dwzwy :: 2010/2011 1

STAG 3073 Environmental Geology

Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan Yaacob

Program Geologi

ukm

Konsep Asas Geologi Sekitaran

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 2

Konsep asas Geologi Sekitaran (Coates, 1981)

• 1. Manusia adalah agen perubahan geologi

• 2. Bumi adalah unik

• 3. Bumi adalah sistem kepada sistem

• 4. Bumi adalah sistem tertutup

• 5. Proses geologi dan aktiviti manusia beroperasi dalam skala masa yang berbeza

• 6. Risiko dicirikan oleh hubungan manusia-planet

• 7. Kita amat bergantung kepada sumber bumi

• 8. Sumber bumi adalah terhad

• 9. Sumber bumi boleh diurus secara “mapan”

• 10. Pengurusan alam sekitar bermakna mengurus sikap manusia – education

• 11. Pemuliharaan dan penjagaan adalah sebahagian dari hubungan manusia-bumi

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 3

• 1. Masalah utama alam sekitar akibat dari penambahan penduduk

• 2. Bumi adalah sistem tertutup

• 3. Bumi adalah habitat yang paling sesuai untuk kita dan sumber bumi adalah terhad

• 4. Proses fizikal bumi merubah landskap sepanjang masa geologi. Magnitud dan kekerapan proses ini bergantung kepada faktor perubahan samada secara tabii/buatan

• 5.Proses bumi adalah merbahaya kepada manusia. Bencana ini perlu dikenalpasti dan dielak dan kesan malapetaka ini dikurangkan.

LAPAN KONSEP ASAS GEOLOGI SEKITARAN

(Keller, E.A. 1992 )

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 4

Konsep asas geologi sekitaran (samb.)

• 6. Perancangan guna-tanah dan guna-air mesti dipertingkatkan supaya seimbang di antara pertimbangan ekonomi dan variable yang kurang jelas/nyata spt aestetika (i.e. nilai; kecantikan)

• 7. Kesan guna-tanah adalah berbentuk kumulatif; dgn itu kita ada tangggung jawab kepada generasi yang akan datang

• 8. Komponen penting untuk alam sekitar ialah faktor geologi, pemahaman alam sekitar memerlukan pengetahuan yang luas tentang sains bumi dan disiplin yang berkaitan.

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 5

Fundamental concepts of Environmental

Geology(Keller, EA. 2000, eight edition)

• 1. Population growth• The number one environmental problem is

increase in human population.

• 2. Sustainability (mapan/lestari/mampan )

• Sustainability is the environmental objective

• 3. Systems• Understanding the earth‟s systems and their changes is

critical to solving environmental problems.

• The earth itself is an open system with respect to energy,

but essentially a closed system with respect to materials

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 6

• 4. Limitation of resources• The earth is the only suitable habitat we have, and its

resources are limited

• 5. Uniformitarianism• The physical processes modifying our landscape today have

operated throughout much of geologic time. However, the magnitude and frequency of these processes are subject to natural and artificial induced change

• 6. Hazardous earth processes• There have always been earth processes that are hazardous

to people. These natural hazards must be recognized and avoided where possible and their threat to human life and property minimized.

• 7. Geology as a basic environmental science• The fundamental component of every person‟s environment

is the geologic component, and understanding our environment requires broad-based comprehension and appreciation of the earth sciences and related disciplines.

• 8. Our obligation to the future• The effects of land use tend to be cumulative, and therefore

we have an obligation to those who follow us.

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 7

1. Population growth

• Gareth Harden :

• Population increases; impact

increases; more resources

are needed.

• Problems:-• Pollution of ground and surface

waters;

• hazardous waste;

• exposure of people and human

structures to natural hazards.

Total environmental impact of population = product of impact per person

x the population

World population• World population

• 1830 – 1930: Human

population doubled from

1B-2B

• 2007: 6.6 billion

• 2010 : 6.9 billion people

on earth;

• Malaysia (27 M)

• Population bomb: exponential growth-very

dynamic process

• Human population

increases 1.4% annually

(Growth rate)

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 8

Exponential “J” shape

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 9

200 million lives

BOM POPULASI

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 10

• The present population is already over the comfortable carrying capacity for the planet.

• The role of education is paramount; greatest hope for population control

• Pessimistic scientists:• Population growth will take care of itself thru disease and

catastrophes (famine lack of food) ; WAR

• Optimistic scientists:• Hope we will find better ways to control the population of

the world within the limits of our available resources, space and other environmental needs.

