .

4.18 Root activity studies of coffee

Bajuri Kadmin, fkhamad Sahali Mardi, Khairuddin A. Rahim, Tham Kah Cheng*, Kamaruddin Ambak* and Man Muhamad Han Othmarf

Plants depend on their active root system for the absorption of water and uptake of nutrients. The distribution and extent of the root system is one of the factors that determine their absorptive capacity. The use of 3=p isotope technique will give a quick and reliable means of determining the distribution pattern of active roots.

The technique, based on the method described by Hall et al for small field crops, is relatively simple to apply to trees under field conditions. ~^P labelled phosphate solution is injected into the soil at the various distances and depth under test, ft few weeks after injection, leaf samples of similar age are taken from wel 1 -defined morphological positions on the tree and analyzed for :saP. The activity of the label in the sample reflects the root activity at the various positions in the soil.

The objective is to place phosphatxc fertilizer as close as possible to the active roots, taking into account the very low mobility of phosphate ions in the soil. The method of placement of phosphatic fertilizers in the soil will influence their effectiveness. This will be maximised when the fertilizer placement ensures a maximum concentration of phosphate ions in the immediate proximity of the roots and at the time of maximum need.

Preliminary results of the experiment conducted on peat (Pontian) and Bungar soil pattern have shown marked differences in their root activity pattern of Liberica coffee trees (figure 4.19.1). On peat at 3 weeks sampling about 74'/. total root activity was at the 50 cm distance while on Bungar series i t was 637. At the 100 cm distance the figures were 10'/. and 247. respectively indicating a sharper decline in root activity on peat soils.

* MPRDI "" Universiti Pertanian Malaysia

DISTANCE FROM TREE torn) 16

U

g 12

S i o

CD

o

Raiah 4.18.1

fjgurg 4.18.1

T

OBUNBOR

A6MMUT (PEAT]

12

z a o

50 ZOO 250 100 150 JARAK OARI POKOK On)

Corak keaktifan akar bagi pokok kopi yang ditanau pada tanah siri Bungor dan tanah ganbut (Kajian 1) Boot activity pattern for coffee plant grown on Bangor series and peat soils (Experiment 1)

DISTANCE FROM TREE torn) 8

7

6

2 S

a* 2 S 8

CD

3«

Rajah 4.18.2

Figure 4.1dJL

T T

OBUNGOR &6AUBUT tPEATl.

o o o

X

UJ H r> z

05 Z a o

50 100 150 ZOO Z50

JARAK DARI POKOK O n ]

Corak keaktifan akar bagi pokok kopi yang ditanan pada tanah siri Bungor dan tanah gambut (Kajian 2) Root activity pattern for coffee plant grown on Bangor series and peat soils (Experiment 2)

202

DISTANCE PROM TREE torn) 1200

1000

g BOO

BOO

400

200

50 100 150 JARAK DARI POKQK tsm)

oLIflEHICA flOBUSTA

is 7.

I a u

200 250

Ra.iah 4.18.3 : Corak keaktifan akar bagi pokok kopi (Liberies dan Robust a) yang d it an am pada tanah siri Serdang di ladang UPM

Figure 4.18.3 : Root activity pattern for coffee trees (Liberies and Robusta) grotm on Serdang series soil at UPM field

1 5

1 600

1400

1200

1000

800

B00

400

200

^

-

-

-

DISTANCE FROM TREK (cmJ

i i i

p i i

• cLIBERtCA &RQHUSTA

-

-

-

•

•

i

Hi 3 3»

a o

£0 100 150

JARAK DARI POKQK t3ffl3

200 250

Bajflh 4.18.4 : Corak keaktifan akar bagi pokok kopi (Liberies dan Robusta) yang ditanam di stesen MARD7, Kluang, Johor

Figure d.m.<i : Root activity pattern for coffee trees (Liberies and Robusta) grown at HARDI station, Kluang, Johor

203

In the second experiment (figure 4.18.2) root activities w?ne found to be highest at distance 25 - 1O0 cm from the tree. In the study on root activity pattern of coffee trees (Robusta and Liberica), the activities i^ere found higher in Robusta than Liberica on both location i.e. Serdang series at LFM field plot and at MARDI station, Kluang (figures 4.18.3 and 4.18.4).

4.19 Kajian aktiviti akar tanaman kelapa sawit (Elaeis quineensis. Jacq)

Ahamad Banali Mardi dan Khairuddin A. Rahim

Kod Proiek : IRPA l-Oi-01-01 (TT3)

Kajian dijalankan pada musim hujan (jadual 4.19.1) ke atas pokok kelapa sawit berumur 8 bulan selepas ditanam, pada tanah siri Bungor di Tapak Percubaan Pertanian UTN. Tujuannya adalah untuk mengetahui corak taburan akar aktif bagi tanaman tersebut. Masa pembajaan dan tempat perletakan baja amat penting untutk diketahui, supaya akar dapat menyerap serta menggunakan baja yang diberi dengan cekap dan berkesan. Di Malaysia penggunaan baja untuk tanaman adalah tinggi, maka kajian tentang sistem pengakaran terutamanya bagi tanaman penting perlu digalakkan.

Sejumlah 15 pokok telah diperlakukan dengan isotop 3 aP, 2 mCi/pokok (7.4 x 107 Bq). Isotop disuntik ke tanah pada jarak 25 dan 50 sm dari pangkal pada kedalaman 10 sm dan di permukaan tanah meliputi kawasan 50 sm dari pangkal. Persampelan pinna telah dijalankan selepas 2, 4 dan 6 minggu isotop disuntik dan analisis sampel dilakukan di makmal.

Keputusan dari kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa tempoh sesuai untuk persampelan ialah 4 minggu selepas isotop disuntik kerana bilangan keaktifan dalam pinna pelepah no. 1 didapati tinggi (lihat jadual 4.19.2). Pada tempoh 2 minggu sebelum persampelan itu, pelepah no. 1 masih dalam bentuk pucuk iaitu bahagian tumbuhan yang aktif dalam tumbesaran.

Dari tiga persampelan yang dilakukan didapati perlakuan 25 sm memberi bacaan keaktifan yang tinggi dibandingkan dengan perlakuan yang lain. Ini menunjukkan bahawa pokok kelapa sawit berumur 8 bulan, kawasan akar yang aktif berada pada jarak itu dan perletakan baja boleh dilakukan di sekitar kawasan tersebut.

Jadual 4.19.3 pula menunjukkan bahawa pada pelepah yang sama, keaktifan lebih tinggi dalam sampel pinna daripada rakis itu hampir 2 kali ganda. Pengambilan nutrien oleh tumbuhan lebih banyak berlaku pada pinna, kerana bahagian ini lebih aktif dalam proses tumbesaran dibandingkan dengan rakis.

