TENSES

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TENSES

Tenses adalah bentuk betuk perubahan kata kerja dalam tata bahasa Inggris yang menuntukan suatu kejadiaan atau perbuatan yang sesuai dengan waktu atau kejadiannya, contoh:• I study English everyday.• I am studying English now.• I studied English yesterday.• I will study English tomorrow.

Dari contoh contoh kalimat diatas kata kerja berubah ( study; studying; studied; will study) sesuai dengan keterangan waktunya

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BENTUK TENSES BENTUK TENSES Tenses ada 16 bentuk sebagai berikutTenses ada 16 bentuk sebagai berikut

1.1. Simple Present TenseSimple Present Tense

2.2. Present Continuous TensePresent Continuous Tense

3.3. Present Perfect TensePresent Perfect Tense

4.4. PresentPresent Perfect Continuous Perfect Continuous TenseTense

5.5. Simple Past TenseSimple Past Tense

6.6. Past Continuous TensePast Continuous Tense

7.7. Past perfect TensePast perfect Tense

8.8. Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous TenseTense

9.9. Simple Future TenseSimple Future Tense

10.10. Future Continuous TenseFuture Continuous Tense

11.11. Future Perfect TenseFuture Perfect Tense

12.12. Future Perfect Continuous Future Perfect Continuous TenseTense

13.13. Past Future TensePast Future Tense

14.14. Past Future Continuous Past Future Continuous TenseTense

15.15. Past Future Perfect TensePast Future Perfect Tense

16.16. Past Future Perfect Past Future Perfect Continuous TenseContinuous Tense

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1. THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE (I do)

USES EXAMPLEPermanent or long-term situation She lives in Bandung

Who do you work for?

We produce and sell computers.

Fact It weighs 2570 kg.

How long does it take?

What does convenient mean?

Regular activities and routines They travel to work by train.

I usually read Financial Times.

How often do you play golf.

Feeling I prefer some tea.

I don’t like horror films.

Opinion and state s of mind I don’t agree

How do you feel about this?

Time table and schedule When does the Surabaya train leave?

The board meeting starts at 3.30 p.m.

It doesn’t finish till 8.30.

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PENGGUNAAN SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE• Untuk menyatakan kejadian atau peristiwa yang terjadi berulang-ulang

atau merupakan kebiasaan yang sampai sekarang masih dilakukan.

Contoh :

I usually get up at 6 0’clock every morning

He goes to school everyday

They swim every week

• Untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang sudah menjadi kebenaran umum (general truth) atau kenyataan.

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west

A day is twenty hours

The water boils a 100 º Celcius

• Untuk menyatakan perintah atau permintaan (untuk orang ke 2) Open your book, please

Give it to him.

• Untuk menyatakan kejadiaan yang telah dijadwalkan akan dilakukan pada waktu yang akan datang:

The train leaves at ten tomorrow.

The football team plays next month.Hariani, Tenses

THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE Formulation

Add an s to the 3 rd person singular form

I leave at 8 a.m.

You leave at 8 a.m.

They leave at 8 a.m.

He leaves at 8 a.m.

She leaves at 8 a.m.

It leaves at 8 a.m.

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Use do as a help verb to make question forms

Do I at 8 a. m

you

we

they

Does heat at 8 a. m

you

she

it

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Use do as a help verb to make negative forms

I don’t leave at 8 a. m

You

We

They

He doesn’t

She

It

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2. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS SIMPLE TENSE

USES EXAMPLEAction happening now We are introducing new system

I’m waiting for Miss Dewi

Who is calling please?

Future plans and arrangements When he is arriving?

She is meeting CEO at 2 p.m.

Are you doing anything special tonight?

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THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE Formulation

• Use the be and –ing

I am (not) working today

You are

He is

She is

It is

We are

They are

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• Change the word order to form a question.

Am I working today?

Are you

Is he

Is she

Is it

Are we

Are they

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PENGGUNAAN PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

• Untuk menyatakan kejadian atau yang sedang berlangsungpada saat ini:

I am studying English now.

What are you doing? I am reading a book.

He is playing tennis at a moment

• Untuk menyatakan kejadian yang segera akan dilakukan pada waktu yang akan datang. Cara merupakan hal yang paling umum digunakan untuk menyatakan rencana yang segera akan dilakukan:

I am going to Jakarta.

She is leaving next week.

• Untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang terjadi pada ruang lingkup sekarang,walaupun tidak dilakukan sekarang.

I am taking my English Course at Harvard College.

