Semporna Marine Ecological Expedition

WWF-Malaysia Project Report with NCB Naturalis and

Universiti Malaysia Sabah

February 2012

© WWF-Malaysia / Eric Madeja

WWF-Malaysia PJ Office (HQ) 49, Jalan SS23/15 Taman SEA 47400 Petaling Jaya Selangor, Malaysia Tel: +60 3 7803 3772 Fax: +60 3 7803 5157 E-mail: contacus@wwf.org.my Copyright © 2012 WWF-Malaysia. All right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, Stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. The opinions of the authors articulated in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of WWF-Malaysia. Design and layout by Ken Kassem and Angela Lim Suggested citation: K.Kassem, B.Hoeksema, Affendi. YA. (eds) (2012) Semporna Marine Ecological Expedition. WWF-Malaysia, NCB Naturalis, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. Kota Kinabalu Malaysia. Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing –in-Publication Data Semporna marine ecological expedition / compiled by K. Kassem,

B. Hoeksema, Affendi YA Bibliography: p.200 ISBN 978-967-0237-18-3 1. Marine ecology--Sabah--Semporna. 2. Reef ecology--Sabah--Semporna. I. K. Kassem. II. Hoeksema, Bert. III. Affendi Yang Amri. IV. WWF Malaysia. V. NCB Naturalis. VI. Universiti Malaya. VII. Universiti Malaysia Sabah. 577.70959521

Printed in Malaysia

Semporna Marine Ecological Expedition

Compiled by

K.Kassem, B.Hoeksema, Affendi YA

Report Produced Under Project MY0256I Facilitating Collaborative Management of Coral Reefs and Adjacent Ecosystems with

Tourism and Fisheries: Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia

February 2012

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Table of Contents

Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................i

Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ iii

Executive Summary................................................................................................................iv

1. Introduction..........................................................................................................................1 1.1 Objectives.........................................................................................................................................2 1.2 Methodology ....................................................................................................................................2 1.3 Expedition Dive sites and GPS Coordinates: ...............................................................................3 1.4 Team Member Details and Tasks ..................................................................................................6

2. Biodiversity surveys .............................................................................................................7

2. Biodiversity surveys .............................................................................................................8 2.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................8 2.2 Hard Corals (Families Fungiidae, Agariciidae and Euphyllidae) ..............................................9 2.3 Fish Fauna .....................................................................................................................................43 2.4 Palaemonoid Shrimps ...................................................................................................................65 2.5 Stony Corals and their associated Coral Gall Crabs .................................................................73 2.6 Ovulidae associated with Octocorallia ........................................................................................76 2.7 Macroalgae ....................................................................................................................................82

3. Reef status.........................................................................................................................123 3.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................123 3.2 Materials and methods ...............................................................................................................125 3.3 Results & Discussion...................................................................................................................126 3.3 Results & Discussion...................................................................................................................127 3.4 Substrate cover............................................................................................................................134

Southern Coral Reefs ......................................................................................................................136 Northern Coral Reefs ......................................................................................................................139 Tun Sakaran Marine Park Coral Reefs ...........................................................................................141 Northwest Coral Reefs ....................................................................................................................144 Oceanic Coral Reefs........................................................................................................................147

3.5 Fish density ..................................................................................................................................148 Snapper............................................................................................................................................148 Moray eel.........................................................................................................................................150 Parrotfish ........................................................................................................................................152 Bumphead parrotfish.......................................................................................................................154 Humphead wrasse ...........................................................................................................................156 Barramundi cod...............................................................................................................................158 Sweetlips (Haemulidae)...................................................................................................................160 Butterflyfish .....................................................................................................................................162 Grouper size classes........................................................................................................................164

3.6 Invertebrate density ....................................................................................................................167 Diadema ..........................................................................................................................................167 Banded coral shrimp .......................................................................................................................169 Crown-of-Thorns Seastar (COTS)...................................................................................................171 Triton Shell......................................................................................................................................173

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Sea Cucumber .................................................................................................................................175 Collector Urchin .............................................................................................................................177 Pencil Urchin ..................................................................................................................................179 Lobster.............................................................................................................................................181 Giant Clam size classes...................................................................................................................183

3.7 Impacts.........................................................................................................................................190 Trash (Fishnets and General) .........................................................................................................190 Coral Disease (Black Band and White Band) .................................................................................192 Coral Bleaching ..............................................................................................................................194 Coral Damage .................................................................................................................................196

3.8 Conclusion and recommendations.............................................................................................203 3.9 References ....................................................................................................................................205 4. Communications ...........................................................................................................................206

© WWF-Malaysia / Eric Madeja

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Acknowledgements This project was carried out as a partnership between:

• Universiti Malaysia Sabah (Prof Dr Ridzwan Abdul Rahman) • Universiti Malaya (Affendi Yang Amri) • NCB Naturalis (Dr Bert Hoeksema) • WWF-Malaysia

We are grateful for the outstanding support and cooperation from:

• Semporna District Office (Abdul Mohamad Ibnu, Norsih Nusuri) • Department of Fisheries Sabah (Rayner Datuk Stuel Galid, Dr Norasma Dacho) • Sabah Parks (Paul Basintal, Dr Maklarin Larkin, Fazrullah Rizaly) • Sabah Economic Planning Unit (Gwendolen Vu) • Economic Planning Unit • Universiti Malaysia Sabah • Universiti Malaya • Universiti Malaysia Sarawak • Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia • Old Dominion University • The staff and crew of the MV Celebes Explorer • Nina Ho and Betty Gaisong for their organizational skills, enthusiasm and patience. • Angela Lim for communications and media relations. • Gavin Jolis and Nattelee Lim for ground support in Semporna. • Treasure Images Sdn Bhd and Eric Madeja for being a one-man film, edit and

photography crew.

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Executive Summary The Semporna reef complex is located within the Coral Triangle region, where the highest numbers of marine species are found. Semporna has the largest concentration of reefs within Malaysia. Semporna is unusual because of its rich mix of reef types, representing 5 major geomorphological reef types, which include a proto-atoll, an offshore seamount, fringing reefs, patch reefs, and a barrier reef formation. Such areas usually have high levels of biodiversity because of the mix of habitat types and ecosystems. There is one existing marine protected area in the district which covers 350 km2

out of the approximately 7,680 km2

of Semporna PCA. The Tun Sakaran Marine Park contains 8 islands and is the first marine protected area in Malaysia to include local communities within its boundaries. Sipadan Island’s waters are proposed as a park and the intention to gazette was published in mid-2009. Previous reef status surveys from WWF-Malaysia in year 2009 found that there are no reefs with more than 75% live coral cover (those surveys did not include Sipadan or the Tun Sakaran Marine Park). Marine biologists from Malaysia, the Netherlands and the USA assessed the marine biodiversity and coral reef health during the expedition onboard MV Celebes Explorer from 29 November to 18 December 2010. The expedition was organized by WWF-Malaysia, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Universiti Malaya (UM) and the Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity (NCB) Naturalis. The results show that Semporna rivals the top spots in the Coral Triangle in terms of coral, fish and shrimp taxa. However, the state of the reefs is worrying. Mushroom coral species (Family Fungiidae) were counted as a proxy for coral species richness. A total of 44 species were recorded from 63 sites. The mushroom coral species composition at each site was variable and depended on the reef condition. Species diversity was generally higher at reefs close to the mainland, with the highest diversity at Maiga Island (Site 41) in the Tun Sakaran Marine Park and Batik Kulambu Island (Site 53) in Darvel Bay. Both sites recorded 29 species. Semporna PCA shows two clusters of mushroom coral distributions. The first cluster comprises the barrier reef area, Sipadan and some of the outer northeastern reefs. The second cluster centers around northwestern reefs and those of Darvel Bay and the Tun Sakaran Marine Park. The total of 44 species of mushroom corals that have been recorded from this expedition surpasses other areas with very high biodiversity in the Coral Triangle such as Berau, East Kalimantan and Raja Ampat, West Papua. Both of these sites recorded 41 and 40 species of mushroom corals, respectively, and to date Semporna holds the record for the highest species diversity of this coral family. The fish surveys also found high richness. The surveys focused on reef-dwelling fish and some pelagics as encountered in the Semporna fish markets. The total reef fish diversity of Semporna recorded during the roving surveys and rotenone stations consists of 690 species belonging to 265 genera and 72 families. The total number of species recorded from market surveys was 141, of which 78 were not recorded during the roving surveys, resulting in a combined diversity of 768 species for the entire expedition. Conventional methods of predicting fish richness indicates that Semporna may reach, with further surveys, 966 species. This puts Semporna in the top 5 sites in the Coral Triangle for fish richness.

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Other taxa surveyed included reef-dwelling shrimps, coral-dwelling gall crabs, and ovidulae snails. The surveys found 104 species of shrimps, which ties with Ternate, Indonesia as the highest in the Coral Triangle. The surveys of gall crabs and ovulidae have contributed to a growing literature on these relatively unknown taxa. The algae surveys found more than 130 species. Further confirmation of specimens is being conducted at Universiti Malaya. The distribution of algae around Semporna was highly varied with high richness found at reefs throughout the study area. Many of the taxa are considered rare within the Semporna PCA. The reef status team surveyed 106 transects at 60 sites. Using a modified version of the standard Reef Check methodology, they assessed substrate cover, fish densities, invertebrate densities, and impacts. The results show that for substate cover, only 5 stations out of the 109 (5%) are found to be ‘Excellent’, 25 stations (23%) ‘Good’, 41 stations (38%) ‘Fair’ and 38 stations (35%) are at ‘Poor’ status. The fish density surveys showed low densities of nearly all indicator groups including snapper, parrotfish, humphead wrasse, and groupers.

© WWF-Malaysia / Eric Madeja

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Ringkasan Eksekutif Kawasan terumbu karang Semporna yang terletak di dalam kawasan Segitiga Terumbu Karang mempunyai jumlah spesies marin tertinggi yang boleh ditemui. Semporna juga adalah kawasan kepadatan terumbu karang yang paling tinggi di Malaysia. Semporna adalah unik kerana mempunyai jenis terumbu karang yang mewakili 5 jenis terumbu geomorfologi yang utama, termasuk proto-atol - sejenis gunung dasar laut, terumbu pinggir, terumbu tompokan dan pembentukan sebuah terumbu sawar. Kawasan seperti ini mempunyai biodiversiti yang tinggi kerana adanya pelbagai jenis habitat dan ekosistem.

Taman Marin Tun Sakaran merupakan sebuah kawasan perlindungan marin yang meliputi keluasan 350 km2 daripada jumlah keluasan Kawasan Pemuliharaan Prioriti (Priority Conservation Area-PCA) Semporna iaitu 7,680 km2. Taman marin tersebut mempunyai 8 pulau dan merupakan kawasan perlindungan marin yang pertama di Malaysia merangkumi penduduk tempatan. Perairan Pulau Sipadan telah dicadang untuk diwartakan sebagai kawasan perlindungan marin pada pertengahan tahun 2009. Mengikut kaji selidik yang dilakukan oleh WWF-Malaysia pada tahun 2009, didapati bahawa tiada terumbu karang yang mempunyai liputan karang hidup melebihi 75%, namun kaji selidik tersebut tidak merangkumi Pulau Sipadan atau Taman Marin Tun Sakaran.

Penyelidik biologi marin dari Malaysia, Belanda dan Amerika Syarikat telah membuat kajian ke atas biodiversiti marin dan kesihatan terumbu karang dalam sebuah ekspedisi pelayaran di atas kapal MV Celebes Explorer dari 29 November hingga 18 Disember 2010. Ekspedisi ini dianjurkan oleh WWF-Malaysia, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Universiti Malaya (UM) dan Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity (NCB) Naturalis.

Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa Semporna mempunyai kepelbagaian hidupan marin yang tinggi dan setaraf dengan kawasan lain dalam Kawasan Segitiga Terumbu Karang terutamanya untuk taksa batu karang, ikan dan udang. Namun, status kesihatan terumbu karang adalah dilaporkan dalam keadaan yang membimbangkan.

Spesies batu karang dari Famili Fungiidae telah digunakan sebagai proksi untuk kepelbagaian spesies batu karang secara keseluruhan. Sebanyak 44 spesies direkodkan daripada 63 tapak kajian. Komposisi spesies batu karang Fungiidae ini adalah berbeza di setiap tapak kajian dan bergantung kepada keadaan terumbu karang di tapak tersebut. Secara umumnya, kepelbagaian spesies adalah lebih tinggi di kawasan terumbu karang berhampiran tanah besar dengan kepelbagaian paling tinggi dicatatkan di Pulau Maiga (Tapak kajian 41) di Taman Marin Tun Sakaran dan Pulau Batik Kulambu (Tapak kajian 53) di Teluk Darvel. Kedua-dua tapak kajian merekodkan sebanyak 29 spesies batu karang Famili Fungiidae. Kawasan Pemuliharaan Prioriti Semporna menunjukkan taburan dua (2) kelompok batu karang Famili Fungiidae ini. Kelompok pertama ditemui di kawasan terumbu sawar, tebing karang Pulau Sipadan dan kawasan terumbu karang di arah timur laut. Kelompok kedua pula didapati di sekitar kawasan barat laut dan juga di Teluk Darvel dan Taman Marin Tun Sakaran. Jumlah 44 spesies terumbu karang Famili Fungiidae yang direkodkan sepanjang ekspedisi ini merupakan kepelbagaian tertinggi jika dibandingkan dengan kawasan lain di dalam kawasan Segitiga Terumbu Karang seperti Berau, Kalimantan Timur dan Raja Ampat, Papua Barat. Kedua-dua kawasan tersebut merekodkan sebanyak 41 dan 40 spesies terumbu karang Famili Fungiidae. Setakat ini Semporna memegang rekod untuk jumlah spesies yang tertinggi untuk batu karang Famili ini.

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Kajian ke atas ikan juga mencatatkan jumlah kepelbagaian yang tinggi. Kaji selidik yang dijalankan tertumpu kepada jenis ikan terumbu karang dan beberapa pelagik yang ditemui di pasar ikan Semporna. Jumlah biodiversiti ikan terumbu karang yang didapati di Semporna dengan menggunakan kaedah ‘roving surveys’ dan ‘rotenone stations’ adalah 690 spesies yang terdiri daripada 265 genera dan 72 famili. Jumlah spesies yang direkodkan daripada kaji selidik yang dijalankan di pasar ikan adalah sebanyak 141 dimana antaranya 78 jenis yang tidak ditemui semasa ‘roving surveys’. Ini menjadikan jumlah keseluruhan kepelbagaian ikan dicatatkan di sepanjang ekspedisi adalah sebanyak 768 spesies. Kaedah konventional dalam mengganggarkan kepelbagaian jenis ikan di Semporna menunjukkan kemungkinan bagi jumlah tersebut untuk mencapai sehingga 966 spesies ikan. Dengan itu, Semporna dikenalpasti sebagai salah satu dari 5 kawasan kepelbagaian ikan tertinggi di Kawasan Segitiga Terumbu Karang.

Taksa lain yang dikaji selidik termasuk udang, ketam ‘gall’ dan siput ovidulae terumbu karang. Hasik kaji selidik menemui 104 jenis udang, iaitu jumlah yang sama ditemui di Ternate, Indonesia iaitu jumlah tertinggi di dalam Kawasan Segitiga Terumbu Karang. Kajian keatas ketam ‘gall’ dan siput ovidulae terumbu karang telah menambahkan pengetahuan ke atas taksa yang masih belum diketahui secara luas ini.

Kajian terhadap alga mencatatkan jumlah sebanyak 130 spesies. Pengesahan lanjutan sedang dijalankan di Universiti Malaya. Taburan spesies alga di sekitar Semporna adalah amat pelbagai dan tinggi di terumbu karang di kawasan kajian. Kebanyakan dari taksa adalah dianggap jarang ditemui di kawasan pemuliharaan marin Semporna.

Kumpulan penyelidik yang membuat kajian ke atas status terumbu karang telah membuat kajian untuk 106 transek di 60 tapak kajian. Dengan menggunakan kaedah ReefCheck yang diubahsuai, kajian ke atas litupan substrat, densiti ikan, densiti invertebrat, dan impak ke atas terumbu karang telah dijalankan. Hasil kajian mendapati untuk litupan substrat hanya 5 stesen daripada jumlah keseluruhan 109 stesen (5%) adalah dalam keadaan “Amat Baik”, 25 stesen (23%) mencatatkan keadaan “Baik”, 41 stesen (38%) dalam keadaan “Memuaskan” dan 38 stesen (35%) adalah dalam keadaan “Tidak Baik”. Hasil kajian ke atas densiti ikan menunjukkan densiti yang rendah untuk hampir kesemua kumpulan ikan penunjuk spesies iaitu ikan jenahak, ketarap, bayan-bayan dan kerapu.

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1. Introduction At the southeast corner of the Malaysian Bornean state of Sabah lies the Semporna district and Semporna town. The district is bounded on the west by the districts of Kunak and Tawau. To the north and south lie inlets of the Sulawesi Sea, Darvel Bay and Cowie Bay respectively. Semporna town, at the eastern tip of the Semporna Peninsula is the main trading town for more than 50 islands which lie east of the peninsula. The Sulawesi Sea is part of the Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion and the ecological definition of the Coral Triangle.

The Semporna reef complex is located within the Coral Triangle region, where the highest numbers of marine species are found. Semporna has the largest concentration of reefs within Malaysia. Semporna is unusual because of its rich mix of reef types, representing 5 major geomorphological reef types, which include a proto-atoll, an offshore seamount, fringing reefs, patch reefs, and a barrier reef formation. Such areas usually have high levels of biodiversity because of the mix of habitat types and ecosystems. There is one existing marine protected area in the district which covers 350 km2 out of the approximately 7,680 km2 of Semporna PCA. The Tun Sakaran Marine Park contains 8 islands and is the first marine protected area in Malaysia to include local communities within its boundaries. Sipadan Island’s waters are proposed as a park and the intention to gazette was published in mid-2009. Previous reef status surveys from WWF-Malaysia found that there are no reefs with more than 75% live coral cover (those surveys did not include Sipadan or the Tun Sakaran Marine Park). Marine biologists from Malaysia, the Netherlands and the USA assessed the marine biodiversity and coral reef health during the expedition onboard MV Celebes Explorer from

Semporna

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29 November to 18 December 2010. The expedition was organized by WWF-Malaysia, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Universiti Malaya (UM) and the Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity (NCB) Naturalis. The expedition was launched on the 29th of November 2009 by Mr. Norsih Nusuri, the Assistant District Officer of Semporna. 1.1 Objectives

• Assessment of coral reef biodiversity including reef fish and associated reef fauna richness

The biodiversity on the reef can be compared between different sites (within Semporna), as well as with other areas within the Coral Triangle (e.g. Berau, Raja Ampat, Ternate, etc.), and Malaysia in particular. There is no definitive count of the species richness across a wide range of habitats in Semporna. This is important to determine the areas of high potential for diving tourism, conservation and other economic activities in the future.

• Assessment of coral reef status and reef population health A ‘snapshot’ of the reef health will be assessed for each site at two depths using a modified Reef Check methodology and reef profiling. This will complement the surveys which were completed in 2008 (Ho and Kassem 2009) which show that the overall condition of Semporna’s reefs is in the “poor” and “fair” categories. Recurring surveys are important to determine a trend of reef status in the area.

• Conservation and outreach Establish the value of the Semporna area for diving tourism in combination with coral reef conservation, based on its reef status, which includes information on species richness and the occurrence of rare and endemic species. The Semporna Priority Conservation Area is listed as globally-outstanding for its biodiversity in the Tri-national Conservation Plan of the Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion (SSME). In addition, the SSME is one of the priority seascapes of the Coral Triangle Initiative which was signed by the Heads of State of the 6 Coral Triangle counties in 2009. 1.2 Methodology There were several concurrent surveys conducted during the assessment of coral reefs. Each survey employed slightly different methodologies to ensure compatibility and comparability with previous surveys in Semporna and throughout the Coral Triangle. A small team of international and local scientists conducted the entire survey. Each team made 2-3 survey dives or outings per day throughout the Semporna reef complex. The sites were selected using nautical maps, satellite images and GPS. The survey was conducted from the liveaboard boat, MV Celebes Explorer (based in Semporna). Coral reef biodiversity – An inventory of corals, fishes and associated reef fauna species was made during SCUBA dives using the Roving Diver technique. Species records were used in a species richness estimation analysis for species presence-absence comparisons (see Hoeksema 2004, Hoeksema & Koh, 2009). Specimens of particular scientific interest were collected for the reference collections of the participating institutes for further identification (Borneo Marine Research Institute of Universiti Malaysia Sabah at Kota Kinabalu, Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis at Leiden). In addition, specimens were collected for molecular phylogenetic (evolutionary) comparisons and phylogeographic studies on connectivity.