204

Minggu (Meek) Hujan (Rainfall)

1 2 3 4 5 6 38.11 56.90 40.50 11.B2 17.55 50.30

Jumlah ( Total) 215.18

Jadual 4.19.1 : Hujan (mm) yang diterima dikawasan percubaan dalam tempoh kajian dijalankan (8/9 - 21/10/1968)

Table 4.19.1 : Rainfall (mm) received in the experimental area during the period of study (8/9 - 21/10/19BB)

Perlakuan Treatment

25 cm 50 cm

Permukaan 50cm

Surface

keaktifan*, bsm/5g sampel (activity* 2 minggu 4 minggu 2 weeks 4 weeks

175B1 40245 9834 21593

17349 23122

, cpm/Sg sample) 6 minggu 6 weeks

14857 13756

10575

* Purata dari 5 replikasi (Average from 5 replicates)

Jadual 4.19.2 : Keaktifan dalam pinna pelepah no. 1 selepas 2, 4 dan 6 minggu suntikan

Table 4.19.2 : Counts in pinnae of the 1st open frond 2, 4 and A weeks after injection

Perlakuan Treatment

25 cm 50 cm

Permukaan 50 cm

Surface

keaktifan*, bsm/5g sampel Pinna (pinnae)

14857 13756

10575

(activity* , cpm/5g sample) Rakis (Rachis)

7273 7998

6791

* Purata dari 5 replikasi (Average from 5 replicates)

Jadual 4.19.3 : Keaktifan dalam pinna dan rakis pelepah no. 1 selepas 6 minggu suntikan

Table 4.19.3 : Counts in pinnae and rachis of 1st open frond 6 wee/cs after injection

205

4.19 A study on the root activity of oil palm (Elaeis ouineensis. Jacq)

Ahamad Sahali Mardi and Khairuddin A. Rahim

Project Code ; IRPA 1-01-01-01 (TT-3)

The study was conducted during the rainy season (table 4.19.1) on 8 month old oil-palms grown on Bungor series soil at UTN Agricultural Experimental Plot. The objective is to discover the active root distribution pattern for the plants. Correct timing and placement of fertilizer are essential for efficient uptake of the fertilizer by the roots. Use of fertilizers for crops in Malaysia is higher and therefore a study on the rooting systems of important crops should b& encouraged. 15 plants uere given the treatment with rsaP isotope at 2 mCi/tree (7.4 x lO7 Bq). The isotope was injected into the soil at distance of 25 and 50 cm from the base of the plant at a depth of 10 cm. Another set of treatment is the surface application of isotope covering an area with 50 cm radius from the base of plants. Sampling of the pinnae was carried out 2, 4 and 6 weeks after the application of the radioisotope. Sample analysis was carried out in the laboratory.

Results from this study showed that the most suitable time for sampling was 4 weeks after isotope application since the activities in the first open fronds were the highest (see table 4.19.2). In the second week these no. 1 fronds were still unopened spears which were the most active parts of the plants.

From the three samplings it was found that isotope application at 25 cm gave the highest activity in the pinnae as compared to the other treatments. This showed that for 8 months old oil-palms, the most active region for the roots lies within the above distance and fertilizers should be applied within that area.

Table 4.19.3 showed that the activity in the pinnae was higher by about two times than in the rachis. More nutrients were being distributed to the pinnae as this pa, ': is more active in the growth process as compared to the rachis.

4.20 Peni la ian keberkesanan beberapa baja f o s f a t batuan

Ahamad Sahali Mardi, Khairuddin A. Rahim dan Foong Sang Foo*

Kod Proiek : IRPA 1-01-01-O1 (TT-3)

Tujuan ka j ian i n i adalah untuk membandingkan kedapatan fosforus yang diambil oleh tanaman d a r i beberapa baja f o s f a t batuan dan superfosfat ganda t i g a (TSP), d i mana anak-benih kelapa sawit digunakan sebagai tanaman penunjuk.

* Perbadanan Khidmat Pertanian Felda

206

Keberkesanan baja seperti fosfat batuan Christmas Island (CIRP), fosfat batuan Morrocco (MRP) dan fosfat batuan Jordan (JRP) telah diketahui dari percubaan yang lalu. Ada dua lagi baja sumber fosfat yang baru terdapat dipasaran iaitu fosfat batuan Carolina Utara (NCRP) dan fosfat batuan China (CRP). Dalam kajian ini 5 jenis baja fosfat batuan akan dinilai dan dibandingkan dengan baja TSP. Rekabentuk blok lengkap terawak dengan 8 replikasi telah diguna dalam kajian ini. Anak benih kelapa sawit berumur 5 bulan yang seragam pertumbuhannya dipilih dan ditanam dalam pasu mengandungi 7 kg tanah siri Telemong (loam bsrpasir halus) yang dikering udara. Jumlah keaktifan =K3P untuk satu pasu ialah 1 mCi (3.7x1a"7,

Bq) bersama 5 mg P dalam bentuk KHaPCU (1000 bsj). Persampelan dilakukan 128 hari selepas 33P diberi. Bahagian tanaman seperti daun dan batang dianalisis untuk berat kering, kepekatan P, bilangan keaktifan, jumlah P, keaktifan tentu, 7. P terhasil dari baja, hasil P dan '/. keberkesanan baja.

Jadual 4.20.1 menunjukkan bahawa TSP lebih baik daripada baja-baja fosfat batuan dari segi hasil P dan V. keberkesanan. Perbandingan antara baja-baja fosfat batuan pula didapati hasil P NCRP (224.19 rog/pokok) dan keberkesanannya (3.267.) adalah yang tertinggi sekali dan hasil P CRP (37.22 mg/pokok) dan keberkesanannya (0.137.) terendah. Ini menunjukkan bahawa baja NCRP yang baru diperkenalkan itu, boleh diguna sebagai sumber P bagi tanaman kerana ianya setanding dengan baja TSP dan harganya murah.

Perlakuan Treatment

Super fos fa t ganda t i g a Triple superphosphate (TSP)

Fos fa t batuan Ca ro l i na Utara North Carolina rock-phosphate (NCRP)

Fos fa t batuan China China rock-phosphate (CRP)

Fos fa t batuan Morrocco Morroccan rock-phosphate (MRP)

Fos fa t batuan Jordan Jordanian rock-phosphate (JRP)

Fos fa t batuan Pulau Christmas Christmas Island rock-phosphate (CIRP)

Has i l P mg/pokok P yield, mg/plant

224.19

161.90

39.22

94.94

81.14

76.50

Keberkesanan, 7. Efficiency

5.32

3.26

0.13

1.66

1.90

0 .92

Jadual 4.20.1 : Jumlah hasil P (mg/poko'') dan keberkesanan baja (7.) Table 4.20.1 : Total P yield (mg/plant) and fertilizer efficiency ('/.)

207

4.20 Evaluation of the efficiency of several rock phosphates

Ahamad Sahali Mardi, Khairuddin A. Rahim and Foong Sang Fodf

Project Cede : IRPA l-Ol-Ol-Ol (TT-3)

The objective of this study was to compare available phosphorus taken up by plants from several rock phosphates and from triple superphosphate (TSP). In this study oil-palm seedlings were used as indicator plants.

The efficiency of fertilizers such as Christmas Island rock phosphate (CIRP), Moroccan rock phosphate (MRP) and Jordanian rock phosphate have been determined in a previous study. New in the market for P sources are North Carolina rock phosphate (NCRP) and China rock phosphate (CRP). In this study the above five rock phosphate fertilizers were evaluated and compared with TSP, in an experiment employing the randomised complete block design with the eight replicates. Five month old oil-palm seedlings of uniform size fjere selected and planted in pots containing 7 kg air-dried Telemong series soil (fine sandy loam). Total 3 = P activity per pot was 1 mCi (3.7x10? Bq) and 5 mg P in the form of KHiPO*. (1000 ppm) were supplied. Sampling was done 128 days after ^ P was administered. The green parts and the petioles were analysed for dry weights, P concentration, activity of 3 =P, total P, specific activity, 7. P derived from fertilizer ('/. Pdff), P yield and efficiency of the fertilizer.

