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Scanning electron microscope (SEM)Figure 4.1BScanning electron micrograph of cilia

Transmission electron microscope (TEM)Figure 4.1CTransmission electron micrograph of cilia

A prokaryotic cell is enclosed by a plasma membrane and is usually encased in a rigid cell wallThe cell wall may be covered by a sticky capsuleRibosomesFigure 4.4 CapsuleCell wallPlasmamembraneProkaryotic flagellaNucleoid region (DNA)PiliInside the cell are its DNA and other parts

An animal cellPlasma membraneFigure 4.5AGolgi apparatusRibosomesNucleusSmooth endoplasmic reticulumRough endoplasmic reticulumMitochondrionNot in most plant cellsCytoskeletonFlagellumLysosomeCentriolePeroxisomeMicrotubuleIntermediate filamentMicrofilament

Figure 4.5BNucleusGolgi apparatusNot in animal cellsCentral vacuoleChloroplastCell wallMitochondrionPeroxisomePlasma membraneRough endoplasmic reticulumRibosomesSmooth endoplasmic reticulumCytoskeletonMicrotubuleIntermediate filamentMicrofilament

The largest organelle is usually the nucleusThe nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear envelopeThe nucleus is the cellular control centerIt contains the DNA that directs the cells activities

Figure 4.6ChromatinNucleolusPoreNUCLEUSTwo membranes of nuclear envelopeROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUMRibosomes

Ribosome translating a protein that is secreted into the endoplasmic reticulumFree ribosomes: proteins are released into the cytosol and used within the cellMembrane-bound ribosomes: proteins that are needed in some organelles

Smooth ER synthesizes lipidsIn some cells, it regulates carbohydrate metabolism and breaks down toxins and drugs

The Golgi apparatus

The various organelles of the endomembrane system are interconnected structurally and functionallyTransport vesicle from ERRough ERTransport vesicle from GolgiPlasma membraneVacuoleLysosomeGolgi apparatusNuclear envelopeSmooth ERNucleusFigure 4.14

Chloroplasts are found in plants and some protistsChloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy in sugars ChloroplastStromaInner and outer membranesGranumIntermembrane spaceFigure 4.15

Mitochondria carry out cellular respirationThis process uses the chemical energy in food to make ATP for cellular work

Figure 4.16Outer membraneMITOCHONDRIONIntermembrane spaceInner membraneCristaeMatrix

Enclosed by two membranes that have phospholipid bilayersouter membrane is smooth and highly permeableInner membrane is contains enzymes that are involved in cellular respiration. The membrane' have many infoldings called cristae

Figure 4.19AVacuoleLayers of one plant cell wallWalls of two adjacent plant cellsPLASMODESMATACytoplasmPlasma membrane

Tight junctions can bind cells together into leakproof sheetsAnchoring junctions link animal cellsCommunicating junctions allow substances to flow from cell to cell TIGHT JUNCTIONANCHORING JUNCTIONCOMMUNICATINGJUNCTIONPlasma membranes of adjacent cellsExtracellular matrixFigure 4.19B

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Struktur molekul fosfolipidamfipatikbiosel_S1_bio

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Kolesterol membranbiosel_S1_bio

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1. Protein integral/ transmembran amfipatikhidrofilikhidrofilikhidrofobik2. Protein periferal hanya di salah satu sisi membranbiosel_S1_bio

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TRANSPOR LINTAS MEMBRAN MELIBATKAN PROTEIN TRANSPOR BEKERJA SPESIFIK

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Figure 4.11BRough ERTransport vesicle (containing inactive hydrolytic enzymes)Golgi apparatusPlasma membraneLYSOSOMESFoodEngulfment of particleFood vacuoleDigestionLysosome engulfing damaged organelle

ENZIM LISOSOMAL PENTING

EnzimSubstratFosfatase - fosfatase asam - fosfodiesterase asamFosfomonoesterFosfodiesterNuklease - ribonuklease asam - deoksiribonuklease asamRNADNAProtease - katepsin - kolagenaseProteinKolagenEnzim-enzim penghidrolisis GAG - iduronat sulfatase - b-galaktosidase - heparan N-sulfatase - a-N-asetilglukosaminidaseDermatan sulfatKeratan sulfatHeparan sulfatHeparan sulfat

Enzim-enzim lisosomal umumnya adalah enzim yang dapat berfungsi baik di lingkungan asam

LISOSOM MENGGUNAKAN SEKITAR 40 JENIS ENZIM HIDROLITIK, ENZIM-ENZIM TERSEBUT DIRAKIT DI DALAM RETIKULUM ENDOPLASMA DAN DIMODIFIKASI DI BADAN GOLGI

Clathrin-coated vesicles dari TGN ke endosom, lisosom, dan vakuola pada sel tumbuhan

/Heterophagy

Fungsi utama lisosom adalah endositosis, fagositosis, dan Autofagi

Pada tumbuhan: vakuola, yang selain untuk mencerna, mempunyai fungsi menyimpan senyawa organik yang dihasilkan tanaman.

Membranes organize the chemical reactions making up metabolism CytoplasmFigure 5.10

Phospholipids are the main structural components of membranes They each have a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tailsHeadSymbolTailsFigure 5.11A

In water, phospholipids form a stable bilayerFigure 5.11BHydrophilic headsHydrophobic tailsWaterWaterThe heads face outward and the tails face inward

The plasma membrane of an animal cellFibers of the extracellular matrixGlycoproteinCarbohydrate (of glycoprotein)Microfilaments of the cytoskeletonPhospholipidCholesterolProteinsCYTOPLASMGlycolipid

Many membrane proteins are enzymesFigure 5.13Some proteins function as receptors for chemical messages from other cells The binding of a messenger to a receptor may trigger signal transductionEnzyme activitySignal transductionMessenger moleculeReceptorActivated molecule

Osmosis causes cells to shrink in a hypertonic solution and swell in a hypotonic solutionThe control of water balance (osmoregulation) is essential for organismsISOTONIC SOLUTIONFigure 5.16HYPOTONIC SOLUTIONHYPERTONIC SOLUTION(1) Normal(4) Flaccid(2) Lysing(5) Turgid(3) Shriveled(6) ShriveledANIMAL CELLPLANT CELLPlasma membrane

Active transport in two solutes across a membraneFigure 5.18Transport protein1FLUID OUTSIDE CELLFirst soluteFirst solute, inside cell, binds to proteinPhosphorylated transport protein2ATP transfers phosphate to protein3Protein releases solute outside cell4Second solute binds to proteinSecond solute5Phosphate detaches from protein6Protein releases second solute into cell

An example: active transport is the sodium-potassium pump

To move large molecules or particles through a membranea vesicle may fuse with the membrane and expel its contents (exocytosis)Figure 5.19AFLUID OUTSIDE CELLCYTOPLASM

or the membrane may fold inward, trapping material from the outside (endocytosis)Figure 5.19B

Harmful levels of cholesterol can accumulate in the blood if membranes lack cholesterol receptorsFigure 5.20LDL PARTICLEPhospholipid outer layerProteinCholesterolPlasma membraneCYTOPLASMReceptor proteinVesicle

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