RANGKA DAN PANDUAN MEMBUAT RUMUSAN DENGAN BERKESANTajuk Bacaan: The Media and the State (Colin Sparks)Langkah 1 - Mengenalpasti tema, idea dan hujah utama (key points) dalam artikelI. IntroductionII. The patronIII. The censorIV. The actorV. The masseurVI. The ideologueVII. The conspirator

Langkah 2 Susunkan dalam setiap bahagian mengikut tajuk/tema/idea/hujah utama dengan kata kunci sahajaI. Introduction Government State

II. The patron direct economic benefactor of the media provide press with negative economic patronage provide press with positive patronage

III. The censor determine what appear in the media positive censorship negative censorship

IV. The actor Provide major source to media Dramatic Force to establish a working relationship with his/her sources

V. The masseur Follow directly from its role as provider of material for the media

VI. The ideologue Conspiracy theory

VII. The conspirator Organised as hierarchies Top gives order to the lower

Langkah 3 Jelaskan kata kunci dan idea dalam konteksMemikir semula dan mengaplikasikan teks bacaan I Introduction

a. Government

The government is fairly small, although very influential. It is the body of people.

b. State

The state is very large. Although in theory the government is supposed to direct and control the state, the fact that they are two such different organisations, one small and transitory, the other large and permanent, means that any such directions will, in practice, be difficult.

I I The patron

a) direct economic benefactor of the media

there are ways in which the state acts as the direct economic benefactor of the media

b) provide press with negative and positive economic patronage

The state provides the press with negative economic patronage by exempting it from VAT, but it also provides some positive patronage through the placing of government asvertisement.

III The censor

a) determine what appear in the media

State can directly determine what does and does not appear in media.

IV The actor

a) Provide major source to media The state is bound to provide a major source for the media.

b) Dramatic The more dramatic the development, the more likely it is to be reported.

c) Force to establish a working relationship with his/her sources The journalist is forced to establish a working relationship with his/her sources and therefore builds up over time a relationship which is hardly likely to be adversarial.

V The masseur

a) Follow directly from its role as provider of material for the media Follows directly from its role as provider of material for the media. Material can be raw or cooked.

VI The ideologue

a) Conspiracy theory It is commonly believed among academic students of the media that to give any weight to the notion that people, whether politicians, state officials or journalists, give conscious thought to what to present as news and how to present it in a light most favourable to their interests, is to hold to a crude and exploded set of ideas called conspiracy theory.

VII The conspirator

a) Organised as hierarchies

Both the state and the media are organised as hierarchies in which those at the top got there by proving their sustainability to the people already at the top.

b) Top gives order to the lower Those at the top gives order which lower down obey and enforce at their roots deeply undemocratic organisations that are structured to ensure that the minority at the top controls the activities of the majority of those below them.

Langkah 4: Mengenalpasti latar belakang penulis dan perspektif/ rangka teori yang memandu penulis dalam konteks artikel ini.Langkah 5: KesimpulanThe people who call the shots in the state and the media are indistinguishable. Their relatives and friends people the boardrooms of industry and finance, both the public and private. These people take all the important decisions about what is going to happen, how it is going to be reported and what will be done with anyone who objects. They are the ruling class. The state and media are two of the weapons that the people who rule us use to ensure their continuation in power. The state is an instrument of coercion, the media are instruments of persuasion.

Disediakan oleh Pn Wang Lay Kim, Dr. Adrian Lee, Dr. Mahyuddin Ahmad dan Dr. Ngo Sheau Shi untuk. Hak cipta tidak terpelihara untuk pelajar. Gunakan bersama dengan bacaan.4