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Coral reef status – A single ‘snapshot’ of Semporna’s coral reef health was established using modified and supplemented Reef Check (Hodgson et al., 2006) and Asean Australian methods (English et al., 1997). In addition to this, reef profiling was conducted at all sites and random swims and quadrat photos were made at shallow reefs or reef flats. Most sites were also supplemented with underwater video transects. By being based on a liveaboard boat, the teams were able to make several dives per day. The biodiversity team used the WWF-Malaysia catamaran Kahumbu, while the reef status team used the diving skiff of the MV Celebes Explorer. The two teams would dive in similar sites 2 to 3 times per day while the MV Celebes Explorer moved between sites. Usually 2 dives were made in the morning and 1 or 2 dives were made in the afternoon and early evening. In the evenings and between dives, the biodiversity team used the MV Celebes Explorer upper deck to process collected specimens. In the evenings both teams focused on data entry. Permits for collections were obtained from Department of Fisheries Sabah. Permits for data collection in the Sabah Parks’ sites were obtained from Sabah Parks. All expedition participants from overseas obtained research permits from the Economic Planning Unit and research passes from the Department of Immigration in Sabah. 1.3 Expedition Dive sites and GPS Coordinates: Dive site for all team Dive site for biodiversity team Dive site for reef status team

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Date Dive Site Latitude (N)

Biodiversity Team

Longitude (E) Biodiversity Team

Latitude (N) Reef Status Team

Longitude (E) Reef Status Team

28/11/10 Check dive

Semporna Fish Cage 04⁰ 29' 02.0'' 118⁰ 37' 20.11'' 04⁰ 29' 02.0'' 118⁰ 37' 20.11''

29/11/10 1 Mid Rock, Roach Reef 04⁰ 10' 39.0'' 118⁰ 18' 12.1'' 04⁰ 10' 48.1'' 118⁰ 18' 31.2''

2 Second Reef, Roach Reef 04⁰ 10' 31.5'' 118⁰ 17' 53.5'' 04⁰ 10' 32.5'' 118⁰ 17' 54.5''

30/11/10 3 Hand Rock 04⁰ 08' 24.5'' 118⁰ 10' 44.3'' 04⁰ 08' 23.0'' 118⁰ 10' 41.6'' 4 Darby Bank 04⁰ 06' 42.8'' 118⁰ 13' 39.7'' 04⁰ 06' 42.8'' 118⁰ 13' 39.7'' 5 Alert Patches 2 04⁰ 09' 38.5" 118⁰ 15' 36.3" 04⁰ 09' 37.7" 118⁰ 15' 37.3" 6 Alert Patches 3 04⁰ 09' 46.7" 118⁰ 16' 35.8" 04⁰ 09' 46.8" 118⁰ 16' 36.0" 01/12/10 7 Erzherzog Reef 04⁰ 14' 26.5" 118⁰ 23' 35.2" 04⁰ 13' 49.8" 118⁰ 25' 00.0" 8 Horn Reef 04⁰ 14' 31.9" 118⁰ 26' 25,0" 04⁰ 14' 32.0" 118⁰ 26' 24.1" 9 Ligitan Reef 1 S 04⁰ 14' 05.8" 118⁰ 33' 26.7" 04⁰ 14' 07.7" 118⁰ 33' 22.7" 9A Ligitan Reef 2 N N/A N/A 04⁰ 14' 39.3" 118⁰ 33' 43.0" 9B Paradise 2, Mabul

Island 04⁰ 14' 56.7" 118⁰ 37' 54.7" N/A N/A

02/12/10 10 Stingray Valley, Kapalai Island 04⁰ 13' 05.4" 118⁰ 40' 20.0" 04⁰ 13' 04.8" 118⁰ 40' 20.1"

11 Cust Reef 1 S 04⁰ 16' 27.5" 118⁰ 42' 32.9" 04⁰ 16' 26.0" 118⁰ 42' 35.2" 12 Ribbon Valley 1,

Mabul Island 04⁰ 13' 49.8" 118⁰ 38' 12.3" 04⁰ 13' 50.3" 118⁰ 38' 10.8" 03/12/10 13 Ligitan Island 1

SW 04⁰ 11' 13.8" 118⁰ 47' 27.9" 04⁰ 11' 13.4" 118⁰ 47' 29.6" 14 Ligitan Island 2

SE 04⁰ 09' 35.8" 118⁰ 52' 22.2" 04⁰ 09' 38.4" 118� 52' 21.3" 15 Ligitan Island 3 E 04⁰ 12' 43.0" 118⁰ 54' 36.6" 04⁰ 12' 40.4" 118⁰ 54' 35.4" 04/12/10 16 Si Amil Island 04⁰ 18' 56.9" 118⁰ 52' 33.8" 04⁰ 19' 02.1" 118⁰ 52' 30.7" 17 Denawan Island 04⁰ 18' 55.9" 118⁰ 51' 03.6" 04⁰ 18' 53.1" 118⁰ 50' 59.7" 18 Ligitan Island 4

W 04⁰ 14' 06.5" 118⁰ 48' 26,5" 04⁰ 14' 07.3" 118⁰ 48' 27.1" 19 Cust Reef 2 N 04⁰ 17' 08,3" 118⁰ 42' 40,7" 04⁰ 17' 08.7" 118⁰ 42' 39.8" 05/12/10 20 Creach Reef 04⁰ 18' 58.8" 118⁰ 36' 17.3" 04⁰ 18' 57.4" 118⁰ 36' 18.4" 21 Sipanggau Island 04⁰ 22' 51.4" 118⁰ 36' 20.3" 04⁰ 22' 50.5" 118⁰ 36' 19.8" 22 Bumbun Island W

(channel) 04⁰ 27' 40.7" 118⁰ 38' 09.1" N/A N/A

07/12/10 23 Pasalat Reef 04⁰ 30' 47.8" 118⁰ 44' 07.8" 04⁰ 30' 50.0" 118⁰ 44' 30.9" 24 Bumbun Island E 04⁰ 26' .54.1" 118⁰ 46' 31.0" 04⁰ 27' 02.5" 118⁰ 46' 39.7" 25 Batura Reef 04⁰ 30' 48.6" 118⁰ 48' 31.2" 04⁰ 30' 49.1" 118⁰ 48' 30.7" 08/12/10 26 Boheyan Island 04⁰ 28' 00.9" 118⁰ 56' 51.6" 04⁰ 28' 05.6" 118⁰ 56' 50.8" 27 Timba timba

Island 04� 33' 37.7" 118� 55' 30.4" 04� 33' 39.2" 118� 55' 29.3" 28 Pandanan Island 04� 34' 36.0" 118� 55' 14.1" 04� 34' 40.7" 118� 55' 13.4" 29 Sweetlips Rock,

Mataking Island 04� 34' 57.6" 118� 56' 46.5" 04� 35' 09.6" 118� 56' 45.4" 09/12/10 30 Kulapuan Island 1

S 04� 30' 41.3" 118� 51' 58.4" 04� 30' 42.8" 118� 51' 57.5" 31 Kulapuan Island 2

N 04� 32' 09.6" 118� 50' 18.6" 04� 32' 07.4" 118� 50' 18.2"

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32 Pom pom Island 04� 35' 29.8" 118� 51' 43.1" 04� 35' 30.6" 118� 51' 41.2" 33 Kapikan Reef 04� 38' 56.5" 118� 49' 15.0" 04� 39' 4.9" 118� 49' 18.2" 10/12/10 34 Mantabuan Island 04� 37' 56.0" 118� 47' 48.6" 04� 37' 57.6" 118� 47' 48.9" 35 Gaya Island 1 SE 04� 37' 29.0" 118� 46' 38.9" 04� 37' 30.4" 118� 46' 38.9" 36 Gaya Island 2 N 04� 37' 57.6" 118� 45' 32.3" 04� 37' 57.9" 118� 45' 31.7" 36B Gaya Island 3 N 04� 38' 32.5" 118� 44' 6.0" N/A N/A 11/12/10 37 Boheydulang

Island 1 S 04� 35' 00.3" 118� 46' 39.1" 04� 35' 00.4" 118� 46' 40.5" 38 Boheydulang

Island 2 outer reef 04� 34' 01.8" 118� 45' 27.5" 04� 34' 03.2" 118� 45' 27.1" 39 Tetagan Island

Inner Lagoon 04� 35' 55.4" 118� 43' 43.2" 04� 35' 56.9" 118� 43' 43.7" 40 Ribbon Reef 04� 36' 10.0" 118� 45' 53.6" 04� 36' 09.3" 118� 45' 53.5" 12/12/10 41 Maiga Island 04� 37' 32.2" 118� 40' 58.0" 04� 37' 32.5" 118� 40' 58.5" 42 Selakan Island 04� 34' 22.1" 118� 43' 04.3" 04� 34' 23.6" 118� 43' 02.5" 43 Sebangkat Island 04� 33' 19.9" 118� 39' 17.3" 04� 33' 18.9" 118� 39' 18.8" 43B Singamata

Pancang 04� 31' 21.0" 118� 37' 00.7" N/A N/A

13/12/10 44 Sibuan Island 04� 39' 01.9" 118� 39' 22.6" 04� 39' 03.4" 118� 39' 22.9" 45 Church Reef 1 04� 40' 54.9" 118� 39' 28.4" 04� 40' 54.1" 118� 39' 28.9" 46 Church Reef 2 04� 41' 10.5" 118� 38' 56.5" 04� 41' 10.0" 118� 38' 54.8" 47 Larapan Island 04� 34' 27.5" 118� 36' 15.0" 04� 34' 27.4" 118� 36' 15.5" 15/12/10 48 Timbun Mata

Island 04� 37' 59.6" 118� 35' 21.6" 04� 38' 46.6" 118� 35' 11.9" 49 Balusuan Island 04� 41' 07.9" 118� 32' 29.6" 04� 41' 08.0" 118� 32' 30.5" 50 Batik Island 04� 43' 09.2" 118� 28' 22.0" 04� 43' 33.0" 118� 28' 13.8" 16/12/10 51 Tabawan Island 04� 47' 15.6" 118� 25' 00.8" 04� 47' 14.1" 118� 25' 01.3" 52 Silumpat Island 04� 45' 58.7" 118� 23' 25.6" 04� 45' 57.7" 118� 23' 27.0" 53 Batik Kulambu

Island 04� 42' 02.1" 118� 23' 18.4" 04� 42' 03.3" 118� 23' 18.2" 54 Bakungan Island 04� 45' 11.1" 118� 29' 16.0" 04� 45' 12.8" 118� 29' 16.5" 17/12/10 55 Silawa Island 04� 34' 29.8" 118� 33' 59.6" 04� 34' 29.9" 118� 34' 01.2" 56 Mata Pahi Island 04� 34' 50.9" 118� 32' 49.4" 04� 34' 49.1" 118� 32' 48.4" 57 Larapan Island 2

S 04� 32' 51.1" 118� 36' 31.3" 04� 32' 51.1" 118� 36' 31.3" 58 Semporna

Mangrove 04� 27' 35.6" 118� 37' 33.6" 04� 27' 36.2" 118� 37' 34.2" 18/12/10 59A Mid Reef,

Sipadan Island N/A N/A 04� 06' 47.8" 118� 38' 10.1" 59B Barracuda Point,

Sipadan Island 04� 07' 12.0" 118� 37' 44.9" N/A N/A

60 Hanging Garden, Sipadan Island 04� 06' 45.3" 118� 37' 29.3" 04� 06' 40.3" 118� 37' 29.3"

6

1.4 Team Member Details and Tasks Biodiversity Research Team

Team Leader / Expedition Leader Dr. Bert W. Hoeksema Head of Department Marine Zoology, NCB Naturalis, Netherlands. Research field: Taxonomy, ecology, phylogeny, biogeography, and conservation of corals. Specialty in Mushroom coral (Fungidae)

Mrs. Zarinah Waheed PhD Student NCB Naturalis & Academic staff in Borneo Marine Research Institute, University Malaysia Sabah. Research Field: Hardcoral (Agariciidae & Euphyllidae), connectivity, coral reefs ecology.

Dr. Charles H.J.M. Fransen Researcher/Curator Crustacea NCB Naturalis, Netherlands. Research Field: taxonomy and systematics of shrimps of the subfamily Pontoniinae that live in association with other organisms.

Ms. Sancia E.T. van der Meij Research Associate, PhD Student, NCB Naturalis, Netherlands. Research Field: taxonomy and ecology of stony corals (Scleractinia) and coral gall crabs (Cryptochiridae)

Prof. Dr. Kent Carpenter Manager, Marine Biodiversity Unit, Species Programme, IUCN and Professor Old Dominion University, USA. Research Field: Coral Reef Fish (Ichtyology)

Mr. Bastian T. Reijnen Research Associate, PhD Student, NCB Naturalis, Netherlands. Research Field: Gastropod snails (Ovulidae) associated with soft corals and gorgonians.

Dr. Stefano Giovanni Angelo Draisma Visiting Senior Research Fellow, Institute of Ocean & Earth Sciences (IOES) ,Universiti Malaya (UM) Research Field: Macroalgae

Mr. Brian Stockwell Reef fish specialist, Old Dominion University, USA. Research Field: Reef fish ecology and conservation (especially Southeast Asia)

Mr. Mohd. Kassim B. Abd. Karim Park Ranger, Turtle Island Park, Sabah Parks. Research Field: Fish and marine turtles.

Reef Status Research Team Team Leader Mr. Affendi Yang Amri Academic staff in Universiti Malaya (UM) Research Field: Coral Reef Ecology Reef status research: Substrate & video transect

Mr. Kee Alfian Abd Adzis Academic staff in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Research Field: Marine Invertebrate Reef status research: substrate

Mr. Muhammad Ali Syed Husin Academic staff in Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) Research field: Marine Zoology Reef status research: Fish

Ms. Nina Ho Marine Conservation Biologist Reef status research: Fish

7

Dr. Aazani Mujahid Academic staff in Universiiy Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) Research Field: Physical Oceanography Reef Status research: Invertebrate & physical parameters

Ms. Munira Shaipudin Shah Master student in Universiti Malaya (UM) Research field: Sea anemone Reef status research: Invertebrate & Reef profilling

Mr. Nara Ahmad Research officer in Marine Research Unit, Tun Sakaran Marine Parks, Sabah Parks. Reef Status research: Reef profilling & transect laying

Mr. Carel Drijver Head of Oceans & Coasts Programme WWF-Netherlands Reef status research: Impacts & Invertebrate

Mr. Ken Kassem Head of Marine Conservation / SSME ManagerWWF-Malaysia Reef status research: Reef profiling & transect laying

Communicator / Photographer Ms. Angela Lim Senior Communications Officer SSME Programme, WWF-Malaysia

Mr. Eric Madeja Director / Photographer Treasure Images Sdn. Bhd.

© WWF-Malaysia / Eric Madeja

8

2. Biodiversity surveys 2.1 Introduction Hereby, we present the preliminary results of the biodiversity survey that was part of the Semporna Marine Ecological Expedition (SMEE) 2010. The outcome of the expedition will help to see which areas within the Semporna region are relatively rich in species, some of which are unique or rare. With regard to physical conditions, a major distinction can be made between the predominantly oceanic, wave-exposed reefs in the south and the mostly sheltered reefs in the north, especially those in Darvel Bay. This difference is also reflected in the species composition and richness of some taxa, like for instance some coral and fish families. Besides their application in conservation efforts, the results will be worked out and published in scientific journals. So far five short papers have been published and a sixth is accepted for publication. We aim to make those papers available through open access and to become freely available to the public. We hope that this shared knowledge will help to promote the Semporna region as a dive destination and that this will help to stop the use of destructive fishing methods. We are indebted to WWF-Malaysia and WWF-Netherlands for organizing this expedition, and to their sponsors for the financial support. We are grateful to our colleagues (of WWF, the reef status team, and the biodiversity team), Eric Madeja of Treasure Images Sdn Bhd, and the crew of MV Celebes Explorer for the cooperation.

© WWF-Malaysia / Eric Madeja

9

2.2 Hard Corals (Families Fungiidae, Agariciidae and Euphyllidae)

Zarinah Waheed and Bert W. Hoeksema Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity - Naturalis, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands E-mail: Zarinah.Waheed@ncbnaturalis.nl, Bert.Hoeksema@ncbnaturalis.nl The coral families Fungiidae, Agariciidae and Euphylliidae were chosen for the hard coral biodiversity study. These three families have a wide geographical distribution and are found in various reef habitats. Reliable data can be obtained on their species presence or absence by per reef area surveyed. It would be unrealistic to work with absolute maximum numbers of all coral species as this would decrease the precision of the data. Fungiidae Mushroom corals account for 10% of all reef-dwelling hard coral species. They are taxonomically well studied and are easily identified in the field. Areas with high richness of mushroom coral species usually have high richness of other corals as well. Mushroom corals belong to the Indo-Pacific family Fungiidae and has a total of 11 genera: Fungia (26 species), Heliofungia (1 species), Ctenactis (3 species), Herpolitha (1 species), Polyphyllia (2 species), Sandalolitha (3 species), Zoopilus (1 species), Halomitra (2 species), Cantharellus (3 species), Lithophyllon (3 species) and Podabacia (4 species). The genus Fungia is divided into seven subgenera (Hoeksema, 1989). However, a recent study by Gittenberger et al. (2011) suggested a revision in the classification of this family based on their molecular analyses. A total of 44 species of mushroom corals have been recorded from 63 sites during this expedition (Appendix 1). Data on the presence and absence of coral species per site were used for species richness analyses. The species richness estimators were calculated using the programme EstimateS (Colwell, 2009), in which the sample order is randomized and the values are averaged. The mean and standard deviation of species richness at each sample number are calculated and the curves are extrapolated to estimate the total species richness in an area (Magurran, 2004). The species accumulation curves show the rate at which other species are found and more sampling will uncover more species, making the accumulation curves arch upwards (Magurran, 2004). When the curves flatten out and reach an asymptote with minimal standard deviation (close to 0), additional species is not discovered. The present species accumulation curves show that the estimated species numbers (ICE, Chao 2) reaches the observed species number very closely with an error of less than one. In theory, additional sampling may reveal one more species (Fig. 1). The mushroom coral species composition at each site was variable and depended on the reef condition. Species diversity was generally higher at reefs close to the mainland, with the highest diversity at Maiga Island (Site 41) in the Tun Sakaran Marine Park and Batik Kulambu Island (Site 53) in Darvel Bay. Both sites recorded 29 species.

10

Fig. 1. Species accumulation curves indicating numbers (and standard deviations) of mushroom corals observed at Semporna from 63 dives (n=44). For statistics see Colwell (2009). Based on the species composition of mushroom corals, a cluster analysis was carried out to determine the similarity or differences in species composition among the sites. Several methods were used but the Ward’s minimum variance clustering method showed the clearest pattern. The sites were clustered into two main areas (Fig. 2 and 3), and seem to be separated by a line from Semporna in an East-northeast direction. The first area is from the outer reefs of the northeast to the south of Semporna, which includes the barrier reef formation and the oceanic island of Sipadan. These reefs are more exposed to the oceanic elements as compared to the first area. These reefs are not very well described, with the exception of Sipadan Island (Wood, 1987; Wood and Tan, 1987; Wood, 1994) and Mabul Island (Aw, 2009). The second area is towards the north of Semporna including the islands in Darvel Bay and most of the reef sites in the Tun Sakaran Marine Park. The reefs in the Park are composed of fringing reefs, atolls or ring reefs, platform reefs and reefs with low islands (see Wood, 1987 for detailed descriptions of the reef geomorphology within the park area). The reefs in Darvel Bay are also composed of fringing and patch reefs, however, unlike the reefs in the park area, these reefs are characterized by brown turbid waters with high humic content and sheltered conditions (Ditlev, 2003), especially towards the inner part of the bay. A comparison of the coral species composition of Semporna with other studied localities in the region shows that Semporna is within the cluster representing the Coral Triangle (Fig. 4). The total of 44 species of mushroom corals that have been recorded from this expedition

11

surpasses other areas with very high biodiversity in the Coral Triangle such as Berau, East Kalimantan and Raja Ampat, West Papua. Both of these sites recorded 41 and 40 species of mushroom corals, respectively, and to date Semporna holds the record for the highest species diversity of this coral family (Fig. 5). Some species have widespread distributions and can be considered common, such as Fungia (V.) repanda, Fungia (W.) granulosa, Herpolitha limax and Podabacia crustacea. Other species that were encountered at only few sites are rare and may be limited to a certain environments based on the reef type or preference, such as Fungia (C.) cyclolites, Podabacia sinai, Sandalolitha sp., Fungia (C.) hexagonalis, and Fungia (P.) taiwanensis (Plate 1). Some rare coral species only known from a few localities in the Coral Triangle, such as Lithophyllon ranjithi and Halomitra clavator, were also recorded (Plate 2). Previous studies documenting the species diversity of hard corals around Semporna are listed in Table 1. A comparison of the species diversity of mushroom corals from these previous studies and this present report is shown in Appendix 2. The previous studies did not record as many species as the recent expedition. The reason is two-fold: 1) it is difficult to identify and document all species (> 500) of hard corals on the reef as the focus is too broad, 2) these studies were carried out to determine the status of the reefs rather than concentrate solely on the species count of corals. For these reasons, rare and inconspicuous species were more easily overlooked in the previous studies. Table 1. Previous studies on status of coral reefs (including species list) in Semporna, Sabah

Location Publication

Bodgaya group of islands and reefs (now the Tun Sakaran Marine Park) and Sipadan Island

Wood (1987), Wood and Tan (1987)

Sipadan Island

Wood (1994 )

Darvel Bay

Ditlev et al. (1999), Ditlev (2003)

12

Fig. 2. Cluster analysis (Ward’s minimum variance clustering method) of hard coral family Fungiidae from 63 sites in Semporna. Numbers on the right side represent dive site numbers. Symbols on the left (triangle and circle) represent two separate clusters.

13

Fig. 3. Survey sites in Semporna showing two clusters based on mushroom coral species composition (Ward’s minimum variance clustering method)

Legend Cluster 1

Cluster 2

Reef < 5 m depth

Land

14

Fig. 4. Dendogram of cluster analysis showing the position of Semporna among other localities that has been studied. Semporna (marked by red) is situated within the orange box, which represents the cluster of the Coral Triangle area. Fig. 5. Mushroom coral species numbers based on presence / absence data with additional records (adapted after Hoeksema, 2007). Semporna is indicated by the red circle. Areas indicated by a question mark (?) will be surveyed in the near future.

? ?

15

Plate 1. Rare species of mushroom corals that were recorded in Semporna.

Sandalolitha sp.

