Astro (MYX: ASTRO) merupakan penyedia perkhidmatan televisyen bersatelit dan radio berbayar pertama di Malaysia, tetapi telah berkembang ke negara Brunei dan Indonesia. Perkhidmatan ini dijalankan di bawah kelolaan All Asia Broadcast Centre (ABC) yang terletak di Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur. Astro dimiliki hak sepenuhnya oleh MEASAT Broadcast Network Systems, di bawah syarikat Astro All Asia Networks plc.

Maklumat umum

Imej MEASAT-3 di orbit sekitar kawasan Asia Tenggara

Astro memulakan siarannya pada 1996 menggunakan satelit MEASAT-1 yang hanya menawarkan 22 saluran televisyen dan 8 saluran radio. Kini, Astro menawarkan lebih 80 saluran televisyen, 17 saluran radio, dan 4 saluran Pay-Per-View (PPV) di samping perkhidmatan interaktif. Astro juga menawarkan keenam-enam saluran terestrial tempatan (RTM1, RTM2, TV3, NTV7, TV9 dan 8TV) dan juga menyediakan pilihan saluran televisyen antarabangsa kepada penonton. Syarikat subsidiari Astro, MEASAT Broadcast Network Systems, mempunyai lesen eksklusif selama 20 tahun untuk penyiaran satelit terus-ke-rumah di Malaysia.[1]

Astro turut memiliki saluran beritanya, Astro News, yang pada mulanya memaparkan saluran Al-Jazeera dalam Bahasa Arab dan terjemahan langsung ke Bahasa Melayu pada masa tertentu. Saluran tersebut juga memaparkan program khas yang disediakan oleh Astro, seperti temuduga dengan personaliti terkemuka.

Sehingga Februari 2007, Astro News diuruskan di bawah kelolaan Bernama, yang lazimnya memperuntukkan masa 12 minit bagi program berita umum, berita sukan, dan berita hiburan. Astro telah mewujudkan Bloomberg TV Malaysia (lihat Astro Ria). Berita itu diterjemahkan dan dialih ke bahasa Mandarin (Astro AEC), bahasa Melayu (Astro RIA), dan bahasa Tamil (Astro Vaanavil). Pada Februari 2007, BERNAMA memperuntukkan ½ jam penerbitan penuh bagi pasukan berita Astro.

Pihak pengurusan Astro sebelum ini pernah mengumumkan akan menawarkan 50 saluran baru selepas pelancaran satelit MEASAT-3. Walau bagaimanapun, disebabkan berlaku masalah berkenaan satelit itu maka tarikh pelancaran sepatutnya pertengahan tahun 2005 ditunda ke 12 Disember 2006.

Bermula Mei 2007, Astro menambahkan 9 saluran televisyen yang baru. Saluran itu terdiri daripada Saluran Jia Yu, Discovery Science, Discovery Real Time, Discovery Home & Health, E! Entertainment, Astro Vellithirai, Sun Music, Eurosport, dan The Golf Channel. Saluran Jia Yu, Discovery Science, dan Discovery Real Time telah mula ditambah ke rancangan Astro pada 26 April 2007. Saluran lain muncul di kaca televisyen bermula 1 Mei 2007. Sembilan saluran itu boleh didapati secara percuma sehingga 31 Ogos 2007. Selepas itu, saluran-saluran berkenaan telah dialih ke pakej masing-masing yang berkenaan. Pada 15 Jun 2007, dua saluran lain memulakan siaran mereka di Astro, iaitu The History Channel dan Crime & Investigation Network.

Pada Jun 2007, Astro menawarkan Astro On-Demand, saluran baru yang menawarkan drama TVB dari Hong Kong melalui 7 saluran. Bermula 1 Julai 2007, Astro On-Demand Preview diperkenalkan dan menunjukkan drama-drama dan saluran-saluran Astro On-Demand kepada pelanggan Astro. Bermula 1 Julai 2007, semua drama yang disiarkan melalui saluran 910-917, (kini dialihkan ke saluran 931-938) adalah percuma. Selepas bulan Julai 2007, harga bagi setiap episod drama diperkenalkan dengan caj RM0.99 dikenakan bagi pelanggan pakej Dynasty manakala caj RM1.49 setiap episod dikenakan bagi pelanggan yang tiada pakej Dynasty. Kini, jumlah saluran perkhidmatan Astro On-Demand ialah 31 saluran.[2]

Mulai 6 September 2007, Astro melancarkan saluran berita 24 jam berbahasa Melayu di Malaysia iaitu Astro Awani. Pada 13 Oktober 2007, 7 saluran baru diperkenalkan iaitu Astro Oasis, KBS World, Asian Food Channel, Astro Hua Hee Dai, Astro Xiao Tai Yang, Makkal TV dan Chutti TV. BERNAMA TV, saluran berita Malaysia 24 jam sehari dilancarkan di saluran 502 Astro pada 28 Februari 2008.

Astro telah dikenakan larangan oleh Kementerian Tenaga, Komunikasi dan Multimedia untuk menambah jumlah salurannya jika Astro tidak berpindah ke bawah Akta Komunikasi dan Multimedia 1998. Astro asalnya ditubuhkan di bawah Akta Telekomunikasi 1950 dan Akta Penyiaran 1988, namun kedua-dua akta itu telah dimansuhkan oleh akta baru itu pada 1998.[3] Astro juga digesa meningkatkan mutu perkhidmatannya berkaitan dengan gangguan siaran ketika cuaca buruk, ketidakseriusan pihak Astro untuk melayan aduan pelanggannya juga tiadanya tindakan serta merta atau tindakan selanjutnya dari Astro jika gangguan teknikal penerimaan siaran berlaku serta bayaran RM10-RM50 untuk kerja-kerja pembaikan penerimaan siaran atau alat penerima siaran yang tidak logik dan sepatutnya; dan jumlah bayaran yang dikenakan terhadap pakej-pakej yang ditawarkan dengan kadar yang tinggi serta tidak munasabah. Astro kini diberi tempoh sehingga Disember 2008 untuk berpindah ke Akta Komunikasi dan Multimedia, dan menangani dan memperbaiki segala isu-isu berbangkit dengan sewajarnya.[4]

Pada Disember 2009, Astro menjadi penyiar pertama yang memperkenalkan HDTV kepada penduduk Malaysia, melalui perkhidmatan B.yond dengan set dekoder serba baru serta saluran-

saluran Astro Supersport HD, HBO HD, National Geographic Channel HD dan History HD pada 18 Disember, disusuli ESPN HD pada Januari 2010.[5][6]

Pada Julai 2010, Astro menongkah sejarah dengan menjadi penyiar tempatan pertama yang bersiaran tiga dimensi, dengan menyiarkan perlawanan separuh akhir dan akhir Piala Dunia FIFA kepada para penonton yang dilengkapi set TV 3D.[7]

[sunting] Astro Mobile TV

Astro dengan kerjasama Maxis menawarkan perkhidmatan saluran televisyen secara mobile melalui Astro Mobile TV. Saluran ini menawarkan lebih 20 saluran yang dapat ditonton menerusi telefon bimbit 2.5G dan 3G. Saluran tersebut ialah Astro Ria Mobile, Astro Prima Mobile, Astro Oasis Mobile, Astro Aruna Mobile, Astro Ceria Mobile, Astro Hitz.TV Mobile, Astro AEC, Astro Vaanavil, Disney Channel @Play, Animax Mobile, Cartoon Network, MTV2GO, History Channel, Discovery Mobile, Asian Food Channel, Bloomberg News, CNN, Eurosportnews, FTV, WOW TV, Bollywood Express, Jia Yu Entertainment dan Jia Yu News.

[sunting] Maklumat teknikal & perkhidmatan

Piring satelit Astro atau piring mini.

Isyarat siaran Astro yang bersifat DVB-S dan dimampatkan dengan menggunakan piawai MPEG-2, dalam televisyen definisi biasa dan nisbah aspek imej 4:3, serta televisyen definisi tinggi 16:9. Isyarat itu juga dikodkan dan disulitkan sebelum siaran.

[sunting] Alat penerima/penyahkod

Setelah dilancarkan, Astro memperkenalkan tiga-generasi bagi alat penerima dan penyahkod.

Penjanaan Dibuat oleh Model Tahun diperkenalkanGenerasi pertama/produk permulaan Philips INS 610 1996

Generasi keduaPhilips DSX7072 1999Nokia 1999

Generasi ketigaPhilips DSR4201 2004Thomson

[sunting] Perakam video digital

Astro MAX merupakan penyahkod baru yang mampu merakam sesuatu rancangan di Astro selama 60 jam dengan kapasiti rakaman sehingga 80GB, dan menjadi perakam video digital yang pertama di Malaysia. Penonton boleh merakam sesuatu rancangan sambil menonton rancangan kegemaran di saluran lain dan boleh menonton kembali rakaman yang telah dibuat sebelum ini.

Pada tahun 2008, Astro MAX telah habis dan tamat.

Tidak lama kemudian,satu lagi dekoder perakam video iaitu generasi kedua Astro B.yond telah dilancarkan dengan fungsi yang lebih canggih iaitu Astro B.yond PVR.Ia bukan saja boleh merakam video tetapi juga boleh menghentikannya sejenak dan menontonnya dalam HD

[sunting] Pakej langganan

Perkhidmatan Astro menggunakan model pakej langganan harga dan biasanya digunakan oleh sistem perkhidmatan televisyen berbayar yang lain yang mana saluran-saluran televisyen dikumpulkan ke dalam pakej tertentu (sama ada pakej asas atau premium) yang perlu dibayar oleh pelanggan secara bulanan.

Mulai 15 November 2007, yang mana Astro telah melakukan perubahan pakej dan bayaran. Family Package ialah pakej yang paling murah ditawarkan, tawarannya ialah RM37.95 (tidak termasuk semua pakej mini, Sports Packages & Super Packages). Pelanggan akan dikenakan bayaran yang akan dinikmati oleh pelanggan Astro Family Package yang menawarkan 30 saluran, termasuk enam perkhidmatan saluran televisyen terestrial percuma, saluran terbitan sendiri dan banyak perkhidmatan saluran antarabangsa. Semua pelanggan juga menerima kadar bayaran yang berbeza, mengikut pakej yang dilanggani.[8]

Pakej asas (juga dikenali sebagai mini packages) dibahagikan kepada empat kumpulan iaitu Variety (saluran hiburan, MTV dan E!), Learning (Pendidikan dan dokumentari termasuk saluran Discovery Channel), Fun (saluran kartun seperti Nickelodeon), dan News. Pakej sukan, yang mana pada mulanya mini package, kini ditawarkan berasingan.

Pakej premium (dikenali sebagai Super Packages) termasuk pakej Movie dan Dynasty (saluran berbahasa Cina). Pakej tersebut menawarkan kadar bayaran tertinggi berbanding pakej yang lain.

Mulai 15 November 2007, empat pakej baru termasuk pakej Plus, akan dilancarkan oleh Astro. Empat pakej baru termasuk Metro Package (seperti Discovery Home & Health dan BBC Entertainment), Maharaja Package (saluran berbahasa Tamil), Gold Package (saluran berbahasa Cina), dan pakej New Emperor. Pakej New Emperor mirip dengan pakej Dynasty, perbezaan hanya ialah beberapa saluran yang terdapat pada pakej Dynasty tidak terdapat pada pakej New Emperor. Setiap pelanggan tidak boleh memilih kedua-dua pakej iaitu Gold Package dan New Emperor Package sekaligus.[9]

Astro pernah mengendali khidmat permain interaktif untuk para pelanggannya yang bernama Astro @Play (Playjam), tetapi telah memansuhkannya mulai 1 Mei 2009 kerana kurang sambutan.[10]

[sunting] Saluran yang ditawarkan

Rencana utama: Senarai Saluran Astro

[sunting] Majalah AstroView

ASTRO melancarkan majalah bulanan AstroView dalam tiga bahasa iaitu Melayu, Cina dan Inggeris bermula Disember 2007 untuk memenuhi keperluan pelanggannya yang semakin meningkat setiap tahun. Sebelum ini, majalah tersebut dikenali sebagai Astro Guide yang hanya mempunyai 2 edisi, iaitu edisi Dynasty dan edisi non-Dynasty.

Majalah ini mempunyai banyak informasi yang berguna kepada pelanggan Astro selain menjadi rujukan rancangan televisyen kepada mereka. Namun, intisari rancangan yang dicetak adalah selama 18 jam sehari (dari 6 pagi hingga 12 tengah malam). Selain itu, malajah ini juga mempunyai promo-promo rancangan menarik di Astro sepanjang bulan. Pelancaran AstroView dalam tiga bahasa ini adalah sejajar dengan penambahan kandungan saluran Astro yang melebihi 100 saluran televisyen.

[sunting] Pengelasan program

Seperti sediakala, Astro mempunyai dua kelas untuk membezakan siaran-siaran Astro seperti:

U – Untuk tontonan umum, sesuai ditonton untuk pelbagai lapisan umur 18 – Untuk tontonan penonton yang berumur 18 tahun dan ke atas sahaja

[sunting] Penonton

Pada Januari 2007, perkhidmatan ini mempunyai 2.015 juta pelanggan tetap Astro. Dalam kata lain, 36.5% penduduk Malaysia memiliki set televisyen perkhidmatan Astro di rumah masing-masing.

Tahun 2006, Indeks Media Nielsen menunjukkan Astro Wah Lai Toi (saluran 311) dan Astro Ria (saluran 104) mempunyai penonton tertinggi (satelit berbayar), yang ditonton 28% penontonnya ialah dewasa.

Pada tahun 2007, Astro menguasai lebih kurang 29% penonton Malaysia, di tempat kedua di belakang Media Prima yang meraih kira-kira 54% penonton. RTM milik kerajaan pula di tempat ketiga dengan 17% pasaran.[11]

[sunting] Butang 'R'

Semasa berlakunya acara berprofil tinggi, Astro akan menambahkan butang 'R' (warna merah) interaktif pilihan dan kadangkala menambahkan saluran baru bagi acara itu untuk menyiarkan siaran khas dan eksklusif. Apabila terdapat acara sukan, misalnya, butang 'R' ini digunakan untuk memaparkan beberapa acara sukan yang berlangsung serentak dalam susunan grid. Butang 'R' ini juga digunakan untuk memberi maklumat secara interaktif seperti pengemaskinian program, berita sukan, jumlah mata perlawanan, informasi sukan, dan informasi pihak penaja. Perkhidmatan ini dapat digunakan dengan menekan butang 'R' pada alat kawalan jauh Astro yang berdaftar.

Perkhidmatan butang 'R' pertama kali digunakan pada Jun 2004 bagi menawarkan perkhidmatan interaktif untuk rancangan Akademi Fantasia, yang diadaptasikan dari rancangan negara Mexico, La Academia.

Fungsi butang 'R' yang lain untuk menyiarkan acara/sukan tertentu seperti:

Acara Jumlah saluran Saluran penyiaranSukan Olimpik 2004 6 Astro Supersport (Saluran 80)Sukan Olimpik Musim Sejuk 2006 3 Astro Supersport (Saluran 80)Sukan Komanwel 2006 3 Astro Supersport (Saluran 80)Piala Dunia FIFA 2006 8 Astro Supersport (Saluran 83)Sukan Asia 2006 4 Astro Supersport (Saluran 83)Piala Thomas & Uber 2008 1 Astro Supersport (Saluran 816)UEFA Euro 2008 3 Astro Supersport (Saluran 816)Sukan Olimpik 2008 11 Astro Supersport (Saluran 816)Piala Dunia FIFA 2010 10 (5 SD/5 HD) Astro Supersport (Saluran 800 SD/ 810 HD)

[sunting] Pemilikan dan pengurusan

Operasi perkhidmatan Astro, MEASAT Broadcast Network Systems, dimiliki hak sepenuhnya oleh Astro All Asia Networks plc, sebuah syarikat konsortium rangkaian kerajaan dan syarikat swasta. Pemegang syer utama dimiliki oleh Kumpulan Usaha Tegas (42.7%) dan Khazanah Nasional Berhad (21.6%). Astro mula disenaraikan di dalam senarai Bursa Malaysia pada Oktober 2003.[1]

[sunting] Kakitangan penting

Ralph Marshall, Timbalan Pengerusi & Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif Kumpulan Rohana Rozhan, Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif (saluran televisyen Astro)

Grant Ferguson, Ketua Pegawai Kewangan

Graham Stephens, Ketua Pegawai Teknologi

Su Termanah, Ketua Pegawai Informasi

Claire Mula, Pengurus Am, Multimedia Interactive Technologies

Robert Odendaal, Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif Kumpulan (dilantik pada 1 Februari 2007, meletak jawatan pada 31 Mac 2008)

David Butorac, Pegawai Operasi Utama Kumpulan (meletakkan jawatan dan menyertai Star TV pada November 2006)

[sunting] Operasi antarabangsa

[sunting] Brunei

Rencana utama: Kristal-Astro

Kini, perkhidmatan Astro juga boleh didapati di Brunei di bawah jenama Kristal-Astro. Dilancarkan pada Januari 2000, operasi Astro di Brunei Darussalam adalah usaha sama antara syarikat Kristal di Brunei (51.1%) dan Measat Broadcast Network Systems (48.9%). Perkhidmatan itu mengandungi 33 buah televisyen DTH dan saluran-saluran radio.

[sunting] Indonesia

Rencana utama: Astro Nusantara

Syarikat usaha sama, PT Direct Vision, yang mana Astro Nusantara akan memiliki kepentingan 20%, Astro membekalkan operasinya di Indonesia. Terdapat 48 saluran televisyen ditawarkan termasuk 5 saluran tempatan juga dijadikan sebagai antara saluran televisyen yang ditawarkan di bawah jenama Astro.

Namun pada 31 Mac 2010, Astro All Asia Networks Plc telah menamatkan lesen penggunaan jenama "Astro" di Indonesia dengan PT Direct Vision (PT DV). Antara alasannya ialah PT DV masih gagal membuat bayaran atas perkhidmatan dan sokongan yang diberikan oleh Astro setelah lebih 2 tahun. Sehubungan dengan itu, Astro menuntut pampasan lebih kurang Rp2.5 trilion (RM900 juta) daripada syarikat tersebut.

[sunting] Anugerah dan Penghargaan

Pada November 2009, Astro telah dianugerahkan oleh Persatuan Kabel & Penyiaran Satelit Asia (CASBAA) dalam memenangi Chairman’s Award 2009 untuk sumbangannya sebagai industri TV berbayar terbaik di wilayah Asia Pasifik.

[sunting] Galeri logo

Logo Astro (1996 – 2003)

Logo Astro (2003 – kini)

Televisyen satelitDari Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas.

Lompat ke: pandu arah, gelintar

Televisyen satelit ialah pemancaran televisyen yang disampaikan oleh satelit komunikasi, berbanding dengan televisyen terestrial dan televisyen kabel. Di kebanyakan tempat di dunia, perkhidmatan televisyen satelit menjadi tambahan kepada isyarat terestrial yang lebih lama dengan menawarkan kepelbagaian perkhidmatan dan saluran yang lebih besar, termasuk perkhidmatan langganan sahaja. Astro di Malaysia ialah salah satu contoh perkhidmatan televisyen satelit langganan.

Sejarah

Isyarat televisyen satelit yang pertama disiarkan dari Eropah ke satelit Telstar di atas Amerika Utara pada tahun 1962. Satelit komunikasi geosegerak yang pertama, iaitu Syncom 2 dilancarkan pada tahun 1963. Satelit komunikasi komersial yang pertama di dunia, iaitu Intelsat I (atau nama jolokannya Early Bird), dilancarkan ke orbit segerak pada 6 April 1965. Rangkaian televisyen

satelit kebangsaan yang pertama, dipanggil Orbita, dibuka di Kesatuan Soviet pada 1967, berdasarkan prinsip penggunaan satelit Molniya yang amat bujur untuk tujuan penyiaran semula dan penyampaian isyarat TV ke stesen-stesen downlink bumi. Satelit Amerika Utara domestik pertama yang membawa televisyen ialah Anik 1 geopegun dari Kanada, yang dilancarkan pada tahun 1972[1]. ATS-6, Satelit Siaran Langsung dan pendidikan ujian yang pertama di dunia, dilancarkan pada tahun 1974. Satelit geopegun Soviet pertama yang membawa telvisyen Direct-To-Home, iaitu Ekran, dilancarkan pada tahun 1976.