Table 4.20.1 shows that TSP is better in terms of total P and 7. efficiency as to the rock phosphate fertilizers. Among the rock phosphates it was found that NCRP gave the highest P yield (224.1? mg tree-1-) as well as being the most efficient (3.267.) whilst CRP was the poorest in terms of P yield and efficiency (39.22 mg tree-3-) and 0.137. respectively. The study showed that the newly introduced NCRP could be used as a P source for crops since it is comparable to TSP and furthermore, it is a much cheaper fertilizer than TSP.

4.21 Taburan akar aktif pokok getah

Ahamad Sahali Mardi, Khairuddin A. Rahim dan Mohd. Noor Sudin**

Kod Projek : 1-01-01-Oi (TT-3)

Kajian dijalankan di Stesen RRI, Sg. Buloh, Selangor, pada pokok getah berumur 7 bulan, 3 tahun dan 9 tahun. Tujuannya, untuk menilai dan menentukan kawasan akar getah yang aktif pada tanah, umur dan pokok penanti yang berbeza, bagi pokok matang pula tujuannya untuk melihat jangkauan akar yang aktif.

* Felda Agricultural Services Corporation ** Institut Penyelidikan Getah Malaysia

208

Pokok Qetah (Rubber tree)

PDKDK GETAH 7 BULAN <7 MONTH RUBBER TREE?

KawQsan tsotap P-32 "> <P-32 Isotope arso)

PD.K0K GETAH 3 TAHUN <3 YEAR RUBBER TREE?

1 m

Pokok getah <Rubber tree>

X 5

Kawasan isotop P-32 "P-32 isotope area)

4

PDKDK GETAH 9 TAHUN (9 YEAR RUBBER TRED

Jarak tanartan <plarrting distance/ 3,4 x 7,6 n Pokok 1 - 5 disanpel CTrees 1 - 5 a re sanpled)

Rajah 4.21.1 : Kawasan pemberian isotop P-32 bagi pokok getah 7 bulan, 3 tahun dan 9 tahun

Figure 4.21.1 : P-32 isotope application areas for 7 month, 3 year and 9 year rubber trees

209

Pokok getah berumur 7 bulan ditanam atas tanah siri Renggam, 5 jenis klan pokok penanti dicantum dengan klon PB 260. Isotop 3=P sebanyak 1 mCi/pakak (3.7 x iO"7 Bq) disiram pada permukaan tanah disekeliling pangkal pokok pada jarak 7.5 cm dalam kawasan 15 cm. Keputusan dari 2 pensampelan yang dijalankan iaitu selepas 2 dan 4 minggu diberi isotop , didapati bilangan aktiviti 3=P dalam daun adalah tinggi pada pokok penanti klon PB 5/51 daripada RRIM 600, RRIM 623, PB 260 dan PRI 703.

Pokok getah berumur 3 tahun ditanam atas Lanah siri Sg. Buloh, 2 jenis klon pokok penanti dicantum dengan klon PB 260. Isotop 3=!P sebanyak 5 mCi/pokok (1.85 x 10s Bq) disiram ke tanah disekeliling pangkal pokok pada jarak 60 cm dalam kawasan 60 cm. Keputusannya, bilangan aktiviti :XSP dalam daun arialah tinggi pada pokok penanti klon RRI 614 daripada klon PB 235.

Pokok getah matang berumur 9 tahun, klon PR 255 di tanam atas tanah siri Holyrood. Percubaan pertama dijalankan selepas musim daun luruh, pokok getah baru mula mengeluarkan daun. Sejumlah 15 mCi 3=P (5.55 x 10s Bq) diberi pada setiap perlakuan iaitu 0 cm (permukaan tanah),pada kedalaman 15 cm dan 30 cm (lihat rajah 4.21.1) dengan jumlah replikasinya 4. Keputusan yang diperolehi menunjukkan, variasi yang tinggi bagi bilangan aktiviti dalam sampel daun dari setiap perlakuan dan antara replikasi,. Kesimpulan sukar dibuat tetapi dari data yang ada, akar aktif pokok getah berumur 9 tahun tidak menjangkaui lebih 9 meter dari pangkal. Kemungkinan juga bagi pokok pada peringkat itu, penyerapan nutrien oleh akar berlaku perlahan. Pembilangan yang rendah mungkin disebabkan oleh jumlah isotop yang diberi tidak mencukupi dan disebabkan adanya faktor pencairan dalam pokok. Percubaan kedua dijalankan dikawasan yang sama untuk melihat samada jumlah isotop yang diberi mencukupi bagi pokok matang. Isotop =KZP yang diberi ialah 10 mCi dan 20 mCi dengan 2 replikasi, keadaan pokok pada masa itu adalah normal. Keputusannya, isotop sebanyak 20 mCi didapati mencukupi dan akar aktif pokok getah 9 tahun didapati berada hingga 6 meter dari pangkal pokok.

Dari percubaan yang dijalankan, beberapa masaalah dapat dikenalpasti dan kajian seterusnya akan dijalankan untuk memperakukan keputusan yang diperolehi.

4.21 Active root distribution of rubber trees

Ahamad Sahali Mardi, Khairuddin A. Rahim and Mohd. Noor Sudin*

Project Code : IRPA l-Ol-Ol-Ol (TT-3)

The study was carried out at RRIM station, Sg. Buloh, Selangor on rubber trees 7 months, 3 years and 9 years of age. The abjective was to evaluate and determine active roots for trees of different age grown on different soils and also having different root stocks. Far the mature trees the objective was to determine poaching effects of the active roots.

* Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia

210

The 7 month old rubber plants were grown on Renggam series soil and they were composed of PB 260 clones budded to 5 different clones of root stocks. :S3P mth an activity of 1 mCi/tree (3.7x10* Bq) was applied in a 15 cm band on the soil surface 7.5 cm from the tree trunk. Results from sampling after 2 and A weeks of isotope application showed higher activity counts in the leaves for trees with PB 5/51 root stacks as compared to those with RRIM 600, RRIM 623, PB 260 and PRIM 703 root stocks.

The 3 year old rubber trees were planted on Sg. Buloh series soil. They were composed of PB 260 clones budded to two different clones of root stacks. :s=tP with an activity of 5 mCi/tree (1.85x10* Bq) in a 60 cm band on the sail surface, 60 cm from the tree trunk. Results showed that trees of RRIM 614 root stocks had higher activity counts in the leaves than those of PB 235 root stocks.