Podabacia sinai (Veron, 2002) Fungia (P.) taiwanensis (Hoeksema and Dai, 1991)

Juvenile Fungia (C.) hexagonalis (Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848)

Adult Fungia (C.) hexagonalis

Fungia (C.) cyclolites (Lamarck, 1815)

16

Plate 2. Other rare mushroom coral species worldwide that were recorded in Semporna

Lithophyllon ranjithi (Ditlev, 2003)

Halomitra clavator (Hoeksema, 1989)

Fungia (V.) spinifer (Claereboudt and Hoeksema, 1987)

17

Agariciidae Corals of the family Agariciidae are represented by five genera in the Indo-Pacific: Leptoseris (15 species), Pavona (13 species), Gardineroseris (1 species), Coeloseris (1 species) and Pachyseris (5 species) (Veron and Pichon, 1979). In general, agariciid corals are found in a variety of reef habitats but Leptoseris species are more common in deeper reef environments. The growth forms of these corals may be massive (boulder-shaped) or laminar (plate-like). In Semporna, a total of 31 species of agariciid corals was documented from 59 dives (Appendix 3). The species accumulation curves show that the estimated species numbers (ICE, Chao 2) reach the observed species number asymptotically. Therefore sampling effort has been sufficient and additional sampling would not have resulted in more species (Fig. 6). Reefs with highest species diversity were generally found near the coast, with the exception of a few offshore reef sites such as Sipadan and Mataking Islands. The highest diversity of agariciid corals was recorded at Sibuan Island (Site 44). Fig. 6. Species accumulation curves indicating numbers (and standard deviations) of agariciid corals observed at Semporna during 59 dives (n=31). For statistics see Colwell (2009). Based on the species composition of agariciid corals, the sites were also clustered to two main areas (Fig. 7 and 8). Similar to the mushroom corals, the two distinct clusters seem to be separated by a similar line from Semporna in an East-northeast direction.

18

Some species are common and were found at more than 40 sites, such as Pachyseris speciosa, Pavona varians, Leptoseris cf. scabra, Gardineroseris planulata and Pavona explanulata (Plate 3). Leptoseris scabra is thought to be one of the most common Leptoseris species. However upon inspection of the type specimens from Hawaii, deposited in the Smithsonian Institution (USNM 20886 and USNM 20885), we found that the type specimens are small, with smaller corallites and finer septocostae than the specimens we found in Semporna. This variation could be related to the different locality or habitat type. On the other hand, it could also be a different species altogether. For these reasons the specimens were provisionally identified as Leptoseris cf. scabra until further examination can prove their identity. Rare species or species that were found at less than five sites are Leptoseris amitoriensis, Leptoseris solida, Leptoseris sp. and Pavona minuta (Plate 4). Leptoseris sp. is possibly Leptoseris fragilis and requires further examination. The comparison of the presently observed species diversity of agariciid corals with those of earlier studies in Semporna (Appendix 4) shows that the current expedition recorded more species. The reasons for this are similar to those mentioned previously under the mushroom coral section.

19

Fig. 7. Cluster analysis (Ward’s minimum variance clustering method) of the family Agariciidae recorded at 59 sites in Semporna. Numbers on the right side represent dive site numbers. Symbols on the left (triangle and circle) represent two separate clusters.

20

Fig. 8. Survey sites in Semporna showing two clusters based on agariciid species composition (Ward’s minimum variance clustering method)

Legend Cluster 1

Cluster 2

Reef < 5 m depth

Land

21

Plate 3. Common species of agariciid corals that were recorded at more than 40 sites in Semporna

Pachyseris speciosa (Dana, 1846)

Pavona varians (Verill, 1864) Leptoseris cf. scabra (Vaughan, 1907)

Gardineroseris planulata (Dana, 1846) Pavona explanulata (Lamarck, 1816)

Podabacia crustacea (mushroom coral) and Pachyseris speciosa (agariciid coral)

22

Plate 4. Rare or uncommon agariciid corals. These corals were encountered at less than five sites in Semporna

Leptoseris amitoriensis (Veron, 1990)

Leptoseris solida (Quelch, 1886)

Leptoseris sp.

23

Euphylliidae Coral family Euphylliidae is composed of five genera, all occurring in the Indo-Pacific, namely Euphyllia (8 species), Plerogyra (6 species), Physogyra (1 species), Catalaphyllia (1 species) and Nemenzophyllia (1 species). They are characterized by large-sized corallites with conspicuous tentacles that are usually extended all the time. The tentacles have the form of long tubes, bubble-like grapes, anchor or hammer-shaped, or even fleshy mantles, depending on the species. Generally, euphylliid corals can be found in various reef environments but some species have a preference for sheltered and turbid environments. Out of the total of 17 species of currently known euphylliid corals, 15 species were recorded during 59 dives in Semporna (Appendix 5). Similar to the agariciid corals, the species accumulation curves show that the estimated species numbers (ICE, Chao 2) reach the observed species number. Hence additional sampling would not have resulted in additional species (Fig. 9). The species diversity of euphylliid corals was highest at the coastal reefs rather than the oceanic reefs, as observed for the Agariciidae. The highest diversity was recorded at Timbum Mata Island (Site 48), while the lowest was at Mabul and Sipadan Islands (Sites 12 and 59, respectively). Fig. 9. Species accumulation curves indicating numbers (and standard deviations) of bubble corals observed at Semporna during 59 dives (n=15). For statistics see Colwell (2009).

24

Based on the cluster analysis, there was no distinct pattern in the species composition of euphylliid corals that could distinguish between the reefs of the area (Fig. 10 and 11). However, there were species that were found exclusively in the nearshore/coastal reefs such as Nemenzophyllia turbida, Euphyllia paradivisa, Plerogyra diabolotus and Plerogyra cauliformis (Plate 5). Frequently encountered (>40 sites) euphylliid coral species include Plerogyra sinuosa, Physogyra lichtensteini, Euphyllia glabrescens, Euphyllia ancora, and Euphyllia divisa. These species are also common in the area (Plate 6) Rare or uncommon euphylliid coral species are Euphyllia cristata and Plerogyra cauliformis and these two species were only encountered four times each and at different sites (Plate 7). The three new euphylliid coral species that were first discovered in Darvel Bay and described by Ditlev (2003) were also found during the expedition. Thus far these coral species have only been reported from this locality. Similar to the mushroom corals and agariciid corals, the species number of euphylliid corals recorded from this expedition is higher compared to those of the previous studies (Appendix 6).

25

Fig. 10. Cluster analysis (Ward’s minimum variance clustering method) of hard coral family Euphyllidae from 59 sites in Semporna. Numbers on the right side represent dive site numbers. Symbols on the left (triangle and circle) represents two separate clusters.

26

Fig. 11. Survey sites in Semporna showing two clusters based on euphyliid species composition (Ward’s minimum variance clustering method)

Legend Cluster 1

Cluster 2

Reef < 5 m depth

Land

27

Plate 5. Euphylliid coral species that were only recorded on the nearshore/coastal reefs in the north and northeast of Semporna

Nemenzophyllia turbida (Hodgson and Ross, 1981)

Euphyllia paradivisa (Veron, 1990)

Plerogyra diabolotus (Ditlev, 2003)

28

Plate 6. Common species of euphylliid corals that were recorded at more than 40 sites in Semporna

Plerogyra sinuosa (Dana, 1846)

Euphyllia glabrescens (Chamisso and Eysenhardt, 1821)

Euphyllia ancora (Veron and Pichon, 1979) host to shrimp Ancylomenes venustus, (Bruce 1989)

Euphyllia divisa (Veron and Pichon, 1979) Euphyllia divisa with the tentacles retracted

Physogyra lichtensteini (Milne-Edwards and Haime, 1851)

29

Plate 7. Rare or uncommon euphylliid coral species that was encountered in less than five sites in Semporna

Euphyllia cristata (Chevalier, 1971)

Plerogyra cauliformis (Ditlev, 2003)

30

References Aw, S.L. 2009. Impact of Tourism Development and Proposed Management Plan for Mabul Island, Sabah, Malaysia. M.Sc. Thesis, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. Colwell, R. K. 2009. EstimateS: Statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples. Version 8.2. User's Guide and application published at: http://purl.oclc.org/estimates. Ditlev, H., De Silva, M.W.R.N. and Ridzwan, A.R. 1999. Hard Corals of Darvel Bay. In: Ekspedisi Balaxea ’98. A study of living marine resources of Darvel Bat, Sabah, Malaysia. Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia. Pp 51 – 71 Ditlev, H. 2003. New scleractinian corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from Sabah, North Borneo. Description of one new genus and eight new species, with notes on their taxonomy and ecology. Zoologische Mededelingen 77 (1-14): 193-219 Gittenberger, A., Reijnen, B.T. and Hoeksema, B.W. 2011. A molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits. Contributions to Zoology, 80 (2): 107-132 Hoeksema, B.W. 1989. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 254: 1-295 Hoeksema, B.W. 2007. Delineation of the Indo-Malayan Centre of Maximum Marine Biodiversity: The Coral Triangle. In: W. Renema (ed.) Biogeography, Time and Place: Distributions, Barriers and Islands. Springer, Dordrecht. Pp 117-178 Magurran. A.E. 2004. Measuring biological diversity. Blackwell, Oxford. Veron, J.E.N. and Pichon, M. 1979. Scleractinia of Eastern Australia III. Families Agariciidae, Siderastreidae, Fungiidae, Oculinidae, Merulinidae, Mussidae, Pectiniidae, Caryophylliidae, Dendrophylliidae. Australian Institute of Marine Science Monograph Series 4: 1-459. Wood, C.R. 1987. Physical features of the islands and coral reefs. In: The corals reefs of the Bodgaya Islands (Sabah: Malaysia) and Pulau Sipadan.. Malayan Nature Journal 40 (3-4): 169-188 Wood, E.M and Tan, B.S. 1987. Hard Coral. In: The corals reefs of the Bodgaya Islands (Sabah: Malaysia) and Pulau Sipadan.. Malayan Nature Journal 40 (3-4): 189-224 Wood, C.R. 1994. Physical features of the Sipadan reef. In: Pulau Sipadan: Reef life and ecology. Technical report, WWF Project Number MYS 233/92. Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. Pp 11-22

31

Appendix 1. Mushroom corals (Fungiidae) observed at Semporna sites Sample number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Fungia (Cycloseris) sinensis 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

F. (C.) distorta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

F. (C.) cyclolites 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

F. (C.) curvata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

F. (C.) somervillei 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

F. (C.) fragilis 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

F. (C.) hexagonalis 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

F. (C.) costulata 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

F. (C.) tenuis 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1

F. (C.) vaughani 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

F. (C.) spec. 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Fungia (Verillofungia) spinifer 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

F. (V.) scabra 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

F. (V.) concinna 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

F. (V.) repanda 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Fungia (Danafungia) fralinae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

F. (D.) horrida 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1

F. (D.) scruposa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Fungia (Fungia) fungites 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Fungia (Wellsofungia) granulosa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Fungia (Lobactis) scutaria 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Fungia (Pleuractis) moluccensis 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

F. (P.) taiwanesis 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

F. (P.) gravis 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1

F. (P.) paumotensis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

F. (P.) seychellensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Heliofungia actiniformis 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1

Ctenactis albitentaculata 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C. echinata 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1

C. crassa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1

Herpolitha limax 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Polyphyllia novaehiberniae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

P. talpina 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1

Sandalolitha dentata 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

S. robusta 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

S. spec. 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Zoopilus echinatus 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Halomitra pileus 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

H. clavator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cantharellus doederleini 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C. noumeae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C. jebbi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lithophyllon undulatum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

L. mokai 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

L. ranjithi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Podabacia crustacea 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

32

P. motuporensis 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

P. kunzmanni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

P. sinai 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 22 17 28 22 17 18 18 20 22 17 22 22 19 23 12 19 15 20 16 19 14 19 Appendix 1. cont. Sample number 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 36b 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

Fungia (Cycloseris) sinensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1

F. (C.) distorta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

F. (C.) cyclolites 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

F. (C.) curvata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

F. (C.) somervillei 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

F. (C.) fragilis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

F. (C.) hexagonalis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

F. (C.) costulata 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

F. (C.) tenuis 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1

F. (C.) vaughani 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

F. (C.) spec. 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Fungia (Verillofungia) spinifer 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

F. (V.) scabra 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

F. (V.) concinna 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

F. (V.) repanda 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Fungia (Danafungia) fralinae 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

F. (D.) horrida 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

F. (D.) scruposa 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Fungia (Fungia) fungites 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Fungia (Wellsofungia) granulosa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Fungia (Lobactis) scutaria 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Fungia (Pleuractis) moluccensis 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1

F. (P.) taiwanesis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

F. (P.) gravis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

F. (P.) paumotensis 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

F. (P.) seychellensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Heliofungia actiniformis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Ctenactis albitentaculata 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1

C. echinata 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

C. crassa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Herpolitha limax 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Polyphyllia novaehiberniae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

P. talpina 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1

Sandalolitha dentata 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

S. robusta 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1

S. spec. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Zoopilus echinatus 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

Halomitra pileus 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1

H. clavator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cantharellus doederleini 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C. noumeae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

33

C. jebbi 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0

Lithophyllon undulatum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

L. mokai 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

L. ranjithi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0

Podabacia crustacea 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

P. motuporensis 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

P. kunzmanni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

P. sinai 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

Total 22 23 19 24 21 23 15 16 21 17 24 21 22 27 25 21 22 21 18 29 19 25 Appendix 1. cont Sample number 43b 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 51b 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Total

Fungia (Cycloseris) sinensis 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 17

F. (C.) distorta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

F. (C.) cyclolites 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

F. (C.) curvata 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

F. (C.) somervillei 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

F. (C.) fragilis 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 9

F. (C.) hexagonalis 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3

F. (C.) costulata 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 59

F. (C.) tenuis 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 36

F. (C.) vaughani 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

F. (C.) spec. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9

Fungia (Verillofungia) spinifer 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8

F. (V.) scabra 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 37

F. (V.) concinna 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 57

F. (V.) repanda 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 63

Fungia (Danafungia) fralinae 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 11

F. (D.) horrida 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 59

F. (D.) scruposa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 60

Fungia (Fungia) fungites 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 61

Fungia (Wellsofungia) granulosa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 63

Fungia (Lobactis) scutaria 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9

Fungia (Pleuractis) moluccensis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 52

F. (P.) taiwanesis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5

F. (P.) gravis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 54

F. (P.) paumotensis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 62

F. (P.) seychellensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Heliofungia actiniformis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 58

Ctenactis albitentaculata 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 33

C. echinata 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 55

C. crassa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 58

Herpolitha limax 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 63

Polyphyllia novaehiberniae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

P. talpina 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 43

Sandalolitha dentata 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 14

S. robusta 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 59

S. spec. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

34

Zoopilus echinatus 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 11

Halomitra pileus 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 37

H. clavator 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5

Cantharellus doederleini 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C. noumeae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C. jebbi 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 7

Lithophyllon undulatum 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 16

L. mokai 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 38

L. ranjithi 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 13

Podabacia crustacea 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 63

P. motuporensis 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11

P. kunzmanni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

P. sinai 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

Total 22 23 26 24 25 23 25 22 24 26 27 29 22 21 21 25 16 18 13

35

Appendix 2. Mushroom corals (Fungiidae) observed during previous studies in Semporna, Sabah Sample number Wood and Tan (1987) Wood (1994) Ditlev et. al. (1999) SMEE 2010

Fungia (Cycloseris) sinensis - - + +

F. (C.) distorta - - - +

F. (C.) cyclolites - - - +

F. (C.) curvata - - - +

F. (C.) somervillei - - + +

F. (C.) fragilis - + + +

F. (C.) hexagonalis - - - +

F. (C.) costulata + - + +

F. (C.) tenuis - - + +

F. (C.) vaughani - - - +

F. (C.) spec. - - - +

Fungia (Verillofungia) spinifer - - - +

F. (V.) scabra + - + +

F. (V.) concinna + + + +

F. (V.) repanda + - + +

Fungia (Danafungia) fralinae - - - +

F. (D.) horrida - + + +

F. (D.) scruposa - + + +

Fungia (Fungia) fungites + + + +

Fungia (Wellsofungia) granulosa + + + +

Fungia (Lobactis) scutaria - - - +

Fungia (Pleuractis) moluccensis - - + +

F. (P.) taiwanesis - - - +

F. (P.) gravis - - + +

F. (P.) paumotensis + + + +

F. (P.) seychellensis - - - -

Heliofungia actiniformis + + + +

Ctenactis albitentaculata - - + +

C. echinata + + + +

C. crassa - + + +

Herpolitha limax + + + +

Polyphyllia novaehiberniae - - - -

P. talpina + + + +

Sandalolitha dentata - + - +

S. robusta + + + +

S. spec. - - - +

Zoopilus echinatus + - + +

Halomitra pileus + - + +

H. clavator - - - +

Cantharellus doederleini - - - -

C. noumeae - - - -

C. jebbi - - - +

Lithophyllon undulatum + - + +

L. mokai - - + +

L. ranjithi - - + +

36

Podabacia crustacea + + + +

P. motuporensis - - - +

P. kunzmanni - - - -

P. sinai - - - +

Total 16 15 28 44

37

Appendix 3. Hard coral family Agariciidae observed at Semporna sites (site 6 not included) Sample number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Coeloseris mayeri 0 1 0 1 1 - 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

Gardineroseris planulata 1 1 0 0 1 - 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

Leptoseris amitoriensis 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

L. glabra 0 0 1 0 0 - 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

L. foliosa 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

L. gardineri 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

L. hawaiiensis 0 0 1 0 0 - 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

L. incrustans 0 0 1 0 1 - 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

L. kalayaanensis 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

L. mysetoseroides 0 0 1 0 0 - 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0

L. papyracea 0 0 1 0 0 - 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

L. scabra 0 0 1 1 0 - 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1

L. solida 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

L. striata 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

L. tubulifera 0 0 1 1 0 - 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

L. yabei 0 0 0 0 0 - 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Leptoseris sp. 0 0 1 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Pachyseris foliosa 1 0 1 1 0 - 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1

P. gemmae 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1

P. involuta 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

P. rugosa 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

P. speciosa 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Pavona bipartia 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0

P. cactus 0 0 1 0 0 - 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0

P. clavus 1 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0

P. danai 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

P. decussata 0 0 1 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1

P. duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0

P. explanulata 0 1 0 0 0 - 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

P. frondifera 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

P. maldivensis 1 0 1 0 0 - 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

P. minuta 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

P. varians 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

P. venosa 1 1 1 1 1 - 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1

Total 8 7 16 8 7 - 10 12 10 10 7 12 9 15 8 9 13 13 8 12 12 9

38

Appendix 3. cont. Sample number 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

Coeloseris mayeri 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Gardineroseris planulata 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Leptoseris amitoriensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

L. glabra 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

L. foliosa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

L. gardineri 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

L. hawaiiensis 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1

L. incrustans 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

L. kalayaanensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

L. mysetoseroides 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1

L. papyracea 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1

L. scabra 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

L. solida 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

L. striata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

L. tubulifera 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

L. yabei 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

Leptoseris sp. 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Pachyseris foliosa 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

P. gemmae 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0

P. involuta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

P. rugosa 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0

P. speciosa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Pavona bipartia 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

P. cactus 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1

P. clavus 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

P. danai 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

P. decussata 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

P. duerdeni 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

P. explanulata 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1

P. frondifera 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1

P. maldivensis 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1

P. minuta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

P. varians 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

P. venosa 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

Total 12 15 12 12 16 15 19 8 9 8 15 16 12 19 15 12 15 12 16 11 12 21

39

Appendix 3. cont. Sample number 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Total

Coeloseris mayeri 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 36

Gardineroseris planulata 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 43

Leptoseris amitoriensis 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

L. glabra 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 31

L. foliosa 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 7

L. gardineri 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 7

L. hawaiiensis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 38

L. incrustans 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 12

L. kalayaanensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

L. mysetoseroides 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 37

L. papyracea 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 22

L. scabra 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 49

L. solida 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3

L. striata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

L. tubulifera 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 26

L. yabei 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 10

Leptoseris sp. 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

Pachyseris foliosa 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 36

P. gemmae 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 34

P. involuta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

P. rugosa 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 28

P. speciosa 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 58

Pavona bipartia 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 15

P. cactus 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 28

P. clavus 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 15

P. danai 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 12

P. decussata 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 37

P. duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 10

P. explanulata 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 41

P. frondifera 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8

P. maldivensis 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 25

P. minuta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2

P. varians 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 57

P. venosa 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 34

Total 18 18 17 16 11 19 14 13 17 16 13 13 16 13 16 19

40

Appendix 4. Corals from family Agariciidae observed during previous studies in Semporna, Sabah Sample number Wood and Tan (1987) Wood (1994) Ditlev et. al. (1999) SMEE 2010

Coeloseris mayeri + - + +

Gardineroseris planulata + + + +

Leptoseris amitoriensis - - - +

L. glabra + + + +

L. foliosa - - - +

L. fragilis - - + -

L. gardineri - - + +

L. hawaiiensis + + + +

L. incrustans - - + +

L. kalayaanensis - - - -

L. mysetoseroides + + + +

L. papyracea - - + +

L. scabra + + - +

L. solida - - + +

L. striata - - - -

L. tubulifera - - - +

L. yabei - + - +

Leptoseris sp.(possibly L. fragilis) - - - +

Leptoseris sp. (from Wood, 1994) - + - -

Pachyseris foliosa - - + +

P. gemmae - - - +

P. involuta - - - -

P. rugosa + + + +

P. speciosa + + + +

Pachyseris sp. - - + -

Pavona bipartia - + - +

P. cactus + + + +

P. clavus + - + +

P. danai - - - +

P. decussata + - + +

P. duerdeni - - - +

P. explanulata + + + +

P. frondifera - - - +

P. maldivensis + - + +

P. minuta + + - +

P. varians + + - +

P. venosa + + + +

P. divaricata - - + -

P. foliata (possibly P. decussata) - - + -

Pavona sp. A + - - -

Total 17 15 22 31

41

Appendix 5. Bubble coral (Euphylliidae) observed at Semporna sites (site 6 not included) Sample number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Catalaphyllia jardineri 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