Teknologi

Satelit yang digunakan untuk isyarat televisyen secara amnya berorbit amat bujur (dengan kecondongan +/-63.4 darjah dan tempoh orbit kira-kira 12 jam) atau geopegun pada paras 37,000 km (22,300 batu) di atas khatulistiwa Bumi.

Televisyen satelit, sepertilah komunikasi lain yang disiarkan oleh satelit, bermula dengan antena pemancaran yang terletak di suatu kemudahan laluan menaik (uplink). Piring satelit laluan menaik amat besar saiznya, iaitu sebesar 9–12 meter (30–40 kaki) diameternya. Makin besar diameternya, maka makin tepatlah sasarannya dan makin kuatlah isyarat kepada satelit. Piring uplink dihalakan ke arah sebuah satelit tertentu dan isyaratnya dipancarkan dalam lingkungan frekuensi yang tertentu, agar boleh diterima oleh salah satu transponder yang ditalakan pada lignkungan frekuensi dalam satelit itu. Transponder itu 'memancarkan semula' isyarat kembali ke Bumi pada jalur frekuensi yang berlainan (untuk mengelakkan gangguan dengan isyarat uplink), iaitu lazimnya dalam jalur C (4–8 GHz) atau jalur Ku (12–18 GHz) atau kedua-duanya. Fasa laluan isyarat dari satelit ke stesen penerima Bumi dipanggil laluan menurun (downlink).

Satelit biasanya mempunyai sehingga 32 transponder bagi jalur Ku sahaja, sehingga 24 bagi jalur C sahaja, atau lebih bagi satelit hibrid. Setiap transponder biasanya mempunyai lebar jalur antara 27 MHz dan 50 MHz. Setiap satleit jalur C geopegun perlu dijarakkan 2 darjah dari satelit berhampiran (untuk mengelakkan gangguan). Bagi jalur Ku jaraknya bolehlah cuma 1 darjah. Ini bermakna adanya had atas 360/2 = 180 untuk satelit jalur C pegun dan 360/1 = 360 untuk satelit jalur Ku pegun. Pemancaran jalur C terdedah kepada gangguan daratan manakala pemancaran jalur Ku pula boleh terjejas oleh hujan (kerana air memang kuat menyerap gelombang mikro).

Isyarat satewlit downlink yang agak lemah setelah melalui jarak yang amat jauh (lihat hukum segi empat songsang), diterima oleh piring penerimaan parabola yang memantulkan isyarat lemah itu ke titik fokus piring. Pada pendakap titk fokus piring terpasangnya peranti yang dipanggil hon suapan (feedhorn). Hon suapan ini secara asasnya merupakan bahagian hadapan yang kembang pada satu bahagian pemandu gelombang yang mengumpul isyarat pada atau dekat titik fokus lalu 'mengkonduksikannya' ke suatu jarum atau pikap yang disambungkan pada penukar turun blok berhingar rendah (Low-noise block downconverter, LNB). LNB ini meluaskan isyarat yang agak lemah itu, menapis blok-blok frekuensi yang mana isyarat TV satelit dipancarkan, dan menukarkan blok frekuensi kepada lingkungan frekuensi yang lebih rendah dalam lingkungan jalur L. Evolusi LNB merupakan satu perubahan yang dicetuskan keperluan dan ciptaan.

Sistem TV satelit jalur C yang asal menggunakan satu Amplifier Hingar Rendah (Low Noise Amplifier) yang disambungkan pada feedhorn di titik fokus piring. Isyarat yang dikuatkan itu kemudiannya dimasukkan melalui kabel sepaksi berimpedans 50 Ohm yang sangat mahal ke dalam penerima dalam rumah atau, dalam rekaan-rekaan lain, dimasukkan ke dalam penukar turun (satu pencampur dan satu penayun ditala voltan dengan sedikit litar penapis) untuk penukaran ke bawah kepada satu frekuensi pertengahan. Pemilihan saluran dikawal, biasanya oleh satu pengayun ditala voltan dengan voltan penala disalurkan melalui kabel berasingan ke hujung kepala. Namun, rekaan yang ringkas ini pun berevolusi.

Rekaan-rekaan untuk konverter berasaskan mikrojalur unuk frekuensi Radio Amatur disesuaikan untuk jalur C 4 GHz. Komponen terpenting bagi rekaan-rekaan ini ialah konsep block downconversion bagi selingkungan frekuensi ke blok frekuensi yang lebih rendah dan lebih mudah dikendali dari sudut teknologi (frekuensi pertengahan).

Kelebihan menggunakan LNB adalah bahawa kabel yang lebih murah boleh digunakan untuk menyambungkan penerima dalam rumah dengan piring TV satelit dan LNB, serta teknologi untuk mengendali isyatrat pada jalur L dan UHF jauh lebih murah berbanding mengendali isyarat pada frekuensi-frekuensi jalur C. Peralihan ke teknologi yang lebih murah dari kabel impedans 50 Ohm dan penyambung N dalam sistem-sistem jalur C terdahulu ke teknologi 75 Ohm yang lebih murah serta penyambung F membolehkan penerima TV satelit terawal untuk menggunakan apa yang sebenarnya merupakan penala TV UHF bermodifikasi yang memilih saluran TV satelit untuk penukaran ke bawah ke satu lagi frekuensi pertengahan yang lebih rendah yang berpusat pada 70 MHz untuk dinyahmodulat. Peralihan ini membolehkan industri DTH TV satelit untuk berubah dari berang amat mewah yang mana tidak banyak penerima didirikan dan sistem lengkap amat mahal, menjadi barangan komersil yang dihasilkan besar-besaran.

Piring satelit siaran langsung dilengkapkan dengan LNBF yang menyepadukan hon suapan dengan LNB.

Penerima satelit menyahmodulasi dan menukarkan isyarat ke bentuk yang dikehendaki (output untuk televisyen, audio, data, dsb.). kadang-kala, penerima juga merangkumi kemampuan menyisihkan atau menyahsulitkan data; maka penerima itu dipanggil penerima/dekoder bersepadu (integrated receiver/decoder, IRD). Kabel yang menyambungkan penerima ke LNBF atau LNB mestilah berjenis kehilangan rendah (low loss) RG-6 atau RG-10, dsb; bukannya RG-59 piawai.

[sunting] Rujukan

1. ↑ Robertson, Lloyd. "Anik A1 launching: bridging the gap", CBC English TV, 1972-11-09. Dicapai pada 2007-01-25.

References

1. ̂ Robertson, Lloyd (1972-11-09). "Anik A1 launching: bridging the gap". CBC English TV. http://archives.cbc.ca/500f.asp?id=1-75-92-594. Retrieved 2007-01-25.

2. ̂ BBC News: Country profile: Sudan. Page last updated at 13:38 GMT, Wednesday, 18 June 2008 14:38 UK. Accessed July 13, 2008.

3. ̂ LyngSat tracking

4. ̂ Eggerton, John (2009-10-06). "NAB Won't Oppose Some Grandfathering Of Distant Signals". Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/356999-NAB_Won_t_Oppose_Some_Grandfathering_Of_Distant_Signals.php?rssid=20068&q=digital+tv. Retrieved 2009-10-09.

5. ̂ Eggerton, John (2009-11-05). "Leahy Looks for 'Short-Time' Agreement on Satellite Reauthorization". Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/382942-Leahy_Looks_for_Short_Time_Agreement_on_Satellite_Reauthorization.php?rssid=20068&q=digital+tv. Retrieved 2009-11-10.

6. ̂ Eggerton, John (2009-11-19). "Senate Passes Satellite Reauthorization Bill". Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/389824-Senate_Passes_Satellite_Reauthorization_Bill.php?rssid=20068&q=digital+tv. Retrieved 2009-11-20.

7. ̂ Eggerton, John (2009-12-03). "SHVRA Passes Convincingly in House". Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/417629-SHVRA_Passes_Convincingly_in_House.php?rssid=20065&q=digital+tv. Retrieved 2009-12-03.

8. ̂ Eggerton, John (2009-12-15). "Satellite Bill Extension Said To Be On Table In House". Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/440498-Satellite_Bill_Extension_Said_To_Be_On_Table_In_House.php?rssid=20103&q=digital+tv. Retrieved 2009-12-17.

9. ̂ Eggerton, John (2010-02-11). "Senate Version of Satellite Bill Hits Hill". Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/448896-Senate_Version_of_Satellite_Bill_Hits_Hill.php?rssid=20068&q=digital+tv. Retrieved 2010-02-25.

10. ̂ Eggerton, John (2010-02-26). "Senate Fails To Pass Satellite License Bill Extension". Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/449291-Senate_Fails_To_Pass_Satellite_License_Bill_Extension.php. Retrieved 2010-03-23.

11. ̂ "Extension of satellite TV licenses included in proposed jobs legislation". vermontbiz.com. 2010-03-01. http://www.vermontbiz.com/node/14589. Retrieved 2010-03-23.

12. ̂ "CTV.ca | Lawsuit targets grey market satellite dealers". Ctv.ca. Updated Mon. Oct. 21 2002 8:46 PM ET.

http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1035231116797_30640316//. Retrieved 2008-09-06.

13. ̂ R. v. D'Argy, 2005 CanLII 8977 (QC C.S.) and D'Argy c. R., 2006 QCCA 1249 (CanLII)

14. ̂ http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/eng/h_sf05562.html

15. ̂ "Broadband TV News | Central and East Europe | Home". Broadbandtvnews.com. Archived from the original on 2008-06-16. http://web.archive.org/web/20080616163615/http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/archive_cen/240306.html. Retrieved 2008-09-06.

TVRO Satellite Communication Dishes.

A large satellite dish pointing towards space as if sending or receiving signal from a in orbit satellite.

Satellite television is television delivered by the means of communications satellite and received by a satellite dish and set-top box. In many areas of the world it provides a wide range of channels and services, often to areas that are not serviced by terrestrial or cable providers.

History

The first satellite television signal was relayed from Europe to the Telstar satellite over North America in 1962. The first geosynchronous communication satellite, Syncom 2, was launched in 1963. The world's first commercial communication satellite, called Intelsat I (nicknamed Early Bird), was launched into synchronous orbit on April 6, 1965. The first national network of satellite television, called Orbita, was created in Soviet Union in 1967, and was based on the principle of using the highly elliptical Molniya satellite for re-broadcasting and delivering of TV signal to ground downlink stations. The first domestic North American satellite to carry television was Canada’s geostationary Anik 1, which was launched in 1972.[1] ATS-6, the world's first experimental educational and Direct Broadcast Satellite, was launched in 1974. The first Soviet geostationary satellite to carry Direct-To-Home television, called Ekran, was launched in 1976.

[edit] Technology

Satellites used for television signals are generally in either naturally highly elliptical (with inclination of +/-63.4 degrees and orbital period of about 12 hours, also known as Molniya orbit) or geostationary orbit 37,000 km (22,300 miles) above the earth’s equator.

Satellite television, like other communications relayed by satellite, starts with a transmitting antenna located at an uplink facility. Uplink satellite dishes are very large, as much as 9 to 12 meters (30 to 40 feet) in diameter. The increased diameter results in more accurate aiming and increased signal strength at the satellite. The uplink dish is pointed toward a specific satellite and the uplinked signals are transmitted within a specific frequency range, so as to be received by one of the transponders tuned to that frequency range aboard that satellite. The transponder 'retransmits' the signals back to Earth but at a different frequency band (a process known as translation, used to avoid interference with the uplink signal), typically in the C-band (4–8 GHz) or Ku-band (12–18 GHz) or both. The leg of the signal path from the satellite to the receiving Earth station is called the downlink.

A typical satellite has up to 32 transponders for Ku-band and up to 24 for a C-band only satellite, or more for hybrid satellites. Typical transponders each have a bandwidth between 27 MHz and 50 MHz. Each geo-stationary C-band satellite needs to be spaced 2 degrees from the next satellite (to avoid interference). For Ku the spacing can be 1 degree. This means that there is an upper limit of 360/2 = 180 geostationary C-band satellites and 360/1 = 360 geostationary Ku-band satellites. C-band transmission is susceptible to terrestrial interference while Ku-band transmission is affected by rain (as water is an excellent absorber of microwaves at this particular frequency).

The downlinked satellite signal, quite weak after traveling the great distance (see inverse-square law), is collected by a parabolic receiving dish, which reflects the weak signal to the dish’s focal point. Mounted on brackets at the dish's focal point is a device called a feedhorn. This feedhorn is essentially the flared front-end of a section of waveguide that gathers the signals at or near the focal point and 'conducts' them to a probe or pickup connected to a low-noise block downconverter or LNB. The LNB amplifies the relatively weak signals, filters the block of frequencies in which the satellite TV signals are transmitted, and converts the block of frequencies to a lower frequency range in the L-band range. The evolution of LNBs was one of necessity and invention.

The original C-Band satellite TV systems used a Low Noise Amplifier connected to the feedhorn at the focal point of the dish. The amplified signal was then fed via very expensive and sometimes 50 ohm impedance gas filled hardline coaxial cable to an indoor receiver or, in other designs, fed to a downconverter (a mixer and a voltage tuned oscillator with some filter circuitry) for downconversion to an intermediate frequency. The channel selection was controlled, typically by a voltage tuned oscillator with the tuning voltage being fed via a separate cable to the headend. But this design evolved.

Designs for microstrip based converters for Amateur Radio frequencies were adapted for the 4 GHz C-Band. Central to these designs was concept of block downconversion of a range of

frequencies to a lower, and technologically more easily handled block of frequencies (intermediate frequency).

The advantages of using an LNB are that cheaper cable could be used to connect the indoor receiver with the satellite TV dish and LNB, and that the technology for handling the signal at L-Band and UHF was far cheaper than that for handling the signal at C-Band frequencies. The shift to cheaper technology from the 50 Ohm impedance cable and N-Connectors of the early C-Band systems to the cheaper 75 Ohm technology and F-Connectors allowed the early satellite TV receivers to use, what were in reality, modified UHF TV tuners which selected the satellite television channel for down conversion to another lower intermediate frequency centered on 70 MHz where it was demodulated. This shift allowed the satellite television DTH industry to change from being a largely hobbyist one where receivers were built in low numbers and complete systems were expensive (costing thousands of Dollars) to a far more commercial one of mass production.

Direct broadcast satellite dishes are fitted with an LNBF, which integrates the feedhorn with the LNB.

In the United States, service providers use the intermediate frequency ranges of 950-2150 MHz to carry the signal to the receiver. This allows for transmission of UHF band signals along the same span of coaxial wire at the same time. In some applications, (DirecTV AU9-S and AT-9) ranges the lower B-Band and upper 2250-3000 MHz, are used. Newer LNBFs in use by DirecTV referred to as SWM, use a more limited frequency range of 950-1800 MHz.

The satellite receiver or [Set-top box] demodulates and converts the signals to the desired form (outputs for television, audio, data, etc.). Sometimes, the receiver includes the capability to unscramble or decrypt the received signal; the receiver is then called an Integrated receiver/decoder or IRD. The cable connecting the receiver to the LNBF or LNB should be of the low loss type RG-6, quad shield RG-6 or RG-11, etc. RG-59 is not recommended for this application as it is not technically designed to carry frequencies above 950 MHz, but will work in many circumstances, depending on the quality of the coaxial wire.

[edit] Standards

Analog television distributed via satellite is usually sent scrambled or unscrambled in NTSC, PAL, or SECAM television broadcast standards. The analog signal is frequency modulated and is converted from an FM signal to what is referred to as baseband. This baseband comprises the video signal and the audio subcarrier(s). The audio subcarrier is further demodulated to provide a raw audio signal.

If the signal is a digitized television signal or multiplex of signals, it is typically QPSK.

In general, digital television, including that transmitted via satellites, are generally based on open standards such as MPEG and DVB-S or ISDB-S.

The conditional access encryption/scrambling methods include BISS, Conax, Digicipher, Irdeto, Nagravision, PowerVu, Viaccess, Videocipher, and VideoGuard. Many conditional access systems have been compromised.

[edit] Categories of usage

There are three primary types of satellite television usage: reception direct by the viewer, reception by local television affiliates, or reception by headends for distribution across terrestrial cable systems.

Direct to the viewer reception includes direct broadcast satellite or DBS and television receive-only or TVRO, both used for homes and businesses including hotels, etc.

[edit] Direct broadcast via satellite

Direct broadcast satellite, (DBS) also known as "Direct-To-Home" can either refer to the communications satellites themselves that deliver DBS service or the actual television service. DBS systems are commonly referred to as "mini-dish" systems. DBS uses the upper portion of the Ku band, as well as portions of the Ka band.

Modified DBS systems can also run on C-band satellites and have been used by some networks in the past to get around legislation by some countries against reception of Ku-band transmissions.

Most of the DBS systems use the DVB-S standard for transmission. With Pay-TV services, the datastream is encrypted and requires proprietary reception equipment. While the underlying reception technology is similar, the Pay-TV technology is proprietary, often consisting of a Conditional Access Module and smart card.

This measure assures satellite television providers that only authorised, paying subscribers have access to Pay TV content but at the same time can allow free-to-air (FTA) channels to be viewed even by the people with standard equipment (DBS receivers without the Conditional Access Modules) available in the market.

[edit] Television receive-only

The term Television receive-only, or TVRO, arose during the early days of satellite television reception to differentiate it from commercial satellite television uplink and downlink operations (transmit and receive). This was before there was a DTH satellite television broadcast industry. Satellite television channels at that time were intended to be used by cable television networks rather than received by home viewers. Satellite TV receiver systems were largely constructed by hobbyists and engineers. These TVRO systems operated mainly on the C band frequencies and the dishes required were large; typically over 3 meters (10 ft) in diameter. Consequently TVRO is often referred to as "big dish" or "Big Ugly Dish" (BUD) satellite television.

TVRO systems are designed to receive analog and digital satellite feeds of both television or audio from both C-band and Ku-band transponders on FSS-type satellites. The higher frequency Ku-band systems tend to be Direct To Home systems and can use a smaller dish antenna because of the higher power transmissions and greater antenna gain.

TVRO systems tend to use larger rather than smaller satellite dish antennas, since it is more likely that the owner of a TVRO system would have a C-band-only setup rather than a Ku band-only setup. Additional receiver boxes allow for different types of digital satellite signal reception, such as DVB/MPEG-2 and 4DTV.

The narrow beam width of a normal parabolic satellite antenna means it can only receive signals from a single satellite at a time. Simulsat or the Vertex-RSI TORUS, is a quasi-parabolic satellite earthstation antenna that is capable of receiving satellite transmissions from 35 or more C- and Ku-band satellites simultaneously.

[edit] Direct to Home television

Many satellite TV customers in developed television markets get their programming through a direct broadcast satellite (DBS) provider. The provider selects programs and broadcasts them to subscribers as a set package. Basically, the provider’s goal is to bring dozens or even hundreds of channels to the customers television in a form that approximates the competition from Cable TV. Unlike earlier programming, the provider’s broadcast is completely digital, which means it has high picture and stereo sound quality. Early satellite television services broadcast in C-band - radio in the 3.7 GigaHertz (GHz) to 4.2 GHz frequency range. Digital broadcast satellite transmits programming in the Ku frequency range (10 GHz to 14 GHz )[citation needed].

Programming sources are simply the channels that provide programming for broadcast. The provider (the DTH platform) doesn’t create original programming itself. The broadcast center is the central hub of the system. At the broadcast center, the television provider receives signals from various programming sources, compresses these signals using digital compression (encryption if necessary), and sends a broadcast signal to the proper satellite.

[edit] Satellite television by region and country

Africa

South African-based Multichoice's DStv is the main digital satellite television provider in sub-Saharan Africa, broadcasting principally in English, but also in Portuguese, German and Afrikaans. Canal Horizons, owned by France's Canal+, is the main provider in French-speaking Africa. Another entrant into the satellite television circuit in Africa is MyTvAfrica, a subsidiary of Dubai based Strong Technologies. Satellite television has been far more successful in Africa than cable, primarily because the infrastructure for cable television does not exist and would be expensive to install since majority of Africans cannot afford paid cable television. Furthermore, maintaining a cable network is expensive due to the need to cover larger and more sparsely populated areas though there are some terrestrial pay-TV and MMDS services.