1. Population growth (cont…)

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 11

BUBONIC PLAGUE (BLACK DEATH)

A disease spread by rats that causes fever,

swellings on the body and usually death

25-30m

Bacterial disease plague caused by the

bacterium Yersinia pestis1340

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 12

One family, one child policy in China

control the population of the world

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 13

ONE CHILD POLICY POPULATION

POLICY

?

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 14

• The World Commission on Environment and Development

defined sustainable development in 1987:

“Sustainable Development is a form

of progress that ensures human

development and that „meets the

needs of the present without

compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own

needs”

2. Pembangunan Mapan

Sustainability

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 15

+ Respecting the limits of

environment, resources

& biodiversity

+ Sustainable economy

(opportunity for all)

+ Polluter pays principle

+ Efficient resource use

+ tax (landfill tax; waste tax)

+ new tax structure to

encourage population control

and wise use of resources

+ Policy based on strong

scientific evidence

+ good governance

+ ensuring a strong,

healthy & just society

+Sistem sosial,

perundangan, politik dan

pelajaran

Lestari / Mapan / Mampan / Sustainability

Sustainable Development• 2 pendapat :

(1) Environmentalist

Perlu jaga alam sekitar agar generasi akan

datang tiada masalah dengan

kemusnahan yg berlaku

– Cth: Ozon layer dan kepupusan

spesies

(2) Economists

Generasi akan datang akan mewarisi

kekayaan yang dihasilkan dari

penggunaan sumber sekarang ini

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 16

£10 a slice (RM50)

Contoh

1. Tinggal di Seremban, memandu kereta NAZA

RIA seorang diri dan bekerja di UKM Bangi.

Merokok semasa memandu. Memakan

makanan yang ditanam dengan

menggunakan bahan kimia pesticide

2. Tinggal di Bandar Baru Bangi, menaiki

basikal ke tempat kerja di UKM Bangi dan

tidak merokok. Memakan makanan yang

ditanam sendiri secara organik

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 17

Contoh

1. Tinggal di Seremban, memandu kereta NAZA

RIA seorang diri dan bekerja di UKM Bangi.

Merokok semasa memandu. Memakan

makanan yang ditanam dengan

menggunakan bahan kimia pesticide

2. Tinggal di Bandar Baru Bangi, menaiki

basikal ke tempat kerja di UKM Bangi dan

tidak merokok. Memakan makanan yang

ditanam sendiri secara organik

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 18

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 19

• A system:

– Any defined part of the universe that we select for study

• Eg. A planet; a volcano; an ocean basin, river

• The Earth as a system

– A system with 4 parts• Atmosphere (air); hydrosphere (water); biosphere

(life); lithosphere (rock,soil); others:-humanosphere; oxysphere; cryosphere

• Responsible for the surface features of the earth

• Any change in magnitude/frequency of processes in one part causes changes in the other parts.

• “Principle of environmental unity”

3. Systems

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 20

Mountain uplift

2. Precipitation (affect local hydrosphere)

Ocean

1 * Steeper slope (affect

lithosphere)

*erosion

*rate/types of sediments

Produced – types of rocks

created wind

Prinsip Kesatuan Alam Sekitar / Principle of

environmental unity3. Biosphere –

types of

animals/plants

with new

environment

(Everything affects everything else)

atmosphere

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 21

• Earth is not static; rather, it is dynamic• Material and energy are constantly changing

• OPEN system

• True with respect to energy

– earth receives energy from the sun and radiates

energy back into space

• Exchange of matter

– Meteors fall to earth, and small amount of earth

material escapes into space as gas

• Earth‟s material is recycled within the

system• CLOSED system

• Water and rock cycles (analogous – space ship)

3. Systems (cont…)

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 22

• FEEDBACK -- system response

– Two types of feedback

• NEGATIVE feedback: inducing the system to

approach steady state (GOOD)

– Eg. Erosion to river system steady state

• POSITIVE feedback: vicious cycle

– Eg. Offroad vehicle use high erosion rate

3. Systems (cont…)

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 23Bayang-bayang

+ve?

-ve?