Nemenzophyllia turbida 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Physogyra lichtensteini 1 1 0 1 0 - 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1

Euphyllia ancora 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

E. paraancora 0 0 1 0 0 - 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1

E. cristata 0 0 0 1 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

E. divisa 1 1 1 1 0 - 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1

E. paradivisa 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

E. glabrescens 1 1 1 1 0 - 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

E. paraglabrescens 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

E. yaeyamaensis 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Plerogyra discus 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

P. simplex 0 0 0 1 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0

P. sinuosa 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

P. multilobata 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

P. diabolotus 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

P. cauliformis 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 5 5 5 7 2 - 6 7 6 2 5 1 6 4 2 7 6 7 6 3 9 7

Appendix 5. cont. Sample number 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

Catalaphyllia jardineri 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

Nemenzophyllia turbida 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

Physogyra lichtensteini 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1

Euphyllia ancora 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

E. paraancora 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

E. cristata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

E. divisa 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0

E. paradivisa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

E. glabrescens 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0

E. paraglabrescens 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

E. yaeyamaensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0

Plerogyra discus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

P. simplex 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

P. sinuosa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

P. multilobata 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1

P. diabolotus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

P. cauliformis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 7 7 6 5 3 2 2 5 4 5 5 4 5 6 2 2 10 4 8 5 9 4

42

Appendix 5. cont. Sample number 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Total

Catalaphyllia jardineri 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 10

Nemenzophyllia turbida 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 7

Physogyra lichtensteini 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 47

Euphyllia ancora 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 44

E. paraancora 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 25

E. cristata 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4

E. divisa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 41

E. paradivisa 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 7

E. glabrescens 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 45

E. paraglabrescens 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

E. yaeyamaensis 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 14

Plerogyra discus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

P. simplex 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7

P. sinuosa 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 56

P. multilobata 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 17

P. diabolotus 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 9

P. cauliformis 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 4

Total 7 4 9 12 9 9 4 7 9 5 10 11 11 8 1 3 Appendix 6. Bubble corals (Euphylliidae) observed during previous studies in Semporna, Sabah Sample number Wood and Tan (1987) Wood (1994) Ditlev et. al. (1999) SMEE 2010

Catalaphyllia jardineri - - + +

Nemenzophyllia turbida - - + +

Physogyra lichtensteini + + + +

Euphyllia ancora + + + +

E. paraancora - - - +

E. cristata - + + +

E. divisa + - + +

E. paradivisa - + + +

E. glabrescens + + + +

E. paraglabrescens - - - -

E. yaeyamaensis - - - +

Plerogyra discus - - - -

P. simplex + - + +

P. sinuosa + + + +

P. multilobata - - + +

P. diabolotus - - + +

P. cauliformis - - + +

Total 6 6 13 15

43

2.3 Fish Fauna Brian Stockwell and Kent Carpenter Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA E-mail: bstoc006@odu.edu , kcarpent@odu.edu Introduction The primary goal of the expedition was to provide an inventory of fish species inhabiting the reefs surrounding Semporna. The reef fish surveyed were restricted to a maximum depth of 40m for safety, while the pelagic and open water species were restricted to those observed in markets. The results of this study are likely to highlight the great diversity of fishes in the area and thus demonstrate the importance of further protection for marine reserves such as Sipadan Island, and marine parks such as the Tun Sakaran Marine Park. Methods Fish surveys Fish diversity was estimated using (1) roving surveys, (2) rotenone stations, and (3) fish market surveys. Roving surveys were conducted by a single observer (K. Carpenter or B. Stockwell) at a total of 37 sites. Surveys were each a total of 60 minutes and began at the base of the reef slope (30-20m) and ended along the reef flat, in which the observer recorded all species encountered. Fish abundances were recorded using a log10 scale. The roving surveys were supplemented using rotenone (an ichthyocide) at four stations (36, 46, 50, 54). Rotenone powder was mixed with liquid detergent and seawater to create an emulsion, which was applied to small coral heads at various depths. Divers waited 5 minutes before collecting specimens. The purpose of ichthyocides is to collect highly cryptic species (i.e. eels and gobies) that are not observed during the roving surveys. Market surveys were conducted before the beginning of the expedition (29 November) and during rest days (6 and 14 December) at the Semporna fish market. Data Analysis Multivariate analyses of species assemblages were carried out using the computer software package PRIMER (www.primer-e.com) (Clarke and Warwick 2001). Data were transformed to species presence/absence to further minimize the potential effects of fishing and reserve protection on fish species assemblage patterns. Degrees of similarity between sites based on species composition were examined first by constructing a resemblance matrix using Bray-Curtis similarity. [Note that Bray-Curtis similarity is equivalent to Sorenson’s similarity when used on presence/absence data. Furthermore, ‘shared absences’ between samples have no effect on the computation of Bray-Curtis similarity coefficients (Clarke and Warwick 2001)]. Hierarchical clusters of sites (agglomerative) were then generated from the Bray-Curtis resemblance matrix. A series of ‘similarity profile’ (SIMPROF) tests in PRIMER were used to identify statistically-significant clusters of sites. To highlight geographic patterns, the groupings of sites indicated by hierarchical clustering were illustrated on maps. Results The total reef fish diversity of Semporna recorded during the roving surveys and rotenone stations consists of 690 species belonging to 265 genera and 72 families (Appendix 1). The total number of

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species recorded from market surveys was 141 (Appendix 2), of which 78 were not recorded during the roving surveys, resulting in a combined diversity of 768 species for the entire expedition. General faunal composition The most abundant families in terms of number of species are damselfishes (Pomacentridae), wrasses (Labridae), gobies (Gobiidae), groupers/basslets (Serranidae), cardinalfishes (Apogonidae), butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae), surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae), parrotfishes (Scaridae), snappers (Lutjanidae), and angelfishes (Pomacanthidae). These 10 families collectively account for 66% of the total reef fish fauna (Fig. 1). Total diversity per site varied greatly from 74 to 270 (Table 1). The total number of species on a reef is usually a product of food availability, shelter, and the diversity of substrata (Allen 2002). Thus the sheltered sites (i.e. 4, 5, 40, 43, 47, and 56) with low coral cover were among the poorest sites in terms of diversity. The top ten richest sites (Table 2) had some of the highest coral cover and habitat complexity. However, this list also highlights the importance of fishing, since the top five sites are also closed to fishing. Figure 1. Top ten most diverse reef fish families encountered during the Semporna expedition.

45

Table 1. Number of fish species observed at each site during roving surveys during the Semporna expedition. (* indicates sites with in the Tun Sakaran Marine Park)

Site Species Site Species 4 79 39* 116 5 95 40* 89 7 109 41* 103 8 118 42* 127 10 155 43* 96 12 129 44* 134 13 114 45* 128 15 96 47 88 16 142 48 104 18 74 49 92 19 102 51 116 23 117 52 88 26 150 53 93 29 166 55 86 30 170 56 77 31 146 57 98 34* 176 59 270 36* 141 60 201 37* 135

Table 2. Ten richest fish sites during the Semporna expedition. (* indicates sites with in the Tun Sakaran Marine Park)

Site # Location species 59 Barracuda Pt., Sipadan Is. 270 60 Hanging Garden, Sipadan Is. 201 34 Mantabuan Is. 176 30 South Kulapuan Is. 170 29 Mataking Is. 166 10 Mabul Is. 155 26 Boheyan Is. 150 31 North Kulapuan Is. 146 16 Si Amil Is. 142 36* North Gaya Is. 141

46

The rabbitfish Siganus trispilos was observed at Sipadan Island and an illustration depicting this fish was posted outside the Semporna fish market (Fig. 1). However, according to Lieske and Myers (2002) this fish is restricted to Western Australia. This is either a disjunct range extension or a possibly undescribed species. Further samples need to be collected to confirm either of these conclusions. Coral Fish Diversity Index Given the unlikely event that all reef fish species are encountered during a roving survey Allen (1998) devised a method for estimating total reef fish diversity from six key families: Chaetodontidae, Pomacanthidae, Pomacentridae, Labridae, Scaridae, and Acnthuridae. The total number of species in these six families is used to obtain the Coral Fish Diversity Index (CFDI) for either a single site (e.g. Mabul Is.) or restricted geographic areas such as the reefs around Semporna. For areas less than 2,000 km2 the equation: x = (3.39 x CFDI) – 20.595 (d.f. = 18; R2 = 0.96; P > 0.0001) was used to estimate total reef fish diversity. An overall CFDI value of 291 was generated from the 37 roving surveys, resulting in an estimated total reef fish diversity of 966. These values put the reefs of Semporna among the top five most diverse sites surveyed by the Rapid Assessment Program (RAP) of Conservation International (Table 3). Table 3. Coral Fish Diversity Index (CFDI) for restricted localities in the Indo-Pacific region. All data provided by (Allen 2002a, 2002b) except for current study (shown in bold).

Locality CFDI No. reef Fishes obs.

Estimated reef fishes

Milne Bay, Papua New Guinea 337 1109 1313 Maumere Bay, Flores, Indonesia 333 1111 1107 Raja Ampat Islands, Indonesia 326 972 1084 Togean & Bangagai Islands, Indonesia 308 819 1023 Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia 291 680 966 Komodo Islands, Indonesia 280 722 928 Calamianes Islands, Philippines 268 736 888 Madang, Papua New Guinea 257 787 850 Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea 254 687 844 Manado, Sulawesi, Indonesia 249 624 823

Fig. 1. Marble inscription at the Semporna fish market and photograph of Siganus trispilos at Barracuda Pt., Sipadan Island.

47

Fish species assemblage patterns Only the species from CFDI (291 spp.) were included in this analysis. The hierarchical clustering of the 37 sites using data on presence/absence of species suggested groups that reflected reef exposure (Fig. 2, 3). The first division (45 % similarity) splits the sites into exposed and sheltered reefs, while the SIMPROV tests further split these clustering in smaller subsets depending on geographic location (e.g. east vs. south sheltered reefs) (Fig. 2). This division was likely a result of higher mean CFDI values for exposed (90.7) vs. sheltered (61.3) reefs. The seven clusters generated by SIMPROV suggest significant differences in species assemblages within exposed and sheltered reefs of Semporna (Figure 2). However, only three of these assemblage groupings (2 in Tun Sakaran MP and 1 in Sipadan Is.) are located in reefs closed to fishing (Fig. 3).

S15

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HabitatS ExposedOceanicW ExposedInner ShelteredE ShelteredS ShelteredMid. Sheltered

Fig. 2. Dendrogram showing hierarchical clustering of 37 sites based on the Bray-Curtis similarity measure using data on reef fish species composition (presence/absence). Significant clusters determined by SIMPROF tests (see Materials and methods) are connected by black lines to distinguish them from non-significant clusters (red lines).

48

Summary • A list of fish species was compiled for 37 roving census sites, 4 rotenone sites, and fish market

surveys. The survey involved 41 hours of scuba diving to a maximum depth of 33m. • The reefs around Semporna are among the world’s richest in terms of reef fish diversity,

consisting of 768 observed species and an estimated total diversity of 966 species. • Damselfishes (Pomacentridae), wrasses (Labridae), and gobies (Gobiidae) are the dominant

families in terms of species numbers. • Species numbers at roving census sites ranged from 74 to 270, with an average of 122.2. • Although diversity was high, there was evidence of overfishing. Groupers were rare at most

sites, while Napoleon wrasses were only seen at 3 sites. In addition to overfishing, incidences of blast fishing were heard frequently during surveys on the inshore reefs.

• The areas with the highest diversity and density were in areas closed to fishing. • Seven distinct species assemblages were identified through cluster analyses, only 3 of which are

located within marine reserves.

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Fig. 3. Geographic representation and habitat description of the significant clusters determined from the dendrogram in Fig. 2.

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Recommendations • Given the devastating and long term effects of blast fishing, more effort should be allocated to

stopping this fishing technique within the reefs of Semporna. • Given the high diversity and fish biomass in no-take marine reserves such as Sipadan Is., more

of such reserves should be established to improve and protect fish stocks. • Given that 7 distinct species assemblages were discovered, and only 3 are within marine

reserves, it is recommended that a network of no-take marine reserves be established in the south to include these remaining species assemblages.

References Allen, G.R. 1998. Reef and shore fishes of Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. In: Werner, T.B. and G.R. Allen (eds.). A rapid biodiversity assessment of the coral reefs of Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. RAP Working Papers Number 11. Conservation International. Washington D.C. Pp. 39-49. Allen, G,R. 2002a. Reef Fishes of Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. In: Allen, G.R., Kinch, J.P. McKenna, S.A. and P. Seeto (eds.). A Rapid Marine Biodiversity Assessment of Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea Survey II (2000). RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment Number 29. Conservation International. Washington, D.C. Pp. 46-55. Allen, G,R. 2002b. Reef Fishes of the Raja Ampat Islands, Papua Province, Indonesia. In McKenna, S.A. Allen, G.R. and S.B. Suryadi (eds.). A Marine Rapids Assessment of the Raja Ampat Islands, Papua Province, Indonesia 2001. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment Number 22. Conservation International, Washington D.C. Pp. 39-48. Clarke, K. R., and R. M. Warwick. 2001. Change in marine communities: an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation. Lieske E. and Myers R. 2002. Coral Reef Fishes. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey. Pp.400

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Appendix 1. Reef fish species records for all sites. (* indicates rotenone stations)

Species Site Records Carcharinidae Carcharinus amblyrhynchos 59,60 Carcharinus melanopterus 59,60 Triaenodon obesus 59,60 Dasyatidae Dasyatis kuhlii 13,23,26,42,44,45 Taeniura lymma 12,15,30,31,45,48 Taeniura meyeni 15 Muraenidae Echidna polyzona 38* Gymnothorax flavimarginatus 28,59 Gymnothorax gracilicauda 38* Gymnothorax javanicus 59,60 Gymnothorax richardsoni 35 Siderea thyrsoidea 37 Rhinomuraena quaesita 13,16 Uropterygius macrocephalus 35 Congridae Gorgasia maculata 9,10 Heteroconger hassi 9,10,12,59 Plotosidae Plotosus lineatus 19,40,42,51,52 Synodontidae Synodus rubromarmoratus 42,47 Synodus variegatus 14,19,26,29,31,34,36,37,38*,40-45, 47, 50*-53,55,57,59,60 Saurida gracilis 26 Trachinocephalus myops 46* Ophidiidae Dinematichthys iluocoeteoides 38*46* Mugilidae Liza vaigiensis 59 Belonidae Tylosurus crocodilus 44,51,53 Holocentridae Myripristis adusta 26 Myripristis berndti 34,48,51 Myripristis botche 36 Myripristis hexagona 30,36,39,41,44 Myripristis kuntee 4,5,7,8,10,12,13,15,16,23,26,30,34 Myripristis murdjan 10,46*,53 Myripristis pralinia 4,8,10,37,39 Myripristis violacea 42,43 Neoniphon opercularis 59 Neoniphon sammara 59 Sargocentron caudimaculatum 4,5,8,10,13,15,16,30,31,44,59,60 Sargocentron diadema 5 Sargocentron melanospilos 34 Sargocentron spiniferum 8,19 Solenostomidae Solenostomus cyanopterus 36 Syngnathidae Corythoichthys intestinalis 29 Doryrhamphus dactyliophorus 30 Hippocampus comes 55 Trachyrhamphus longirostris 55 Aulostomidae Aulostomus chinensis 7,8,13,15,16,26,30,31,34,36,37,42,44,45 Fistularidae Fistularia commersonii 12,13,16,34,37,42 Centriscidae Aeoliscus strigatus 18 Centriscus scutatus 51,57

51

Appendix 1. continued Species Site Records Scorpaenidae Inimicus didactylus 38* Pterois antennata 14,30,34,44,47 Pterois russelli 58 Pterois volitans 13,36,42,44,54* Scorpaenopsis papuensis 14,42,43 Synanceia verrucosa 38* Platycephalidae Cymbacephalus beauforti 7 Serranidae Aetheloperca rogaa 29 Anyperodon leucogrammicus 12,16,23,26,29,34,36,37,39,41,43,48,51,52,53,59,60, Cephalopholis argus 12,29,59,60 Cephalopholis boenak 18,23,26,37,40,41,44,45,47-49,51,52,55-57 Cephalopholis leopardus 59 Cephalopholis microprion 30,31,34-41,43-45,49,51,52,56 Cephalopholis miniatus 29,59,60 Cephalopholis cyanostigma 16,23,30,34,37-41,43,44 Cephalopholis formosa 10 Cephalopholis sexmaculata 40,59 Cephalopholis spiloparaea 60 Cephalopholis urodeta 5,8,10,12,13,15,29,59 Diploprion bifasciatum 7,19,23,30,31,34,36,37,39,41,43,44,45,48,49,51,52,53,55 Epinephelus bleekeri 55 Epinephelus coiodes 13 Epinephelus corallicola 55,56 Epinephelus fasciatus 4,7,8,10,12,13,15,23,26,30,31,34-38*,41,43-45,47-49,51-53,57 Epinephelus hexagonatus 30 Epinephelus merra 13,15,16,30,37,38*,43,51,53,55-57 Epinephelus ongus 30,31,34,37,38*,40,43-45,47,52,55 Epinephelus quoyanus 30,55 Gracila albomarginata 14 Grammistes sexlineatus 10,18,59,60 Grammistops ocellatus 54* Plectranthias longimanus 51 Plectropomus aerolatus 29,53,59,60 Plectropomus leopardus 31,36,39-41,43-45,47,49,51,52,59,60 Plectropomus maculatus 12,18,39 Plectropomus oligacanthus 59,60 Pseudanthias bicolor 59,60 Pseudanthias dispar 10,29,59,60 Pseudanthias hutchi 7,8,10,12,15,29-31,34 Pseudanthias hypselosoma 10 Pseudanthias luzonensis 9 Pseudanthias pleurotaenia 8,10,16,30,59,60 Pseudanthias randalli 59,60 Pseudanthias squamipinnis 10,15,29,30,59,60 Pseudanthias tuka 7,8,26,34,59,60 Pseudogramma polyacanthum 46* Serranocirrhitus latus 60 Variola louti 10,11,29 Pseudochromidae Labricinus cyclophthalmus 17,27,30,31,43 Pseudochromis alleni 36,44,47 Pseudochromis bitaeniatus 45,51 Pseudochromis diadema 14,16,23,26,29,30,34,36,37,40,42,43,51,52 Pseudochromis fuscus 18,19,29,34,35,38*,41,44,45,47-49,52,56,59,60 Pseudochromis marshallensis 35,38*,52 Pseudochromis perspicillatus 17,23,42

52

Appendix 1. continued Species Site Records Pleisiopidae Plesiops coeruleolineatus 35,38* Plesiops corallicola 38* Plesiops sp. 46* Opistognathidae Opistognathus randalli 16,34,36,37 Priacanthidae Heteropriacanthus cruentatus 23 Priacanthus blochii 44 Priacanthus hamrur 8,12,16 Apogonidae Apogon aureus 14,16,29 Apogon bandanensis cf 18,40,47,53 Apogon fragilis 39,40,49,52,57 Apogon chrysopomus 39 Apogon compressus 18,39,42,45,47,51,53 Apogon crassiceps 38* Apogon cyanosoma 14,15,23,29-31,35,37,38*,42,44,57 Apogon hoevenii 53 Apogon kallopterus 8,10,59,60 Apogon leptacanthus 29,30 Apogon multilineatus 31,35,36,38*,42 Apogon nanus 31,34,37,42,49 Apogon neotes 49,51,55,57 Apogon nigrofasciatus 5,8,10,12,13,15,16,23,29-31,38* Apogon novemfasciatus 29,30 Apogon ocellatus 54* Apogon parvulus 31,36,39,40,42-44,47,51-53,55 Apogon rhodopterus 40 Apogon rubrimacula 39 Apogon seali 23,39,42 Apogon selas 19 Apogon trimaculatus 44 Apogon wassinki 8,23 Archaemia bleekeri 57 Archaemia fucata 23,39,42 Archaemia macroptera 42 Archaemia zosterophora 18,39,42,45,49,51,57 Cheilodipterus artus 11,39,42,51,57 Cheilodipterus alleni 44,47 Cheilodipterus intermedius 39,44 Cheilodipterus isostigmus 7,14,18,19,23,29 Cheilodipterus macrodon 8,10,30,34,36,39,40,51 Cheilodipterus quenquelineatus 10,31,34,37,39-42,44,45,48,49,51,53,56,57,59,60 Cheilodipterus zonatus 18,36,39-42,47,49,51,53,55,57 Fowleria marmorata 54* Neamia octospina 38* Rhabdamia gracilis 48,55 Siphamia elongata 40 Siphamia versicolor 35,42 Sphaeramia nematoptera 18,40,48,57 Sphaeramia orbicularis 18 Malacanthidae Hoplolatilus fronticinctus 13,36 Hoplolatilus starcki 16,26,30 Malacanthus brevirostris 10,12,13,15,59,60 Malacanthus latovittatus 12,13,15,51,59 Echeneidae Echenius naucrates 7,47,49,51