The launch of Free2view has made satellite TV available to the masses in Africa. Free2view currently broadcasts MSNBC as its exclusive news channel and is about to roll out additional channels.

GTV, a British-based company, has become the second in sub-saharan Africa providing digital satellite television with the focus first on Kenya Uganda, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Congo ETC.

[edit] Nigeria

Traditionally DStv had held a monopoly over Nigeria's Satellite television sector but three new companies, HiTV, mytv and trend tv are starting to compete in this sector

[edit] Sudan

Sudan TV, the government-owned national network, is available by satellite as well as broadcast.[2]

[edit] The Americas

[edit] United StatesIt has been suggested that this section be split into a new article titled Satellite television in the United States. (Discuss)

U.S. residential satellite TV receiver dishes

Currently, there are two primary satellite television providers of subscription based service available to United States consumers: DirecTV and Dish Network.

Over the past three decades, various U.S. satellite services have come and gone or combined to form the current primary services. In 1975 RCA created Satcom 1, the first satellite built especially for use by the then three national television networks (CBS, NBC, and ABC). Later that same year, HBO leased a transponder on Satcom 1 and began transmission of television programs via satellite to cable systems. Owners of cable systems paid $10,000 to install 3-meter dishes to receive TV signals in C-band. In 1976 Taylor Howard built an amateur system, which consisted of a converted military surplus radar dish and a satellite receiver designed and built by Howard, for home satellite reception. Taylor's system could be used for receiving TV programs both from American and Soviet communication satellites. In 1977 Pat Robertson launched the first satellite-delivered basic cable service called the CBN Cable Network. In 1979, the Satellite Home Viewers Act allowed homeowners in the US to own and operate their own home satellite system, consisting of C-band equipment from a multitude of manufacturers who were making parts for systems such as Taylor Howard's, and began a large controversy of which channels could be received by whom.

USSB was a direct-to-home service founded in 1981. In the early 1990s they partnered with Hughes and continued operation until purchased in 1998 by DirecTV.

In 1991 Primestar launched as the first North American DBS service. Hughes’s DirecTV, the first national high-powered upper Ku-band DBS system, went online in 1994. The DirecTV system became the new delivery vehicle for USSB. In 1996, EchoStar’s Dish Network went

online in the United States and has gone on to similar success as DirecTV’s primary competitor. The AlphaStar service launched in 1996 and went into bankruptcy in 1997. Dominion Video Satellite Inc's Sky Angel also went online in the United States in 1996 with its DBS service geared towards "faith and family". Primestar sold its assets to Hughes in 1999 and switched from DBS to an IPTV platform.

In 2004, Cablevision’s Voom service went online, specifically catering to the emerging market of HDTV owners and aficionados, but folded in April 2005. The service’s “exclusive” high-definition channels were migrated to the Dish Network system. Commercial DBS services are the primary competition to cable television service, although the two types of service have significantly different regulatory requirements (for example, cable television has public access requirements, and the two types of distribution have different regulations regarding carriage of local stations).

90cm multiple-LNA toroidal satellite dish

The majority of ethnic-language broadcasts in North America are carried on Ku band free-to-air. The largest concentration of ethnic programming is on Galaxy 19 at 97° W. Pittsburgh International Telecommunications and GlobeCast World TV offers a mix of free and pay-TV ethnic channels in the internationally-standard DVB-S format, as do others. Home2US Communications Inc. also offers several ethnic channels on AMC-4 at 101° W, as well as other free and pay-TV channels. Several U.S.-English language network affiliates (representing CBS, NBC, ABC, PBS, FOX, the CW (formerly the WB and UPN), ION Network and MyNetworkTV) are available as free-to-air broadcasts, as are the three U.S.-Spanish language networks (Univisión, Telefutura and Telemundo). The number of free-to-air specialty channels is otherwise rather limited. Specific FTA offerings tend to appear and disappear rather often and typically with little or no notice, although sites such as LyngSat do track the changing availability of both free and pay channels worldwide.[3]

On October 7, 2009, NAB TV Board chair Paul Karpowicz planned to testify before the Senate Communications Subcommittee that broadcasters would be willing to allow subscribers of

distant signals to continue to do so even if the digital transition resulted in those subscribers receiving stations that they could not before. The NAB did oppose offering new distant signals if a digital signal was available. The Satellite TV Modernization Act had to be passed by the end of 2009. The House bill also allowed Dish Network to offer distant signals.[4] On November 5, Senate Judiciary Committee chairman Patrick Leahy said he hoped for a "short-time agreement" on the bill passed out of committee September 24. If the Senate approves, the House will have to approve the bill, and if the two versions cannot be reconciled, the license to import signals that expires at the end of the year could be extended.[5] The House version included an agreement with Echostar that, where possible, all 210 markets could receive signals, and Echostar could once again deliver distant signals.

The Senate Commerce Committee approved a version of the bill on November 19, without an amendment requiring local signals in all markets in three years, though a study would be conducted on why 30 markets still had a problem. Before Senate approval, the two versions of the bill will have to be reconciled; the Judiciary Committee had a short market fix, while the Commerce committee bill required PBS in HD sooner.[6]

The House approved the Satellite Home Viewer Reauthorization Act December 3. It included both the House Commerce Committee and House Judiciary Committee versions and renewed the ability to use distant signals for five years, allowed Dish Network to offer distant signals again, and required 28 markets to receive signals not available locally. The bill also dealt with some copyright issues and required Dish Network to offer HD noncommercial signals by 2011 instead of 2013.[7]

One potential problem: determining who cannot receive a signal is still based on analog rather than digital TV.[8]

On February 11, 2010, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid said the satellite reauthorization was part of a jobs bill. Rick Boucher, House chairman for communications and the Internet, believed the bill would pass. The deadline is March, since it has been extended 60 days.[9] Sen. Jim Bunning blocked the legislation in the Senate on Feb. 25, even though it passed the House.[10] On March 1, 2010, The Satellite Television Extension and Localism Act of 2010, scheduled to expire in 2014, became part of a jobs bill with help from Sen. Patrick Leahy.[11]

[edit] Canada

Currently, there are two primary satellite television providers of subscription based service available to Canadian consumers: Bell TV and Shaw Direct. The CRTC has refused to license American satellite services, but nonetheless hundreds of thousands (up to a million by some estimates) of Canadians access or have accessed American services[12] — usually these services have to be billed to an American address and are paid for in U.S. dollars, although some viewers receive American signals through pirate decryption. Whether such activity is grey market or black market is the source of often heated debate between those who would like greater choice and those who argue that the protection of Canadian firms and Canadian culture is more important. In October 2004, Quebec Judge Danièle Côté ruled Canada's Radiocommunication Act to be in direct violation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, insofar as it bans

reception of unlicensed foreign television services. The judgment gave the federal government a one-year deadline to remedy this breach of the Constitution. However, this contradicts prior Supreme Court of Canada decisions and was overturned on appeal. [13] A Supreme Court of Canada decision in the case of Bell ExpressVu v. Richard Rex, made on April 26, 2002, confirms that provisions in the Radiocommunication Act forbid the illegal decoding of satellite television programming. [14] Canadian satellite providers continue to be plagued by the unquestionably black market devices which "pirate" or "steal" their signals as well as by a number of otherwise completely lawful devices which can be reprogrammed to receive pirate TV. Although there are no official statistics, the use of American satellite services in Canada appears to be declining as of 2004 Some would claim that this is probably due to a combination of increasingly aggressive police enforcement and an unfavourable exchange rate between the Canadian and U.S. currencies. As the U.S. dollar has been declining as of 2005 versus other international currencies, the decline in DirecTV viewership in Canada may well be related not to a cost difference as much as to the series of smart card swaps which have rendered the first three generations of DirecTV access cards (F, H and HU) all obsolete. Recently, Bell has begun to phase out satellite receivers in urban areas, replacing it with IPTV transmitted over regular telephone lines.

[edit] Latin America

Latin America’s main satellite system are SKY Latin America, which has approximately 1.4 million subscribers in each of Brazil and Mexico and DirecTV Latin America, which provides service to the rest of the Americas, with a total of approximately 1.3 million subscribers. Pay-TV is not popular among Latin Americans because fees are expensive in PPP terms.

The service offered in Brazil includes Digital TV with full Dolby Digital surround support, mts and multiple subtitle options, a first for the Brazilian market. A recent update to Sky's services in Brazil is Sky+ which allows the customer to record a program while watching another one and also Sky HD which currently provides up to 29 high definition channels. Services are however relatively expensive, therefore market penetration is still limited.

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bangladesh

There are several satellite providers in Bangladesh. The main ones are listed below:

1. Bangla Vision 2. NTV

3. RTV

4. ATN Bangla

5. Channel I

6. Channel One

7. Kasturi

8. DD

9. Boishaki TV

10. ETV

11. Desh TV

12. Diganta Television

13. Islamic TV

14. STVUS

[edit] Kazakhstan

The first satellite TV channel in Kazakstan, CaspioNet, was launched by the Khabar news agency in 2002.

[edit] Malaysia

Astro's "mini-dish".

Malaysia's sole satellite television operator, Measat Broadcast Network Systems (a subsidiary of Astro All Asia Networks plc) launched Astro in 1996. It currently holds exclusive rights from the Malaysian government to offer satellite television broadcasting services in the country through the year 2017.

[edit] Mongolia

The Naran station (aka Orbit Station) is first satellite television in Mongolia. In 1991, Naran Station broadcast one channel, which is MNB. In 2005, Naran station extended the channel list up to 4 FTA channels. In 2010 they stopped television broadcast. Government has decided to allow private company does the service in 2008. DDishTV broadcast 18 channels, including 15

local channels and 3 foreign channels since 2008. DDishTV is the satellite television operator in Mongolia.

[edit] Japan

The medium-scale Broadcasting Satellite for Experimental Purposes (BSE) was planned by Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (MOPT) and developed by the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) since 1974. After that, the first Japanese experimental broadcasting satellite, called BSE or Yuri, was launched in 1978. NHK started experimental broadcasting of TV program using BS-2a satellite on May, 1984. The satellite BS-2a was launched in preparation for the start of full scale 2-channel broadcasts. Broadcasting Satellite BS-2a was the first national DBS (direct broadcasting satellite), transmitting signals directly into the home of TV viewers. Attitude control of the satellite was conducted using the 3 axial method (zero momentum), and design life was 5 years. The TV transponder units are designed to sufficiently amplify transmitted signals to enable reception by small, 40 or 60 cm home-use parabolic antennas. The satellite was equipped with 3 TV transponders (including reserve units). However, one transponder malfunctioned 2 months after launch (March 23, 1984) and a second transponder malfunctioned 3 months after launch (May 3, 1984). So, the scheduled satellite broadcasting had to be hastily adjusted to test broadcasting on a single channel. Later, NHK started regular service (NTSC) and experimental HDTV broadcasting using BS-2b on June, 1989. Some Japanese producers of home electronic consumer devices began to deliver TVsets, VCRs and even home acoustic systems equipped by built-in satellite tuners or receivers. Such electronic goods had a specific BS logo. On April, 1991, Japanese company JSB started pay TV service while BS-3 communication satellite was in use. In 1996 total number of households that receive satellite broadcasting exceeded 10 million. The modern two satellite systems in use in Japan are BSAT and JCSAT; the modern WOWOW Broadcasting Satellite digital service uses BSAT satellites, while other system of digital TV broadcasting SKY PerfecTV! uses JCSAT satellites.

[edit] India

Over 300 TV Satellite television channels are broadcast in India. This includes channels from the state-owned Doordarshan, News Corporation owned STAR TV, Sony owned Sony Entertainment Television, Sun Network and Zee TV. Direct To Home service is provided by DishTv, Airtel Digital Tv, Reliance BIG TV, DD Direct Plus, Videocon d2h, Sun Direct DTH and TataSky. Few of them have already satrted their premium HD services.

These services are provided by locally built satellites from ISRO such as [15] INSAT 4CR, INSAT 4A, INSAT-2E, INSAT-3C and INSAT-3E as well as private satellites such as the Dutch-based SES, Global-owned NSS 6, Thaicom-2 and Telstar 10.

[edit] Pakistan

In the recent years, there has been a lot of investment in television industry in Pakistan. There are more than 90 Satellite channels operating directly inside Pakistan and about 40 operating their broadcasting from Dubai, Thailand, Bangkok and UK.[citation needed]

[edit] Philippines Dream Satellite TV is pay DTH service of Philippine Multimedia Service Inc. (PMSI) Cignal Digital TV is pay DTH service of Mediascape Inc.

G Sat is pay DTH service of FUBC.

[edit] ThailandSee also: TrueVisions and Media of Thailand

TrueVisions is the leading pay TV service of Thailand which operate cable TV in Bangkok and satellite TV across the country. TrueVisions is owned by True Corporation. VIet Nam sat is just launched in 4/2008 and GMM Grammy is the second pay TV service of Thailand.

[edit] Oceania

[edit] Australia

Satellite television in Australia has proven to be a far more feasible option than cable television, due to the vast distances between population centres. The first service to come online in Australia was Galaxy, which was later taken over by Cable Television giant Foxtel, which now operates both cable and satellite services to all state capital cities (except Darwin and Hobart) and the whole of Western Australia. Its main metropolitan rival was Optus Vision, while rural areas are served by Austar, both of which just rebroadcast Foxtel as of 2005. In 2006 SelecTV began operating, aiming at providing comparatively low cost packages and catering to specialised market segments.

[edit] New Zealand

In New Zealand, SKY Network Television offers multichannel digital satellite TV, and once offered non-digital terrestrial UHF service which was shutdown progressivley during the first half of 2010. The newly released Freeview service is also available on the Optus D1 satellite, as well as a High Definition digital terrestrial service.

[edit] Europe

[edit] Continental Western Europe

In Europe, DBS satellite services are found mainly on Astra satellites and Hotbird (operated by Eutelsat.) BSkyB (known as Sky) serves the UK. SKY Italia, Canal Digitaal and UPC being the main providers in Italy, the Netherlands and Central Europe.

The overall market share of DBS satellite services in 2004 was 21.4% of all TV homes, however this highly varies from country to country. For example, in Germany, with many free-to-air TV-stations, DBS market share is almost 40%, and in Belgium and the Netherlands, it’s only about 7%, due to the widespread cable networks with exclusive content.

[edit] Russian Federation

The first Soviet communication satellite, called Molniya (Молния, or "Lightning"), was launched in 1965. By November, 1967 the national system of satellite television, called Orbita was deployed. The system consisted of 3 highly elliptical Molniya satellites, Moscow-based ground uplink facilities and about 20 downlink stations, located in cities and towns of remote regions of Siberia and Far East. Each station had a 12-meter receiving parabolic antenna and transmitters for re-broadcasting TV signal to local householders.

However, a large part of Soviet central regions were still not covered by transponders of Molniya satellites. By 1976 Soviet engineers developed a relatively simple and inexpensive system of satellite television (especially for Central and Northern Siberia). It included geostationary satellites called Ekran equipped with powerful 300 W UHF transponders, a broadcasting uplink station and various simple receiving stations located in various towns and villages of Siberian region. The typical receiving station, also called Ekran, represented itself as a home-use analog satellite receiver equipped with simple Yagi-Uda antenna. Later, Ekran satellites were replaced by more advanced Ekran-M series satellites.

In 1979 Soviet engineers developed Moskva (or Moscow) system of broadcasting and delivering of TV signal via satellites. New type of geostationary communication satellites, called Gorizont, were launched. They were equipped by powerful onboard transponders, so the size of receiving parabolic antennas of downlink stations was reduced to 4 and 2.5 meters (in comparison of early 12- meter dishes of standard orbital downlink stations).

By 1989 an improved version of Moskva system of satellite television has been called Moskva Global'naya (or Moscow Global). The system included a few geostationary Gorizont and Express type of communication satellites. TV signal from Moscow Global’s satellites could be received in any country of planet except Canada and North-West of the USA.

Modern Russian satellite broadcasting services based on powerful geostationary buses such as Gals, Express, Yamal and Eutelsat which provide a large quantity of free-to-air television channels to millions of householders. Pay-TV is growing in popularity amongst Russian TV viewers. The NTV Russia news company, owned by Gazprom, broadcasts the NTV Plus package to 560,000 households, reaching over 1.5 million viewers.

Tricolor TV (Russian: Триколор ТВ) the biggest satellite television operator. It broadcasts a pack of TV channels in the European part of Russia and most of Siberian, Ural and Far East regions. Broadcasting in the European part has been held since December 2005 from esv Eutelsat W4. Broadcasting in the Eastern regions began in December 2007.

The principle difference between Tricolor TV and other Russian salellite TV operators is a pack of free channels broadcasts by Tricolor TV. There are 12 federal channels including "Pervy", "Rossiya", "NTV", "STS", "Bibigon" and others in the free "Basic" pack. Except these, there are 19 more TV channels for the whole family. The budget pack of satellite channels turned to be very popular among Russian viewers. The number of Tricolor TV's subscribers is the largest in

Russia. In December 2009 the audience of Tricolor TV has reached a number of 6 000 000 households.

[15] -

[edit] United Kingdom and Ireland

Sky Digital "mini-dish"

The first commercial DBS service in the United Kingdom, Sky Television, was launched in 1989 and used the newly launched ASTRA satellite, providing 4 analogue TV channels. The channels and subsequent VideoCrypt video encryption system used the existing PAL broadcast standard. This gave Sky a distinct advantage over the winner of the UK state DBS licence, BSB.

In the following year, after many delays, BSB was launched, broadcasting five channels (Now, Galaxy, The Movie Channel, The Power Station and The Sports Channel) in D-MAC format and using the EuroCypher video encryption system which was based heavily on the General Instruments VideoCipher system used in the USA. While the BSB system was technologically more advanced than the PAL system and one of the main selling points of the BSB offering was the Squarial, an expensive flat plate antenna and LNB. Sky's system used conventional and cheap dish and LNB technology.

The competition between the two companies was fierce and bidding wars over the UK rights to movies. Sky kept costs to a bare minimum, operating from an industrial park in Isleworth in West London. BSB had expensive offices in London (Marco Polo House). The two services subsequently merged to form British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB) though the new BSkyB was really Sky. The technologically more advanced BSB D-MAC/EuroCypher system was gradually replaced with Sky's VideoCrypt video encryption system.

In 1994 17% of the group was floated on the London Stock Exchange (with ADRs listed on the New York Stock Exchange), and Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation owns a 35% stake.

By 1999, following the launch of several more satellites (at 19.2°E by SES Astra), the number of channels had increased to around 60 and BSkyB launched the first subscription-based digital television platform in the UK, offering a range of 300 channels broadcast from the ASTRA satellites at 28.2°E under the brand name Sky Digital. BSkyB’s analogue service was discontinued on 31 December 2001 and all customers have migrated to Sky Digital.

In May 2008, a free-to-air satellite service from the BBC and ITV was launched under the brand name Freesat, carrying a variety of channels, including some content in HD formats.

[edit] Nordic countries

The first satellite service specifically set to the Nordic region was TV3 which launched in 1987. With the launch of Astra 1A, getting the TV3 channel got easier. The first Nordic-specific satellite, Tele-X, was launched in 1989. The services directed at Scandinavia were then scattered among several satellites. In 1993, the former BSB satellites were bought by a Swedish and a Norwegian company, respectively. These two satellites were renamed Thor 1 and Sirius 1, moved to new positions and started broadcasting services intended for people in the Nordic region. With the launch of additional Thor and Sirius satellites later in the 1990s, Astra and other satellites were abandoned by the Nordic services with almost all Nordic satellite television migrating to the Sirius and Thor satellites.