Growth Rate

• Exponential growth (slow to fast)

• 2 important measures:

– (1) the Growth Rate (%)

– (2) Doubling time

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 24

Doubling time

• Time for the quantity of whatever is being

measured to double

Rule of thumb: 70 ÷ growth rate

• Example, given Canada's net population

growth of 0.9% in the year 2006 (population 33

m), what is the doubling time?

• dividing 70 by 0.9 gives an approximate doubling time

of 78 years.

• Thus if the growth rate remains constant, Canada's

population will double from its current 33 million to 66

million by 2084.

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 25

YEAR POPULATION

1 60,000

2 66,000

3 72,600

4 79860

5 87846

6 96630

7 106294

8 116923

% of growth Rate = 10% per year

Doubling time = 70/n = 70/10 = 7 tahun

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 26

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Series2

Doubling Time (7 years)

Doubling time = 70 / n

n = growth rate (%)

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 27

(cancel out)

Example

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 28

Let us say that a certain population has 28 births

and 8 deaths per 1,000 people in that population

for a certain year.

How fast is that population growing or shrinking

for that year?

Annual Rate of Population Change

= 28 - 8 = 2 %

10

The population is growing at 2% per year

(Growth Rate)

Malaysia

• Population (2009): 28.3 million.

Annual growth rate: 2.0%.

• Berapa tahun jumlah populasi Malaysia

akan berganda menjadi 56 Juta

orang??

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 29

Doubling time = 70 / 2 = 35 tahun

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 30

• Predicting changes in systems

– INPUT OUTPUT ANALYSIS• Method for analyzing change in open systems

• 3 types of change:--

• INPUT = OUTPUT– Steady state; not net change occurs

– EG: (1) University students

(2) Incoming solar radiation = outgoing radiation

• INPUT<OUTPUT– Use of resources such as fossil fuels or groundwater

– Fuel or water completely used up

• INPUT>OUTPUT– The stock will increase

– Buildup of heavy metals in lakes

– Pollution of soil and water

3. Systems (cont…)

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 31

Dynamics of environmental component (Box model)

(Sink)

(Source) @ soil erosion

@ Sea floor sediment

Flux

Flux = pergerakan bahan dalam pool/reservoir

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 32

3. Systems (cont…)

• AVERAGE RESIDENCE TIME (ART)

– is a measure of the time it takes for the total stock

or supply of the material to be cycled through a

system.

– ART = Total size of the stock

the average rate transfer through the

system

– Example:

• If a reservoir holds 100 million cubic meters (m3) of water

and both the average input and output are 1m3/sec.

ART = 100 million m3

1m3/sec

= 100 million seconds (3.2 yrs)

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 33

Size of stock/pool

average rate of transfer

through the system

Residence time?

Rate of transfer?

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 34

Masa purata yang diambil

oleh bahan-bahan untuk

bergerak dalam satu

kitaran sistem

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 35

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 36

4. Limitation of resources

• Two fundamental truths

– 1. the earth is indeed the

only place to live that is

now accessible to us

– 2. our resources are

limited, and while some

resources are renewable,

many are not.

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 37

• Two major views on natural resources

– 1. Finding resources is not so much a problem

as is finding ways to use them (i.e. easy to find

new resources)

• Efficient and intelligent use of materials

– Use lightweight material to build a car

– New technology to save fuel

• We know more about extracting minerals than we

did in the past

– Find new resources faster

– Mining lower grade of minerals

• Recycling of resources can help us meet the needs

of the future.

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 38

Old computer into gold

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 39

Video: Recycling old computers

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 40

– 2. A finite definite limit resources cannot support an exponential growth of people forever. And we are in a resource crisis due to:--

• Improvements in medical technology contributing to over population

• Ever increasing gross national product based on obsolescence (design not to last long) and waste.

• The finite nature of the minerals

• Increased risk of damage to the environment as a result of overpopulation, waste, deforestation, burning of fossil fuels, overuse of resources (water, energy, soil, minerals, animals, forests)

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 41

Sumber• Sumber mineral tak pernah habis tetapi

menyusut nilai ekonominya “economically

depleted”• Kos mengekstrak dan penggunaan mineral yang tinggal

melebihi nilai ekonomi mineral berkenaan.

•Economically depleted = apabila 80%

dari kandungan mineral tersebut telah

diekstrak keluar dan digunakan.