53

Appendix 1. continued Species Site Records Carangidae Carangoides bajad 44,51,52 Carangoides ferdau 12,16,48 Carangoides plagiotaenia 57 Caranx ignobilis 12,47,59,60 Caranx melampygus 16,29,44,47,59,60 Elagatis bipinnulatus 49,59,60 Gnathanodon speciousus 53 Scomberoides lysan 59 Trachinotus blochii 59 Lutjanidae Aphareus furca 14,16,59,60 Aprion virescens 12,47 Lutjanus argentimaculatus 13 Lutjanus biguttatus 4-8,30,34,36,39,40,42-45,47-49,51-53,57 Lutjanus bohar 16,23,34,36,39,42,59,60 Lutjanus carponotatus 7,18,19,31,37,39,42,43,48,56 Lutjanus gibbus 29,30,59,60 Lutjanus decussatus 5,7,8,10,12,13,15,16,19,26,30,34,36,37,39-42,44,45,47-49,51-53,59,60 Lutjanus ehrenbergi 8,13,34 Lutjanus fulviflamma 10,34,37,42-44,53,59,60 Lutjanus fulvus 4,5,10,12,15,30,39,51,59,60 Lutjanus johnii 30 Lutjanus kasmira 10,40 Lutjanus lutjanus 34,37 Lutjanus monostigma 29,53,59,60 Lutjanus quenquelineatus 30 Macolor macularis 14,16,23,26,29,30,34,36,42,45,59,60 Macolor niger 4,5,7,10,13,18,26,30,59,60 Paracaesio xanthura 10,16,59 Paracaesio sordida 14,59 Caesionidae Caesio cuning 4,5,8,10,16,30,34,37,39,43 Caesio caerulaurea 12,13,29,34,39,42,43,51,53,56 Caesio teres 10,13,15,23,34,37,39,40,42-45,47,48,51-53,55-57 Gymnocaesio gymnoptera 29 Pterocaesio digramma 26,30,31,39 Pterocaesio pisang 8,10,13,16,23,29,37,44,59,60 Pterocaesio tessellata 26,39,41 Pterocaesio tile 5,10,59,60 Gerreidae Gerres erythrourus 59 Haemulidae Diagrammus melanacrum 39,48 Diagrammus pictum 10,23,47 Plectorhinchus chaetodonoides 4,7,10,18,26,29,30,44,45,47,48,57,59,60 Plectorhinchus lessonii 15,19,30,60 Plectorhinchus lineatus 26,30 Plectorhinchus polytaenia 10,13,19,30 Nemipteridae Pentapodus aureofasciatus 4-8,10,12,13,15,16,18,23,26 Pentapodus bifasciatus 23,38*,56,59,60 Pentapodus caninus 12,30,31,34,36,41,53,55 Pentapodus emeryi 16,26,30,36,37,40,41,43-45,49,51 Pentapodus setosus 55 Pentapodus cf. trivittatus 18,19,23,31,34,36,37,39,41,42,48,53 Scolopsis affinis 10,12,15,16,19,39,42,53 Scolopsis bilineatus 5,7,8,10,12,13,16,19,26,29-31,34,44,45,47,53 Scolopsis ciliatus 7,23,30,34,37,39,40,42,44,48,49,51-53,56,57 Scolopsis lineatus 17,19,31,56 Scolopsis margaritifer 4-7,10,12,13,18,19,23,26,30,31,34,36,37,39-45,47-49,51-53,56,57 Scolopsis monogramma 30,40 Scolopsis taeniopterus 41,42 Scolopsis xenochrous 15,19

54

Appendix 1. continued Species Site Records Lethrinidae Gymnocranius griseus 15 Lethrinus erythracanthus 7,57,59,60 Lethrinus erythropterus 5-8,10,12,15,16,26,29,34,36,39-45,47,49,51,56,59,60 Lethrinus harak 27,31,42 Lethrinus microdon 60 Lethrinus obsoletus 10,12,13,19 Lethrinus olivaceus 4,10,59 Lethrinus ornatus 8,15,34,37,42,59 Monotaxis grandoculis 7,8,10,12,13,15,19,23,30,59,60 Mullidae Parupeneus barberinoides 17,19,23,37,49 Parupeneus barberinus 4-8,10,12,13,15,19,23,29-31,34,36,37,39-43,45,48,49,51,53,55,57,59,60 Parupeneus crassilabrus 8,26,30,31,34,37,45,59,60 Parupeneus cyclostomus 13,19,59,60 Parupeneus indicus 56 Parupeneus multifasciatus 4-8,10,12,13,15,16,19,26,29-31,37,41 Upeneus tragula 17,23,34,36,37,39-42,44,45,48,49,55,57 Pempheridae Parapriacanthus ransonneti 29 Kyphosidae Kyphosus cinerascens 59 Kyphosus vaigiensis 16,19,59,60 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon adiergastos 10,47,59 Chaetodon auriga 29,30,31,47,59 Chaetodon bennetti 28,59 Chaetodon baronessa 4-8,19,26,29-31,34,39,41,42,44,47,49 Chaetodon citrinellus 8,10,12,13,15,16,26,29,30,59 Chaetodon ephippium 10,44,60 Chaetodon guentheri 16 Chaetodon kleinii 4-8,10,12,13,15,16,18,19,23,26,29,31,34,36-38*,41-44,57,59 Chaetodon lineolatus 10,29,30,60 Chaetodon lunula 14,29,40,44,59,60 Chaetodon lunulatus 5,7,10,12,13,15,16,18,19,26,29,31,34,36,37,39-42,45,59,60 Chaetodon melanotus 19 Chaetodon meyersi 59,60 Chaetodon ocellicaudus 5,41,52 Chaetodon octofasciatus 4-7,23,31,34,36,37,39,40,42-45,47-49,51,53,55-57 Chaetodon ornatissumus 26,36,59,60 Chaetodon punctofasciatus 7,12,29,31,59,60 Chaetodon rafflesi 12,34,59,60 Chaetodon selene 5,10,12,19,37,42 Chaetodon semeion 60 Chaetodon speculum 16,34,41,59,60 Chaetodon trifascialis 4,7,8,23,26,29,30,34,36,41,59,60 Chaetodon ulietensis 10,34,60 Chaetodon unimaculatus 26,34,59 Chaetodon vagabundus 10,12,13,15,16,18,19,26,29-31,34,40,56,59,60 Chaetodon xanthurus 16 Chelmon rostratus 4-8,10,12,18,19,23,31,34,36,37,39,41-45,47-49,51-53,55-57 Coradion altivelis 16,26,30,31,34,36,37,43,44,52 Coradion chrysozonus 4,5,16,19,23,30,31,34,36,37,39,43-45,51,56,57 Coradion melanopus 31,36 Forcipiger flavissimus 4,5,8,10,12,13,16,26,29-31,34,36,37,59,60 Forcipiger longirostris 59,60 Hemitaurichthys polylepis 10,16,26,30,59,60 Heniochus acuminatus 10,30,45,55,59 Heniochus chrystostomus 8,15,34,59 Heniochus diphreutes 10,13,16,29,47,59,60 Heniochus singularis 5,10,18,59,60 Heniochus varius 4-7,10,13,18,19,26,29,31,34,36,37,39,41,43-45,59,60 Parachaetodon ocellatus 7,40-42,44,47,48,51,52,55

55

Appendix 1. continued Species Site Records Pomacanthidae Apolemichthys trimaculatus 12,16,30,37,59,60, Centropyge bicolor 7,8,10,12,13,15,16,19,26,29-31,37,59,60 Centropyge bispinosus 12,16,26,30,59,60 Centropyge flavicauda 10,34,36 Centropyge heraldi 16,26,31,59,60 Centropyge nox 5-8,10,12,19,23,29,31,34,36,44,45,59,60 Centropyge tibicien 4,7,8,10,12,13,15,16,23,26,29-31,34,36,37,44,45,59,60 Centropyge vroliki 4,5,8,10,12,13,15,19,26,29-31,34,37,44,45,59,60 Chaetodontoplus mesoleucus 5,18,19,23,26,30,31,34,36,37,39-45,47-49,51-53,55-57 Genicanthus lamarck 10,31 Genicanthus melanospilus 10,13,16,26,30 Paracentropyge multifasciata 36,59,60 Pygloplites diacanthus 4,5,7,10,16,19,26,30,31,34,36,37,39,44,45,59,60 Pomacanthus imperator 5,8,10,12,13,15,16,19,26,37,59,60 Pomacanthus narvarchus 26 Pomacanthus semicirculatus 15,30,41 Pomacanthus sexstriatus 28,39,40,44,59,60 Pomacanthus xanthometopon 16,59,60 Cirrhitidae Cirrhitichthys aprinus 29,59,60 Cirrhitichthys falco 5,8,10,12,13,15,16,19,30,59,60 Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus 30,59,60 Cyprinocirrhites polyactis 13,59 Oxycirrhites typus 14,59 Paracirrhites arcatus 8,13,15,16,30,59,60 Paracirrhites forsteri 8,12,13,15,26,30,31,59 Pomacentridae Abudefduf lorenzi 53 Abudefduf sexfasciatus 34,45,47,52,56,59 Abudefduf vaigiensis 10,12,15,30,31,34,45,51,59 Acanthochromis polyacanthus 26,29 Amblyglyphidodon aureus 8,10,16,23,26,31,34,36,37,43,44,45,47,48,51-53,59 Amblyglyphidodon batunai 34,43 Amblyglyphidodon curacao 4-8,10,13,18,19,23,30,31,34,36-39,41,42,44,45,48,49,51-53,55,57,59 Amblyglyphidodon leucogaster 4-8,12,13,16,23,26,29,31,34,36,37,39,44,45,48,49,51,53,57,59 Amblyglyphidodon ternatentsis 39,43,57 Amblyglyphidodon sp. 18,23 Amblypomacentrus breviceps 43,48,49,51,57 Amblypomacentrus clarus 40 Amphiprion clarkii 5,8,10,12,13,16,18,19,23,26,29,31,34,36,37,41,44,45,47,49,51-53,57,59,60 Amphiprion frenatus 31 Amphiprion ocellaris 4,5,8,18,29-31,34,36,37,39,40,42,45,49,51,52,55,57,59,60 Amphiprion perideraion 18,31,34,37,41,42,45,48,49,51,52,57,60 Amphiprion polymnus 49,57 Amphiprion sandarocinos 7,13,30,31,34,42,45,31,57,59,60 Cheiloprion labiatus 45 Chromis alpha 8,10,16,30,59 Chromis amboinensis 4-8,10,12,16,19,29,30,34,44,59 Chromis analis 8,10,12,13,16,26,30,31,34,36,59 Chromis atripectoralis 34,52,59 Chromis atripes 5-8,10,12,16,26,29-31,59 Chromis caudalis (cf.p.83 Allen) 4,5,8,10,12,13,16,23,26,29,31,37,59 Chromis delta 29-31,37,59,60 Chromis elerae 59,60 Chromis lepidolepis 15,16,19,30,42,59 Chromis lineatus 60 Chromis margaritifer 5-8,10,12,13,15,16,23,26,29-31,34,36-38*,59 Chromis cf. opercularis 14 Chromis retrofasciata 7,8,10,12,19,23,26,29,31,34,59 Chromis ternatensis 4,7,19,23,26,29-31,34,41,45,57,59 Chromis viridis 19,26,29-31,34,45,59 Chromis weberi 5,10,12,13,15,16,19,29,30,42,45,59

56

Appendix 1. continued Species Site Records Pomacentridae (cont.) Chromis xanthochira 31,59 Chromis xanthura 8,10,13,16,26,29,31,37,59 Chrysiptera oxycephala 18,19,36,39-41,43,44,47,48,52,53,55-57 Chrysiptera parasema 8,18,19,23,36,39,40,43,47,48,55-57 Chrysiptera rollandi 4-8,10,13,19,23,26,29-31,34,36-45,47-49,51-53,55-57 Chrysiptera springeri 7,19,23,31,34,36,39-45,47-49,51-53,55-57 Chrysiptera talboti 4,5,8,10,26,30,31,59 Dascyllus aruanus 7,18,23,31,34,36,37,44 Dascyllus melanurus 19,36,39 Dascyllus reticulatus 4-7,10,12,13,15,16,23,26,29,30,34,36,37,42,44,49,59 Dascyllus trimaculatus 5-8,10,12,13,15,16,19,23,26,29-31,34,36,37,42,44,45,49,51,53,55,57,59 Dischistodus chrysopoecillus 55 Dischistodus melanotus 31,36,40,44,45,47,51-53 Dischistodus perspicullatus 18,23,31,34,36,39,40,42,45,47,48,52,55,56 Dischistodus prosopotaenia 18,31,34,36-40,42,44,47,49 Dischistodus pseudochrysopoecilus 53 Hemiglyphidodon plagiometopon 18,19,39,40,52,53,56 Neoglyphidodon nigroris 4 Neoglyphidodon melas 4,5,7,12,19,23,26,31,34,37,39,41-45,48,49,51,52,57 Neoglyphidodon thoracotaeniatus 7 Neopomacentrus anabatoides 42,43,44,48,49,51,51,55,56,57 Neopomacentrus azysron 38*,39,43,45,47-49,51-53,56,57 Neopomacentrus filamentosus 47,53,55 Neopomacentrus nemurus 34,36,42,44 Plectroglyphidodon dickii 26,30,34,59 Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus 4-7,10,12,13,34,51,59 Pomacentrus adelus 7,29-31,34-36,38*,40,42,44,45,47,48,51,52,55,56 Pomacentrus alexanderae 5,7,10,18,19,23,26,29-32,34,36,37,39-45,47-49,51-53,55-57 Pomacentrus amboinensis 4-8,10,13,15,16,18,19,23,26,29-31,34-37,41-44,48,52,53,55,57 Pomacentrus armillatus 51,52,55 Pomacentrus auriventris 4,8,12,13,15,16,19,29,30,47,59 Pomacentrus bankanensis 4,5,8,10,12,15,16,26,29-31,39,40,51,59,60 Pomacentrus brachialis 4-8,10,12,13,15,16,23,26,29-31,34,36,38*,40,42,44,59 Pomacentrus burroughi 4,5,18,34,36,39-41,43-45,47-49,51-53,55-57 Pomacentrus chrysurus 7,10,35 Pomacentrus coelestis 4,5,13,16,26,29-31,34,35,37,45,47,55,56,59 Pomacentrus colini (p89 Allen) 5,8,10,12,15,18,23 Pomacentrus cuneatus 44,55 Pomacentrus geminospilus 40,43,48,49,52,53,57 Pomacentrus grammorhynchus 11,52 Pomacentrus lepidogenys 5,7,26,34,42,56 Pomacentrus moluccensis 5-8,18,19,23,26,29-31,34-42,44,45,47,48,51-53,55-57,59,60 Pomacentrus nagasakiensis 37,43,55,56 Pomacentrus nigromarginatus 29,30,34,36,37,43,44,47,51,52 Pomacentrus opisthostigma 29-31,34,44,45,47,51,53,56 Pomacentrus reidi 8,16,26,31,59 Pomacentrus simsiang 29,31,39,40,42,44,48,51-53,55 Pomacentrus smithii 33,34,36,41,43-45,47-49,51-53,57 Pomacentrus cf spiloticeps 4 Pomacentrus stigma 4-7,10,12,16,19,23,26,29-31,34,36,37,39,41,43-45,47,48,50*-52,56,57 Pomacentrus vaiuli 5,13,16,31,59,60 Pomachromis richardsoni 57 Premnas biaculeatus 27,34,36,39-45,48,49,53,56,59,60 Pristotis obtusirostris 56 Stegastes fasciolatus 26,39,59,60 Stegastes lividus 34,39 Stegastes nigricans 34

57

Appendix 1. continued Species Site Records Labridae Anampses caeruleopunctatus 12 Anampses geographicus 13,30 Anampses melanurus 16,59 Anampses meleagris 4,5,8,10,13,15,16,19,59 Anampses twistii 14,16,26,59 Bodianus axillaris 29,30 Bodianus diana 8,10,13,16,23,29,31,34,37,44,59 Bodiaus mesothorax 4-8,10,18,19,26,29-31,36,37,39-41,43,45,48,49,51,57,59 Cheilinus chlorurus 8,10,12,13,15,19,23,26,29-31,36,37,42,45,48,51,52,56,57,59 Cheilinus fasciatus 4,8,10,12,13,18,23,26,29-31,34,36,39-41,43-45,48,49,51-53,56,57,59 Cheilinus oxycephalus 34,42 Cheilinus trilobatus 23,29,56 Cheilinus undulatus 40,59,60 Cheilio inermis 16,37,42 Choerodon anchorago 18,19,23,30,31,34,37,39,41,44,47-49,52,53,55-57 Choerodon oligacantus 23 Choerodon zosterophorus 37,41,43,44 Cirrhilabrus cyanopleura 4-8,10,12,13,15,16,19,23,29-31,34,36,37,39,41-43,45,48,49,57,59,60 Cirrhilabrus exquisitus 32,59,60 Cirrhilabrus flavidorsalis 29 Cirrhilabrus lubbocki 26,29,34 Cirrhilabrus rubripinnis 29,41 Cirrhilabrus temminckii 13,19,26,29,30 Coris batuensis 7,8,10,13,15,16,18,19,23,26,29,31,34,36,37,42,45,48 Coris centralis 13 Coris dorsomacula 30 Coris gaimard 10,12,15,16,19,29,30,59 Coris pictoides 23,57 Diproctacanthus xanthurus 8,12,18,19,23,26,29-31,34,36-45,47-49,51-53,56,57,59,60 Epibulus insidiator 7,12,13,16,19,23,26,34,36,37,40-45,47-49,51-53,56,57,59,60 Gomphosus varius 7,13,16,30,31,34,42,47,59,60 Halichoeres biocellatus 16,26 Halichoeres chloropterus 23,34,36-40,42,44,45,48,51-53,55,56 Halichoeres chrysus 4,10,12,15,16,19,29,30,34,59,60 Halichoeres hartzfeldii 29,39,42,53 Halichoeres hortulanus 4-8,10,12,16,26,29-31,34,36,38*,45,51,59,60 Halichoeres margaritaceus 59,60 Halichoeres marginatus 32 Halichoeres melanurus 4-8,10,18,19,23,26,29-31,34,36,37,39-45,47-49,51-53,55,56,59,60 Halichoeres leucurus 36,39-43,45,47-49,51-53,55-57 Halichoeres nebulosus 14,15,16,26,29 Halichoeres ornatus 38*,59,60 Halichoeres podostigma 10,26,30 Halichoeres prosopeion 4,5,8,12,13,16,18,23,28,29,31,34,36,37,43-45,51,52,59,60 Halichoeres richmondi 5,18,23,26,38*,49 Halichoeres scapularis 12,13,16,18,19,23,26,29,30,34-36,42,59,60 Halichoeres solorensis 32 Halichoeres trimaculatus 31 Hemigymnus melapterus 7,12,18,19,26,30,31,34,36,37,39,41-45,47,48,52,55 Hemigymnus fasciatus 14,26,37,39,41,45 Hologymnosus annulatus 9 Hologymnosus doliatus 12,16,19,26,34 Labrichthys unilineatus 7,8,10,12,13,16,19,26,29,34,39,43,45,59 Labroides bicolor 7,59 Labroides dimidiatus 4-8,10,12,13,16,18,19,23,26,29-31,34,36,38*-42,44,45,47-49,51-53,55-57,59,60 Labropsis manabei 29,31,34,37,41,45 Macropharyngodon negrosensis 7,30,31 Macropharyngodon meleagris 13,15,16,26,29,30 Novaculichthys taeniorus 12,15,26,31,34,42 Oxycheilinus bimaculatus 15,16,18,19,23,29,57 Oxycheilinus oxyrhynchus 4,7,18,19,34,36,37,39-41,43-45,47-49,51-53,56,57 Oxycheilinus digrammus 4-8,10,12,13,15,16,18,19,23,26,29,31,34,37,39,41,43-45,49,51,52

58

Appendix 1. continued Species Site Records Labridae (cont.) Oxycheilinus orientalis 7,37,42 Oxycheilinus rhodochrous 7,13,42,49,53 Oxycheilinus unifasciatus 4,5,41 Paracheilinus angulatus 29,36 Paracheilinus filamentosus 10,12,23,29,30,34,36,37,41-45,47-49,51-53,55-57 Pseudocheilinops ataenia 50* Pseudocheilinus evanidus 7,8,12,13,15,18,26,29-31,36,45,59 Pseudocheilinus hexataenia 8,12,13,19,30,31,34,35,38*,44,45,57,59 Pseudocheilinus octotaenia 30,59 Pseudocoris aurantifasciata 59 Pseudocoris yamashiroi 14,15,26,59 Pseudodax mollucanus 8,34,59,60 Pterogogus cryptus 41,47 Sethojulis bandanensis 8,10,12,13,15,16,26,29-31,34,45,59 Stethojulis interrupta 29,30,42 Stethojulis strigiventer 16,18,19,23,29,30 Sethojulis trilineata 53,57 Thalassoma amblycephalum 14,15,19,23,26,30,31,34,37,38*,59,60 Thalassoma hardwicke 7,8,10,13,15,26,30,31,34,39,40,44,45,59,60 Thalassoma jansenii 8,15,16,23,26,29,59,60 Thalassoma lunare 4-8,10,12,13,16,18,19,23,26,29-31,34,36,37,41-45,47,51-53,55,56,59,60 Thalassoma quinquevittatum 26,59,60 Scaridae Bolbometopon muricatum 10,28,29,39,40,59 Calotomus carolinus 34,38* Cetoscarus bicolor 5,19,28,29,36,39,41,44,49,52,57 Chlorurus bleekeri 4-8,10,12,15,16,19,23,26,29-31,34,36,37,39-45,47-49,51-53,55,57 Chlorurus bowersi 4 Chlorurus capistratoides 4 Chlorurus microrhinos 34,36,41,55 Chlorurus spilurus 5,7,8,10,12,13,15,16,18,19,23,26,29,31,34,36,37,44,45,49,56,57,59,60 Hipposcarus longiceps 29,59 Scarus dimidiatus 7,10,12,13,16,19,23,26,30,31,34,36,37,39,40,42,44,47-49,51,53,55,56,59 Scarus flavipectoralis 5,10,12,13,16,18,19,23,26,29-31,34,36,37,39-45,47-49,51-53,57 Scarus forsteni 4,5,7,8,12,36 Scarus frenatus 59 Scarus ghobban 16,18,19,23,26,30,31,37,42,47-49,51,55-57,59 Scarus globiceps 8,15 Scarus hypselopterus 7,10,13,19,34,37,40-43,49 Scarus niger 29,34,36,37,39,42-44,47-49,51,59,60 Scarus oviceps 7,59 Scarus prasiognathus 8,34 Scarus psittacus 8,15,16,18,19,26,29,30,34,37,56,59,60 Scarus quoyi 9,30,31,34,37,42-45,48,49,51-53,56,57 Scarus rivulatus 15,44 Scarus rubroviolaceus 16,23,26,59,60 Scarus spinus 16,19,26,34,36,45,59 Scarus tricolor 8,10,12,18,19,31,36,44,52,57,59,60 Pinguipedidae Parapercis clathrata 4-8,10,12,13,15,16,19,23,29,31,38*,41,48,51,59 Parapercis cf cylindricus ( yellowtail) 15,35,38*,41,42,45,47 Parapercis cylindrica 23,26,29,38*,48 Parapercis lineopunctata 23,29,42,48,55,57 Parapercis hexophthalma 23,29,30,36,37,41,43,44,48,49,55,56 Parapercis schauinslandi 10 Parapercis tetracantha 10,12,13,15,16,19,23,26,29,34,59 Parapercis xanthozona 23 Pholidichthyidae Pholidichthys leucotaenia 16,31,36 Tripterygiidae Enneapterygius flavoccipitis 38* Helcogramma striatum 37,38*