Initially the basic channels were free-to-air. This caused several rights problems since viewers throughout Europe were able to see very much acquired English language programming as well as sports for free on the Nordic channels, although the channels only held broadcasting rights for specific countries. One way of avoiding that was to switch from PAL to the D2-MAC standard, hardly used anywhere outside the Nordic region. An unencrypted channel could still be seen in all the Nordic satellite homes, so eventually all channels went encrypted (several of them only being available in one country). There are two competing satellite services: Canal Digital (Norwegian Telenor) and Viasat (Kinnevik). Canal Digital launched in 1997 and was digital from the start, broadcasting from Thor. Kinnevik had been operating an analogue subscription service since the late 1980s, but waited until the year 2000 before launching a digital service. All analogue services from Thor and Sirius will have ceased in 2006, when the three remaining Danish channels go digital-only. The competition between Viasat and Canal Digital has caused some homes in Scandinavia to have to buy two set-top boxes and have two subscriptions to get the full range of channels. Viasat doesn't provide their own channels (TV3, TV3+, ZTV, TV1000 and the Viasat-branded channels) on the Canal Digital platform. Canal Digital does however have exclusive distribution of channels from SBS Broadcasting, Discovery, TV2 Denmark and Eurosport; for several years the Swedish SVT and TV4 channels were also exclusive to Canal Digital.

[edit] Middle East & North Africa

The Middle East has a high penetration of homes receiving TV channels via DTH satellite. One of the pioneers of free-to-air digital satellite television is considered to be MBC, which began broadcasting in c band through [Arabsat] and is the first network in the world to offer a free-to-air Western based English language movie channel to the Middle East audience via its spinoff channel MBC 2. Its direct rival is considered to be Dubai, UAE based One TV, earlier called Channel 33, which was the first channel in the Middle East to provide English language general entertainment programming for the expatriate community.

Nourmina Channel is the first satellite channel owned by a Jordanian national of the private sector, which broadcasts on Nile Sat reluctantly 12303H, which covers all the Arab countries, Africa and most parts of Europe - The first digital DTH pay-TV network to provide Indian Entertainment was Orbit Satellite Television and Radio Network broadcasting via Eurobird 2 (Ku band), later on Showtime Arabia a joint venture between Viacom (21% stake) and KIPCO (79% stake) started broadcasting, via PanAmSat (C band), but later switched over to Nilesat (KU band). Arab Radio and Television Network(ART) now known as Arab Digital Distribution although a late comer, gained ground by broadcasting exclusive sports events. Most of the popular channels are transmitting from these satellites and orbital positions: Arabsat at 26°E, AsiaSat at 100.5°E and 105.5°E, Eutelsat Hot Bird at 13°E, Nilesat at 7°W, and PanAmSat at 68.5°E. + Currently, there are two primary satellite television providers of subscription based service available to Canadians consumers: Bell TV and Shaw Direct.

In Israel, Satellite TV services were introduced by YES! company, using Israeli based Amos.

References

1. ̂ Robertson, Lloyd (1972-11-09). "Anik A1 launching: bridging the gap". CBC English TV. http://archives.cbc.ca/500f.asp?id=1-75-92-594. Retrieved 2007-01-25.

2. ̂ BBC News: Country profile: Sudan. Page last updated at 13:38 GMT, Wednesday, 18 June 2008 14:38 UK. Accessed July 13, 2008.

3. ̂ LyngSat tracking

4. ̂ Eggerton, John (2009-10-06). "NAB Won't Oppose Some Grandfathering Of Distant Signals". Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/356999-NAB_Won_t_Oppose_Some_Grandfathering_Of_Distant_Signals.php?rssid=20068&q=digital+tv. Retrieved 2009-10-09.

5. ̂ Eggerton, John (2009-11-05). "Leahy Looks for 'Short-Time' Agreement on Satellite Reauthorization". Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/382942-Leahy_Looks_for_Short_Time_Agreement_on_Satellite_Reauthorization.php?rssid=20068&q=digital+tv. Retrieved 2009-11-10.

6. ̂ Eggerton, John (2009-11-19). "Senate Passes Satellite Reauthorization Bill". Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/389824-Senate_Passes_Satellite_Reauthorization_Bill.php?rssid=20068&q=digital+tv. Retrieved 2009-11-20.

7. ̂ Eggerton, John (2009-12-03). "SHVRA Passes Convincingly in House". Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/417629-SHVRA_Passes_Convincingly_in_House.php?rssid=20065&q=digital+tv. Retrieved 2009-12-03.

8. ̂ Eggerton, John (2009-12-15). "Satellite Bill Extension Said To Be On Table In House". Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/440498-Satellite_Bill_Extension_Said_To_Be_On_Table_In_House.php?rssid=20103&q=digital+tv. Retrieved 2009-12-17.

9. ̂ Eggerton, John (2010-02-11). "Senate Version of Satellite Bill Hits Hill". Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/448896-Senate_Version_of_Satellite_Bill_Hits_Hill.php?rssid=20068&q=digital+tv. Retrieved 2010-02-25.

10. ̂ Eggerton, John (2010-02-26). "Senate Fails To Pass Satellite License Bill Extension". Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/449291-Senate_Fails_To_Pass_Satellite_License_Bill_Extension.php. Retrieved 2010-03-23.

11. ̂ "Extension of satellite TV licenses included in proposed jobs legislation". vermontbiz.com. 2010-03-01. http://www.vermontbiz.com/node/14589. Retrieved 2010-03-23.

12. ̂ "CTV.ca | Lawsuit targets grey market satellite dealers". Ctv.ca. Updated Mon. Oct. 21 2002 8:46 PM ET. http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1035231116797_30640316//. Retrieved 2008-09-06.

13. ̂ R. v. D'Argy, 2005 CanLII 8977 (QC C.S.) and D'Argy c. R., 2006 QCCA 1249 (CanLII)

14. ̂ http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/eng/h_sf05562.html

15. ̂ "Broadband TV News | Central and East Europe | Home". Broadbandtvnews.com. Archived from the original on 2008-06-16. http://web.archive.org/web/20080616163615/http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/archive_cen/240306.html. Retrieved 2008-09-06.

Televisyen kabelDari Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas.

Lompat ke: pandu arah, gelintar

Kabel sepaksi sering digunakan untuk memancarkan TV kabel ke rumah.

Televisyen kabel ialah sejenis sistem penyediaan televisyen ke pengguna melalui isyarat frekuensi radio yang dipancarkan ke set televisyen melalui gentian optik atau kabel sepaksi tetap, dibandingkan dengan kaedah "ke udara" dalam penyiaran televisyen tradisi (melalui gelombang radio) yang memerlukan antena televisyen. Selain rancangan televisyen, rangkaian TV kabel juga boleh menyalurkan rancangan radio FM, Internet berkelajuan tinggi, telefoni dan perkhidmatan bukan televisyen seumpamanya.

Singkatan CATV selalu dianggap sebagai singkatan "Cable TV", tetapi asalnya bermaksud Community Antenna Television, iaitu asal-usul TV kabel pada tahun 1948: di tempat-tempat yang sukar menerima isyarat dari udara kerana kawasan bergunung-ganang, "antena komuniti" besar dipasang, dan disambung kabel ke rumah-rumah.

Televisyen kabel paling meluas di Amerika Utara, Eropah, Australia dan Asia Timur, bahkan juga boleh didapati di kebanyakan negara lain, terutamanya di Amerika Selatan dan Timur Tengah. Televisyen kabel kurang berjaya di benua Afrika, kerana pemasangan kabel di kawasan yang tidak padat penduduknya tidak cekap dari segi kos, namun "kabel wayarles" atau sistem berasaskan gelombang mikro digunakan.

A communications satellite (sometimes abbreviated to COMSAT) is an artificial satellite stationed in space for the purpose of telecommunications. Modern communications satellites use a variety of orbits including geostationary orbits, Molniya orbits, other elliptical orbits and low (polar and non-polar) Earth orbits.

For fixed (point-to-point) services, communications satellites provide a microwave radio relay technology complementary to that of submarine communication cables. They are also used for mobile applications such as communications to ships, vehicles, planes and hand-held terminals, and for TV and radio broadcasting, for which application of other technologies, such as cable, is impractical or impossible.

Contents

[hide] 1 History

o 1.1 Early missions

o 1.2 Geostationary orbits

o 1.3 Low-Earth-orbiting satellites

o 1.4 Molniya satellites

2 Applications

o 2.1 Telephone

o 2.2 Satellite television

2.2.1 Fixed Service Satellite

2.2.2 Direct broadcast satellite

o 2.3 Mobile satellite technologies

o 2.4 Satellite radio

o 2.5 Amateur radio

o 2.6 Satellite Internet

o 2.7 Military uses

o 2.8 Navigation

3 See also

4 References

5 External links

[edit] History

See: Geostationary Orbit and Geosynchronous orbit Satellites.

[edit] Early missions

The first artificial satellite was the Soviet Sputnik 1, launched on October 4, 1957, and equipped with an on-board radio-transmitter that worked on two frequencies, 20.005 and 40.002 MHz. The first American satellite to relay communications was Project SCORE in 1958, which used a tape recorder to store and forward voice messages. It was used to send a Christmas greeting to the world from U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower. NASA launched an Echo satellite in 1960; the 100-foot (30 m) aluminized PET film balloon served as a passive reflector for radio communications. Courier 1B, built by Philco, also launched in 1960, was the world’s first active repeater satellite.

Telstar was the first active, direct relay communications satellite. Belonging to AT&T as part of a multi-national agreement between AT&T, Bell Telephone Laboratories, NASA, the British General Post Office, and the French National PTT (Post Office) to develop satellite communications, it was launched by NASA from Cape Canaveral on July 10, 1962, the first privately sponsored space launch. Telstar was placed in an elliptical orbit (completed once every 2 hours and 37 minutes), rotating at a 45° angle above the equator.

An immediate antecedent of the geostationary satellites was Hughes’ Syncom 2, launched on July 26, 1963. Syncom 2 revolved around the earth once per day at constant speed, but because it still had north-south motion, special equipment was needed to track it.

[edit] Geostationary orbits

Main article: Geostationary orbit

Geostationary orbit

A satellite in a geostationary orbit appears to be in a fixed position to an earth-based observer. A geostationary satellite revolves around the earth at a constant speed once per day over the equator.

The geostationary orbit is useful for communications applications because ground based antennas, which must be directed toward the satellite, can operate effectively without the need for expensive equipment to track the satellite’s motion. Especially for applications that require a large number of ground antennas (such as direct TV distribution), the savings in ground equipment can more than justify the extra cost and onboard complexity of lifting a satellite into the relatively high geostationary orbit.

The concept of the geostationary communications satellite was first proposed by Arthur C. Clarke, building on work by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and on the 1929 work by Herman Potočnik (writing as Herman Noordung) Das Problem der Befahrung des Weltraums - der Raketen-motor. In October 1945 Clarke published an article titled “Extra-terrestrial Relays” in the British magazine Wireless World. The article described the fundamentals behind the deployment of artificial satellites in geostationary orbits for the purpose of relaying radio signals. Thus Arthur C. Clarke is often quoted as being the inventor of the communications satellite.

The first truly geostationary satellite launched in orbit was the Syncom 3, launched on August 19, 1964. It was placed in orbit at 180° east longitude, over the International Date Line. It was used that same year to relay experimental television coverage of the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan to the United States, making these Olympic games the first to be broadcast internationally. Although Syncom 3 is some times credited with the first television transmission to cross the Pacific Ocean, the Relay 1 satellite first broadcast from the United States to Japan on November 22, 1963.[1]

Shortly after Syncom 3, Intelsat I, aka Early Bird, was launched on April 6, 1965 and placed in orbit at 28° west longitude. It was the first geostationary satellite for telecommunications over the Atlantic Ocean.

On November 9, 1972,'s first geostationary satellite serving the continent, Anik A1, was launched by Telesat Canada, with the United States following suit with the launch of Westar 1 by Western Union on April 13, 1974.

On December 19, 1974, the first geostationary communications satellite in the world to be three-axis stabilized was launched: the Franco-German Symphonie.

After the launches of Telstar, Syncom 3, Early Bird, Anik A1, and Westar 1, RCA Americom (later GE Americom, now SES Americom) launched Satcom 1 in 1975. It was Satcom 1 that was instrumental in helping early cable TV channels such as WTBS (now TBS Superstation), HBO, CBN (now ABC Family), and The Weather Channel become successful, because these channels distributed their programming to all of the local cable TV headends using the satellite. Additionally, it was the first satellite used by broadcast television networks in the United States, like ABC, NBC, and CBS, to distribute programming to their local affiliate stations. Satcom 1 was widely used because it had twice the communications capacity of the competing Westar 1 in America (24 transponders as opposed to the 12 of Westar 1), resulting in lower transponder-usage costs. Satellites in later decades tended to have even higher transponder numbers.

By 2000, Hughes Space and Communications (now Boeing Satellite Development Center) had built nearly 40 percent of the more than one hundred satellites in service worldwide. Other major satellite manufacturers include Space Systems/Loral, Orbital Sciences Corporation with the STAR Bus series, Indian Space Research Organization, Lockheed Martin (owns the former RCA Astro Electronics/GE Astro Space business), Northrop Grumman, Alcatel Space, now Thales Alenia Space, with the Spacebus series, and EADS Astrium.

[edit] Low-Earth-orbiting satellites

Main article: Low Earth orbit

Low Earth orbit in Cyan

A Low Earth Orbit (LEO) typically is a circular orbit about 400 kilometres above the earth’s surface and, correspondingly, a period (time to revolve around the earth) of about 90 minutes. Because of their low altitude, these satellites are only visible from within a radius of roughly

1000 kilometres from the sub-satellite point. In addition, satellites in low earth orbit change their position relative to the ground position quickly. So even for local applications, a large number of satellites are needed if the mission requires uninterrupted connectivity.

Low earth orbiting satellites are less expensive to launch into orbit than geostationary satellites and, due to proximity to the ground, do not require as high signal strength (Recall that signal strength falls off as the square of the distance from the source, so the effect is dramatic). Thus there is a trade off between the number of satellites and their cost. In addition, there are important differences in the onboard and ground equipment needed to support the two types of missions.

A group of satellites working in concert is known as a satellite constellation. Two such constellations, intended to provide satellite phone services, primarily to remote areas, are the Iridium and Globalstar systems. The Iridium system has 66 satellites. Another LEO satellite constellation known as Teledesic, with backing from Microsoft entrepreneur Paul Allen, was to have over 840 satellites. This was later scaled back to 288 and ultimately ended up only launching one test satellite.

It is also possible to offer discontinuous coverage using a low Earth orbit satellite capable of storing data received while passing over one part of Earth and transmitting it later while passing over another part. This will be the case with the CASCADE system of Canada’s CASSIOPE communications satellite. Another system using this store and forward method is Orbcomm.

[edit] Molniya satellites

Main article: Molniya orbit

As mentioned, geostationary satellites are constrained to operate above the equator. As a consequence, they are not always suitable for providing services at high latitudes: at high latitudes, a geostationary satellite will appear low on the horizon, affecting connectivity and causing multipath (interference caused by signals reflecting off the ground and into the ground antenna). The first satellite of the Molniya series was launched on April 23, 1965 and was used for experimental transmission of TV signal from a Moscow uplink station to downlink stations located in Siberia and the Russian Far East, in Norilsk, Khabarovsk, Magadan and Vladivostok. In November of 1967 Soviet engineers created a unique system of national TV network of satellite television, called Orbita, that was based on Molniya satellites.

Molniya orbits can be an appealing alternative in such cases. The Molniya orbit is highly inclined, guaranteeing good elevation over selected positions during the northern portion of the orbit. (Elevation is the extent of the satellite’s position above the horizon. Thus, a satellite at the horizon has zero elevation and a satellite directly overhead has elevation of 90 degrees).

Furthermore, the Molniya orbit is designed so that the satellite spends the great majority of its time over the far northern latitudes, during which its ground footprint moves only slightly. Its period is one half day, so that the satellite is available for operation over the targeted region for

eight hours every second revolution. In this way a constellation of three Molniya satellites (plus in-orbit spares) can provide uninterrupted coverage.

Molniya satellites are typically used for telephony and TV services over Russia. Another application is to use them for mobile radio systems (even at lower latitudes) since cars travelling through urban areas need access to satellites at high elevation in order to secure good connectivity, e.g. in the presence of tall buildings.

[edit] Applications

[edit] Telephone

An Iridium satellite

The first and historically most important application for communication satellites was in intercontinental long distance telephony. The fixed Public Switched Telephone Network relays telephone calls from land line telephones to an earth station, where they are then transmitted to a geostationary satellite. The downlink follows an analogous path. Improvements in submarine communications cables, through the use of fiber-optics, caused some decline in the use of satellites for fixed telephony in the late 20th century, but they still serve remote islands such as Ascension Island, Saint Helena, Diego Garcia, and Easter Island, where no submarine cables are in service. There are also regions of some continents and countries where landline telecommunications are rare to nonexistent, for example large regions of South America, Africa, Canada, China, Russia, and Australia. Satellite communications also provide connection to the edges of Antarctica and Greenland.

Satellite phones connect directly to a constellation of either geostationary or low-earth-orbit satellites. Calls are then forwarded to a satellite teleport connected to the Public Switched Telephone Network

[edit] Satellite television

Main article: Satellite television

Television became the main market, its demand for simultaneous delivery of relatively few signals of large bandwidth to many receivers being a more precise match for the capabilities of geosynchronous comsats. Two satellite types are used for North American television and radio: Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS), and Fixed Service Satellite (FSS)

The definitions of FSS and DBS satellites outside of North America, especially in Europe, are a bit more ambiguous. Most satellites used for direct-to-home television in Europe have the same high power output as DBS-class satellites in North America, but use the same linear polarization as FSS-class satellites. Examples of these are the Astra, Eutelsat, and Hotbird spacecraft in orbit over the European continent. Because of this, the terms FSS and DBS are more so used throughout the North American continent, and are uncommon in Europe.

[edit] Fixed Service Satellite

Main article: Fixed Service Satellite

Fixed Service Satellites use the C band, and the lower portions of the Ku bands. They are normally used for broadcast feeds to and from television networks and local affiliate stations (such as program feeds for network and syndicated programming, live shots, and backhauls), as well as being used for distance learning by schools and universities, business television (BTV), Videoconferencing, and general commercial telecommunications. FSS satellites are also used to distribute national cable channels to cable television headends.

Free-to-air satellite TV channels are also usually distributed on FSS satellites in the Ku band. The Intelsat Americas 5, Galaxy 10R and AMC 3 satellites over North America provide a quite large amount of FTA channels on their Ku band transponders.

The American DISH Network DBS service has also recently utilized FSS technology as well for their programming packages requiring their SuperDish antenna, due to Dish Network needing more capacity to carry local television stations per the FCC's "must-carry" regulations, and for more bandwidth to carry HDTV channels.

[edit] Direct broadcast satellite

Main article: Direct broadcast satellite

A direct broadcast satellite is a communications satellite that transmits to small DBS satellite dishes (usually 18 to 24 inches or 45 to 60 cm in diameter). Direct broadcast satellites generally operate in the upper portion of the microwave Ku band. DBS technology is used for DTH-oriented (Direct-To-Home) satellite TV services, such as DirecTV and DISH Network in the United States, Bell TV and Shaw Direct in Canada, Freesat and Sky Digital in the UK, the Republic of Ireland, and New Zealand.

Operating at lower frequency and lower power than DBS, FSS satellites require a much larger dish for reception (3 to 8 feet (1 to 2.5m) in diameter for Ku band, and 12 feet (3.6m) or larger for C band). They use linear polarization for each of the transponders' RF input and output (as opposed to circular polarization used by DBS satellites), but this is a minor technical difference that users do not notice. FSS satellite technology was also originally used for DTH satellite TV from the late 1970s to the early 1990s in the United States in the form of TVRO (TeleVision Receive Only) receivers and dishes. It was also used in its Ku band form for the now-defunct Primestar satellite TV service.

Satellites for communication have now[when?] been launched that have transponders in the Ka band, such as DirecTV's SPACEWAY-1 satellite, and Anik F2. NASA as well has launched experimental satellites using the Ka band recently.

[edit] Mobile satellite technologies

Initially available for broadcast to stationary TV receivers, by 2004 popular mobile direct broadcast applications made their appearance with that arrival of two satellite radio systems in the United States: Sirius and XM Satellite Radio Holdings. Some manufacturers have also introduced special antennas for mobile reception of DBS television. Using Global Positioning System (GPS) technology as a reference, these antennas automatically re-aim to the satellite no matter where or how the vehicle (that the antenna is mounted on) is situated. These mobile satellite antennas are popular with some recreational vehicle owners. Such mobile DBS antennas are also used by JetBlue Airways for DirecTV (supplied by LiveTV, a subsidiary of JetBlue), which passengers can view on-board on LCD screens mounted in the seats.