Mature rubber trees of PR 255 clone and 9 years of age were grown on Holyrood series soil. The fist trial was carried out immediately after the wintering period, where trees shed their leaves and new leaves started to developed. 15 mCi (5.55 x 10* Bq) of :XZP were applied in the area as shown in Figure A.21.1, at O cm depth (soil surface) as well as at 15 cm and 30 cm depths. The treatments were in A replicates. Results showed large variations within treatments and also between replications. Conclusion was difficult to be made, but from the available data i t indicated that the active roots for 9 year old rubber trees did not extend beyond 9 metres from the trunks. There is a possibility that for trees at that stage, the absorption of nutrients by the roots occured slowly. The low counts could also mean insufficient amount of isotope applied to the trees and there could be high dilution in trees of that age. A second trial was carried out in the same area to estimate the amount of isotope sufficient to detect in mature trees. ^P were given at a rate of 10 mCi and 20 mCi with 2 replications and the condition of the trees were normal. Results indicated that 20 mCi :ssP gave more reliable results and showed that the active roots far 9 year old rubber trees could be detected as far as 6 metres from the trunk.

From the trials carried out several problems could be identified and further studies have to be done to confirm all the results obtained.

4.22 Kesan baja fosforus, mikoriza dan Rhizobium ke atas pertumbuhan dan keupayaan Pueraria javanica

Ahamad Sahali Mardi, Khairuddin A. Rahim dan Mahmud Ab. Wanab*

Kod Projek : IRPA 1-01-Oi-Ol (TT-3)

Tujuan kaj'ian adalah untuk menilai pengarbilan P pada tempoh 4 dan P minggu selepas penanaman. Kajian dijalankan di dalam rumah kaca RRI Scj, Buloh, Selangor, menggunakan tanah siri Renggam sebanyak 500 g/pasu.

* Institut Penyelidikan Getah Malaysia

211

Pemberian baja adalah berdasarkan luas permukaan iaitu 0.00385 m3. Kadar isotop ^P untuk satu pasu ialah 0.1 mCi dan baja CIRP kadarnya 720 kg/ha (0.2772 g/pasu). VAMF pada kadar 15 g/pasu diberi pada 40 pasu sementara Rhizobium strain RRIM 968 pula 15 ml/pasu diberi pada 40 pasu yang lain. Tana/nan penunjuk, Pueraria javanica ditanam 3 pokok/pasu; jumlah replikasi ialah S.

Selepas 4 minggu didapati kombinasi MPR (Mikoriza + Fosforus + Rhizobium) memberikan jumlah berat kering dan hasil P serta 7. P yang tertinggi sekali. Hasil P dalam Pueraria didapati tinggi pada perlakuan baja fosforus (1.295 mg) jika dibandingkan dengan perlakuan dengan mikoriza (1.178 mg) dan Rhizobium (0.508 mg).

Selepas 8 minggu jumlah berat kering kombinasi MP adalah lebih tinggi daripada MPR tetapi dari segi 7. P dan hasil P pula MPR adalah yang tertinggi sekali.

Hasil P yang diberi perlakuan dengan mikoriza (6.662 mg) adalah lebih tinggi daripada perlakuan dengan baja fosforus (3.833 mg) dan Rhizobium (0.554 mg).(lihat Rajah 4.22.1).

Kesimpulannya, mikoriza telah memainkan peranan penting ke atas pengambilan P dari tanah oleh Pueraria.

Gabungan Perlakuan Combination Treatments

MOPORO MOPORI MIPORO MIPORI MOPIRO MOPIRI MIPIRO MIPIRI

4 minggu (weeks)

J.B.K (g) 7. P Hasil P (mg) T.D.M (g) '/. P P yield (mg)

0.203 0.217 0.441 0.148 0.343 0.508 0.320 0.368 1.178 0.385 0.320 1.232 0.476 0.272 1.295 0.374 0.247 0.924 0.807 0.367 2.962 0.897 0.393 3.525

8 minggu (weeks)

J.B.K (g) 7. P Hasil P (mg) T.D.M (g) '/. P P yield (mg)

0.717 0.190 1.362 0.270 0.205 0.554 3.203 0.208 6.662 3.226 0.183 5.904 1.888 0.203 3.833 2.085 0.189 3.941 5.715 0.169 9.658 5.268 0.215 11.326

* M = Mikoriza (mycorrhiza) P = Fosforus (Phosphorus) R = Rhizobium 0 = Tanpa (Without) 1 = Ada (Wit/7)

Jadual 4 . 2 2 . 1 : Jumlah be ra t ke r ing ( g ) , kepekatan P (7.) dan h a s i l P (mg) selepas 4 dan 8 minggu penanaman

Table 4.22.1 : Total dry weight (g), P concentration (7.) and P yield (mg) 4 and 8 weeks after planting

212

4.22 Effect of phosphorus fertilizer-, mycorrhiza and Rhizobium on the growth and performance of Plieraria Javanica

Ahamad Sahali Mardi, Khairuddin A. Rahim and Mahmud A. wahab*

Project Code -- IRFA 1-01-01-Ol (TT-3)

The abjective of this study was to evaluate the uptake of P by Pueraria iavanica 4 and 8 weeks after planting. The study was carried out in a glasshouse at PRIM Station, Sg. Bulah, Selangar using Renggam series soil at a rate of 50o g/pot. Fertilizer application was based on surface area, i.e. O.0Q3Q5 nP. The rate of ^P was 0.1 mCi/pot and CIRP was given at a rate of 720 kg/ha (0.2772 g/pot); WMF innculum at 15 g/pot was applied to 40 pots whilst Rhizobium RRIM 986 strain was added to another- set of 40 pots. The indicator plant was the cover crop Pueraria javanica planted 3 to a pot. Each combination was replicated 5 times.

After 4 wse/cs it was found that the MPR combination (mycaorhiza •*• phosphorus + Rhizgbium) resulted in the highest dry matter yield, P yield and X R as shown on Table 4.22.1. P yield in Pueraria was highest in the P fertilizer treatment (1.295 mg) as compared to treatments with mycorrhiza (1.178 mg) and Rhizobium (0.508 mg).

After 8 weeks dry matter yield was highest in the M° combination but in terms of X p and P yield the highest values were for the MRP treatment. P yield far treatment with mycorrhiza was 6.662 mg, which was higher than 3.833 mg for- the phosphorus fertilizer treatment and 0.554 mg for the Rhizobium treatment (Table 4.22.1). As a conclusion, it seemed that mycorrhiza played an important role on the uptake of P by Pueraria.

4.23 Perbandingan sumber fos fo rus yang berbeza ke atas Acacia mangium

Ahamad Bahal i Mard i , Khairuddin A. Rahim dan Wan Rashidah W.A. Kad i r *

Kod Projek : IRPA 1-O1-01-01 (TT-3)

Kajian lan ju tan d a r i tahun 1987. Tujuan ka j ian adalah untuk membandingkan jumlah kedapatan P d a r i beberapa baja f o s f a t batuan dan super fos fa t pada pokak Acacia manqiun dan pada masa yang sama mengukur kesan bak i baja tersebut pada tempoh t e r t e n t u . Kaj ian d i ja lankan d i ladang Hutan Kompensatori, Hutan Simpan S e t o l , Negeri Sembilan.

Laporan yang l a l u t e l ah menyatakan kesan baja selepas 8 minggu, d i mana hanya baja TSP t e l a h menunjukkan kesan p o s i t i f . Bagi tempoh selepas 6 bulan, 1 tahun dan 1 1/2 tahun pembajaan, i so top =S=P sebanyak 0.75 mCi/pokok (2.78 x 1CK Bq), 1.25 mCi/pokok (4.73 x 107, Bq) dan 5 mCi/pakok (1.85 x 10° Bq) t e l a h d ibe r i kan . Persampelan di lakukan 4 minggu selepas

3 =P d i b e r i .