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Appendix 1. continued Species Site Records Blennidae Atrosalarias fuscus 38*,54* Aspidontus taeniatus 29 Escenius bimaculatus 23,30,31,35-39,42,43,45,48,55,57 Escenius bicolor 29,38* Escenius melarchus 34,39,41-45,47-49,51-53,55-57 Escenius namiyei 17,26,29 Meiacanthus atrodorsalis 4-8,16,19,26,31,36,41-43,45,48,49,51,55,57 Meiacanthus ditrema 39 Meiacanthus geminatus 11 Meiacanthus grammistes 4,5,8,10,12,15,16,18,19,23,26,29-31,37,42,45,48,49,55,59 Plagiotremus rhinorhynchus 8,29,30,37,59,60 Plagiotremus tapeinosoma 29 Salarias ramosus 17 Salarias segmentatus 44,47,49,52 Gobiesocidae Diademichthys lineatus 23,30,31,36,38*,43,44,45 Callionymidae Synchiropus splendidus 40 Gobiidae Amblyeleotris guttata 16,26,35,42,43 Amblyeleotris gymnocephala 52,55 Amblyeleotris fontanesii 55 Amblyeleotris rubrimarginalis 23,39,51,53,55 Amblyeleotris wheeleri 32,36,38*,45,59 Amblyeleotris sp. P303 Allen et al. Freckled 10,12 Amblyeleotris steinitzi 17,36,37,42,43,49,51 Amblyeleotris yanoi 10,59 Amblygobius decussatus 7,18,36,41-45,48,49,51,55-57 Amblygobius hectori 7,30,34,36,37,39,41-44,47,48,51-53,56,57 Amblygobius phaelaena 17,19,42,48,57 Amblygobius nocturnus 36,39,40,41,42 Asterropteryx striatus 8,48,53,55,56 Bryaninops natans 34 Callogobius hasseltii 35 Coryphopterus neophytus 14,54* Coryphopterus signipinnis 23,29,34,36,41,47,48,49,51 Cryptocentrus cinctus 36,39,40,42,49,53 Cryptocentrus fasciatus 58 Cryptocentrus inexplicatus 56 Cryptocentrus strigilliceps 39,40,41,48,49,52,55,56 Cryptocentrus sp.1 (ventral-barred shrimpgoby)

55

Cryptocentrus sp.2 (yellow shrimpgoby) 55 Cryptocentrus sp.3 (bluespot shrimpgoby) 58 Ctenogobiops aurocingulus 48,59 Ctenogobiops crocineus 23,59 Ctenogobiops feroculus 42 Ctenogobiops tangaroai 26 Ctenogobips pomasticus 55 Eviota bifasciatus 8,55,57 Eviota macrophthalma 38* Eviota nigriventris 36,40,41,43-45,48,49,51-53,55,57 Eviota pellucida 30,31,34,36-38*,41-45,47-49,51-53,55,57,59 Eviota sebreei 31,41,45,48,57 Eviota striata 38*,41,59 Eviota sp. 14 Exyrias bellisimus 39,48,49,56,57 Exyrias sp. (Filamented Goby) 48 Gnatholepis anjerensis 26,31,34,48 Gobiodon okinawae 35

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Appendix 1. continued Species Site Records Gobiodon quinquestrigatus 46* Istigobius decoratus 29,35 Istigobius regilis 23,34,42,45 Paragobiodon echinocephalus 38* Pleurosicya elongata 53 Signigobius biocellatus 36,43 Trimma tevegae 36,51 Valenciennea helsdingeni 10 Valenciennea immaculata 42 Valenciennea parva 43 Valenciennea puellaris 23,42,51,52,56 Valenciennea sexguttata 36 Valenciennea strigata 16,30 Vanderhorstia ambanoro 48 Microdesmidae Nemateleotris decora 59 Nemateleotris magnifica 12,13,16,26,30,59,60 Ptereleotridae Aioliops megastigma 37,39,40,43,47-49,51-53,55-57 Parioglossus interruptus 55 Ptereleotris evides 10,12,13,26,29,43-45,59,60 Ptereloetris heteroptera 15,19,36 Ptereleotris microlepis 21,56 Ephippidae Platax boersii 7,8,10,12,16,26,29,30,34,37,39,41,43-45,51,57,59,60 Platax orbicularis 12 Platax pinnatus 26,30,31,39,41 Siganidae Siganus argenteus 55 Siganus canaliculatus 14 Siganus corallinus 4 -8,10,12,13,16,18,23,26,31,34,36,37,40-45,47,48,51,53,57,59 Siganus fuscescens 55 Siganus guttatus 34,44,59 Siganus puellus 5,10,30,31,34,36,37,44,49,51,59 Siganus punctatissimus 5,12,39,40,41,44,53,59,60 Siganus punctatus 16,29,59,60 Siganus trispilos 59,60 Siganus unimaculatus 48 Siganus vermiculatus 12 Siganus virgatus 4,5,10,12,16,26,31,34,36,37,39-41,44,48,49,51-53,56,57,59 Siganus vulpinus 5,7,34,36,37,39,40,44,45,47-49,51-53,57,59 Zanclidae Zanclus cornutus 4 -8,12,13,16,18,23,26,29-31,34,36,37,39-45,47-49,51-53,55-57,59,60 Acanthuridae Acanthurus blochii 59,60 Acanthurus grammoptilus 59 Acanthurus lineatus 8,16,26,59,60 Acanthurus leucochilus 29 Acanthurus maculiceps 8,13,59,60 Acanthurus mata 4,10,12,13,15,16,23,26,29,31,45,59 Acanthurus nigricans 4-8,10,13,15,16,26,59,60 Acanthurus nigricaudus 29,59 Acanthurus nigrofuscus 29,30,37,38*,59,60 Acanthurus nigroris 30,34,59,60 Acanthurus nubilus 59 Acanthurus olivaceus 10,15,29,30,37,60 Acanthurus pyroferus 4 -8,10,12,15,16,23,26,29,30,34,36,37,59,60 Acanthurus thompsoni 13,26,30,36,59,60 Acanthurus xanthopterus 29,43,47,55,59,60 Ctenochaetus binotatus 4 -8,10,12,13,15,16,18,23,26,29-31,34,36,37,39-43,45,47-49,59 Ctenochaetus cyanocheilus 59,60 Ctenochaetus striatus 4 -8,10,12,13,15,16,18,23,26,29-31,34,36,37,39-43,45,59 Ctenochaetus strigosus 26 Ctenochaetus tominiensis 4,7,8

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Appendix 1. continued Species Site Records Naso brachycentron 59,60 Naso brevirostris 29,59,60 Naso lituratus 5,16,26,29,30,34,59,60 Naso lopezi 29 Naso minor 10,13,26 Naso thynoides 16 Naso unicornis 29,59,60 Naso vlamngi 15,29,59,60 Paracanthurus hepatus 12,13,15,29,59,60 Zebrasoma scopas 4 -7,10,12,15,16,26,30,31,34,36-38*,40,45,59,60 Zebrasoma veliferum 7,10,12,18,26,29,59,60 Sphyraenidae Sphyraena barracuda 59 Sphyraena flavicauda 51 Sphyraena qenie 59 Scombridae Rastrelliger kanagurta 10,12 Gymnosarda unicolor 60 Scomberomorus commerson 10,12,16 Balistidae Abalistes stellatus 53,55,56 Balistapus undulatus 4 -8,10,12,13,15,16,29-31,34,36,37,41-43,45,49,51,59,60 Balistoides conspicillum 10,13,30,59,60 Balistoides viridescens 5,8,12,15,29,30,40,44,52,53,59,60 Melichthys niger 26,59,60 Melichthys vidua 10,12,16,29,59,60 Odonus niger 7,10,12,15,29,59 Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus 7,10,39,42,44,56,59,60 Rhinecanthus verruccosus 30,53 Sufflamen bursa 4,7,10,12,13,16,23,29,30,36,37,45,49,53,59,60 Sufflamen chrysopterus 5,7,10,12,13,15,23,29,37,41,51,53,59,60 Xanthichthys auromarginatus 10,13,15 Monacanthidae Aluterus scriptus 12,16,29,53,59,60 Acreichthys radiatus 33 Acreichthys tomentosus 42,56 Amanses scopas 26,59,60 Cantherines dumerili 34 Cantherines pardalis 15,34 Paraluteres prionurus 18,45 Pervagor aspricaudus 7 Pervagor janthinosoma 23 Pervagor melanocephalus 59 Pervagor nigrolineatus 36,51 Rudarius minutus 38* Ostraciidae Lactoria cornuta 15 Ostracion cubicus 8,16,31,34,37,45,55,57,59,60 Ostracion meleagris 12,15,26,59,60 Ostracion nasus 31,59 Ostracion solorensis 29 Tetraodontidae Arothron nigropunctatus 4,8,37,41,42,59,60 Arotrhon manilensis 58 Arothron mappa 39,48 Canthigaster bennetti 17 Canthigaster compressa 41,55,56 Canthigaster leoparda 59 Canthigaster papua 7,13,16,23,30,31,34,36,37,39-41,43,45,48,57 Canthigaster valentini 7,8,10,12,13,16,18,23,26,29,31,37,41,44,45,47,56,59,60 Chelonodon patoca 48 Diodontidae Diodon holocanthus 13,47 Diodon hystrix 60

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Appendix 2. Species list and abundance estimates of fishes identified at the Semporna fish market.

Species Abundance Market Only RHINOBATIDAE Rhinobatos typus 2-10 + DASYATIDAE Dasyatis kuhlii 1 Himantura undulata 1 + MYLIOBATIDAE Mobula eregoodootenkee 2-10 + MURAENIDAE Gymnothorax javanicus 2-10 CONGRIDAE Conger cinereus 2-10 + CLUPEIDAE Sardinella sp. > 100 + CHANIDAE Chanos chanos 1 + ARIIDAE Arius sp. 11-100 + MUGILIDAE Crenimugil crenilabrus 11-100 + HEMIIRAMPHIDAE Hemiramphus far 2-10 + Hemiramphus sp. 2-10 + BELONIDAE Tylosurus acus melanotus 11-100 + Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus 2-10 CENTROPOMIDAE Lates calcifer 2-10 + SERRANIDAE Anyperodon leucogrammicus 2-10 Cephalopholis argus 2-10 Cephalopholis microprion 1 Cephalopholis miniata 2-10 Cephalopholis sonnerati 1 + Cromileptes altivelis 1 + Epinephalus areolatus 2-10 + Epinephalus coioides 2-10 Epinephelus undulosus 2-10 + Epinephelus corallicola 2-10 + Epinephelus fasciatus 2-10 Epinephelus merra 2-10 Epnephelus ongus 2-10 Plectropomus areolatus 2-10 Plectropomus leopardus 2-10 PRIACANTHIDAE Priacanthus tayenus 1 + CARANGIDAE Alectis ciliaris 2-10 + Alectis indica 2-10 + Alepes djedaba 2-10 + Alepes vari 11-100 + Atule mate 11-100 + Carangoides malabaricus 2-10 + Caranx malabaricus 2-10 + Caranx papuensis 2-10 + Caranx sexfasciatus 2-10 + Decapterus kurroides > 100 + Decapterus macrosoma 11-100 + Decapterus russelli 2-10 + Elagatis bipinnulata 2-10 Gnathanodon speciousus 2-10 Megalaspis cordyla > 100 +

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Appendix 2. continued

Species Abundance Market Only CARANGIDAE (cont.) Scomberoides commersonnianus 2-10 + Scomberoides tol 2-10 + Scomberomorus commerson 2-10 + Selar crumenophthalmus > 100 + Selaroides leptolepis > 100 + Seriolina nigrofasciata 1 + Uraspis uraspis 2-10 + MENIDAE Mene maculata > 100 + LEIOGNATHIDAE Leiognathus equulus > 100 + Leiognathus fasciatus 11-100 + LUTJANIDAE Aphareus furca 2-10 Etelis coruscans 1 + Lutjanus bohar 2-10 Lutjanus carponotatus 2-10 Lutjanus decussatus 2-10 Lutjanus ehrenbergi 2-10 Lutjanus malabaricus 11-100 + Lutjanus sebae 1 + Lutjanus vitta 11-100 + Macolor macularis 2-10 Pinjalo pinjalo 1 + CAESIONIDAE Caesio cuning 11-100 Pterocaesio digramma 11-100 GERREIDAE Gerres abbreviatus 1 + HAEMULIDAE Diagramma melanacrum 2-10 Diagramma pictum 2-10 Plectorhinchus chaetodonoides 1 Plectorhinchus polytaenia 2-10 NEMIPTERIDAE Nemipterus furcosus 11-100 + Nemipterus hexodon 11-100 + Nemipterus japonicus 2-10 + Nemipterus nematophus 2-10 + Pentapodus bifasciatus 2-10 Pentapodus trivittatus 2-10 Scolopsis margaritifer 2-10 Scolopsis monogramma 2-10 Scolopsis taeniopterus 2-10 LETHRINDAE Gymnocranius grandoculis 1 + Lethrinus erythropterus 11-100 Lethrinus lentjan 11-100 + Lethrinus microdon 2-10 Lethrinus obsoletus 11-100 Lethrinus olivaceus 11-100 Lethrinus rubroperculatus 2-10 + Lethrinus semicinctus 1 + MULLIDAE Parupeneus barberinus 11-100 Parupeneus ciliatus 2-10 + Parupeneus heptacanthus 2-10 + Parupeneus indicus 2-10 Upeneus tragula 2-10 KYPHOSIDAE Kyphosus vaigiensis 2-10

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Appendix 2. continued

Species Abundance Market Only POMACANTHIDAE Pomacanthus imperator 1 TERAPONTIDAE Terapon jarbua 2-10 + POMACENTRIDAE Dischistodus perspicullatus 2-10 Dischistodus prosopotaenia 2-10 Hemiglyphidodon plagiometopon 2-10 LABRIDAE Choerodon schoenleinii 2-10 + Hemigymnus melapterus 1 SCARIDAE Calatomus carolinus 2-10 + Chlorurus bleekeri 2-10 Chlorurus microrhinos 2-10 + Chlorurus sordidus 2-10 Leptoscarus vaigiensis 1 + Scarus flavipectoralis 2-10 Scarus ghobban 11-100 Scarus globiceps 2-10 + Scarus psittacus 2-10 Scarus quoyi 2-10 Scarus rivulatus 1 + EPHIPPIDAE Platax boersii 2-10 SIGANIDAE Siganus canaliculatus > 100 + Siganus corallinus 11-100 Siganus fuscescens > 100 Siganus guttatus 11-100 Siganus virgatus 2-10 ACANTHURIDAE Acanthurus mata 11-100 Acanthurus nigricans 2-10 Acanthurus triostegus 11-100 Acanthurus xanthopterus 11-100 SPHYRAENIDAE Sphyraena forsteri 11-100 + SCOMBRIDAE Euthynnus affinis 11-100 + Grammatorcynus bilineatus 2-10 + Katsuwonus pelamis 11-100 + Rastrelliger kanagurta 11-100 Thunnus alalunga 2-10 + Thunnus albacares 11-100 + SOLEIDAE Rendahlia jauberensis 2-10 + BALISTIDAE Psedobalistes fuscus 11-100 MONACANTHIDAE Aluterus scriptus 2-10 Aluterus monoceros 1 + DIODONTIDAE Diodon holocanthus 11-100 Diodon hystrix 11-100 + Diodon liturosus 11-100 Total Species 141 Total Species only in market 78

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2.4 Palaemonoid Shrimps Charles H.J.M. Fransen Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity - Naturalis, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. E-mail: Charles.Fransen@ncbnaturalis.nl The most diverse subfamily of marine shrimps in the palaemonoids is the Pontoniinae, comprising over 600 species (De Grave and Fransen, 2011) with around 430 recorded from the Indo-Pacific. Most species are living in association with other organisms. Only few records of these shrimps from the Semporna area are known in the scientific literature. Holthuis (1950, 1952), in his monographs on the Palaemoninae and Pontoniinae of the Siboga and Snellius Expeditions, recorded a few species from the Sulu Archipelago near the Semporna area. Shrimps were photographed on their host before collecting. During 60 dives a total of 360 samples were collected comprising about 550 specimens. Preliminary identification of the material yielded ca. 104 species (Table 1). In genera like Periclimenes and Periclimenaeus, identification to species level awaits further morphological study of the specimens. New species in these genera are expected. The number of palaemonoid species is rather high in comparison with most other localities visited within the Coral Triangle (Fransen, 2007; Hoeksema, 2007): East Kalimantan (2003: ca. 90 species), Cebu (1999: ca. 87 species), Sulawesi (1994: ca. 80 species), Ambon (1996: ca. 90 species), Bali (2001: ca. 90 species), Ternate (2009: ca. 104), and Raja Ampat (2007: ca. 77 species), and distinctly higher than the localities outside this area: Seychelles (1992: 57 species), Pulau Seribu (2005: 60 species). Table 2 summarizes the number of species per host group for the areas studied over the years.

Table 1. Preliminary list of shrimp species and their hosts collected during the Semporna Marine Ecological Expedition 2010. _______________________________________________________________________________________ Taxa Host _______________________________________________________________________________________ SUPERFAMILY PALAEMONOIDEA FAMILY ANCHISTIOIDIDAE

Anchistioides willeyi (Borradaile, 1900) Leucetta lemon FAMILY PALAEMONIDAE SUBFAMILY PALAEMONINAE

Urocaridella spec. free living SUBFAMILY PONTONIINAE

Anchiopontonia hurii (Holthuis, 1981) Spondylus varius Anchistus australis Bruce, 1977 Tridacna squamosa Anchistus custoides Bruce, 1977a Atrina vexillium Anchistus miersi De Man, 1888 Hippopus hippopus Tridacna squamosa Ancylomenes holthuisi (Bruce, 1969) Actinodendrum plumosum Actinodendrum spec. Heteractis aurora Heteractis magnificus Herpetolitha lima Stichodactyla haddoni Hydroid Phyllodiscus spec. Ancylomenes magnificus (Bruce, 1979) Actinodendrum plumosum

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Dofleinia armata Ancylomenes sarasvati (Okuno, 2002) Plerogyra spec. Heteractis magnificus Ancylomenes venustus (Bruce, 1989) Phyllodiscus spec. Euphyllia divisa Coscinaraea culumna Euphyllia yaeyaemensis Cryptodendrum adhaesivum Euphyllia ancora Heteractis aurora Fungid coral Ancylomenes spec. ? nov. Heteractis aurora Apopontonia falcirostris Bruce, 1976 Among branches of Seriatopora hystrix probably in encrusting sponge Brucecaris tenuis (Bruce, 1969) Oxycomanthus bennetti Conchodytes meleagrinae Peters, 1852 Pinctada margeritifera Conchodytes pteriae Fransen, 1994 in small Pteria spec. Coralliocaris labyrintha Mitsuhashi & Takeda, 2008 Acropora spec. Crinotonia attenuatus (Bruce, 1971) grey crinoid Cuapetes amymone (De Man, 1902) Acropora spec. Cuapetes kororensis (Bruce, 1977) Heliofungia actiniformis Cuapetes lacertae (Bruce, 1992) Nemezophyllia turbita among Pavona cactus Cuapetes tenuipes (Borradaile, 1989) rubble Ricorda corallimorpharian Heliofungia actiniformis Nephthea on sand Catalaphyllia gardineri Cuapetes spec.1 rubble Cuapetes spec. 2 Xenia on sand Dactylonia ascidicola (Borradaile, 1898) Ascidia spec. Dactylonia holthuisi Fransen, 2003 Plurella spec. Dactylonia spec. 1 Herdmania momus Dasella herdmaniae Lebour, 1939 Herdmania momus Dasycaris ceratops Holthuis, 1952 Virgularia spec. Pteroides spec. Dasycaris zanzibarica Bruce, 1973 Cirripathes spec. Exoclimenella maldivensis Duris & Bruce, 1995. Among Pavona cactus Hamodactylus aqabai Bruce & Svoboda, 1984 Nephthea spec. Hamodactylus boschmai Holthuis, 1952 red Gorgonaria Melitheid Elisella spec. Hamodactylus noumaea Bruce, 1970 Rumphella spec. Elisella spec. Hamopontonia corallicola Bruce, 1970 Heliofungia anctiniformis Catalaphyllia gardineri

Plerogyra sinuosa Harpiliopsis depressa (Stimpson, 1860). Seriatopora hystrix Ischnopontonia lophos (Barnard, 1962) Galaxea astreata Galaxea fascicularis Jocaste spec. Acropora spec. Lacertonia chadi Marin, 2011 Lopha cristagalli Laomenes amboinensis (De Man, 1888) Oxycomanthus bennetti Laomenes spec. 1 Comanthus schlegeli Laomenes spec. 2 ? Comaster nobilis Laomenes spec. 3 grey crinoid Manipontonia psamathe (De Man, 1902) Ianthella basta Gorgonaria Antipathes spec. Dendronephthya spec.