[edit] Satellite radio

Main article: Satellite radio

Satellite radio offers audio services in some countries, notably the United States. Mobile services allow listeners to roam a continent, listening to the same audio programming anywhere.

A satellite radio or subscription radio (SR) is a digital radio signal that is broadcast by a communications satellite, which covers a much wider geographical range than terrestrial radio signals.

Satellite radio offers a meaningful alternative to ground-based radio services in some countries, notably the United States. Mobile services, such as Sirius, XM, and Worldspace, allow listeners to roam across an entire continent, listening to the same audio programming anywhere they go. Other services, such as Music Choice or Muzak's satellite-delivered content, require a fixed-location receiver and a dish antenna. In all cases, the antenna must have a clear view to the satellites. In areas where tall buildings, bridges, or even parking garages obscure the signal, repeaters can be placed to make the signal available to listeners.

Radio services are usually provided by commercial ventures and are subscription-based. The various services are proprietary signals, requiring specialized hardware for decoding and playback. Providers usually carry a variety of news, weather, sports, and music channels, with the music channels generally being commercial-free.

In areas with a relatively high population density, it is easier and less expensive to reach the bulk of the population with terrestrial broadcasts. Thus in the UK and some other countries, the contemporary evolution of radio services is focused on Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) services or HD Radio, rather than satellite radio.

[edit] Amateur radio

Amateur radio operators have access to the OSCAR satellites that have been designed specifically to carry amateur radio traffic. Most such satellites operate as spaceborne repeaters, and are generally accessed by amateurs equipped with UHF or VHF radio equipment and highly directional antennas such as Yagis or dish antennas. Due to launch costs, most current amateur satellites are launched into fairly low Earth orbits, and are designed to deal with only a limited number of brief contacts at any given time. Some satellites also provide data-forwarding services using the AX.25 or similar protocols.

[edit] Satellite Internet

Main article: Satellite Internet access

After the 1990s, satellite communication technology has been used as a means to connect to the Internet via broadband data connections. This can be very useful for users who are located in very remote areas, and cannot access a broadband connection.

[edit] Military uses

Communications satellites are used for military communications applications, such as Global Command and Control Systems. Examples of military systems that use communication satellites are the MILSTAR, the DSCS, and the FLTSATCOM of the United States, NATO satellites, United Kingdom satellites, and satellites of the former Soviet Union. Many military satellites operate in the X-band, and some also use UHF radio links, while MILSTAR also utilizes Ka band.

[edit] Navigation

One of the fascinating applications of satellites is GPS (Global Positioning System). Its primary application is navigation. There is a network composed of 24 to 32 satellites in Medium Earth Orbit spaced equally around the world in overlapping pattern for this purpose. They use low microwave frequencies such as 1.57542Ghz and 1.2276 GHz for transmission. Receivers on the earth pick up transmissions from four satellites simultaneously. The receiver uses the microprocessor to compute and display the exact position, in terms of latitude and longitude.

Satellite dishFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

This article needs additional citations for verification.Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2008)

A C band satellite dish.

A mobile satellite dish used by TVNZ news reporters.

A satellite dish is a dish-shaped type of parabolic antenna designed to receive microwaves from communications satellites, which transmit data transmissions or broadcasts, such as satellite television.

Contents

[hide]

1 Principle of operation 2 Europe

3 Systems design

4 Types

o 4.1 Motor-driven dish

o 4.2 Multi-satellite

o 4.3 VSAT

o 4.4 Others

o 4.5 Ad hoc

5 See also

6 References

7 External links

[edit] Principle of operation

Schematics of reflection principles used in dish receptors.

The parabolic shape of a dish reflects the signal to the dish’s focal point. Mounted on brackets at the dish's focal point is a device called a feedhorn. This feedhorn is essentially the front-end of a waveguide that gathers the signals at or near the focal point and 'conducts' them to a low-noise block downconverter or LNB. The LNB converts the signals from electromagnetic or radio waves to electrical signals and shifts the signals from the downlinked C-band and/or Ku-band to the L-band range. Direct broadcast satellite dishes use an LNBF, which integrates the feedhorn with the LNB. (A new form of omnidirectional satellite antenna, which does not use a directed parabolic dish and can be used on a mobile platform such as a vehicle was announced by the University of Waterloo in 2004.[1]

The theoretical gain (directive gain) of a dish increases as the frequency increases. The actual gain depends on many factors including surface finish, accuracy of shape, feedhorn matching. A typical value for a consumer type 60 cm satellite dish at 11.75 GHz is 37.50 dB.

With lower frequencies, C-band for example, dish designers have a wider choice of materials. The large size of dish required for lower frequencies led to the dishes being constructed from metal mesh on a metal framework. At higher frequencies, mesh type designs are rarer though some designs have used a solid dish with perforations.

A common misconception is that the LNBF (low-noise block/feedhorn), the device at the front of the dish, receives the signal directly from the atmosphere. For instance, one BBC News countdown shows a "red data stream" being received by the LNBF directly instead of being beamed to the dish, which because of its parabolic shape will collect the signal into a smaller area and deliver it to the LNBF.[2]

Modern dishes intended for home television use are generally 43 cm (18 in) to 80 cm (31 in) in diameter, and are fixed in one position, for Ku-band reception from one orbital position. Prior to the existence of direct broadcast satellite services, home users would generally have a motorised C-band dish of up to 3 metres in diameter for reception of channels from different satellites. Overly small dishes can still cause problems, however, including rain fade and interference from adjacent satellites.

[edit] Europe

In Europe the frequencies used by DBS services are 10.7 - 12.75 GHz on two polarisations H (horizontal) and V (vertical). This range is divided into a "low band" with 10.7 - 11.7 GHz, and a "high band" with 11.7 - 12.75 GHz. This results in two frequency bands, each with a bandwidth of about 1 GHz, each with two possible polarizations. In the LNB they become down converted to 950 - 2150 MHz, which is the frequency range allocated for the satellite service on the coaxial cable between LNBF and receiver. Lower frequencies are allocated to cable and terrestrial TV, FM radio, etc. Only one of these frequency bands fits on the coaxial cable, so each of these

bands needs a separate cable from the LNBF to a switching matrix or the receiver needs to select one of the 4 possibilities at a time.[citation needed]

[edit] Systems design

In a single receiver residential installation there is a single cable from receiver to LNB and the receiver uses different power supply voltages (14/18V) to select polarization and pilot tones (22 kHz) to instruct the LNB to select one of the two frequency bands. In larger installations each band and polarization is given its own cable, so there are 4 cables from the LNB to a switching matrix, which allows the connection of multiple receivers in a star topology using the same signalling method as in a single receiver installation.[citation needed]

[edit] Types

[edit] Motor-driven dish

A dish that is mounted on a pole and driven by a stepper motor or a servo can be controlled and rotated to face any satellite position in the sky. Motor-driven dishes are popular with enthusiasts. There are three competing standards: DiSEqC, USALS, and 36v positioners. Many receivers support all of these standards.

[edit] Multi-satellite

Special dish for up to 16 satellite positions (Ku-band).

Some designs enable simultaneous reception from multiple different satellite positions without re-positioning the dish. The vertical axis operates as an off-axis concave parabolic concave hyperbolic Cassegrain reflector, while the horizontal axis operates as a concave convex Cassegrain. The spot from the main dish wanders across the secondary, which corrects astigmatism by its varying curvature. The elliptic aperture of the primary is designed to fit the

deformed illumination by the horns. Due to double spill-over, this makes more sense for a large dish.

[edit] VSAT

A common type of dish is the very small aperture terminal (VSAT). This provides two way satellite internet communications for both consumers and private networks for organisations. Today most VSATs operate in Ku band; C band is restricted to less populated regions of the world. There is a move which started in 2005 towards new Ka band satellites operating at higher frequencies, offering greater performance at lower cost. These antennas vary from 74 to 120 cm (29 to 47 in) in most applications though C-band VSATs may be as large as 4 m (13 ft).

[edit] Others

U.S. residential satellite TV receiver dishes

Individual dishes serving one dwelling: Direct to Home (DTH). Collective dishes, shared by several dwellings: satellite master antenna television (SMATV) or

communal antenna broadcast distribution (CABD).

Automatic Tracking Satellite Dish

Big ugly dish

[edit] Ad hoc

The dish is a reflector antenna and almost anything that reflects radio frequencies can be used as a reflector antenna. This has led to dustbin lids, woks and other items being used as "dishes". Coupled with low noise LNBs and the higher transmission power of DTH satellites, it is easier to get a usable signal on some of these "dishes".

[edit] See also

DiSEqC Satellite television

Set-top box

[edit] References

1. ̂ "Team develops in-car satellite TV". University of Waterloo. 2006-05-06. http://newsrelease.uwaterloo.ca/news.php?id=4072. Retrieved 2008-04-29.

2. ̂ "News 24 STILL gets an F for physics". http://bnb.bpweb.net/N24/news24.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-29.

Kotak atas setDari Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas.

Lompat ke: pandu arah, gelintar

Kotak atas set TV digital

Kotak atas set (Inggeris: set-top box, STB) ialah sejenis peranti yang menyambungkan televisyen dengan sumber isyarat luaran, menukar isyarat itu menjadi kandungan untuk dipaparkan dalam skrin televisyen.

Isi kandungan

[sorok]

1 Sejarah 2 Televisyen digital

3 IPTV

4 Takrifan

5 Lihat juga

6 Rujukan

7 Pautan luar

[sunting] Sejarah

Sebelum Akta Penerima Semua Saluran 1962 mewajibkan penerima televisyen Amerika Syarikat mampu menala seluruh julat VHF dan UHF, sebuah kotak atas set yang dikenali sebagai penukar UHF boleh dipasang pada penerima untuk menganjakkan sebahagian spektrum UHF-TV ke pada saluran VHF rendah agar dapat ditonton. Oleh sebab sesetengah set TV 12 saluran era 1960-an masih digunakan selama bertahun-tahun, sementara Kanada dan Mexico lebih lambat mewajibkan pemasangan penala UHF dalam set TV baru berbanding AS, pasaran untuk perkakas penukar ini masih wujud sepanjang 1970-an.

Televisyen kabel membolehkan satu alternatif kepada pemasangan penukar UHF kerana siaran boleh dianjakkan frekuensi ke saluran VHF pada hulu kabel dan bukannya lokasi tontonan akhir. Malangnya, TV kabel menimbulkan masalah baru, iaitu kebanyakan sistem kabel tidak boleh menampung seluruh julat frekuensi 54-890 MHz VHF/UHF dan ruang VHF 12 saluran itu cepat habis diisi pada kebanyakan sistem itu. Oleh itu, sebarang penambahan saluran perlu dilakukan dengan memasukkan isyarat tambahan ke dalam sistem kabel pada frekuensi bukan piawaian, biasanya sama ada di bawah saluran 7 VHF (jalur tengah) atau terus di atas saluran 13 VHF (jalur super).

Frekuensi-frekuensi secocok dengan perkhidmatan bukan televisyen (seperti radio dua hala) di udara, dan oleh itu tiada pada penerima TV biasa. Sebelum set-set TV sedia kabel menjadi laris pada akhir 1980-an, sejenis kotak atas set yang dikenali sebagai "kotak penukar kabel" (cable converter box) diperlukan untuk menerima saluran televisyen kabel analog tambahan lalu menukarkannya menjadi frekuensi yang boleh ditonton pada TV biasa. Kotak-kotak ini biasanya disertakan alat kawalan jauh yang berfungsi menganjakkan satu saluran terpilih ke satu frekuensi VHF rendah (selalunya saluran 2 atau 3) untuk tontonan.

[sunting] Televisyen digital

Kotak atas set digital khas disediakan untuk penerimaan siaran televisyen digital pada set-set TV yang tidak dipasang penala digital. Bagi sistem satelit siaran langsung (mini-dish) seperti Astro, kotak atas set merupakan penerima/dekoder bersepadu (integrated receiver/decoder, IRD).

Dengan ketibaan televisyen terestrial digital yang akan menggantikan televisyen analog, para penonton haruslah membeli kotak atas set yang sesuai mengikut piawaian setempat yang ditetapkan (ATSC di benua Amerika Utara dan Korea Selatan; ISDB-T di Jepun dan Brazil; DMB-T di China (termasuk Hong Kong); dan DVB-T di Eropah, Australia dan kebanyakan negara Asia), atau membeli set TV baru yang dipasang sedia penala digital yang juga menepati piawaian setempat.

Sesetengah kotak juga sedia dipasang perakam video digital (digital video recorder, DVR) yang biasanya menggunakan data penjadualan panduan rancangan elektronik dan merakamkan kandungan ke dalam cakera keras dalaman.

[sunting] IPTV

Dalam rangkaian IPTV, kotak atas set komputer kecil yang menyediakan komunikasi dua hala pada rangkaian komputer Protokol Internet, sambil menyahkodkan media penstriman video. Kotak atas set IP sedia dipasang antara muka rangkaian rumah yang boleh menggunakan sama ada Ethernet atau mana-mana teknologi perangkaian rumah berwayar sedia ada seperti HomePNA.

[sunting] Takrifan

Dengan kemunculan TV panel leper, kotak atas set kini lebih dalam ertinya daripada setakat diletakkan di atas set TV. Oleh itu, kotak atas set selalu diletakkan di bawah set TV, maka istilah kotak atas set sudah tidak kena namanya.

Satellite UHF TVRO DX

Although not by strict definition terrestrial TV DX, satellite UHF TVRO reception is related in certain aspects. For example, reception of satellite signals requires sensitive receiving systems and large outdoor antenna systems. However, unlike terrestrial TV DX, satellite UHF TV reception is far easier to predict. The geosynchronous satellite at 22,375 miles (36,009 km) height is a line of sight reception source. If the satellite is above the horizon, it can be generally received, if it is below the horizon, reception is not possible.

[edit] Notable Satellite UHF TVRO DX receptions

In December 1975, Stephen Birkill, Sheffield, England, was the first DXer to receive viewable pictures from the 860 MHz Indian ATS-6 satellite, which was in synchronous

orbit over Central Africa, for the purpose of providing educational television programs to the Indian subcontinent.[29]

In 1978, Ian Roberts, South Africa, received 714 MHz television pictures from the Soviet UHF Ekran-class Statsionar-T satellite.[30

576iFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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576i is a standard-definition video mode used in (former) PAL and SECAM countries. In digital applications it is usually referred to as "576i", in analogue contexts it is often quoted as "576 lines".[1]

The 576 identifies a vertical resolution of 576 lines, and the i identifies it as an interlaced resolution. The field rate (not to be confused with the frame rate), which is 50 Hz, is sometimes included when identifying the video mode—i.e., 576i50.

Its basic parameters common to both analogue and digital implementations are: 575 scan lines of picture content, 25 frames (giving 50 fields) per second. Also in analogue, 50 additional blank lines for the sync pulse are added, resulting in 625 lines. Analogue television signals have no pixels; they are rastered in scan lines, but along each line the signal is continuous.

In digital applications, the number of pixels per line is an arbitrary choice as long as it fulfils the sampling theorem. Values above ca 500 columns are enough for conventional broadcast television; DVB-T, DVD and DV allow better values such as 704 or 720.

The video format can be transported by both major digital television formats, ATSC and DVB, and on DVD, and it supports aspect ratios of standard 4:3 and anamorphic 16:9.

Contents

[hide]

1 Baseband interoperability (analogue) 2 Modulation for TVRO transmission

3 Baseband interoperability (digital)

4 Use with progressive sources

5 576i speed-up

6 See also

7 References

[edit] Baseband interoperability (analogue)

Spectrum of a System I (bands IV and V) television channel with PAL or SECAM colour

When 576i video is transmitted via baseband (i.e., via consumer device cables, not via RF), most of the differences between the "one-letter" systems are no longer significant, other than vertical resolution and frame rate.

In this context, unqualified 576i invariably means

625 lines per frame, of which 576 with picture content 25 frames per second interlaced yielding 50 fields per second

Two interlaced video fields per frame

With PAL or SECAM colour (4.43 MHz or 3.58 MHz (576i-N & 576i-NC))

FM or AM audio (mono)

Mono or stereo audio, if sent via connector cables between devices

[edit] Modulation for TVRO transmission

576i when it is transmitted for TVRO viewing is transmitted substantially differently from terrestrial transmission.

Full transponder mode (e.g., 72 MHz)

Luma signal is FM modulated, but with a 50 Hz dithering signal to spread out energy over the transponder

Chroma is phase modulated

An FM subcarrier of 4,50, 5.50, 6.0, 6.50 or 6.65 MHz is added for mono sound

Other FM subcarriers (usually 7.02, 7.20, 7.38, 7.56, 7.74 and 7.92 MHz) are added for a true stereo service and can also carry multi-lingual sound and radio services. These additional subcarriers are normally narrower bandwidth than the main mono subcarrier and are companded using Panda 1 or similar to preserve the signal to noise ratio

Data subcarriers may also be added

Half transponder mode (e.g., 36 MHz)

All of the above is done, but signal is bandwidth limited to 18 MHz The bandwidth limiting does not affect audio subcarriers

[edit] Baseband interoperability (digital)

In digital video applications, such as DVDs and digital broadcasting, colour encoding is no longer significant; in that context, 576i means only

576 frame lines 25 frames or 50 fields per second

Interlaced video

PCM audio (baseband)

There is no longer any difference (in the digital domain) between PAL and SECAM. Digital video uses its own separate colour space, so even the minor colour space differences between PAL and SECAM become moot in the digital domain.

[edit] Use with progressive sources

When 576i is used to transmit content that was originally composed of 25 full progressive frames per second, the odd field of the frame is transmitted first. This is the opposite of NTSC. Systems which recover progressive frames, or transcode video should ensure that this field order is obeyed, otherwise the recovered frame will consist of a field from one frame and a field from an adjacent frame, resulting in 'comb' interlacing artifacts.

[edit] 576i speed-up

Motion pictures are typically shot on film at 24 frames per second. When telecined and played back at 576i25's standard of 25 frames per second, films run 4% faster. This also applies to most TV series that are shot on film or digital 24p.[2] Unlike 480i30's telecine system, which uses 3:2 pulldown to convert the 24 frames per second to the 480i30 frame rate, 576i results in the telecined video running 4% shorter than the original film as well as the equivalent 480i30 telecined video.

Depending on the sound system in use, it also slightly increases the pitch of the soundtrack by 70.67 cents (0.7067 of a semitone). More recently, digital conversion methods have used algorithms which preserve the original pitch of the soundtrack, although the frame rate conversion still results in faster playback.

There also exist conversion methods that can convert 24 frames per second video to 25 frames per second with no speed increase, however image quality suffers when conversions of this type are used. This method is most commonly employed through conversions done digitally (i.e. using a computer and software like VirtualDub), and is employed in situations where the importance of preserving the speed of the video outweighs the need for image quality.

Some movie enthusiasts prefer 576i speed-up over 480i30's 3:2 pulldown, because the latter results in telecine judder, a visual distortion not present in 576i speed-up video.[3] This is not an issue on modern upconverting DVD players and PCs, as they play back 23.97frame/s-encoded video at its true frame rate, without 3:2 pulldown.

Software which corrects the speed-up is available for those viewing 576i DVD films on their computers, WinDVD's "PAL TruSpeed" being the most ubiquitous. However, this method involves resampling the soundtrack(s), which results in a slight decrease in audio quality. The echo/audio balance issue can be resolved by re-adjusting the playback pitch (located in the Audio Effect tab) from normal to low and back to normal again.

[edit] See also

Television portal

Standard-definition television PAL

576p

[edit] References

1. ̂ afterdawn.com - 576i2. ̂ PAL speedup

3. ̂ DVDLard states "the majority of authorities on the subject favour 576i over NTSC for DVD playback quality". Also DVD reviewers often make mention of this cause. For example, in his 576i vs. NTSC article, the founder of MichaelDVD says "Personally, I find {3:2 pulldown} all but intolerable and find it very hard to watch a movie on an NTSC DVD because of it." In the review of Frequency, one of his reviewers mentions "because of the 3:2 pull-down artefacts that are associated with the NTSC format (…) I prefer 576i pretty much any day of the week".