* Rubber Research I n s t i t u t e o f Malaysia ** I n s t i t u t Penyel idikan Perhutanan Malaysia

213

Dari Jadual 4.23.1, peratusan P bagi pokok yang diberi TSP dan JRP hampir sama (0.297. dan 0.277.), bagi baja MRP dan CIRP pula 7. P kedua-duanya sama iaitu 0.14%. Pada keseluruhannya 7. P menurun, dibandingkan dengan keputusan selepas B minggu pembajaan, «salah satu sebabnya ialah faktor pencairan dalam pokok tersebut kerana saiz pokok lebih besar. Dari segi keberkesanan baja didapati baja ORP (0.7757.) lebih tinggi daripada TSP (0.5067.), MRP (0.2387.) dan CIRP (0.0417.).

Dari Jadual 4.23.2, 7. P bagi pokok yang diberi baja MRP (0.217.) lebih tinggi daripada JRP (0.157.), TSP (0.1Z/.) dan CIRP (0.117.). Hasil P dan 7. keberkesanan baja MRP didapati tinggi iaitu 3471 mg P dan 1.5037. jika dibandingkan dengan baja lain.

Dari Jadual 4.23.3, selepas tempoh 1 1/2 tahun pembajaan didapati 7. P dari baja CIRP (0.287.) tinggi sedikit daripada baja-baja lain. Dari segi hasil P pula baja JRP (17506 mg) tertinggi, manakala 7. keberkesanan selepas 1 1/2 tahun, baja TSP (6.197.) tinggi daripada JRP (5.197.), CIRP (4.297.) dan MRP (2.517.).

Apa yang Jelas di sini ialah '/. P dan '/. keberkesanan baja CIRP telah meningkat cuma jumlah berat keringnya rendah, jika dibandingkan dengan pokok-pokok yang diberi fosfat batuan lain.

Kesimpulannya, bagi tempoh selepas 6 bulan, 1 dan 1 1/2 tahun jumlah berat kering (g), hasil P (mg P) dan 7. keberkesanan semua baja yang diuji didapati menunjukkan peningkatan yang nyata.

Perlakuan

Treatments

P-32 sahaja {only)

CIRP MRP JRP TSP

Jumlah Bahan Ker ing (g)

Total Dry Matter (g)

286

273 427 639 360

Fos fo rus , 7.

Phosphorus, '/.

0.14

0.14 0.14 0.27 0.29

Has i l P (mg) Keberkesanan, 7.

P yield (mg) Efficiency, '/.

435

324 0.041 563 0.238

1654 0.775 1062 0.506

Jadual 4.23.1 : Kesan perlakuan selepas 6 bulan pembajaan Table 4.23.1 : Effect of treatments 6 months after fertilization

214

4.23 Comparison of different phosphorus sources on Acacia mangium

Ahiamad Sahali Mardi, Khairuddin A. Rahim and W. Rashidah W.A. Kadir*

Project Code : IRPA l-01-Ol-Ol (TT~3)

This is an extension to the study carried out in 1987. The objective of the study Mas to compare the total available P from several rock phosphate fertilizers and superphosphate fertilizer on Acacia mangium tree and at the same time measuring the residual effect of the fertilizers at a given rime. The study was carried out at the Compensatory Forest Area of the Forest Reserve Setol, Negeri Sembilan. It was stated in the last report that only TSP showed positive results after 8 weeks of fertilizer application. For the periods after 6 months, 1 year and 1 172 years of fertilizer application, ^ F isotope of 0.75 mCi/tree (2.78 x 107 Bq), 1.25 mCi/'tree (4.73 x 1CF Bq) and 5 mCi/tree (1.85 x lO3 Bq) respectively, were applied. Sampling was carried out 4 weeks after 3 a P application.

Table 4.23.1 showed that % P in trees applied hiith TSP and JRP was almost similar (0.29% and 0.27V.) and so was for MRP and CIRP (both at 0.14%). On the whole 7. P declined from what was detected after 8 weeks of fertilizer application. One explanation could be due to the dilution factor since the trees grew bigger. Efficiency of P fertilizer, however were as follows : JRP (0.7757.), TSP (0.506%), MRP (0.238%) and CIRP (0.041%).

From Table 4.23.2, 7. P for trees given I"FP t&rtilizer (0.217.) were higher than those given JRP (0.15%), TSP (O.IT/) and CIRP (0.11%). P yield and fertilizer efficiency for trees applied with / W were found to be higher as compared to the otliers. Table 4.23.3 showed that after a period of 1 1/2 years after fertilizer application i t was found that the 7. P in trees treated with CIRP (0.29%) **as a little higher than those applied with other fertilizers. JRP application however resulted in high P yield (17506 mg), whilst efficiency of fertilizers after 1 1/2 years, were in the following order : TSP (6.197.), JRP (5.19%), CIRP (4.297.) and l>FIP (2.51%). What was clear here was % P and efficiency of CIRP fertilizer increased with time although the dry weight of the trees were lower than those given the other rock phosphates.

As a conclusion, for the periods after 6 months, 1 year and 11/2 years the total dry weight (g), P yield and efficiency of all the fertilizers tested increased with time.

* Forest Research Institute of Malaysia

215

Perlakuan

Treatments

P-32 sahaja {only)

CIRP MRP JRP TSP

Jumlah Bahan Kering (g)

Total Dry Matter (g)

913

1333 1608 1878 1437

Fosforus, V.

Phosphorus, '/.

0.13

0.11 0.21 0.15 0.12

Hasil P (mg) Keberkesanan, 7.

' P yield (mg) Efficiency, X

1136

1397 0.228 3471 1.503 2725 1.055 1734 0.677

Jadual 4.23.2 : Kesan perlakuan selepas 1 tahun pembajaan Table 4.23.2 : Effect of treatments 1 year after fertilization

Perlakuan

Treatments

P-32 sahaja (only)

CIRP MRP JRP TSP

Jumlah Bahan Kering (g)

Total Dry natter (g)

5231

5861 7008 7220 6729

Fosforus, 7.

Phosphorus, '/.

0.20

0.28 0.22 0.25 0.24

Hasil P (mg)

' P yield (mg)

10216

14917 15278 17506 17006

Keberkesanan, '/.

Efficiency, 7.

—

4.29 2.51 5.19 6.19

Jadual 4.23.3 : Kesan perlakuan selepas 1 1/2 tahun pembajaan Table 4.23.3 : Effect of treatments 1 1/2 years after fertilization

4.24 Penilaian sumber-sumber baja nitrogen ke atas tanaman jagung (Zea mays) menggunakan teknik isotop di ladang

Bajuri Kadmin dan Khairuddin A. Rahim

Baja adalah masukkan pertanian yang asas untuk mengekalkan hasil yang tinggi. Ini boleh dicapai dengan melakukan penempatan baja yang betul, memberi baja pada waktu yang betul dan menggunakan sumber baja yang betul. Amalan pembajaan yang terbaik boleh dihasilkan bagi setiap tanaman dengan menjalankan kajian-kajian yang teratur di ladang pada beberapa tempat. Satu anggaran kuantitian keberkesanan baja boleh diukur secara terus dengan mengukur jumlah nutrien yang diambil dari baja berlabel isotop. UJalau bagaimanapun bagi bahan-bahan yang tidak boleh dilabel, seperti sungkup, sisa-sisa organan dan baja-baja nitrogen bersaiz tertentu yang dikeluarkan oleh industri baja tempatan, maka teknik melabel isotop secara tidak terus dijalankan.