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Hydroid Miopontonia yongei Bruce, 1985 Junceela spec. Odontonia katoi (Kubo, 1940) Polycarpa aurata Polycarpa spec. Odontonia sibogae (Bruce, 1972) Polycarpa spec. Odontonia spec.1 Polycarpa spec. Onycocaridella spec. nov. green sponge Orthopontonia ornata (Bruce, 1970) Mesophlus sarassinorum Palaemonella potsii (Borradaile, 1915) Crinoids Palaemonella spec. 1 Pocillopora guttatus Paranchistus pycnodontae Bruce, 1978 Pteria penguin Paranchistus spondylus Suzuko, 1971 Spondylus spec. Periclimenaeus rastrifer Bruce, 1980 orange encrusting sponge Periclimenaeus spongicola Holthuis, 1952 rubble with encrusting sponges and ascidian Periclimenaeus storchi Bruce, 1989 Didemnum molle Periclimenaeus aff. tuamotae Bruce, 1969 encrusting compound ascidian Periclimenaeus spec. 1 Sponge, purple outside, white inside Periclimenaeus spec. 2 Leucetta lemon Periclimenaeus spec. 3 Mesophlus sarassinorum Periclimenaeus spec. 4 green sponge Periclimenaeus spec. 5 Lissoclinum spec. Periclimenaeus spec. 6 white compound ascidian Periclimenaeus spec. 7 pinkish grey sponge Periclimenaeus spec. 8 black compound ascidian Periclimenella spinifera (De Man, 1902) Acropora spec. Seriatopora hystrix Periclimenella spec. 1 Pocillopora guttatus Periclimenella spec. 2 Pectinia paeonia Periclimenes brevicarpalis (Schenkel, 1902) sea anemone Heteractis aurora Actinodendrum spec. Actinodendrum plomosus Periclimenes diversipes Kemp, 1922 red gorgonarian Periclimenes diversipes group spec. 1 Pectinia paeonia Periclimenes divesipes group spec. 2 Acropora humulis Periclimenes imperator Bruce, 1967 Thelonota anax Periclimenes incertus Borradaile, 1915 tube sponge Stylissa flabelliformis Periclimenes inornatus Kemp, 1922 Stichodactyla mertensii Heteractis magnifica Periclimenes kempi Bruce, 1969 Sarcophyton spec. Periclimenes ornatus Bruce, 1969 Entacmaea quadricolor Heteractis spec. Periclimenes aff. perturbans/lepidus sea anemone gorgonarian Periclimenes soror Nobili, 1904 ? Echinaster luzonicus Linckia laevigatus Choraster granulatus Culcitta novaeguinaea Protoreaster nodosus Periclimenes vanellus Fransen, 2010 Iantella basta Periclimenes watamuae Bruce, 1976 Herpolitha limax Polyphyllia talpina Periclimenes spec. nov. Alcyonarian, Nidaliidae, probably new genus (pers. comm. L.P. van Ofwegen) Nephthea spec. Periclimenes spec. 1 red gorgonian Periclimenes spec. 2 Dendronephthya spec. Periclimenes spec. 3 black ear sponge Periclimenes spec. 4 Galaxea and rubble

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Periclimenes spec. 5 Seriatopora and rubble Periclimenes spec. 6 brown sponge Periclimenes spec. 7 Nemezophyllia turbita Philarius gerlachei (Nobili, 1905) Seriatopora spec. Philarius rufus Marin & Anker, 2011 Acropora spec. Platypontonia hyotis Hipeau-Jacquotte, 1971 Hyotissa hyotis Pliopontonia furtiva Bruce, 1973 Amplexidiscus fenestater Pontonides ankeri Marin, 2007 Cirripathes spec. Pontonides maldivensis (Borradaile, 1915) Tubastrea micrantha Pontoniopsis comanthi Borradaile, 1915 ? Comaster nobilis Rapipontonia ? galene (Holthuis, 1952) Aglaophenia cupressina Rapipontonia ? paragalene Marin, 2007 hydroid Thaumastocaris streptopus Kemp, 1922 tubesponges Tuleariocaris zanzibarica Bruce, 1967 Diadema setosum Unguicaris pilipes (Bruce & Zmarzly, 1983) crinoid Vir euphyllius Marin & Anker, 2005 Euphyllia ancora Euphyllia divisa Vir philippinensis Bruce & Svoboda, 1984 Plerogyra spec. Physogyra lichtensteini Plerogyra philippinensis Vir smiti Fransen & Holthuis, 2007 Physogyra lichtensteini Vir spec. 1 Euphyllia glaberescens

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Table 2. Number of Palaemonoid species per host group encountered in different areas.

Semporna Ternate Raja Ampat P. Seribu

E. Kalimantan Bali Cebu Sulawesi Ambon Seychelles

2010 2009 2007 2005 2003 2001 1999 1994 1996 1992/93

Free-living 4 2 6 1 8 4 6 4 6 6 Porifera 16 12 8 4 6 22 10 10 6 4

Hydrozoa 4 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2

Actiniaria 9 8 8 3 8 2 6 8 8 2

Corallimorpharia 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Scleractinia 24 21 23 16 23 18 25 20 22 20

Alcyonaria 10 8 3 4 7 3 2 5 8 5

Gorgonaria 7 7 4 4 8 3 4 4 5 11

Antipatharia 3 4 3 1 6 8 9 6 5 5

Echinoidea 1 1 0 1 1 2 2 1 1 1

Asteroidea 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1

Crinoidea 9 6 7 5 9 12 9 10 9 3

Holothuroidea 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1

Bivalvia 10 8 6 9 8 6 8 7 7 9

Ascidiacea 13 18 8 5 10 9 3 4 8 3 Total 104 104 77 57 98 93 89 84 90 74

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Fig. 1. Dasycaris ceratops on unidentified Virgularia seapen

Fig. 2. Ancylomenes holthuisi on Actinodendron arboreum sea anemone

Fig. 3. Laomenes amboinensis on unidentified crinoid

Fig. 4. Manipontonia psamathe on Ianthella basta sponge

Fig. 5. Miopontonia yongei on unidentified Junceella gorgonarian

Fig. 6. Periclimenes soror on Linckia laevigata sea star

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Fig. 7. Cuapetes kororensis on Heliofungia actiniformis

Fig. 8. Pliopontonia furtiva on Amplexidiscus fenestrafer corallimorpharian

Fig. 9. Pontonides ankeri on unidentified Cirripathes black coral

Fig. 10. Pontoniopsis comanthi on unidentified crinoid

Fig. 11. Thaumastocaris streptopus in unidentified Callyspongia sponge

Fig. 12. New species of pontoniine shrimp possibly Onycocaridella, in sponge

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References De Grave, S. and C.H.J.M. Fransen. Carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the

dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda). Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden 85(9): 195-589 figs 1-59.

Fransen, C.H.J.M., 2007. The Influence of Land Barriers on the Evolution of Pontoniine Shrimps (Crustacea,

Decapoda) Living in Association with Molluscs and Solitary Ascidians, in: Renema, W. (ed.), Biogeography, Time and Place: Distributions, Barriers, and Islands, Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 103-115, figs. 1-3.

Hoeksema, B.W., 2007. Delineation of the Indo-Malayan Centre of Maximum Marine Biodiversity: The

Coral Triangle. In: W. Renema (ed.) Biogeography, Time and Place: Distributions, Barriers and Islands, pp 117-178. Springer, Dordrecht.

Holthuis, L.B., 1950. The Decapoda of the Siboga Expedition. Part X. The Palaemonidae collected

by the Siboga and Snellius expeditions with remarks on other species. I. Subfamily Palaemoninae. Siboga Expeditie 39a9: 1-268.

Holthuis, L.B., 1952. The Decapoda of the Siboga Expedition. Part XI. The Palaemonidae collected

by the Siboga and Snellius Expeditions with remarks on other species II. Subfamily Pontoniinae. Siboga Expeditie 39a10: 1-253.

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2.5 Stony Corals and their associated Coral Gall Crabs Sancia E.T. van der Meij Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity – Naturalis, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands E-mail: Sancia.vanderMeij@ncbnaturalis.nl Coral gall crabs (Cryptochiridae Paul’son, 1875) are obligatory associated with stony corals. Currently, the Cryptochiridae include 46 extant species (20 genera), of which two are deep-water species. Gall crabs can probably be found worldwide, wherever scleractinian corals occur. Many reefs still need to be sampled for gall crabs, and doing so from the host perspective (sampling as many different host corals as possible) yields many new associations. The females of some species live within enclosed ‘galls’, completely encompassing the crab, in which it remains for the remainder of its life. Other gall crab species live in an indentation or pit in the coral, which they can leave if needed. The males are far smaller than the females, and sometimes encountered wandering freely on top of the coral. During the fieldwork carried out in Semporna, stony corals and the associated gall crabs were sampled during 60 dives. The goal was to obtain as many different species of gall crabs from a wide range of coral hosts from the Semporna region. Gall crabs where collected from > 100 different coral hosts, belonging to 33 genera and nine coral families (Table 1, Fig. 1). A total of 213 samples were collected, and for a number of specimens identification to species level awaits microscopic study (Appendix 1).

Compared to the Ternate area (Halmahera, Indonesia), Semporna appears to have a similar diversity of coral gall crabs, which is not surprising given the similarities between the coral assemblages in the two areas. For the gall crabs identification to species level awaits further morphological study of the specimens, after which a better comparison can be made.

One gall crab species was found in Semporna which was not encountered during previous expeditions (Neotroglocarcinus cf. hongkongensis from the coral Turbinaria peltata). In Semporna this coral was more intensively searched for associated gall crabs than in Ternate.

Fig. 1. Coral gall crabs of the species Pseudocryptochirus viridis, Fungicola fagei and Lithoscaptus sp.

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Table 1. Coral hosts from which gall crabs were collected in Semporna and their associated gall crabs (preliminary).

Agariciidae Gardineroseris planulata Leptoseris amitoriensis L. foliosa L. glabra L. hawaiensis L. incrustans L. mycetoseroides L. scabra L. yabei

Opecarcinus sp.

Pavona cf. bipartita P. cactus P. clavus P. explanulata P. maldivensis P. varians P. venosa

Opecarcinus sp. / P. ransoni

Dendrophylliidae Turbinaria cf. mesenterina P. viridis T. peltata N. cf. hongkongensis T. cf. reniformis Turbinaria sp.

P. viridis

Faviidae Cyphastrea micropthalma Cryptochirus sp. /

Lithoscaptus sp. Echinopora gemmacea E. hirsutissima E. horrida E. lamellosa E. pacificus Favia speciosa F. cf. rotundata F. maritima F. pallida F. cf. laxa Favia sp. Favites abdita F. cf. halicora

Lithoscaptus sp.

Favites sp. Goniastrea cf. aspera G. cf. australensis G. pectinata Goniastrea sp.

Leptastrea sp. Dacryomaia sp. Leptoria phrygia Montastraea curta

Cryptochirus sp.

Oulophyllia crispa Oulophyllia sp.

Xynomaia sp.

Platygyra cf. pini P. lamellina P. pini P. sinensis Platygyra sp. P. verweyi P. yaeyamaensis

Cryptochirus sp. / Lithoscaptus sp.

Plesiastrea versipora Lithoscaptus sp.

Fungiidae Cycloseris costulata C. hexagonalis C. mokai C. somervillei C. tenuis

F. fagei / Dacryomaia sp.

Lithophyllon ranjithi L. repanda L. scabra L. spinifer L. undulatum

F. utinomi / Dacryomaia sp.

Pleuractis granulosa P. moluccensis P. paumotensis Podabacia crustacea Sandalolitha dentata

F. fagei

Merulinidae Hydnophora exesa H. rigida Merulina ampliata M. scabricula Merulina sp.

Xynomaia sp.

Mussidae Acanthastrea echinata Lobophyllia sp. Symphyllia sp.

Fizeserenia sp.

Pectiniidae Echinophyllia aspera Echinophyllia sp. Mycedium elephantotus Mycedium sp. Oxypora lacera Oxypora sp. Pectinia paeonia Pectinia sp. P. alcicornis P. lactuca

Xynomaia sp.

Pocilloporidae Pocillopora damicornis P. verrucosa Seriatopora. caliendrum S. cf. caliendrum S. hystrix Stylophora cf. pistillata S. pistillata

H. marsupialis

Siderastreidae Coscinarea columna C. monelli Psammocora cf. nierstraszi P. digitata P. haimeana P. nierstraszi P. profundacella Siderastrea savignyana

Dacryomaia sp.

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Appendix 1. Overview of the SEM localities and the coral hosts in which gall crabs were encountered.

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2.6 Ovulidae associated with Octocorallia Bastian Reijnen Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity - Naturalis, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. E-mail: Bastian.Reijnen@ncbnaturalis.nl Introduction Ovulidae are gastropod molluscs which are primarily associated with Octocorallia but can also be found on antipatharians (black corals). Ovulids are globally distributed in tropical and temperate seas, but their greatest diversity is found on reefs in the Indo-Pacific. Currently over 200 species are described from both shallow and deep water reefs (Lorenz and Fehse, 2009). Little is known of the Malaysian ovulid fauna, particularly focussing on eastern Borneo. Lorenz and Fehse (2009) e.g. show several in situ photographs of Malaysian ovulids and George and George (1987) have a record of Ovula ovum (Linnaeus, 1758) from the outer reef of Mantabuan Isl., but scientific data on the diversity and distribution of Malaysian Ovulidae remains scarce. Scientific literature on the Octocorallia diversity around Borneo is also limited. George and George (1987) have made an inventory of the gorgonians and alcyonaceans at the Bodgaya Islands, which is now the Tun Sakaran Marine Park, and Sipadan Isl. In their inventory they mention 58 different species or species groups. An additional record is by Bayer (1950) who described a new Corallium species (Corallium borneënse) from north Si Amil Isl. For this report we focussed on the interactions between the Octocorallia and the Ovulidae. Therefore we do not provide a complete overview of the Octocorallia at Semporna, but give an overview of the observed interactions between octocorals and ovulids. Discrepancies between the George and George (1987) paper can therefore be observed. Identifying Octocorallia is troublesome, most characters are poorly defined and even specialists cannot always positively identify genera or species. As a result only one paper describing the interactions between both Ovulidae and Octocorallia from the Indo-Pacific is known e.g. Schiaparelli et al. (2005). Therein no specimens from Malaysia were included, therefore this is the first overview specifically on the association between octocorals and their associate ovulids from Malaysian Borneo. Material and Methods Gorgonians and soft corals were meticulously searched for ovulid snails, while using SCUBA equipment. Upon encounter in situ photographs were made to record the morphology and colour (patterns) of both the host and symbiont (see Fig. 1). The ovulid snail including a tissue sample of its host species was collected and stored on 80% ethanol to preserve it for closer examination. Identifications of the Ovulidae were made with the help of a dissecting microscope and reference literature from Cate (1973) and Lorenz and Fehse, (2009). The nomenclature as used by the latter reference was used for this report. For the octocorallia, microscopy slides of the sclerites (internal calcareous parts) had to be made for identification purposes. A chlorine solution (common bleach) was used to dissolve

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the tissue. The remaining residue was washed 5 times with tap water followed by 5 washing steps with distilled water. Sclerites were embedded in euparal to enable visualisation and identification under a stereomicroscope. Results In total 30 species of Ovulidae were found divided over 17 genera, excluding a single representative from the family Pediculariidae. Formerly Pediculariidae were considered to belong to the family Ovulidae but recent insights (Lorenz and Fehse, 2009) placed the Pedicularia in a separate family (Table 1). In total over 220 individuals of Ovulidae were observed and collected. For the Octocorallia, a total of 102 specimens were preserved for further identification. Closer identification revealed at least 48 different species(groups) of which not all could be provided with a species name (Table 2). New records of genera for the Semporna region are, compared to George and George (1987): Acanthogorgia, Annella, Bebryce, Chironephthya, Ctenocella, Paracis, Solenocaulon, Studeriotes, Villogorgia and Viminella. Table 1. Ovulidae and Pediculariidae collected at Semporna, Malaysia. Numbers in between parenthesis indicate the total number of samples. Aclyvolvinae Hiatavolva coarctata (Sowerby 2nd in Adams and Reeve, 1848) (6) Hiatavolva rugosa (Cate and Azuma in Cate, 1973) (2) Hiatavolva sp. (3) Ovulinae Ovula ovum (Linnaeus, 1758) (9)

Pellasimnia cf. annabelae (Lorenz and Fehse, 2009) (4) Phenacovolva rosea (Adams, 1854) (2) Phenacovolva parvita (Cate and Azuma in Cate, 1973) (1)

Prionovolvinae Archivolva clava (Habe, 1991) (1)

Calpurnus verrucosus (Linnaeus, 1758) (5) Crenavolva aureola (Fehse, 2002) (2) Dentiovula dorsuosa (Hinds, 1844) (6) Dentiovula cf. dorsuosa (6) Dentiovula eizoi Cate and Azuma in Cate, 1973 (14) Dentiovula mariae (Schilder, 1941) (3) Dentiovula masaoi Cate, 1973 (5) Dentiovula colobica (Azuma and Cate, 1971) (2)

Diminovula culmen (Cate, 1973) (6) Diminovula margarita (Sowerby 1st, 1828) (3) Diminovula concinna (Sowerby 2nd in Adams and Reeve, 1848) (1) Habuprionovolva aenigma (Azuma and Cate, 1971) (3)

Margovula bimaculata (Adams, 1854) (2) Primovula rosewateri (Cate, 1973) (3) Primovula tadashigei (Cate, 1973) (1) Prosimnia draconis Cate, 1973 (35)

Prosimnia piriei (Petuch, 1973) (6) Prosimnia semperi (Weinkauff, 1881) (26) Rotaovula septemmacula (Azuma, 1974) (3)

Pediculariidae Pedicularia pacifica Pease, 1865 (40+) Simniinae Naviculavolva deflexa (Sowerby 2nd, 1848) (13) Naviculavolva elegans (Fehse, in Lorenz and Fehse, 2009) (2) Naviculavolva malaita (Cate, 1976) (3)

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Table 2. Octocorallia collected at Semporna, Malaysia. Numbers in between parenthesis indicate the total number of samples.

Acanthogorgiidae Melithaeidae

Acanthogorgia sp. A (3) Acabaria spp. (23)

Acanthogorgia sp. B (2) Melithaea sp. A (1)

Acanthogorgia sp. C (1) Melithaea sp. B (4)

Acanthogorgia sp. D (1) Melithaea spp. (6)

Acanthogorgia sp. E (1) Mopsella sp. A (2)

Acanthogorgia sp. F (1) Mopsella sp. B (1)

Alcyoniidae Mopsella sp. C (1)

Lobophytum pauciflorum (Ehrenberg, 1834) (1) Nephtheidae

Sarcophyton glaucum (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) (2) Dendronephthya sp. A (5)

Sarcophyton trocheliophorum (von Marenzeller, 1886) (2) Dendronephthya sp. B (1)

Sarcophyton sp. (1) Dendronephthya sp. C (1) Sinularia polydactyla (Eherenberg, 1834)(1) Nephtea spp. (5) Anthoteliidae Stereonephthya sp. (1)

Solenocaulon sp. (2) Nidaliidae

Ellisellidae Chironephthya spp. (6) Ctenocella sp. (1) Siphonogorgia sp. A (1) Ellisella cf. ceratophyta (Linnaeus, 1758)(1) Siphonogorgia spp. (7) Viminella sp. (6) Paralcyoniidae Coelogorgiidae Studeriotes sp. (1) Paratelesto sp. (3) Plexauridae Gorgoniidae Bebryce stellata Hentschel, 1903 (1)

Hicksonella sp. A (3) Bebryce sp. A (2)

Hicksonella sp. B (1) Bebryce sp. B (1)

Hicksonella sp. C (2) Bebryce sp. C (1)

Rumphella sp. A (2) Euplexaura sp. A (2)

Rumphella sp. B (2) Euplexaura sp. B (1) Paracis sp. (1) Villogorgia sp. (1) Subergorgiidae

Annella reticulata (Ellis and Solander, 1786)(3)

Annella mollis (Nutting, 1910) (1) Annella cf. mollis (1)

In Table 3 the absence/presence data for ovulids per dive site was plotted. This data indicates that the most diverse reefs, were south of Semporna. Darvel bay and its surroundings (Islands and reefs NW of Boheydulang Isl.) proved to be less diverse. In general Octocorallia prefer nutrient rich, turbid waters. Since the Darvel Bay area is murkier and less prone to currents, the number of Octocorallia and their diversity was lower, resulting in a lower number of symbiotic Ovulidae. Ovulid-wise the most diverse spot was Kapalai, SE of Mabul. In total seven different ovulids were observed during a single dive.

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Table 3. Absence/presence data per dive site for the Ovulidae.

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Figure 1. A. Pellasimnia annabelae on an Annella sp.; B. Prosimnia draconis on an Acabaria sp.; C. Dentiovula colobica on an Acanthogorgia sp.; D. Rotaovula septemmacula on Bebryce sp.; E. Calpurnus verrucosus on Sarcophyton sp.; F. Diminovula culmen on Dendronephthya sp.; G. Ovula ovum feeding on Sarcophyton sp.; H. Naviculavolva deflexa on Rumphella sp.