Television receive-onlyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from TVRO)

Jump to: navigation, search

Television receive-only, or TVRO is a term used in North America to refer to the reception of satellite television from FSS-type satellites, generally on C-band analog; free-to-air and unconnected to a commercial DBS provider. TVRO systems rely on feeds being transmitted unencrypted and using open-standards, which heavily contrasts to DBS systems in the region.

The term is rarely used in recent times due to the general move towards pay television and subscription-based DBS services like DirecTV, Dish Network, Bell TV, and Sky TV, although it is still sometimes used to refer to receiving digital TV "backhaul" feeds from FSS-type satellites.

TVRO was once the sole, and later the main means of consumer satellite reception in the United States, until the mid-1990s and the arrival of services such as DirecTV and Dish Network. While these services are at least theoretically based on open standards (DVB-S, MPEG-2), the majority of services are encrypted and require proprietary decoder hardware.

TVRO systems are also referred to colloquially (and somewhat pejoratively) as big ugly dish (BUD) systems, due to their large-sized receiving dishes.

Reception of free-to-air satellite signals, generally Ku band Digital Video Broadcasting, for home viewing is still common in Europe, India and Australia, although the TVRO nomenclature was never used there.

Free-to-air satellite signals are also very common in the People's Republic of China, as many rural locations cannot receive cable television and solely rely on satellites to deliver television signals to individual homes.

[edit] TVRO on Ships

The term TVRO has been in use on ships since it was introduced in the 1980s. One early provider of equipment was SeaTel with its first generation of stabilized satellite antennas that was launched in 1985, the TV-at-Sea 8885 system. Until this time ships had not been able to receive TV signals from satellites due to their rocking motion rendering reception impossible. The SeaTel antenna however was stabilized using electrically driven gyroscopes and thus made it possible to point to the satellite accurately enough, that is to within 2 degrees, in order to receive a signal. The successful implementation of stabilised TVRO systems on ships immediately led to the development of maritime VSAT systems. The second generation of SeaTel TVRO systems came in 1994 and was the 2494 antenna, which got its gyro signal from the ship rather than its own gyros, improving accuracy and reducing maintenance.

As of 2010 SeaTel continues to dominate the market for stabilized TVRO systems and has according to the Comsys group a market share of 75%. Other established providers of stabilised satellite antennas are Intellian, KNS, Orbit and KVH.

VSATDari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

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Keseluruhan artikel atau bagian tertentu dari artikel ini perlu di-wikifikasi.

Sebuah antena penerima satelit 2,5m untuk akses internet melalui satelit dua arah.

VSAT (dalam bahasa Inggris, merupakan singkatan dari Very Small Aperture Terminal) adalah stasiun penerima sinyal dari satelit dengan antena penerima berbentuk piringan dengan diameter kurang dari tiga meter. Fungsi utama dari VSAT adalah untuk menerima dan mengirim data ke satelit. Satelit berfungsi sebagai penerus sinyal untuk dikirimkan ke titik lainnya di atas bumi. Sebenarnya piringan VSAT tersebut menghadap ke sebuah satelit geostasioner. Satelit geostasioner merupakan satelit yang selalu berada di tempat yang sama sejalan dengan perputaran bumi pada sumbunya yang dimungkinkan karena mengorbit pada titik yang sama di atas permukaan bumi, dan mengikuti perputaran bumi pada sumbunya.

Daftar isi

[sembunyikan]

1 Mengirim Dan Menerima Data

2 Perangkat

3 Komponen

4 Kedudukan Satelit

5 Keunggulan dan kekurangan

[sunting] Mengirim Dan Menerima Data

Mendapatkan data Internet dari setelit sama dengan mendapatkan sinyal televisi dari satelit. Data dikirimkan oleh satelit dan diterima oleh sebuah alat decoder pada sisi pelanggan. Data yang diterima dan yang hendak dikirimkan melalui VSAT harus di-encode dan di-decode terlebih dahulu. Satelit Telkom-1 menggunakan C-Band (4-6 GHz). Selain C-Band ada juga KU-Band. Namun C-Band lebih tahan terhadap cuaca dibandingkan dengan KU-Band. Satelit ini menggunakan frekuensi yang berbeda antara menerima dan mengirim data. Intinya, frekuensi yang tinggi digunakan untuk uplink (5,925 sampai 6,425 GHz), frekuensi yang lebih rendah digunakan untuk downlink (3,7 sampai 4.2 GHz).

Sistem ini mengadopsi teknologi TDM dan TDMA. Umumnya konfigurasi VSAT adalah seperti bintang. Piringan yang ditengah disebut hub dan melayani banyak piringan lainnya yang berlokasi di tempat yang jauh. Hub berkomunikasi dengan piringan lainnya menggunakan kanal TDM dan diterima oleh semua piringan lainnya. Piringan lainnya mengirimkan data ke hub menggunakan kanal TDMA. Dengan cara ini diharapkan dapat memberikan konektifitas yang baik untuk hubungan data, suara dan fax. Semua lalu lintas data harus melalui hub ini, bahkan jika suatu piringan lain hendak berhubungan dengan piringan lainnya. Hub ini mengatur semua rute data pada jaringan VSAT.

Frame TDM selalu berukuran 5.760 byte. Setiap frame memiliki 240 sub-frame. Setiap sub-frame adalah 24 byte. Panjang waktu frame tergantung pada data rate outbound yang dipilih. TDMA selalu pada 180 ms. TDMA disinkronisasi untuk memastikan bahwa kiriman data yang berasal dari stasiun yang berbeda tidak bertabrakan satu dengan yang lainnya.

Pendapat umum mengatakan bahwa koneksi dengan satelit adalah koneksi yang paling cepat. Kenyataanya adalah tidak. Waktu yang dibutuhkan dari satu titik di atas bumi ke titik lainnya melalui satelit adalah sekitar 700 milisecond, sementara leased line hanya butuh waktu sekitar 40 milisecond. Hal ini disebabkan oleh jarak yang harus ditempuh oleh data yaitu dari bumi ke satelit dan kembali ke bumi. Satelit geostasioner sendiri berketinggian sekitar 36.000 kilometer di atas permukaan bumi.

[sunting] Perangkat

Terminal Antena Sangat Kecil adalah alat di stasiun bumi dan digunakan untuk mengirim serta menerima pancaran frekwensi daripada satelit. Antena VSAT berukuran lebih kurang 2 hingga 10 kaki (0.55-2.75 m) dipasang di atap ,dinding atau atas tanah dan pemilihan besar kecilnya

antena sangat tergantung pada jenis frekuensi (misalnya C band atau Ku band) yang akan digunakan.

[sunting] Komponen

Komponen VSAT, terdiri dari:

Unit Luar (Outdoor Unit (ODU): 1. Antena/dish/parabola ukuran 2 hingga 4 kaki (0.55-2.4 m), yang dipasang pada atap,

dinding atau di tanah.

2. BUC (Block Up Converter), yang menghantarkan sinyal informasi ke satelit.Juga sering disebut sebagai Transmitter (Tx).

3. LNB (Low Noise Block Up), yang menerima sinyal informasi dari satelit. Juga sering disebut sebagai Receiver (Rx).

Unit Dalam (Indoor Unit (IDU)):

1. Modem (Modulator / Demodulator), sebuah alat dipanggil Return Channel Satellite Terminal yang menyambungkan dari unit luar dengan IFL kabel berukuran panjang tidak lebih 50 meter.

2. IFL (Inter Facility Link). Merupakan media penghubung antara ODU & IDU. Fisiknya biasanya berupa kabel dengan jenis koaksial dan biasanya menggunakan konektor jenis BNC (Bayonet Neill-Concelman).

Satelit

1. Merupakan alat di orbit bumi khusus untuk menerima/ menghantar maklumat secara nirkabel, berkomunikasi melalui frekuensi radio.

menggunakan Satelit Telkom 2 (Indonesia) digunakan untuk Depdagri, dengan teknologi C band yang lebih tahan dengan cuaca di Indonesia (berhubungan dengan masalah curah hujan yang cukup tinggi di Indonesia). Menggunakan Komunikasi 2 arah, menerima dan menghantar isyarat. Daerah yang dipasang VSAT dikenali sebagai remote terminal, dikawal oleh hub station. Semua isyarat dari satelit dikirim ke hub terlebih dahulu sebelum dikirim kembali ke terminal remote lain, yaitu Propinsi / Kabupaten.

Kapasitas muat turun (download) ialah 1 Mbps tetapi boleh dinaiktaraf sehingga mencapai 45 Mbps**

Kapasitas muat naik (upload) pula ialah 128 Kbps tetapi boleh dinaiktaraf sehingga mencapai 1.1 Mbps**

Kontrak perjanjian SchoolNet hanya 1 Mbps muatturun dan 128 Kbps muatnaik

[sunting] Kedudukan Satelit

Jenis-jenis satelit bergantung kepada kedudukannya dengan permukaan bumi.

Ada 4 jenis satelit :

GEO -Geostaioner (geo-synchronous) earth orbit Geostasioner MEO -Medium earth orbit

LEO -Low earth orbit Orbit bumi rendah

HEO -Highly elliptical orbit

[sunting] Keunggulan dan kekurangan

Keunggulan VSAT:

Pemasangannya cepat. Jangkauan terjauh dapat mencapai setengah permukaan bumi.

Kekurangan VSAT:

Koneksinya rentan terhadap gangguan cuaca (terhadap molekul air). Memakan tempat, terutama untuk piringannya.

Latency yang lebih tinggi di bandingkan kabel

Very small aperture terminalFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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This article needs additional citations for verification.Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2007)

A 2.5 m parabolic dish antenna for bidirectional Satellite Internet Access.

A Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT), is a two-way satellite ground station or a stabilized maritime Vsat antenna with a dish antenna that is smaller than 3 meters. The majority of VSAT antennas range from 75 cm to 1.2 m. Data rates typically range from 56 Kbit/s up to 4 Mbit/s. VSATs access satellites in geosynchronous orbit to relay data from small remote earth stations (terminals) to other terminals (in mesh configurations) or master earth station "hubs" (in star configurations).

VSATs are most commonly used to transmit narrowband data (point of sale transactions such as credit card, polling or RFID data; or SCADA), or broadband data (for the provision of Satellite Internet access to remote locations, VoIP or video). VSATs are also used for transportable, on-the-move (utilising phased array antennas) or mobile maritime communications.

Contents

[hide]

1 History 2 Configurations

3 Future applications

4 Constituent parts of a VSAT configuration

5 Maritime VSAT

o 5.1 Technology

o 5.2 Market

6 Training

7 References

8 External links

[edit] History

The first commercial VSATs were C band (6 GHz) receive-only systems by Equatorial Communications using spread spectrum technology. More than 30,000 60 cm antenna systems were sold in the early 1980s. Equatorial later developed a C band (4/6 GHz) 2 way system using 1 m x 0.5 m antennas and sold about 10,000 units in 1984-85. In 1985, Schlumberger Oilfield Research co-developed the world's first Ku band (12-14 GHz) VSATs with Hughes Aerospace to provide portable network connectivity for oil field drilling and exploration units. Ku Band VSATs make up the vast majorty of sites in use today for data or telephony applications. The largest VSAT network (more than 12,000 sites) was deployed by Spacenet and MCI for the US Postal Service. [1]

[edit] Configurations

Most VSAT networks are configured in one of these topologies:

A star topology, using a central uplink site, such as a network operations center (NOC), to transport data back and forth to each VSAT terminal via satellite,

A mesh topology, where each VSAT terminal relays data via satellite to another terminal by acting as a hub, minimizing the need for a centralized uplink site,

A combination of both star and mesh topologies. Some VSAT networks are configured by having several centralized uplink sites (and VSAT terminals stemming from it) connected in a multi-star topology with each star (and each terminal in each star) connected to each other in a mesh topology. Others configured in only a single star topology sometimes will have each terminal connected to each other as well, resulting in each terminal acting as a central hub. These configurations are utilized to minimize the overall cost of the network, and to alleviate the amount of data that has to be relayed through a central uplink site (or sites) of a star or multi-star network.

[edit] Future applications

Advances in technology have dramatically improved the price/performance equation of FSS (Fixed Service Satellite) over the past five years. New VSAT systems are coming online using Ka band technology that promise higher bandwidth rates for lower costs.

FSS satellite systems currently in orbit have a huge capacity with a relatively low price structure. FSS satellite systems provide various applications for subscribers, including: telephony, fax, television, high speed data communication services, Internet access, Satellite News Gathering (SNG), Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) and others. These systems are applicable for providing various high-quality services because they create efficient communication systems, both for residential and business users.

[edit] Constituent parts of a VSAT configuration

Antenna Block upconverter (BUC)

Low-noise block converter (LNB)

Orthomode transducer (OMT)

Interfacility Link Cable (IFL)

Indoor unit (IDU)

All the outdoor parts on the dish are collectively called the ODU (Outdoor Unit), i.e. OMT to split signal between BUC and LNB. The IDU is effectively a Modem, usually with ethernet port and 2 x F-connectors for the coax to BUC(Transmit) and from LNB (Receive). The Astra2Connect has an all-in-one OMT/BUC/LNA that looks like a QUAD LNB in shape and size which mounts on a regular TV sat mount. As a consequence it is only 500 mW compared with the normal 2W, thus is poorer in rain.

[edit] Maritime VSAT

Maritime VSAT is the use of satellite communication through a VSAT terminal on a ship at sea. Since a ship at sea moves with the water the antenna needs to be stabilized with reference to the horizon and True North, so that the antenna is constantly pointing at the satellite it uses to transmit and receive signals.

[edit] Technology

Initially the use of VSAT antennas at sea was for transmission of television signals. One of the first companies to manufacture stabilized VSAT antennas was SeaTel of Concord, California which launched their first stabilized antenna in 1978. Sea Tel dominates the supply of two-way VSAT stabilised antenna systems to the marine market with almost 72 per cent of the market in 2007 compared with Orbit’s 17.6 per cent [2]. Initially maritime VSAT was using Single Channel Per Carrier - SCPC technology - which suited large volume users like oil drilling rigs and oil platforms and large fleets of ships from one shipowner sailing within one or few satellite footprints. This changed when the company iDirect launched its IP-based Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) technlogy that dynamically allocated bandwidth to each ship for shared bandwidth, lowering the entry level cost for getting maritime VSAT installed, which

turned out to be of key importance to small-to mid-sized fleets, and thus to the market acceptance of VSAT.

[edit] Market

According to the Maritime VSAT report [3] issued by the Comsys Group their research show that stabilised maritime VSAT services (not including oil & gas rigs) reached more than $400 million in 2007. The major companies market share in this market were in 2007 according to the same report: Vizada: 18.7%, Ship Equip: 7.7%, Schlumberger 6.4%, Cap Rock 5.6%, MTN 4.8%, Stratos 3.7%, while dedicated bandwidth accounted for 13.5% and other smaller vendors for the rest. Many of the major providers have branded their maritime VSAT offering such that Vizada offers its service through the Marlink division, and the SeaLink and WaveCall products, while Ship Equip calls its offering Sevsat.[4]

[edit] Training

Modern VSAT systems are a prime example of convergence, and hence require skills from both the RF and IP domains. VSAT specific training includes:

ITC Global VSAT Career Certifications Global VSAT Forum VSAT Installer Certification

[edit] References

1. ̂ http://www.crystalcommunications.net/satellite/vsat/about_vsat.htm2. ̂ The Comsys Maritime VSAT Report

3. ̂ The Comsys Maritime VSAT Report

4. ̂ / Sat Magazine, December 2008

[edit] External links

All about Maritime VSAT (in Russian) Морской VSAT

About VSAT - Satellite Basics Guide

The Role of Satellite Comms in Remote Area Mining Operations

Asia & Pacific Dude TV and Miracle on Thaicom 5 | DRTV International on Eutelsat W4

VA Box Office on Optus D2 | Imed TV on Hot Bird 8 LyngSat Stream: Hora TV, TEN Canal 10, Dude TV and DLTV 1-15

America Main | Asia | Asia | HD | 3D | Headlines | Launches Europe

180. 0 °E Intelsat 701 Sky Pacific Freq. 070210

180. 0 °E Intelsat 701 CanalSat Calédonie Freq. SID ChNo 100526

180. 0 °E Intelsat 701 TNS Freq. SID ChNo 100406

166. 0 °E Intelsat 8 SelecTV Freq. SID 100615

160. 0 °E Optus D1 Sky New Zealand Freq. SID ChNo 100508

156. 0 °E Optus C1 Optus Aurora Freq. SID ChNo 070714

156. 0 °E Optus C1/D3 Austar Freq. SID ChNo 100812

156. 0 °E Optus C1/D3 Foxtel Freq. SID ChNo 101005

152. 0 °E Optus D2 UBI World TV Freq. ChNo 101012

146. 0 °E ABS 5 Dream Satellite TV Freq. SID 100920

146. 0 °E ABS 5 146 Sky-Net Freq. SID 101007

144. 0 °E Superbird C2 I-HITS Freq. SID 060827

144. 0 °E Superbird C2 Sound Planet Freq. SID 091231

140. 0 °E Express AM3 Vostochnii Express Freq. SID 100701

138. 0 °E Telstar 18 I-Sky-Net Freq. SID 101012

138. 0 °E Telstar 18 D-Sky Freq. SID 090812

138. 0 °E Telstar 18 HKC Sat Freq. SID 100918

138. 0 °E Telstar 18 Combos TV Freq. SID 100920

134. 0 °E Apstar 6 CBTV Sat Freq. SID 100920

132. 0 °E Vinasat 1 K+ Freq. 101001

132. 0 °E Vinasat 1 VTC Digital Freq. SID 100831

128. 0 °E JCSAT 3A Sky PerfecTV Freq. SID ChNo 101007

124. 0 °E JCSAT 4A Sky PerfecTV Freq. SID ChNo 101007

124. 0 °E JCSAT 4A JC-HITS Freq. SID 090603

122. 2 °E AsiaSat 4 Dish HD Freq. SID 101001

116. 0 °E Koreasat 3 SkyLife Freq. SID ChNo 100929

115. 5 °E ChinaSat 6B Top V Freq. SID 100722

115. 5 °E ChinaSat 6B CDM Freq. SID 100213

115. 5 °E ChinaSat 6B SiTV Freq. SID 090717

113. 0 °E Koreasat 5 Dream Satellite TV Freq. SID 100920

110. 0 °E BSAT 2A BS Digital Freq. 090409

110. 0 °E N-Sat 110 Sky PerfecTV! e2 Freq. ChNo 100331

108. 2 °E NSS 11 TVB Pay Vision Freq. SID ChNo 100918

108. 2 °E NSS 11 G Sat Freq. SID 101006

108. 2 °E NSS 11 Cignal Freq. SID ChNo 101011

108. 0 °E Telkom 1 TelkomVision Freq. SID 101012

108. 2 °E SES 7 Indovision Freq. SID ChNo 100920

105. 5 °E AsiaSat 3S STAR TV Freq. SID 100612

105. 5 °E AsiaSat 3S Zee Network Freq. SID 100810

100. 5 °E AsiaSat 5 VTC Digital Freq. SID 100901

95. 0 °E NSS 6 Dish TV Freq. SID ChNo 101004

93. 5 °E Insat 4B Sun Direct Freq. SID 100912

91. 5 °E Measat 3 Astro Freq. SID ChNo 100920

91. 5 °E Measat 3 Big TV Freq. SID 101008

91. 5 °E Measat 3 Sun Direct Freq. SID 100901

88. 0 °E ST 1 Videocon d2h Freq. SID 100915

85. 2 °E Intelsat 15 Kontinent TV Freq. SID 101010

83. 0 °E Insat 4A Tata Sky Freq. SID 100930

78. 5 °E Thaicom 5 TrueVisions Freq. SID ChNo 101004

76. 5 °E Apstar 2R C-Sky-Net Freq. SID 100923

75. 0 °E ABS 1 Raduga TV Freq. SID 101002

74. 0 °E Insat 4CR Airtel Freq. SID 100821

Colour codes on this regional index: no data/L/S/Ka band C band C & Ku band Ku band moving

Astro on Measat 3 at 91.5°E Dude TV and Miracle on Thaicom 5 | DRTV International on Eutelsat W4