216

Bagi teknik isotop secara tidak terus, kesemua plot eksperimen dilabel dengan sumber ieN yang lazimnya di dalam bentuk cecair. Lebihan iaN dan juga kadar pembubuhan N biasanya adalah kecil. Plot-plot berlabel yang utamanya adalah untuk tujuan menentukan peratusan nitrogen dari tanah. Kajian yang dilaporkan di sini bertujuan untuk membandingkan baja N bagi tanaman jagung menggunakan baja amonium sulfat berlabel ±BN dan juga amonium sulfat dagangan. Sila lihat Jadual 4.24.1 untuk perlakuan terperinci. Pengambilan serta penggunaan baja-baja N yang diberikan pada kadar—kadar yang berlainan adalah di da lam julat 39V. hingga 52V. bagi yang diukur secara terus menggunakan amonium sulfat ber label dan 32"/. hingga 51V. bagi kaedah tidak terus (sila lihat Jadual 4.24.2). Dari segi taburan N di dalam bahagian atas tanaman, didapati kandungan N adalah paling tinggi di dalam daun dan paling rendah di dalam batang.

1. Plot piawai pada 10 kg N/ha (NHOaSCU sebagai 5V. lebihan atom 1SN Standard plot at 10 kg N/ha (M-k)=5D\ as 57. 1S»/V atom excess

2. Plot piawai seperti 1 bercampur 20 kg N/ha sebagai (M-U)aSO» Standard plot as 1 plus 20 kg N/ha as (NhU, )*SCU.

3. Plot piawai seperti 1 bercampur 40 kg N/ha sebagai (M-U)aSQ« Standard plot as 1 plus 40 kg N/ha as (Nhk)sSCU

4. Plot piawai seperti 1 bercampur 60 kg N/ha sebagai (M-UJ^SCU Standard plot as 1 plus 60 kg N/ha as (NhU)^SCU

5. 20 kg N/ha sebagai (IVHA)=S0A pada 1 "/. lebihan atom i=lN 20 kg N/ha as (NhWfeSQ* at 17. i aW atom excess

6. 40 kg N/ha sebagai (M-MaSO» pada 1 V. lebihan atom 1BN 40 kg N/ha as (NH^l^SCk at 17. IS,A/ atom excess

7. 60 kg N/ha sebagai (NhU)aS0A pada 1 '/. lebihan atom i=N 60 kg N/ha as (NH,.)sSCh at 17. to7V atom excess

Jadual 4.24.1 : Perlakuan terperinci bagi kajian Table 4.24.1 : Treatment details of the experiment

4.24 Field evaluation of fertilizer nitrogen sources by means of isotope techniques on corn (Zea mavs)

BaJurS Kadmin and Khairuddin A. Rahim

Fertilizers are basic agricultural inputs for maintaining high production. In practice this can be achieved by proper fertilizer placement, correct timing of the application and the right source of fertilizer to be used.

The best fertilizer practices can be established for each crop by carrying out properly designed isotope-aided field experiments in a

217

number of locations. A direct quantitative assessment of fertilizer utilization efficiency can be made by measuring the amount of fertilizer nutrient taken up from a particular application of isotapically labelled fertilizer. However, in cases where materials cannot be labelled, i.e. mulch, organic residue and nitrogen fertilizers of particular particle size produced by national fertilizer industries, an indirect labelling isotope technique can be applied.

In this case, all experimental plots are labelled wit/7 AO/V source which may be in liquid form. iS /V excess and rate of application of N are usually small. The labelled plots which essentially serves to determine the percentage nitrogen derived from soil (X Ndfs). The present study deals with a fertilizer N comparison for corn using isotopically labelled ammonium sulphate labelled fertilizer and commercial ammonium sulphate. Fertilizer treatment details are shown in Table 4.24.1.

Utilization of different N rates of application ranges from 39X to 52X as measured directly using labelled ammonium sulphate, and 32X to SIX as measured indirectly (Table 4.24.2). In terms of distribution of N fertilizer yield in the plant top, it is generally highest in the leaves and lowest in the stem.

B i l .

No.

1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5. 6 . 7 .

Perlakuan

Treatment

STD* STD*+20AS STD*+40AS STD*+60AS 20* AS 40* AS 60* AS

F" ' Has i l bahan

ke r i ng (g /8 pokok) Dry matter

yield (g/8 plants) A B C

220 260 306 197 254 354 210 271 362 228 243 273 244 311 348 264 271 368 240 300 402

Has i l ba ja n i t r o g e n

(g /8 pokok) Nitrogen

Fert. yield (g/B plants)

A B C

0.86 0.27 0.46 1.46 0.62 1.62 1.76 0.54 0.94 0.68 0.29 0.57 0.95 0.33 0.96 1.31 0.86 1.67

7. penggunaan per p l o t

(1.44 m=) X utilization

per plot (1.44 nF)

36 51 32 52 39 44

V. pembahagian h a s i l ba ja N

X distribution of N fertilizer

yield A B C

54 17 29 40 17 43 54 16 30 44 19 37 42 15 43 34 22 44

A : Daun {Leaf) B : Batang (Stem) C : Tongkol ((Job)

Jadual 4 .24 .2 : Kesan pemberian n i t rogen pada kadar ber la inan (be r l abe l t e rus lwn. t i dak terus) ke a tas h a s i l bahan ke r i ng dan kecekapan

Table 4.24.2 : Effects of nitrogen rates (direct labelled vs indirect) on dry matter yield and efficiency

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4.25 Kajian aktiviti akar tanaman koko (Theobroma cacao L.)

Bajuri Kadmin, Ahamad Sahali Mardi, Khairuddin A. Rahim, Tham Kah Cheng* dan Lee Yu Man*

Objektif eksperimen ini adalah untuk mengesan corak taburan akar aktif tanaman koko (Theobroma cacao L.) yang ditanam di atas tanah mineral. Keputusan awal yang didapati bagi klon-klon UIT2 dan SCA12 menunjukkan ada perbezaan yang ketara pada corak taburan akar (Rajah 4.25.1). Bagi kedua-dua klon tersebut aktiviti akar didapati tinggi di antara 100 hingga 200 sm dari pangkal pokok.

Di dalam kajian corak aktiviti akar tanaman koko yang menggunakan teknik radioisotop 3 =P ini, menurut saiz batang pokok, taburan akar aktif telah didapati banyak dikawasan 25 sm hingga 200 sm dari pokok (Rajah 4.25.2). Dengan itu adalah dicadangkan agar kajian yang terperinci dijalankan untuk memetakan corak aktiviti akar bagi setiap klon koko yang akan diuji. Kajian ini harus merangkumi setiap jenis tanah di mana koko ditanam seperti tanah pantai dan tanah pendalaman.

4.25 Root activity studies of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)

Bajuri Kadmin, Ahamad Sahali Mardi, Khairuddin A. Rahim, Tham Kah Cheng* and Lee Yu Man*

The objective of the experiment was to delineate root (active) distribution pattern for cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) grown on mineral soil. Preliminary results conducted on cacao clones (UIT2 and SCA12) have shown marked differences on their root activity pattern (figure 4.25.1). Oh both clones, higher root activity were at 100 cm to 200 cm distance from the tree.