•Kos bertambah untuk mengeluarkan

dan memproses mineral yang masih

tinggal (20%)

Ada 6 pilihan untuk mengatasi masalah sumber:--

1) Cari lagi (Carigali atau galicari)

“petronas carigali”

2) Recycle atau Reuse

3) Waste less

4) Use less (Reduce)

5) Cari bahan/teknologi ganti– sinthesis bahan

– alternative

6) Tunggu berjuta-juta tahun untuk

mendapatkan sumber yang baru

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 42

styrene-butadiene rubbers

(S-SBR)

Konsep 3R

• Reduce

• Reuse

• Recycle

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 43

2 R Concept

1. Reduce

2. Reuse

4 R Concept

1. Reduce

2. Reuse

3. Recycle

4. Rethink

+ Refuse

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 44

Recycling

Ingot – solid piece of metal shaped like a brick

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 45

5. Uniformitarianism

• The “present is the key to the

past” • James Hutton (1785)

• GAIA Hypothesis

• Fundamental concept of earth

sciences

• The process that we observe

today also operated in the past

Glacier valley

Ancient Gravel

• Examples:• Glacier valley

• Ancient gravel deposit on

the mountain

Gaia Hypothesis

• 1785 James Hutton “the father of

geology” said “Planet earth is a

super organism”

– Circulation of earth’s water = blood

– Ocean (heart of earth); forest (lung)

• 1970: James Lovelock introduced the

Gaia hypothesis

– Gaia (Greek goddess of the land)

– the earth is one super-organism

which can act to self regulate

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 46

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 47

5. Uniformitarianism

• The “present is the key to the

future”• The effects of human activity on natural

earth processes (eg. Flooding)

• Increase OR decrease the frequency &

magnitude

• Use the past and present to predict the

future

• Eg: recent mudflow deposits on the area

proposed for housing development.

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 48

5. Uniformitarianism

• Effect of human activity may be

very pronounced in a local area• Erosion:

– Construction site or cut slope is higher than

a total erosion in the jungle/forest/agriculture

area

– Eg: 1 year cutslope = many years jungle

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 49

6. Hazardous earth processes

• Earth processes hazardous to people

• Must be recognized and avoided

• Reduce threat to human life and

property

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 50

6. Hazardous earth processes

• Conflict between human vs nature

• Earth processes cause loss of

life/property damage• Flooding; earthquakes; volcanic; landslides;

mudflows

• Earth scientists – identified potentially hazardous processes

– make info available to planners/decision makers

– avoiding/minimizing the threat to human

life/property

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 51

Mount St. Helens

Sebelum Selepas

"Vancouver! Vancouver!

This is it!"[

30-year-old

volcanologist

David A. Johnston

Mount St Helen (May 18, 1980)

Hazard map of volcanic eruption

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 52

Kenalpasti kawasan berisiko dan maklumkan kepada orang ramai /

pemerintah / policy maker etc

Houses on fault, whose fault is it?

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 53

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 54

7. Geology as a basic environmental science

• All geology can be considered environmental

• Be aware of contribution from other fields:– Biology, chemistry, env law, architecture, and

engineering, economic, etc.

• Strong interdisciplinary interest

• Most projects are complex• Physical; biological; human use & interest

• Physical factors -- geography; geologic processes; hydrologic processes; rock and soil types; climatology

• Biologic factors – nature of plant and animal; changes in biologic condition

• Human use and interest factors – land use, economics, aesthetics

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 55

Example

• The planning, construction, and operation of sanitary landfill site:--

– Physical factors:

• Physical location, topographic;

• Soil type & hydrologic condition

– Biologic processes:

• Decay of organic refuse;

• contamination of biologic realm;

– Human interests:

• Good engineering practice

• Compliance with laws and regulations

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 56

8. Our obligation to the future

• Prehistoric people: minimum impact

• Hunted Game !!!

• “Memburu dan kadang-kadangdiburu”

• Use of fire; agriculture; population increase; need more food; cut more trees (+ve feedback); waste problem

• The effects of land use tend to be cumulative, and therefore we have an obligation to those who follow us (sustainable development).

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 57

8. Our obligation to the future

• Human activity remove soil or rock more than any other earth processes– Mountain building; river transport;

glasiers

– “Human activity is the most siginificant process shaping the planet”

• Land use or Land abuse or Land misuse– Mining

– Land clearance for development– “one generation of people replaces another,

but productive soils destroyed are seldom restorable and never replaceable”

dwzwy :: 2010/2011 58

TAMAT