VA Box Office on Optus D2 | Imed TV on Hot Bird 8 Advert: Satellite News

America Main | Asia | Asia | Asia | HD | 3D | Headlines Europe

Measat 3/3a | Measat 3 | Measat 3a

sorted by frequency | sorted by SID | sorted by channel number

The EIRP values are for Malaysia

Astro © Lyngemark Satellite, last updated 2010-10-12 - http://www.lyngsat.com/packages/astro.html

Freq.Tp

Channel Name Enc. system SID VPID APID BeamEIRP (dBW)

SourceUpdated

10982 Vtp M1

DVB-SSR 30000FEC 3/4

HBO HD AsiaMediaguard 2VideoguardMPEG-4/HD

    1  160   80 EMalaysia54-59 E Diestro

100623

Astro Wah Lai Toi Mediaguard 2Videoguard

    2  161   84 C C Kim031122

Astro Vaanavil Mediaguard 2Videoguard     3  164   96 Ma

I Perera071204

HBO Asia Mediaguard 2Videoguard     5  .62   88 E

Ben091219

TVBS Asia Mediaguard 2Videoguard     6  165  100 C

C Kim031122

Disney Channel Asia Mediaguard 2Videoguard     7  166  104 E

C Kim031122

Playhouse Disney Asia Mediaguard 2Videoguard     8  167  108

Ben091219

Astro Hua Hee Dai Mediaguard 2Videoguard  4109  171  157

Ben091219

AXN East Asia Mediaguard 2Videoguard  4110  172  181

Ben091219

Star Movies International Mediaguard 2Videoguard  4111  173  132

Ben091219

National Geographic Channel Asia

Mediaguard 2Videoguard  4113  174  136

Ben091219

National Geographic Channel HD Asia

Mediaguard 2VideoguardMPEG-4/HD

 4114  176  193 Ben091219

11062 Vtp M3

DVB-SSR 30000FEC 3/4

Cinemax Asia Mediaguard 2Videoguard  160   80 E

Malaysia54-59 Ben 2

100813

TVB Classic Mediaguard 2Videoguard  161   84 C

Ben 2100813

Discovery Channel South Asia Mediaguard 2Videoguard  161   84

Ben091219

Astro AEC Mediaguard 2Videoguard  162   88 C

Ben091219

CNN International South Asia Mediaguard 2Videoguard  163   92 E

Ben091219

Astro Ceria Mediaguard 2Videoguard  164   96 Ma

Ben091219

Phoenix InfoNews Channel Mediaguard 2Videoguard  165  100 C

Ben091219

TVB 8 Mediaguard 2Videoguard  166  104 C

Ben091219

TVB Xing He Mediaguard 2Videoguard  167  108 C

Ben091219

Sun TV (India) Mediaguard 2Videoguard

 168  112 Ta Ben091219

Astro Prima Mediaguard 2Videoguard  169  116

Ben091219

Astro SuperSport 2 Mediaguard 2Videoguard  170  120 Ma

Ben091219

Astro Vellithirai Mediaguard 2Videoguard  171  124 Ta

Ben091219

Era  176 Ma

My FM  177 C

Opus  178

Hitz FM (Malaysia)  179 E

Mix FM (Malaysia)  180

Lite FM (Malaysia)  181

Classic Rock  182

Golden Oldies  183

THR Gegar  184 Ma

India Beat  185

Jazz  186

Melody  187

Sinar FM  188

Osai  189

XFM  190

Musiq'a  191

THR Raaga  192 Ta

11102 Vtp M4

DVB-SSR 30000FEC 7/8

B4U Movies India Mediaguard 2Videoguard  161   84 Hi

Malaysia54-59 Ben

091219

Star Sports Malaysia Mediaguard 2Videoguard

 162   88 Ben080925

Muzik Aktif Mediaguard 2Videoguard  164   96 Ma

Ben091219

Astro Shuang Xing Mediaguard 2Videoguard  165  100 C

Ben080925

Astro Box Office Movies Mediaguard 2Videoguard  8209  167  108 Ma

I Perera071204

Astro Box Office Movies Mediaguard 2Videoguard 16385  160   80 Ma

I Perera071204

ESPN Malaysia Mediaguard 2Videoguard 16393  168  112 Ma

I Perera071204

Celestial Movies Mediaguard 2Videoguard 16397  170  120 C

I Perera071204

Hitz TV (Malaysia)Mediaguard 2Videoguard 16399  172  128 Ma

C Kim031122

Astro Ria Mediaguard 2Videoguard 16405  173  132 Ma

Ben091219

Animax East Asia Mediaguard 2Videoguard 16406  174  136 E

Feric Susilo Lie060825

@ Astro StockLink  163   92 Ma Ben091219

11482 Vtp 1KV

DVB-SSR 30000FEC 7/8

Star World Asia Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20301  160   80 E

Malaysia54-59 Ben

091219

Diva Universal Asia Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20302  161   84

E Diestro100920

Astro SuperSport Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20303  162   88 Ma

Ben091219

Bernama TV Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20304  163   92 Ma

Ben091219

Astro TVIQ Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20309  168  112 Ma

Ben091219

Astro @15 Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20310  169  11. Ma

Ben091219

CCTV 4 Asia Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20311  170  120 C

Ben091219

Sun Music Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20312  171  124 Ta

Ben091219

E! Asia & Pacific Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20313  172  128 E

Ben091219

Discovery Home & Health SE Asia

Mediaguard 2Videoguard

20314  173  132 E Ben091219

Turbo SE Asia Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20315  174  136 E

Ben091219

Jia Yu Channel Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20316  175  140 Can

Ben091219

Astro SuperSportMediaguard 2VideoguardMPEG-4/HD

20317  176  144 MaBen091219

11522 Vtp 2KV

DVB-SSR 30000FEC 7/8

RTM TV 1 Mediaguard 2Videoguard  171  124 Ma

Malaysia54-59

Ben080925

Astro On Demand Mediaguard 2Videoguard 10601  160   80 Ma

Ben091219

Astro On Demand Mediaguard 2Videoguard 10602  161   84 Ma

Ben091219

Astro On Demand Mediaguard 2Videoguard 10603  162   88 Ma

Ben091219

Astro Box Office Sport Mediaguard 2Videoguard

10604  163   92 Ben091219

Astro Box Office Sport Mediaguard 2Videoguard

10605  164   96 Ben091219

Astro Box Office Sport Mediaguard 2Videoguard

10606  165  100 Ben091219

Astro Arena Mediaguard 2Videoguard

10607  166  104 Ben 2100813

NTV 7 Mediaguard 2Videoguard 10608  167  108 Ma

Ben091219

RTM TV 1 Mediaguard 2Videoguard 10609  168  112 Ma

Ben091219

Astro News Mediaguard 2Videoguard 10610  169  116

Ben091219

Golf Channel Asia Mediaguard 2Videoguard 10611  170  120 E

Ben091219

Fox Asia Mediaguard 2Videoguard 10612  171  124

E Diestro100704

11562 Vtp 3KV

DVB-SSR 30000FEC 7/8

TVB Entertainment News Mediaguard 2Videoguard  174  136 C

Malaysia54-59 Ben 2

100813

KBS World Mediaguard 2Videoguard 10601  160   80 K

Ben080928

Makkal TV Mediaguard 2Videoguard 10602  161   84 Ta

Ben080928

TV 9 Mediaguard 2Videoguard

10603  162   88 Ma Ben080928

Astro Xiao Tai Yang Mediaguard 2Videoguard 10604  163   92 Ma

Ben080928

Nickelodeon Malaysia Mediaguard 2Videoguard 10605  164   96 Ma

Ben080928

Chutti TV Mediaguard 2Videoguard 10606  165  100 Ta

Ben080928

BBC Entertainment Asia Mediaguard 2Videoguard 10607  1.6  104 E

I Perera071204

Astro Warna Mediaguard 2Videoguard 10608  167  108

Ben091219

Australia Network Asia Mediaguard 2Videoguard 10610  169  116 E

Ben091219

Astro Box Office Movies Tayangan Hebat

Mediaguard 2Videoguard 10611  170  120

Ben091219

Astro Box Office Movies Tayangan Hebat

Mediaguard 2Videoguard 10612  171  124

Ben091219

11602 Vtp 4KV

DVB-SSR 30000FEC 7/8

Astro Oasis Mediaguard 2Videoguard  160   80 Ma

Malaysia54-59 Ben

091219

Astro Aruna Mediaguard 2Videoguard  161   84 Ma

Ben091219

WaTV Mediaguard 2Videoguard  162   88 C

Ben091219

Zee TV Asia Pacific Mediaguard 2Videoguard  163   92 Hi

Ben091219

Al Jazeera English Mediaguard 2Videoguard  164   96 E

Ben091219

Astro Awani Mediaguard 2Videoguard  165  100 Ma

Ben091219

RTM TV 2 Mediaguard 2Videoguard  166  104 Ma

Ben091219

Crime & Investigation Network Asia

Mediaguard 2Videoguard  168  112 E

Ben091219

TV 3 (Malaysia)Mediaguard 2Videoguard  169  116 Ma

Ben091219

TLC SE Asia Mediaguard 2Videoguard  170  120

Ben091219

ETTV Asia Mediaguard 2Videoguard  171  124 C

Ben091219

Era  176 Ma

My FM  177 C

Opus  1.8

Hitz FM (Malaysia)  179 E

Mix FM (Malaysia)  180

Lite FM (Malaysia)  181

Classic Rock  182

Golden Oldies  183

THR Gegar  184 Ma

India Beat  185

Jazz  186

Melody  187

Sinar FM  188

Osai  189

XFM  190

Musiq'a  191

THR Raaga  192 Ta

11642 Vtp 5KV

DVB-SSR 30000FEC 7/8

Astro SuperSport 3 Mediaguard 2Videoguard

 175  140 MaMalaysia54-59

Ben 2100813

Astro On Demand Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20001  160   80 Ma

I Perera071204

Astro On Demand Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20003  162   88 Ma

I Perera071204

Astro On Demand Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20004  163   92 Ma

I Perera071204

Astro On Demand Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20005  164   96 Ma

I Perera071204

Astro On Demand Mediaguard 2Videoguard

20006  165  100 Ma I Perera071204

Astro On Demand Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20007  166  104 Ma

I Perera071204

Astro On Demand Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20008  167  108 Ma

I Perera071204

Astro On Demand Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20009  168  112 Ma

I Perera071204

Astro On Demand Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20010  169  116 Ma

I Perera071204

Astro On Demand Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20011  17.  120 Ma

I Perera071204

Astro On Demand Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20012  171  124 Ma

I Perera071204

Astro On Demand Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20013  172  128 Ma

I Perera071204

11682 Vtp 6KV

DVB-SSR 30000FEC 7/8

NHK World Premium Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20601  160   80

Malaysia54-59 I Perera

071204

History HD AsiaMediaguard 2VideoguardHD

20602  161   84 EBen091217

History Asia Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20603  162   88 E

I Perera071204

Astro On Demand Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20604  163   92 Ma

I Perera071204

Astro On Demand Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20606  165  100 Ma

I Perera071204

Astro On Demand Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20607  166  104 Ma

I Perera071204

Astro On Demand Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20608  167  108 Ma

I Perera071204

Astro On Demand Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20609  168  112 Ma

I Perera071204

Astro On Demand Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20610  169  116 Ma

I Perera071204

Astro On Demand Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20611  170  120 Ma

I Perera071204

8TV Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20612  171  124 Ma

Ben080925

Bernama TV Mediaguard 2Videoguard 20613  172  128 Ma

Ben080925

Astro Zhi Zun HD Mediaguard 2VideoguardMPEG-4/HD

20614  173  129 Ma Ben 2100701

FX HD AsiaMediaguard 2VideoguardMPEG-4/HD

20615  174  130 MaBen 2100701

ESPN HD AsiaMediaguard 2VideoguardMPEG-4/HD

20616  175  131 MaBen 2100701

AXN HD AsiaMediaguard 2VideoguardMPEG-4/HD

20617  176  132 MaE Diestro100918

Astro © Lyngemark Satellite, last updated 2010-10-12 - http://www.lyngsat.com/packages/astro.html

Colour codes on this package chart:

clear encrypted HD/clear HD/encrypted interactive

Asia & Pacific Dude TV and Miracle on Thaicom 5 | DRTV International on Eutelsat W4

VA Box Office on Optus D2 | Imed TV on Hot Bird 8 Advert: Satellite News

America Main | Asia | Asia | HD | 3D | Headlines | Launches Europe

167. 0 °W TDRS 5 (incl. 10.9°) 101009

171. 0 °W TDRS 6 (incl. 10.3°) 101010

177. 0 °W NSS 9 101011

180. 0 °E Intelsat 701 101010

177. 9 °E Intelsat 602 (incl. 8.0°) 101011

172. 0 °E GE 23 101007

169. 0 °E Intelsat 5 101010

166. 0 °E Intelsat 8 101010

164. 0 °E Optus B3 (incl. 2.6°) 101009

162. 5 °E Intelsat 2 (moving 0.3°E/day) 101012

162. 0 °E Superbird B2 101009

160. 0 °E Optus D1 101009

158. 0 °E Superbird C (incl. 1.8°) 101011

156. 0 °E Optus C1 101007

156. 0 °E Optus D3 101007

154. 0 °E JCSAT 2A 101009

152. 0 °E Optus D2 101011

150. 5 °E Palapa C2 (incl. 0.5°) 101010

150. 0 °E JCSAT 1B (incl. 0.6°) 101009

146. 0 °E ABS 5 101010

145. 0 °E MTSAT 2 101007

144. 0 °E Superbird C2 101012

144. 0 °E MBSat 101011

142. 0 °E Apstar 1 (incl. 5.5°) 101011

110. 0 °E BS 3N 101007

110. 0 °E BSAT 2A 101007

110. 0 °E BSAT 3A 101007

110. 0 °E N-Sat 110 101009

110. 0 °E BSAT 2C 101007

108. 2 °E NSS 11 101007

108. 2 °E SES 7 101007

108. 0 °E Telkom 1 101011

107. 7 °E Cakrawarta 1 (incl. 4.7°) 101011

105. 5 °E AsiaSat 3S 101010

103. 0 °E Express A2 (incl. 4.4°) 101010

103. 0 °E ChinaSat 22A (incl. 0.8°) 101010

100. 5 °E AsiaSat 5 101011

99. 0 °E Thuraya 3 (incl. 5.2°) 101011

98. 0 °E ChinaSat 20 101011

98. 0 °E ChinaSat 22 (incl. 2.3°) 101011

96. 5 °E Express AM33 101012

95. 0 °E NSS 6 101011

93. 5 °E Insat 3A 101007

93. 5 °E Insat 4B 101007

92. 2 °E ChinaSat 9 101009

91. 5 °E Measat 3 101007

91. 4 °E Measat 3a 101007

90. 0 °E Yamal 201 101011

140. 0 °E MTSAT 1R 101008

140. 0 °E Express AM3 101010

138. 0 °E Telstar 18 101010

136. 0 °E N-Star C 101011

134. 0 °E Apstar 6 101011

132. 0 °E Vinasat 1 101007

132. 0 °E JCSAT 5A 101007

128. 0 °E JCSAT 3A 101007

128. 0 °E JCSAT RA 101007

125. 0 °E ChinaSat 5C 101012

125. 0 °E ChinaSat 6A

124. 0 °E JCSAT 4A 101011

122. 2 °E AsiaSat 4 101011

119. 5 °E Ipstar 101011

118. 0 °E Telkom 2 101010

116. 5 °E Gorizont 32 (incl. 10.5°) 101011

116. 0 °E Koreasat 3 101010

115. 5 °E ChinaSat 6B 101011

113. 0 °E Koreasat 5 101009

113. 0 °E Palapa D 101011

110. 5 °E ChinaSat 5B 101010

89. 5 °E TDRS 8 (incl. 2.5°) 101010

88. 0 °E ST 1 101010

87. 5 °E ChinaSat 5A 101011

85. 2 °E Intelsat 15 101010

85. 0 °E TDRS 7 (incl. 12.0°) 101012

83. 0 °E Insat 2E 101008

83. 0 °E Insat 3B 101008

83. 0 °E Insat 4A 101008

80. 0 °E Express AM2 101010

80. 0 °E Express MD1 101011

78. 5 °E Thaicom 5 101011

76. 5 °E Apstar 2R 101011

76. 0 °E Esiafi 1 (incl. 14.3°) 101011

75. 2 °E Eutelsat W75 (incl. 1.5°) 101009

75. 0 °E ABS 1 101011

75. 0 °E ABS 1A (incl. 3.5°) 101010

75. 0 °E Luch 1 (incl. 10.1°) 101009

74. 0 °E Kalpana 1 101008

74. 0 °E Insat 3C 101008

74. 0 °E Edusat (incl. 1.4°) 101011

74. 0 °E Insat 4CR 101008

Colour codes on this regional index:

no data/L/S/Ka band C band C & Ku band Ku band moving

Measat 3 at 91.5°E Dude TV and Miracle on Thaicom 5 | DRTV International on Eutelsat W4

VA Box Office on Optus D2 | Imed TV on Hot Bird 8 Advert: Satellite News

America Main | Asia | Asia | Asia | HD | 3D | Headlines | Launches Europe

93.5°E <C> 90.0°E HD | SatTracker 92.2°E <Ku> 90.0°E

Measat 3/3a | Measat 3 | Measat 3a

The EIRP values are for Malaysia

Measat 3 © Lyngemark Satellite, last updated 2010-10-12 - http://www.lyngsat.com/mea3.html

Freq.Tp

Provider NameChannel Name

SystemEncryption

SR-FECSID-VPID

ONID-TIDAPID Lang.

BeamEIRP (dBW)

SourceUpdated

3475 Htp 4EC (feeds) DVB-S 6000-3/4 Global

40-42N Stanislav100425

3630 Vtp 11EC Shop TV DVB-S 2200-3/4

    1 - 1160

1-05.51120 E

Asia43-45

T Kameda090104

3644 Vtp 11EC

Solar Entertainment Digicipher 219510-3/4

Asia43-45

E Diestro100810

Solar All Access 1  300 E

Solar TV  301 E

Universal Channel Philippines  302

Solar All Access 2  307 E

ETC (Philippines)  308 E

Solar Sports     1  202 E

Jack TV     2  205 E

Basketball TV     3  204 E

2nd Avenue     7  207 E

Shop TV     8  206 E

3644 Htp 12EC

Asia43-45

E Diestro101001

Measat 3 © Lyngemark Satellite, last updated 2010-10-12 - http://www.lyngsat.com/mea3.html

Measat 3 © Lyngemark Satellite, last updated 2010-10-12 - http://www.lyngsat.com/mea3.html

Freq.Tp

Provider NameChannel Name

SystemEncryption

SR-FECSID-VPID

ONID-TIDAPID Lang.