In the study on root activity pattern of cacao trees using 3 = P radioisotope technique based on tree size, root distribution can be located at 25 cm to 200 cm distance from the tree (figure 4.25.2). It is proposed that a detailed study on delineating root activity pattern of cacao clones be undertaken. The study should cover important cacao soils e.g. coastal and inland soils.

* MARDI * FEB, Sabah

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800

500

400

aoo

zoo

ourr 2 ASCA 12

•

'

DISTANCE PROM TREE (cm]

I i i

/ \ / \ /

/ / \ / \

/ ^ ^ \ j

t I 1

50 100 150

JARAK 0ARI PQKQK (sm)

200 250

Ran ah 4.25.1 : Kesan pembubuhan P-32 ke atas keaktifan akar dua varieti koko

Figure 4.25.J : The effect of P-32 placement on root activity of two cacao varieties

DISTANCE FROM TREE (cm)

4500

4000

K 3500

z a 3000 v.

g 2500 < - i

" 2000

1500

1000

1 1 OUKUMN KB.ILINO (8IRTH SIZE! 1 7 - 3 0 AUKURAN KELILlNe tQIRTH SIZE) 25 - SO

50 100 150

JARAK DARI PQKOK (am)

200 250

Rajah 4.25.2 : Pengambilan P-32 bagi pokok koko yang berlainan saiz Figure 4.25.2 : P-32 uptake of cacao trees of different sizes

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4.26 Penilaian baja urea buatan Malaysia di atas tanaman jambu batu, Psidium quaJava L. menggunakan teknik isotop toN

Bajuri Kadmin, Khairuddin A. Rahim dan Rohana A. Wahab

Kesan-kesan beberapa sumber N dagangan seperti baja-baja amonium sulfat, urea butiran 2.0 - 2.B 0 mm, 3.0 - 6.0 0 mm, 6.0 - B.O 0 mm (Jadual 4.26.1) ke atas sambutan tanaman terhadap tanaman jambu batu (Psidium quaJava) adalah seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Jadual 4.26.2 dan 4.26.3. Keputusannya menunjukkan kaedah baru i=M yang digunakan di dalam kajian ini telah dapat dimanfaatkan untuk menilai pengambilan dan juga kecekapan baja-baja N dagangan di ladang.

Di dalam kajian-kajian ini didapati di antara baja-baja yang diuji tiada kesan-kesan yang nyata terhadap hasil jirim kering melainkan bagi perlakuan amonium sulfat, ke atas daun jambu batu (Jadual 4.26.2). Pengambilan serta penggunaan baja N seperti yang diukur di dalam keseluruhan tanaman jambu batu didapati paling tinggi (6.12X) bagi perlakuan amonium sulfat dan paling rendah (3.04*/.) bagi urea butiran kecil.

1. 20 g N/pokok urea 1SN pada 5.20'/. lebihan atom (kawalan) 20 g N/plant i =W urea at 5.20% atom excess (control)

2. 20 g N/pokok urea 1=N pada 5.207. campur 40 g N/pokok SGU 20 g N/plant >-aN urea at 5.20% plus 40 g N/plant SGU

3. 20 g N/pokok urea i=N pada 5.207. campur 40 g N/pokok MGU 20 g N/plant iB7V urea at 5.207. plus 40 g N/plant MGU

4. 20 g N/pokok urea ioN pada 5.207. campur 40 g N/pokok LBU 20 g N/plant 1S/V urea at 5.20Y. plus 40 g N/plant LGU

5. 20 g N/pokok urea 1=N pada 5.207. campur 40 g N/pokok AS 20 g plant ± SW urea at 5.20% plus 40 g N/plant fiS

SGU : Urea butiran kecil (Small granular urea) (2.0 - 2.B mm 0) MGU : Urea butiran sederhana (Mediuin granular urea) (3.0 - 6.0 mm 0) LGU : Urea butiran besar (Large granular urea) (6.0 - 8.0 mm 0) AS : Amonium sulfat (Ammonium sulphate)

Jadual 4.26.1 : Perincian perlakuan Table 4.26.1 : Treatment details

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Perlakuan

Treatment

AS SGU MGU LGU C.V.

Hasil bahan kering (g/bahagian tanaman)

Dry matter yield (g/plant parts)

Daun Cabang Akar Leaves Branches Roots

138.5 a 64.6 a 34.7 a 94.9 b 62.2 a 44.6 a 97.3 b 79.3 a 31.9 a 99.8 b 87.2 a 32.9 a 23.5 27.7 29.2

7.

'/.

Daun Leaves

.365

.377

.303

.378

lebihan atom i=M

iSA/ atom excess

Cabang Branches

.328

.361

.239

.387

Akar Roots

.357

.335

.269

.300

Purata yang mempunyai huruf sama adalah t i d a k s i g n i f i k a n (P = 0.05) Means with the same letter are not significantly different (P = 0.05)

Jadual 4 . 2 6 . 2 : Kesan sumber n i t r ogen ke a tas h a s i l bahan ke r ing dan '/. leb ihan atom 1BN d i dalam bahagian-bahagian tanaman

Table 4.26.2 : Effects of nitrogen sources on dry matter (D.M.) yield and 'A 1S/V atom excess in the different plant parts

Perlakuan

Treatment

AS SGU MGU LGU C.V.

Hasil baja N yang wujud (g N/pokok)

Available N fertilizer yield (g N/tree)

1.66 a 0.82 b 1.21 ab 0.87 b 30

7. penggunaan

'/. utilization

6.12 a 3.04 b 4.50 ab 3.24 b 30

Purata yang mempunyai huruf sama adalah t i d a k s i g n i f i k a n (P = 0.05) Means with the same letter are not significantly different (P = 0.05)

Jadual 4 .26 .3 Table 4.26.3

Kesan sumber n i t r ogen ke atas kecekapan Effects of nitrogen sources on efficiency

4.26 Evaluation of Malaysian-made granular urea for guava (Psidium guajava L.) by using l eA/ isotope technique

Bajuri Kadmin, Khairuddin A. Rahim and Rohana fk. Manab

The effects of different commercial N sources [viz. (NH*)sSCk., granular urea (viz. 2.0 - 2.8 0 mm, 3.0 - 6.0 0 mm and 6.0 - 3.0 0 mm)] (Table 4.26.1) on N responses by guava (Psidium quaJava) are given in tables 4.26.2 and 4.26.3. The results illustrate that the new i = W procedure

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used in the present study can be successfully used for evaluating the uptake and efficiency of commercial N fertilizers under field conditions.

In the study, none of the commercial N fertilizer sources tested have any significant effect on the dry matter yield except the treatment receiving ammonium sulphate for the leaves of the guava plant (Table 4.26.2).

Utilization of commercial N fertilizer sources as measured in the total plant parts was highest (6.127.) with ammonium sulphate and lowest with small granular urea (3.04'/.).