I am reading a novel by Chairil Anwar

• Bentuk present continuous “ be going” bersama-sama dengan “to” dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan hal-hal yang segera dilakukan atau hal-hal yang sudah merupakan tekad yang kuat (determination).

I am going to study abroad next year.

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2. THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSEWe use the Present Perfect tense to talk about past action with present

importance.

1. FINISH ACTIONUSES EXAMPLESPast action with result in the present Graphic Images had excellent results this years.

We haven’t achieved our target.

Have you finished yet ?

Life experiences I’ve forgotten his name twice.

Have ever missed a flight?

I’ve never been to Italy.

2. UNFINISHED ACTIONUSES EXAMPLES

Past actions that are continuing now He’s been working there for 5 years.

They’ve had a subsidiary here since 1960

How long have they been in business?

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Penggunaan Present Perfect Tense

1. Untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang baru saja dilakukan, tetapi waktunya tidak disebutkan:

He has explained it to me but I don’t understand.

Ia telah menerangkan kepada saya tetapi saya tidak mengerti

2. Untuk menyatakan mengenai perbuatan atau kejadian atau yang dilakukan di waktu lampau akan tetapi masih ada hubungannya dengan waktu sekarang, yaitu bahwa perbuatan itu masih bisa dilakukan atau diulangi pada waktu sekarang.

I have seen elephants in that forest ( saya pernah melihat gajah di hutan itu)

He has written a number of stories (Dia telah menulis beberapa cerita)

3. Digunakan dengan “just” untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu perbuatan baru saja selesai dilakukan. He has just eaten.

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THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE Formulation• Use have as a help verb in all forms. Use it with the third part of the verb.

I have broken the machine.

You haven’t

We

They

``

She has

She hasn’t

It

• Change the word order to form a question.

Have I broken the machine?

you

we

they

Has he

she

it Hariani, Tenses

4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

FORMULA

I/ We/You/they + have + been +verb + ing

He/She/It + has + been +verb + ingExample

I have been working for 3 years

Penggunaan

Menyatakan kejadian yang dimulai pada waktu yang lampau dan masih berlangsung sampai saat sekarang, atau aru saja selesai.

I have been studying her since 2003 . Saya telah belajar disini sejak 2003 ( sekarang masih belajar disini)

He has been working for 2 years. Dia telah bekerja disini selama 2 tahun.(berarti sampai sekarang masih bekerja disi

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5. SIMPLE PAST TENSE

USESFinish past action

FORMULATION• With regular verbs,

add –ed to make The Past Single form.

• Irregular verbs have special past form. go ---- went

• Used did as help verb to make negative, questions, and short answers.

EXAMPLEI joined the company in 2001What happened?It didn’t sell well in the Middle East.The meeting didn’t start on timeWhat quantity did we deliver?How long ago did they start trading?Did you go to the trade fair last month?

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5. SIMPLE PAST TENSE

FORMULATION.

Verbal Sentences

SUBJECT + VERB (2)

Example:

Affirmative

I went to Jakarta yesterday.

He studied English last year.

They helped him together.

Interrogative

Did you go to Jakarta yesterday?

Did he study English last year?

Did they help him?

Negative interrogative

Didn’t you go to Jakarta yesterday?

Didn’t he study English last year?

Didn’t they help?

FORMULA

Nominal Sentences

You/WE/They + were + not verb

I/She/He/It + was + not verb

Example:

Affirmative

You were busy yesterday morning

They were in Jakarta last month.

I was busy yesterday morning.

Hi was in the hospital last week.

Negative

You weren’t busy yesterday.

They weren’t in Jakarta lat month

I wasn’t busy yesterday.

Interrogative

Were you busy yesterday?

Weren’t they in the hospital last month?

Wasn’t I busy yesterday?

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6. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

FORMULATION.Verbal Sentences

You/WE/They + were + verb + ingI/He/She/It + was +verb + ingAffirmativeYou were reading a book.They were speaking in the room.I was Watching television.He was playing last week.NegativeYou weren’t reading a bookThey weren’t speaking in the room.I wasn’t watching television.He wasn’t playing last week.InterrogativeWee you reading a book?Were they speaking in the room?Was I watching television?Was he playing last weekNegative-Interrogative’Weren’t you reading a book?Weren’t the speaking in the room.

FORMULATION.Nominal SentencesYou/WE/They + were+ being + not verbI/She/He/It + was+ being + not verb Example:He was being polite to me.You were being angry with me

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Hariani, Tenses