BeamEIRP (dBW)

SourceUpdated

3708 Vtp 1C (feeds) DVB-S2 1400-3/4 Global

40-42I Perera091219

3720 Vtp 1C

RHTV DVB-S 2170-3/4    9 -  616

65535-15.5 617 Tag

Global40-42

P Grandicelli090617

Kids FM     2  609 Tag

Hot FM (Philippines)     3  .10 Tag

The Beat Viaccess 2.5     4  611 Tag

Radyo Natin     5  612 Tag

DZRH Viaccess 2.5     6  613 Tag

Yes! FM Manila Viaccess 2.5     7  614 Tag

Love Radio 90.7 Manila Viaccess 2.5     8  615 Tag

3746 Vtp 3C

Racing International DVB-S 5061-3/4 65529-15.5

Global40-42

I Perera100721Racing International Videoguard     1  512  650 E

(Racing International feeds)     2  513  660

3751 Vtp 3C Nat Geo Music DVB-S

Irdeto2326-7/8    1 - 2001

212-2127.23001 E

Global40-42

I Perera100102

3758 Vtp 3C (feeds) DVB-S 3255-3/4 Global

40-42I Perera100613

3770 Vtp 3C (feeds) DVB-S2 14925-3/4

8PSKGlobal40-42

I Perera101002

3786 Vtp 5C TV 3 (Malaysia)

DVB-SRAS

7030-3/4    1 -  308

65535-15.5 256 Ma

Global40-42

P Grandicelli090518

3800 Vtp 5C

DVB-S 13330-3/4 1-15.5

Global40-42

I Perera100502

Golf Channel Asia PowerVu     7  710  700

History Asia PowerVu     9  910  900

Crime & Investigation Network Asia PowerVu    10 1010 1000 E

Asian Food Channel PowerVu   100  110  100 E

JimJam Asia PowerVu   110  210  200 E

Celestial Classic Movies PowerVu   200  310  300

Bio Asia PowerVu   210  510  500 E

Asian Food Channel PowerVu   300  410  400 E

Jia Yu Channel PowerVu   400  610  600 Can

Celestial Movies SE Asia PowerVu   500  810  800 C

3814 Vtp 5C

Sky International DVB-S2 6666-3/58PSK

100-15.5

Global40-42

I Perera100218

Sky International MPEG-2Irdeto 2

    1 4096  104 E

Sky International MPEG-4Irdeto 2

    2  257  256 E

Sky Racing promo MPEG-4     3  259  258 E

3840 Vtp 7C (feeds) DVB-S 26563-5/6 Global

40-42I Perera101002

3865 Vtp 9C

RTM Sabah DVB-S2 2917-2/38PSK

1-16.6

Global40-42

I Perera101002

[RTM Sabah TV test card] MPEG-4     1  141  241

[RTM Sabah TV test card] MPEG-4     2  142  242

Sabah FM     3  243 Ma

Sabah V FM     4  244 Ma

Sandakan FM     5  245 Ma

Tawau FM     6  246 Ma

3878 Vtp 9C

RTM DVB-S2 18385-2/38PSK

1-16.6

Global40-42

I Perera101008

RTM TV 1 MPEG-4    11  101  201 Ma

RTM TV 2 MPEG-4    12  102  202 Ma

[RTM test card] MPEG-4    13  103  203

Muzik Aktif MPEG-4    14  104  204 Ma

RTM TV 1 MPEG-4    15  105  205 Ma

RTM TV 1 MPEG-4    16  106  206 Ma

RTM TV 1 MPEG-4    17  107  207 Ma

RTM TV 1 MPEG-4    18  108  208 Ma

RTM TV 1 MPEG-4    19  109  209 Ma

RTM TV 2 MPEG-4    20  110  210 Ma

[RTM HD 1 test card] MPEG-4/HD    25  111  211 Ma

Klasik Nasional     5  401 Ma

Muzik FM     6  402 Ma

Suara Malaysia 1     7  403 Ma

Asyik FM     8  404 Ma

Traxx FM     9  405 E

Ai FM    10  406 C

Minnal FM    11  407 Ta

Suara Malaysia 2    12  408

3891 Vtp 9C RTM Sarawak DVB-S2 2917-2/3

8PSK1-16.6

Global40-42

I Perera101002

[RTM Sarawak test card] MPEG-4     1  171  271

[RTM Sarawak test card] MPEG-4     2  172  272

Sarawak FM     3  273 Ma

Wai FM     4  274 Ma

Red FM     5  275 Ma

3895 Vtp 9C (RTM feeds) DVB-S 3260-3/4 Global

40-42I Perera070831

3920 Vtp 11C

GlobeCast DVB-S 28000-7/8164-47.2

Global40-42

I Perera100719

Fox Crime Asia Videoguard  1321  512  640 E

Nat Geo Wild Asia Videoguard  1322  513  644 E

FX Asia Videoguard  1323  514  648 E

National Geographic Channel Philippines

Videoguard  1325  516  656 E 657 Gr

4120 Vtp 21C

GlobeCast DVB-S2 29720-5/68PSK

1-19.4

Global40-42

E Diestro100918

National Geographic Channel HD Asia

MPEG-4/HDIrdeto 2

    1 1010 1011 E1012 E

History HD Asia MPEG-4/HDIrdeto 2

    2  351  360 E

Kix MPEG-4Irdeto 2

    3 1030 1031 E

Thrill MPEG-4Irdeto 2

    4 1040 1041 E

Nat Geo Wild HD Asia MPEG-4/HDIrdeto 2

    5  522  621 E

AXN HD Korea MPEG-4/HDPowerVu

  110 2100 2101

AXN HD Asia MPEG-4/HDPowerVu

  111 2110 .111

Measat 3 © Lyngemark Satellite, last updated 2010-10-12 - http://www.lyngsat.com/mea3.html

Measat 3 © Lyngemark Satellite, last updated 2010-10-12 - http://www.lyngsat.com/mea3.html

Freq.Tp

Provider NameChannel Name

SystemEncryption

SR-FECSID-VPID

ONID-TIDAPID Lang.

BeamEIRP (dBW)

SourceUpdated

10982 Vtp M1 Astro

DVB-SMediaguard 2Videoguard

30000-3/42176-1015.5

Malaysia54-59

E Diestro100623

11062 Vtp M3 Astro

DVB-SMediaguard 2Videoguard

30000-3/42176-1035.5

Malaysia54-59

C Seah100409

Era  176 Ma

My FM  177 C

Opus  178

Hitz FM (Malaysia)  179 E

Mix FM (Malaysia)  180

Lite FM (Malaysia)  181

Classic Rock  182

Golden Oldies  183

THR Gegar  184 Ma

India Beat  185

Jazz  186

Melody  187

Sinar FM  188

Osai  189

XFM  190

Musiq'a  191

THR Raaga  192 Ta

11102 Vtp M4 Astro

DVB-SMediaguard 2Videoguard

30000-7/82176-1047.2

Malaysia54-59

Ben091219

11182 Vtp M6

Astro DVB-S 30000-7/82176-1067.2

Malaysia54-59

E Diestro100920

Star World Asia Mediaguard 2Videoguard

10601  160   80 E

Diva Universal Asia Mediaguard 2Videoguard

10602  161   84

Bloomberg TV Asia Mediaguard 2Videoguard

10604  163   92 E

Astro TVIQ Mediaguard 2Videoguard

10605  164   96 Ma

Astro @15 Mediaguard 2Videoguard

10606  165  100 Ma

Granada TV Mediaguard 2Videoguard

10607  166  104 E

CCTV 4 Asia Mediaguard 2Videoguard

10608  167  108 C

E! Asia & Pacific Mediaguard 2Videoguard

10610  169  116 E

Discovery Home & Health SE Asia

Mediaguard 2Videoguard

10611  170  120 E

Turbo SE Asia Mediaguard 2Videoguard

10612  171  124 E

Jia Yu Channel Mediaguard 2Videoguard

10613  172  128 Can

Animax East Asia Mediaguard 2Videoguard

10614  132  173 E

Measat 3 © Lyngemark Satellite, last updated 2010-10-12 - http://www.lyngsat.com/mea3.html

Measat 3 © Lyngemark Satellite, last updated 2010-10-12 - http://www.lyngsat.com/mea3.html

Freq.Tp

Provider NameChannel Name

SystemEncryption

SR-FECSID-VPID

ONID-TIDAPID Lang.

BeamEIRP (dBW)

SourceUpdated

11482 Vtp 1KV Astro

DVB-SMediaguard 2Videoguard

30000-7/82176-2017.2

Malaysia54-59

E Diestro100920

11522 Vtp 2KV Astro

DVB-SMediaguard 2Videoguard

30000-7/82176-?7.2

Malaysia54-59

Ben 2100813

11562 Vtp 3KV Astro

DVB-SMediaguard 2Videoguard

30000-7/82176-1067.2

Malaysia54-59

Ben 2100813

11602 Vtp 4KV

AstroDVB-SMediaguard 2Videoguard

30000-7/82176-1037.2

Malaysia54-59

Ben091219

Era  176 Ma

My FM  177 C

Opus  178

Hitz FM (Malaysia)  179 E

Mix FM (Malaysia)  180

Lite FM (Malaysia)  181

Classic Rock  182

Golden Oldies  183

THR Gegar  184 Ma

India Beat  185

Jazz  186

Melody  187

Sinar FM  188

Osai  189

XFM  190

Musiq'a  191

THR Raaga  192 Ta

11642 Vtp 5KV Astro

DVB-SMediaguard 2Videoguard

30000-7/82176-2057.2

Malaysia54-59

Ben 2100813

11682 Vtp 6KV Astro

DVB-SMediaguard 2Videoguard

30000-7/82176-2067.2

Malaysia54-59

E Diestro100918

Measat 3 © Lyngemark Satellite, last updated 2010-10-12 - http://www.lyngsat.com/mea3.html

Measat 3 © Lyngemark Satellite, last updated 2010-10-12 - http://www.lyngsat.com/mea3.html

Freq.Tp

Provider NameChannel Name

SystemEncryption

SR-FECSID-VPID

ONID-TIDAPID Lang.

BeamEIRP (dBW)

SourceUpdated

12316 Htp 14KH

Sun DirectDVB-SMPEG-4Irdeto 2

30000-5/6 South Asia

0I Perera100819

Sun Direct promo MPEG-2    21   94   90

12436 Htp 17KH Sun Direct

DVB-SMPEG-4Irdeto 2

30000-5/6

South Asia0

I Perera100819

Measat 3 © Lyngemark Satellite, last updated 2010-10-12 - http://www.lyngsat.com/mea3.html

Measat 3 © Lyngemark Satellite, last updated 2010-10-12 - http://www.lyngsat.com/mea3.html

Freq.Tp

Provider NameChannel Name

SystemEncryption

SR-FECSID-VPID

ONID-TIDAPID Lang.

BeamEIRP (dBW)

SourceUpdated

12514 Htp 19KH

Big TVDVB-SMPEG-4Mediaguard

20000-5/6999-96.5 South Asia

0M Rahiman101008

Nepal 1 MPEG-4  1990 1991 1992 Ne

12523 Vtp 7KV

Big TVDVB-SMPEG-4Mediaguard

27500-5/6999-26.5

South Asia0

I Perera100819

TV 9 Kannada MPEG-4  1640 1641 1642 Kan

Kalaignar TV MPEG-4  1710 1711 1712 Ta

Kairali We MPEG-4  1900 1901 1902 Mal

Star Utsav MPEG-4  1920 1921 1922 Hi

Mahuaa TV MPEG-4  3160 3161 3162

12563 Vtp 8KV

Big TVDVB-SMPEG-4Mediaguard

27500-5/6999-66.5

South Asia0

I Perera100819

Sangeet Bangla MPEG-4  2220 2221 2222 Ben

TV 9 Gujarat MPEG-4  3660 3661 3662 Guj

Makkal TV MPEG-4  3680 3681 3682 Ta

Mega TV (India) MPEG-4  3690 3691 3692 Ta

AIR Gujarati   210  211 Guj

12563 Htp 20KH Aora TV DVB-S 30000-3/4

Indonesia E Diestro101001

TVRI Nasional MPEG-4Videoguard

    1  160   80 In

Metro TV (Indonesia)MPEG-4Videoguard

    2  161   84 In

SCTV MPEG-4Videoguard

    3  162   88 In

France 24 English MPEG-4Videoguard

    4  163   92 E

Diva Universal Asia MPEG-4Videoguard

    5  164   96 E

JimJam Asia MPEG-4Videoguard

    6  165  100 E

National Geographic Channel Asia

MPEG-4Videoguard

    7  165  100 E

Goal TV 1 MPEG-4Videoguard

    8  167  108 E

Goal TV 2 MPEG-4Videoguard

    9  168  112 E

Eurosport Asia/Pacific MPEG-4Videoguard

   10  169  116 E

Syfy Universal Asia MPEG-4Videoguard

   11  170  120 E

Thrill MPEG-4Videoguard

   12  171  124 E

Kix MPEG-4Videoguard

   13  172  128 E

Star Movies International MPEG-4Videoguard

   14  173  132 E

Life Inspired MPEG-4/HDVideoguard

   15  174  136 E

Fox Crime Asia MPEG-4Videoguard

   16  175  140 E

Fox Asia MPEG-4Videoguard

   17  176  144

Channel V International MPEG-4Videoguard

   18  177  148 E

FX Asia MPEG-4Videoguard

   19  178  152 E

AXN Beyond Asia MPEG-4Videoguard

   20  179  156 E

AXN East Asia MPEG-4Videoguard

   21  180  160 E

Star World Asia MPEG-4Videoguard

   22  181  164 E

Nat Geo Adventure Asia MPEG-4Videoguard

   23  182  168 E

Nat Geo Wild Asia MPEG-4Videoguard

   24  183  172 E

KidsCo Asia MPEG-4Videoguard

   25  184  176 C

12597 Htp 21KH Sun Direct

DVB-SMPEG-4Irdeto 2

19500-5/6South Asia0

Shrinath100901

12603 Vtp 9KV

Big TVDVB-SMPEG-4Mediaguard

27500-5/6999-56.5

South Asia0

I Perera100819

Jaya Plus MPEG-4  2340 2341 2342 Ta

Indiavision MPEG-4  2660 .661 2662 Mal

Kasthuri TV MPEG-4  2980 2981 2982 Kan

PTC Punjabi MPEG-4  3010 3011 3012 Pan

RT English MPEG-4  5410 5411 5412 E

12615 Htp 21KH Sun Direct

DVB-S2MPEG-4/HDIrdeto

10000-5/68PSK

18-199.4

South Asia0

I Perera100816

12643 Vtp 10KV

Big TVDVB-SMPEG-4Mediaguard

27500-5/6999-66.5

South Asia0

I Perera100819

Vasanth TV MPEG-4  2960 2961 2962 Ta

DD News MPEG-4  3290 3291 3292 Hi

DD Punjab MPEG-4  3310 3311 3312 Pan

DD Girnar MPEG-4  3320 3321 3322 Guj

DD Chandana MPEG-4  3330 3331 3332 Kan

DD Oriya MPEG-4  3340 3341 3342 Or

DD Kashir MPEG-4  3350 3351 3352 Kas

DD National MPEG-4  3500 3501 3502 Hi

Gyan Darshan 1 MPEG-4  3640 3641 3642 Hi

12643 Htp 22KH Sun Direct

DVB-SMPEG-4Irdeto 2

30000-5/6South Asia0

DX Bozóth100827

12683 Vtp 11KV Big TV

DVB-SMPEG-4Mediaguard

27500-5/6999-46.5

South Asia0

I Perera100819

12683 Htp 23KH Big TV

DVB-SMPEG-4Mediaguard

30000-3/4999-15.5

South Asia0

M Rahiman101008

NTV (India) MPEG-4  1570 1571 1572 Te

TV 9 Telugu MPEG-4  1600 1601 1602 Te

Aakaash Bangla MPEG-4  1610 1611 1612 Ben

Manorama News International MPEG-4  1620 1621 1622 Mal

Kairali Channel MPEG-4  1630 1631 1632 Mal

Jaya TV MPEG-4  1670 1671 1672 Ta

Asianet News MPEG-4  1720 1721 1722 Mal

12723 Vtp 12KH

Big TVDVB-SMPEG-4Mediaguard

27500-5/6999-76.5

South Asia0

I Perera100819

NE TV MPEG-4  1650 1651 1652 As

Amrita TV Middle East MPEG-4  1700 1701 1702 Mal

Bhakti TV MPEG-4  1940 1941 1942 Te

SVBC MPEG-4  3060 3061 3062

Shalom TV MPEG-4  3080 3081 3082 E/Mal

DD Malayalam MPEG-4  3180 3181 3182 Mal

DD Urdu MPEG-4  3190 3191 3192 Ur

DD Bangla MPEG-4  3210 3211 3212 Ben

Lok Sabha TV MPEG-4  3510 3511 3512 E

Jaihind TV MPEG-4  3580 3581 3582 Mal

PTC News MPEG-4  3600 3601 3602 Pan

Orissa TV MPEG-4  3620 3621 3622 Hi

12723 Htp 24KH

Big TVDVB-SMPEG-4Mediaguard

27500-5/6999-36.5

South Asia0

DX Bozóth100922

DD Bharati MPEG-4  2100 2101 2102 Hi

DD Sports MPEG-4  2110 2111 2112 Hi

DD Podhigai MPEG-4  2120 2121 2122 Ta

Aastha TV MPEG-4  2160 2161 2162 Hi

Fashion TV India MPEG-4  2260 2261 2262

Seithigal MPEG-4  2270 2271 2272 Ta

ETC Channel Punjabi MPEG-4  2280 2281 2282 Pan

Mh 1 MPEG-4  2310 2311 2312 Pan

Sanskar TV MPEG-4  2320 2321 2322 Hi/San

IBN Lokmat MPEG-4  2350 2351 2352 Mar

Star Majha MPEG-4  3040 3041 3042 Mar

Mi Marathi MPEG-4  3050 3051 3052 Mar

Measat 3 © Lyngemark Satellite, last updated 2010-10-12 - http://www.lyngsat.com/mea3.htmlColour codes on this satellite chart:

analog/clear analog/encrypted digital/clear digital/encrypted HD/clear HD/encrypted internet/interactive feeds

TV clear enc.

analog 0 0

digital 72 477

Measat 3a at 91.4°E Dude TV and Miracle on Thaicom 5 | DRTV International on Eutelsat W4

VA Box Office on Optus D2 | Imed TV on Hot Bird 8 Advert: Satellite News

America Main | Asia | Asia | Asia | HD | 3D | Headlines | Launches Europe

93.5°E <C> 90.0°E HD | SatTracker 92.2°E <Ku> 90.0°E

Measat 3/3a | Measat 3 | Measat 3a

The EIRP values are for Malaysia

Measat 3a © Lyngemark Satellite, last updated 2010-10-12 - http://www.lyngsat.com/mea3a.html

Freq.Tp

Provider NameChannel Name

SystemEncryption

SR-FECSID-VPID

ONID-TIDAPID Lang.

BeamEIRP (dBW)

SourceUpdated

3707 H(feeds) DVB-S 6111-3/4 Global

40-42I Perera100613

3720 H(feeds) DVB-S 6666-3/4 Global

40-42I Perera100123

3732 H Global40-42

I Perera100929

3736 HUTV Movies DVB-S

Irdeto 23000-3/4    1 -  273

1-15.5 274 Hi

Global40-42

I Perera100929

4000 H

Ascent Media DVB-S2 30000-5/68PSK

1-19.4

Global40-42

I Perera101002

Discovery HD World India MPEG-4/HDDirector

    1  301  306 E

(TrueVision feeds) MPEG-4/HD     2  321  322

Life Inspired MPEG-4/HD     3  331  332

We TV MPEG-4/HDDirector

    4  401  402 E

Food Network HD Asia MPEG-4/HDDirector

    5  611  612 E

Sundance Channel Asia MPEG-4/HDDirector

    7  711  712 E

(feeds) MPEG-4/HD     8  522  750

4040 H RRsat Global Communications Network

DVB-S2 28600-5/68PSK

33-339.4

Global40-42

I Perera101002

All Sports Network MPEG-4/HDIrdeto 2

    1 2001 3001 E

Ginx TV MPEG-2Irdeto 2

    2 2002 3002 E

RRsat promo MPEG-2     3 2003 300. E

I-concerts MPEG-4/HD     4 2004 3004

Sky News HD MPEG-4/HDViaccess 2.5

    5 2005 3005 E

Baby TV Asia MPEG-2Viaccess 2.5

    7 2007 3007 E

4120 H

DVB-S2 30000-5/68PSK

1-3019.4

Global40-42

I Perera100612

JimJam Asia MPEG-4PowerVu

   33  410  400 E

Astro Aruna MPEG-4PowerVu

   34  510  500 Ma

Astro Ria MPEG-4PowerVu

   35  610  600 Ma

Celestial Movies Singapore MPEG-4PowerVu

   36  710  700 C

Golf Channel Asia MPEG-4PowerVu

   37  810  800

Celestial Movies SE Asia MPEG-4PowerVu

   38  910  900 C

Unitel Classica Asia MPEG-4/HDPowerVu

   80 2100 2000 E

4148 H(feeds) DVB-S 6670-3/4 Global

40-42I Perera091005

4156 H(feeds) DVB-S 6670-3/4 Global

40-42I Perera091219

4165 H(feeds) DVB-S 6111-3/4 Global

40-42I Perera100407

Measat 3a © Lyngemark Satellite, last updated 2010-10-12 - http://www.lyngsat.com/mea3a.htmlColour codes on this satellite chart:

analog/clear analog/encrypted digital/clear digital/encrypted HD/clear HD/encrypted internet/interactive feeds

TV clear enc.

analog 0 0

digital 2 17