4.27 Pengambilan dan penggunaan sumber—sumber baja nitrogen oleh anak kelapa sawit yang menerima pengairan tambahan dan yang hanya menerima hujan

Asian Ahmad, Khairuddin A. Rahim dan Mok Chak Kim*

Kod Projek : JKP/PP (15-f)/86

Laporan di sini adalah sambungan kepada laporan yang dijalankan pada tahun 1997 (sila lihat Laporan Aktiviti-aktiviti Bahagian Penyelidikan, 1987 ms. 149). Data yang diperolehi bagi bahagian pinna kelapa sawit tidak menunjukkan perbezaan yang nyata di antara kesan baja-baja amonium sulfat, urea butiran 2.1 mm 0 dan urea butiran 5.8 mm 0. Demikian juga tiada perbezaan saling tindak perlakuan baja dengan keadaan pengairan (hujan dan pengairan tambahan). Keadaan cuaca di antara Oktober 1987 dan Mac 1988 adalah lembab. Hujan juga telah turun dengan agak lebat pada bulan-bulan Februari dan Mac iaitu bulan-bulan yang pada lazimnya adalah kering. Dari itu, pada sepanjang kajian tersebut berjalan kandungan kelembapan tanah agak tinggi (35-40"/.). Keadaan demikian mungkin dapat menerangkan tentang tiada perbezaan yang nyata di antara kedua-dua keadaan : pengairan daripada hujan sahaja dan pengairan daripada hujan serta siraman. Data-data daripada bahagian-bahagian lain tanaman tersebut mengenai pengambilan dan penggunaan baja-baja nitrogen mempunyai kelainan yang tinggi. Dengan itu tiada kesimpulan yang dapat dibuat sehingga data-data yang tekal dan lengkap diperolehi dari kajian ulangan. Kajian yang serupa akan dijalankan di tapak percubaan pertanian UTN, Jalan Dengkil pada tahun 1989.


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4.27 Utilization of nitrogen fertilizer sources by immature oil palm under irrigated and rain-fed conditions

Asiah Ahmad, Khairuddin fibd. Rahim and Mok Chak Kim*

Project code •• JKP/PP (15-f)/86

This report is the continuation to the report for experiment conducted in 1987 (Refer to the Activities of the Research Division, 1987, p. 149). The data obtained from the pinnae of the oil palm showed that the effect of nitrogen sources (sulphate of ammonia, granular urea 2.1 mm 0 and granular urea 5.8 mm 0) and their interactions with irrigation or rainfed conditions were insignificant. The weather from October, 1967 to March, 1988 was rainy, while February and March, two normally drier months were particularly wet. This resulted in a relatively high soil moisture content (35-40Y.) throughout the experiment which may explain the insignificant effect between the two treatments (irrigation vs. rainfed). However, the data obtained from other plant parts of the oil palm on the nitrogen fertilizer utilization were highly variable. Therefore, i t was not possible to deduce any conclusion from the results obtained until a complete and consistent data is obtained from the next experiment. The same experiment will be repeated at UTN experimental agricultural plot in 1989.

4.28 Biak baka mutasi padi separa kerdil

Rarnli Othman, Rusli Ibrahim dan Asnah Hassan

Penyelidikan biak baka mutasi padi yang dijalankan ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan mutan separa kerdil yang kemudiannya boleh digunakan untuk pengeluaran baka baru ataupun sebagai sumber baka/induk dalam biakbaka kacukan padi. Padi separa kerdil ini mempunyai keupayaan untuk tahan dari patah atau tumbang akibat hujan lebat atau ditiup angin. Batangnya kuat, ruasnya pendek dan butir-butir buahnya banyak dan menunjukkan keupayaan basil yang lebih dari jenis padi tinggi kerana sifatnya yang bersambutan kepada pembajaan nitrogen.

Kebanyakan padi yang terkenal di negara ini dan negara lain mempunyai gen separa kerdil berasal dari padi Cina, Dee-Geo-Woo-Gen (DGWG). Ini telah menimbulkan satu masaalah besar ke arah kepelbagaian genetik yang sempit terhadap rintangan kepada penyakit-penyakit dan serangga.

Hasil dari penyelidikan yang telah dijalankan beberapa mutan separa kerdil yang berpotensi dari segi hasil, mutu dan kerintangan terhadap bena perang diperolehi. Mutan-mutan ini sedang dikaji seterusnya.


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4.28 Semi-dwarf mutants for rice improvement

Ramli Othman, Rusli Ibrahim and Asnah Hassan

The improvement of lodging resistance has contributed a considerable increase in the yield potential of rice. This rice is of short stature and the characteristics include thick, strong culms, short intemodes and short straw. It has been shown that the semi-dwarfs yield more than the tall variety because of their increased responsiveness to higher nitrogen levels. The semi-dwarfs also show increased number of panicles per square area.

Some of the popular rice varieties in tlalaysia have parents which are semi-dwarfs, particularly parents with semi-dwarf gene from a Chinese line Dee-Geo-wbo-Gen (DGWG) thus resulting ia a relatively narrow genetic diversity. The narrow genetic diversity may create a risk to genetic vulnerability towards pathogens, pests and other hazards. Same of the semi-dwarf varieties were reported to be susceptible to blast and brown plant hoppers.

Recognised the potential risk, UTN has undertaken this project to induce semi-dwarf mutants by the use of gamma irradiation. The induced mutants can either be for direct use as improved crop or used as parents in cross-breeding programmes.

Several semi-dwarf mutants with good agronomic characters were selected and are currently evaluated and characterized.

4.29 Projek biakbaka nutasi kacang tanah

Ramli Othman, R u s l i Ib rah im, Rokiah Abas, Asnah Hassan

Program biakbaka mutasi kacang tanah mempunyai t i g a o b j e k t i f .

1 . Untuk mendapatkan mutan yang r i n t a n g terhadap penyak i t r i n t i k daun (Cercospora lea f spots d i sease ) .

2 . Uhtuk meninggikan h a s i l dan mutu. 3 . Uhtuk mendapatkan mutan yang berpoteng i t i n g g i dalam pengikatan

n i t r o g e n .

Has i l dar ipada penye l id ikan yang t e l a h d i j a l a n k a n selama i n i sungguh menggalakkan. Beberapa mutan yang berpo tens i d a r i seg i h a s i l , ker in tangan terhadap r i n t i k daun dan daya pengikatan n i t r ogen yang t i n g g i d i p e r o l e h i . Mutan-mutan i n i sedang d i k a j i se terusnya.

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4.29 nutation breeding of groundnut

Ramli Othman, Rusli Ibrahim, Rokiah Abas and Asnah Hassan

The groundnut mutation breeding program has the following objective:

1. To produce mutants which are resistant to Cercosoora leaf spot disease.

2. To improve yield and quality. 3. To produce mutants which have high ability to fix nitrogen.

Two popular groundnut varieties V13 and Mat Jam were subjected to gamma irradiation. Several potentially resistant and tolerant mutants were selected in both varieties. Besides that several mutants with good agronomic characters such as high yield, large seeds, early flowering and maturity are currently being evaluated and characterized.

It is interesting to note that there are significant difference in the responses of mutants/varieties to innoculation and treatments when screened in the field under low N and high N condition (20 and lOO kg N/ha).

The research however are in progress. Yield trials will later be conducted for those true breeding mutants.

we regret -fc.iaa.-t some of the · 2008. 9. 2. · 3.3 pengjunaan teknik transmisi gama dalam...

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