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References Bayer F.M., 1950. A new precious coral from North Borneo. Journal of the Washington Academy of

Sciences 40: 59-61. Cate, C.N., 1973. A systematic revision of the recent cypraeid family Ovulidae (Mollusca:

Gastropoda). The Veliger 15 Suppl.: pp. 1-116. George J.D. and George J., 1987. The coral reefs of the Bodgaya Islands (Sabah: Malaysia) and Pulau

Sipadan. Malayan Nature Journal 40: 225-260. Lorenz F. and Fehse D., 2009. The living Ovulidae. A manual of the families of allied cowries:

Ovulidae, Pediculariidae and Eocypraeidae. Hackenheim: ConchBooks pp. 1-651. Schiaparelli S, Barucca M, Olmo E, Boyer M, Canapa A. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships within

Ovulidae (Gastropoda: Cypraeoidea) based on molecular data from the 16S rRNA gene. Marine Biology 147: 411-420.

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2.7 Macroalgae Stefano G.A. Draisma Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences – University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. E-mail: sgadraai@hotmail.com Introduction Macroalgae or seaweeds (rumpai laut in Malay language) are macroscopic algae. They have representatives on different branches of the Tree of Life, namely the green algae (Chlorophyta), the red algae (Rhodophyta), and the brown algae (Phaeophyceae). The blue-green algae (Cyanophyta) are photosynthetic bacteria and also have macroscopic representatives. The temperate seas around Japan and southern Australia harbor the highest seaweed diversity. However, some seaweed genera have their highest diversity in the tropics, e.g., the green algal genera Caulerpa and Halimeda, and the brown algal genera Padina, Sargassum and Turbinaria. These taxa can sometimes form large dominant stands on coral reefs. Seaweeds need a hard substrate to attach themselves to by means of a holdfast structure. They lack roots for anchoring in the sand. Notable exceptions are some species of Caulerpa and Halimeda that can be found on sand. Seaweeds are at the base of the food chain and are grazed by herbivores (fish, snails). Algae developed different strategies against grazing. Many slow growing algae produce calcium carbonate (limestone) as a defense against herbivory. The strategy of filamentous algae is to grow very fast so that grazers cannot keep up with them. A healthy coral reef habitat generally is dominated by massive corals and crustose coralline algae. These calcareous red algae cement the corals together to build the reef framework. Fleshy algae are removed by abundant herbivores. Some corals are inhibited by elevated nutrient levels and crustose coralline algae may become the dominant group. The reef may become dominated by low growing and turf algae in cases where grazing activity decreases. Decreased grazing activity in combination with elevated nutrient levels may result in the dominance of frondose macroalgae (Littler et al. 2009: Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences 38: 401-414). Seagrasses are not algae but flowering plants (Magnoliophyta) that have “returned” to the sea. They have a root system and can form extensive seagrass bed habitats next to coral reefs. Methodology During the Semporna Marine Ecological Expedition the seaweed diversity of the reefs around Semporna was investigated by Stefano Draisma. Draisma made SCUBA dives of approximately sixty minutes each at 57 sites (Fig. 1) and scored the presence or absence of seaweed taxa at each site. The dive sites were named SEM01 to SEM60 (the sites SEM35, SEM36, and SEM44 were not visited by Draisma). Photographs were made of the various macroalgae at each site and deposited in the WWF-Malaysia picture database. In addition to green, red, and brown macroalgae, the presence of the macroscopic “golden noodle alga” Chrysocystis fragilis Lobban, Honda and Chihara (Chrysophyceae) and that of seagrasses was also scored. An increasing number of blooms of C. fragilis has been observed on Pacific reefs in recent years. Abundance was not measured. Whether only a single individual of a species was found at a site or many, both were scored as present. However, note was taken when the frondose brown algal genera Dictyota, Lobophora, Padina, Sargassum, and Turbinaria were observed (subjectively) in high abundance at a site. The Reef Status Team estimated the percentage of algal cover along two transects at each site, but the team did not always visit the exact same locations as the Biodiversity Team and algal distributions may be very patchy. Some specimens were collected and preserved in 5% formalin in seawater in Whirl-Pak bags or jars and will later be dried and submitted to the University of Malaya

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Seaweeds and Seagrasses Herbarium (KLU) in Kuala Lumpur. These herbarium vouchers can in a later stage be used to confirm or correct field identifications. Vouchers were numbered SGAD1012xxx, where xxx stands for 001, 002, 003, etc. (until 361). Before a specimen was transferred to formalin, a piece was cut off and preserved in either silica (Si) beads or 96% ethanol (EtOH). Si and EtOH samples can in the future be used for DNA extractions. Most turf algae were not scored because they can easily be overlooked and are unidentifiable in the field, but some were collected, e.g. Sphacelaria rigidula Kützing (SGAD1012112), and also some cyanophytes (e.g. SGAD1012111 and SGAD1012235). Crustose coralline algae were not scored either, with the exception of Lithophyllum-like morphologies. It must be emphasized that the taxon names in this report are based on field identifications and still need to be confirmed by examining the vouchers. Representative vouchers for each taxon are given in Table I. Many algae cannot be identified to the species level in the field and therefore several species were lumped under one taxon name, e.g. the genus Dictyota (which may also include representatives of the recently split-off genus Canistrocarpus), Padina, and Halimeda. In other cases Draisma is lacking the expertise to identify the alga in the field and a descriptive name is given, e.g., “green unbranched filament” or “red rubbery alga”. Taxonomic insights of macroalgae are still changing with more and more DNA sequence data becoming available. Some species can be morphological very plastic, but there are also species that cannot be distinguished from each other based on morphology alone. For example, Leliaert et al. (Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53: 122-133, 2009) demonstrated that the enigmatic, sponge-associated Cladophoropsis vaucheriiformis (Areschoug) Papenfuss actually represents four different species based on DNA sequence data. Rohfritsch et al. (Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 35: 91-98, 2007) demonstrated that one of the morphotypes of Turbinaria conoides (J. Agardh) Kützing looks like Turbinaria ornata (Turner) J. Agardh. All known taxonomic uncertainties have been taken into consideration in the final version of a presence-absence taxon table. This table may later be analyzed in combination with environmental parameters that were measured by Aazani Mujahid during the Semporna Marine Ecological Expedition 2010. A preliminary cluster analysis of the presence-absence dataset was carried out using the Multi-Variate Statistical Package (available from http://www.kovcomp.com/mvsp/?gclid= CNTp9Ku50asCFYMa6wodZBt6UQ). A minimum variance clustering procedure with squared euclidian distances was applied. Outcome In total, 361 collections were made. A detailed list of collections, observations and photographs can be obtained upon request from Stefano Draisma. Photographs taken at each site are also deposited in the WWF-Malaysia database. The taxa for which presence-absence data is collected are listed in Table I including the voucher numbers of collections, a list of some representative photographs, the SEM sites where they have been observed, and a reference to a distribution map. In the further discussion in this text Halimeda, Dictyota, Amphiroa are each treated as a single taxon, thus 94 taxa in total. Together these taxa may represent an estimated 130+ species, but this still needs to be confirmed after closer examination of the specimens. New records Phang et al. (2007) gives a checklist of the seaweeds of Malaysia (Seaweed Diversity in Malaysia. In Chua, Kirton and Saw [eds] Status of Biological Diversity in Malaysia and Threat Assessment of Plant Species in Malaysia. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. pp. 185-210). From this list it can be concluded that the seaweed diversity of West-Malaysia is much

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better known than that of East-Malaysia, unless Borneo is indeed less diverse than Peninsular Malaya. Phang et al. also published checklists of marine algae in 2008 and 2010 but these were limited to the South China Sea. Some of the algae collected during the SMEE expedition are not in any of the checklists by Phang et al. and can therefore be considered to be new records for Malaysia. Caulerpa filicoides Yamada and Caulerpa parvifolia Harvey are new records for Malaysia. The identification of C. filicoides has meanwhile been confirmed by DNA sequencing and its DNA sequence is identical to that of a C. filicoides specimen collected in the Berau delta (Indonesian Borneo), but differs substantially from two C. filicoides var. andamanensis W.R. Taylor specimens collected in Palau (Draisma, unpublished). A proposal is submitted to give separate species status to C. filicoides var. andamanensis (will then become Caulerpa andamanensis). The identification of the newly collected C. parvifolia specimen has also been confirmed by a DNA sequence, but it is known from Draisma’s unpublished sequence data set that also C. parvifolia represents two distinct species for which currently no diagnostic characters are known. The DNA sequence of the Caulerpa verticillata J. Agardh specimens from SEM18 and 30 differ substantially from those from SEM19 and 22, but no morphological differences are currently known. The type from SEM18 and 30 has also been found once in the Berau delta and once in the Philippines and is now for the first time recorded for Malaysia. More research is needed in order to decide whether to reinstate the name Caulerpa charoides for this type. Halimeda cylindracea Decaisne is one of the easier species to distinguish in the speciose genus Halimeda and was not recorded for Malaysia before and neither was the algal symbiont of the sponge Halichondria cartilaginea Esper, i.e., Cladophoropsis vaucheriiformis. The golden alga Chrysocystis fragilis is also a new record for Malaysia (but the Phang et al. checklists do not include heterokont algae other than the brown algae). It was observed in five locations around Semporna but nowhere did it form a bloom (i.e., covering several square meters). The red algae Dichotomaria marginata (Ellis and Solander) Lamarck, Gibsmithia hawaiiensis Doty, Ethelia sp., Mastophora spp., Predaea spp., Renouxia sp., and Vanvoorstia sp. are also new records for Malaysia and so are Euptilota articulata (J. Agardh) Schmitz and Asteromenia anastomosans (Weber-van bosse) Saunders et al. if these identifications are correct. The unidentified Jania sp. (Cheilosporum-like) from Sipadan is probably also a new record. Some of these new records were widely distributed in the research area (D. marginata, Ethelia sp., G. hawaiiensis, Predaea sp.), and it is not clearly understood why they have been overlooked in the past. The reason may be that earlier surveys were done by wading, dredging and snorkeling, but not by diving and thus deeper growing algae were overlooked. Distributions Taxon richness per site is indicated in Fig. 2. The highest number of taxa (30) was observed at SEM22 in the channel near Semporna town. However, other sites with a high number of taxa (>20) are only found on the outer reefs in the south (SEM09, 12-14), the north (SEM33, 45, 50, 54), and east (SEM26). Sites with no more than ten observed taxa were located central in the research area (SEM23, 37-38, 42, 56, 58), in the extreme southwest (SEM04-05) and around Sipadan (SEM59-60). Out of the 93 taxa, 56 were considered to be rare, because they were encountered at no more than five of the 57 visited sites. SEM22 has the highest number of rare taxa (11), followed by nearby SEM21 (9) and SEM20 (6) (Fig. 3). The northeastern reefs seem to have the lowest number rare taxa, but there is no clear pattern. The SMEE area was divided into subregions with 10-11 visited sites and the number of taxa per subregion was compared (Fig. 4). The southern barrier reef system was divided into a Southwestern (SW; SEM01-09, 20, indicated in red in Fig. 4) and a Southeastern (SE; SEM10-19, indicated in purple) subregion, each comprising ten sites. The Northeastern reefs (NE; in blue) included

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SEM23-32 (10 sites), the Tun Sakaran Marine Park (TSMP; in green) included SEM33-46 (11 sites), and the Northwestern reefs (NW; in yellow) included SEM47-57 (11 sites). In the Channel between mainland Borneo and Bumbun island only three sites were visited (in white; SEM21-22, 58) and around the oceanic island Sipadan only two (in grey; SEM59-60) and comparison of these two regions with the others is therefore less relevant. The numbers of observed taxa in the five regions with 10-11 visited sites do not differ significantly (Fig. 4). The highest number of taxa (53) was observed in the SE subregion and the lowest number (43) in the TSMP. These regions also harbored respectively the highest (16) and lowest (9) number of rare taxa. SEM20 substantially pushes up the taxon richness of the SW subregion. If the SW region included SEM01-10 and the SE region SEM11-20, then the number of observed taxa (and rare taxa) per subregion would be, respectively, 42 (12) and 58 (21). If the Southern reefs are compared to the Northern reefs then the numbers are: SW+SE 66 (29), NW+NE 61 (24), and NW+TSMP 54 (19). Remarkably, only one taxon less than in the TSMP was observed at the three sites in the Semporna-Bumbun channel and the highest number of rare taxa was found here (18). The distribution of the 94 taxa is mapped in Figs 5-57. Ten of these 94 were found only in the Channel and nowhere else (Figs 17-18, 26, 30, 47-48, 51). Eight taxa were only found in the SW (Figs 18, 40, 41, 47-48), and nine only in the SE (Figs 6, 17-18, 33, 40-41), five only in the NE (Figs 11, 18, 40, 48), four only in the NW (Figs 18, 33, 47), three only in the TSMP (Figs 18, 40, 47), and one only in Sipadan (Fig. 40). However, most of these taxa were found only once. Taxa that were restricted to a single subregion, but found more than once are Dictyosphaeria sp. (Fig. 18) and Renouxia sp. (Fig. 47) (both SW), Tolypiocladia sp. (Fig. 40) (SE), Stypopodium multipartitum (Suhr) Silva (Fig. 33) (NW), Enhalus acoroides (Linnaeus) Royle (Fig. 26), Gracilaria salicornia (C. Agardh) Dawson (Fig. 47), and Udotea orientalis Gepp and Gepp (Fig. 18) (all three Channel), and Jania sp. (former Cheilosporum) (Fig. 40) in Sipadan. Other taxa showed a wider distribution pattern, but some still limited. Avrainvillea sp. and Caulerpa racemosa var. lamourouxii were restricted to the Northern reefs (resp. Figs 5 and 15) and so was Cladophoropsis vaucheriiformis which, however, was also found in one Southern site (Fig. 20). Dictyopteris sp. was present in several Northern sites and only two sites in the SW (Fig. 28). Taxa with a distribution limited to the Southern reefs include Bornetella spp. (Fig. 9) and Turbinaria decurrens Bory de Saint-Vincent (Fig. 34). Taxa that were only encountered in the East were Caulerpa peltata J.V. Lamouroux (Fig. 13), Ceratodictyon spongiosum Zanardini (Fig. 39), and Portieria hornemannii (Lyngbye) P.C. Silva (Fig. 41). Taxa with a more or less central distribution are the seagrasses (Fig. 26), Acanthophora spicifera (M. Vahl) Børgesen (Fig. 35), Gracilaria/Halymenia sp. Z (Fig. 50), Spyridia filamentosa (Wulfen) Harvey (Fig. 40), Caulerpa sertularioides (S.G. Gmelin) M.A. Howe (Fig. 17), and Caulerpa verticillata J. Agardh which is absent in the North (Fig. 11). The distribution of Tydemania expeditionis Weber-van Bosse (Fig. 24) was limited to the outer reefs, whereas Chrysocystis fragilis (Fig. 27), Galaxaura rugosa (J.Ellis and Solander) J.V.Lamouroux (Fig. 45), Hypnea pannosa J. Agardh (Fig. 50), Lithophyllum sp. (Fig. 52), Titanophora spp. (Fig. 56), and Actinotrichia fragilis (Forsskål) Børgesen (Fig.36) showed a disjunct distribution being absent in the center of the research area, like Dictyopteris sp. Widely distributed taxa, but absent in the SW are Boodlea/Microdictyon/Phyllodictyon (Fig. 8), Caulerpa lentillifera J. Agardh (incl. C. microphysa [Weber-van Bosse] Feldmann) (Fig. 12), Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskål) J. Agardh (Fig. 14), Antithamnion(ella) (Fig. 38), and Chondrophycus/Laurencia (Fig. 42). Boodlea sp. (Fig. 7), Neomeris sp. (Fig. 22), Rhipidosiphon javensis Montagne (Fig. 23), and Predaea sp. (Fig. 54) are widely distributed but absent in the NW. Other taxa are distributed over the whole research area, but most of these taxa include multiple species (e.g., Halimeda spp., Dictyota spp., Padina spp.) and at the actual species level there may be a distribution pattern recognizable. It was noted that the brown algal taxa Sargassum spp.

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(Fig. 30), Turbinaria spp. (Fig. 34), Dictyota spp. (Fig. 29), Lobophora spp. (Fig. 31), and Padina spp. (Fig. 32) showed a high abundance on the NW reefs and the former three taxa also in the SE. This might be an indication of disturbance. The nocturnal corallivore Crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) has only been observed by Draisma in the NW (SEM48, 52 and 54), but only a few individuals. At most reefs Sargassum spp. occurred as small reduced plants (rosettes) and could not be identified. The collected specimens were identified as being S. aquifolium (Turner) C. Agardh (or S. binderi Sonder ex J. Agardh, the taxonomy is currently under debate) (SGAD1012108), S. ilicifolium (Turner) C. Agardh (S. cristaefolium C. Agardh which was recently synonymized) (SGAD1012126), S. oligocystum Montagne (SGAD1012127), and S. siliquosum J. Agardh (SGAD1012184 and with uncertainty SGAD1012315). Cluster analysis The result of the cluster analysis of the presence-absence dataset is shown in Fig. 58. The sampling sites are grouped into four clusters: A1, A2, B1, and B2. The geographical distribution of these clusters was mapped and is shown in Fig. 59. The sites of cluster A1 are mainly restricted to the Southwestern reefs. The sites of cluster B1 are almost exclusively found on the outer reefs, but not at oceanic Sipadan. The clusters A2 and B2 seem to reflect the inner reefs of the north and south, respectively. Other Expeditions In October 2003 Willem F. Prud’homme van Reine and Lisette de Senerpont Domis (both National Herbarium of the Netherlands – Leiden University) made seaweed collections in the nearby Indonesian Berau delta (http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/98097). They reported to have observed 233 macro-algal taxa (including varieties) and collected 189 taxa (470 collected specimens housed in Leiden). They did not collect presence-absence data for each visited location. It may seem rather trivial to make a preliminary comparison of the Semporna data and the Berau data with many taxa still unidentified, but it seems that at least the non-rare taxa around Semporna have also been found in the Berau delta. Eric Verheij and Prud’homme van Reine collected during a two years research period in the Spermonde Archipelago off Makassar (South Sulawesi) 223 taxa (published in Blumea 37: 385-510, 1993). Remarkably they did not list Dichotomaria marginata (and neither its synonym Galaxaura marginata). Prud’homme van Reine and Draisma made a presence-absence table for thirty sites in the Thousand Islands archipelago off Jakarta in September 2005 (also know as Kepulauan Seribu and not part of the Coral Triangle). Their presence-absence table included 78 taxa (60 genera; 60 genus level, 18 species level) and did not include eight collected seagrass species, but 32 green algal taxa (22 genera), 33 red algal taxa (27 genera), and 13 brown algal taxa (11 genera). Some of the taxa in the 2005 list were lumped in the SMEE2010 list. Thirty-four taxa were found at no more than four of the thirty sites and considered rare in the Thousand Islands. Taxa that were found at five or more sites in the Thousand islands, but were not found around Semporna were the green algae Anadyomene sp., Caulerpa brachypus Harvey, and Caulerpa cupressoides (West) C. Agardh, the red algae Liagora sp. and Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan de Saint-Léon, and the brown algae Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens ex Roth) Derbès and Solier, Hydroclathrus clathratus (C. Agardh) M.A.Howe, and Sirophysalis trinodis (Forskåll) Kützing. These taxa were observed though in the Berau delta, except for Asparagopsis taxiformis and Sirophysalis trinodis. Prud’homme van Reine and Draisma did not report Ethelia sp. for the Thousand islands, but this taxon was probably included in Peysonnelia spp. In total 684 specimens were collected at 39 locations in the Thousand Islands representing an estimated 150+ macroalgal species. In November/December 2007, Draisma collected 823 specimens at 68 sites in the

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Raja Ampat archipelago (West Papua, Indonesia) representing an estimated 170+ macroalgal species (http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/124392). A presence-absence table was not made. In October/November 2009, Draisma collected 501 specimens at 40 sites around Ternate (North Moluccas, Indonesia) representing an estimated 120+ macroalgal species (http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/193936). A presence-absence table for 97 taxa was made for 38 sites which contained 33 green algal taxa, 4 seagrasses, 1 chrysophycean, 7 brown algal taxa and 52 red algal taxa. Fifty-two of the 97 taxa were found at no more than 4 sites. This list is most suited to compare with the SMEE 2010 presence-absent list, but none of the abundant taxa of each list is absent in the other list, except for Neurymenia fraxinifolia (Mertens ex Turner) J. Agardh which was found at 15 sites around Ternate but not around Semporna. There are some differences in abundance though. Some taxa were more frequently found around Semporna than around Ternate. For example, Sargassum was found at only one out of 38 sites around Ternate, but at fifteen out of 57 sites around Semporna. For other taxa these numbers are: Antithamnion(ella) 4 (out of 38) vs. 15 (out of 57), Ethelia 3 vs. 23, “red, soft, woolly blade” 2 vs. 16, Bryopsis sp. 7 vs. 21, and Chlorodesmis 1 vs. 29. Other taxa were more frequently found around Ternate: Ceratodictyon spongiosum 12 vs. 6, Dichotomaria marginata 33 vs. 19, Euptilota articulata 12 vs. 1, Hypnea pannosa 18 vs. 5, Mastophora pacifica 8 vs. 1, Mastophora rosea 9 vs. 1, Portieria hornemannii 21 vs. 2, Zellera tawallina 11 vs. 3, and Cladophoropsis vaucheriiformis 21 vs. 7. C. spongiosum and C. vaucheriiformis live in asssociation with a sponge, but they can also live without the sponge. The free-living stages may have a wider distribution, but were not observed/scored because they are inconspicuous.

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Table I: Summary of results. A list of taxa arranged by Division/Class including the voucher numbers of preserved specimens (SGAD1012xxx), an incomplete list of representative images (IMG_xxxx), the SEM sites where the taxon has been observed, the total number of sites where the taxon has been observed (Obs.), and the figure (Fig.) in which the distribution of the taxon is mapped. The coloring is indicative of the number of observations (1x yellow, 2-5x orange, 6-14 light green, 15-24 dark green, ≥ 25x blue).

Genus species (or description) SGAD1012xxx IMG_xxxx Present at following SEM sites Obs. Fig. CHLOROPHYTA (green algae) Avrainvillea sp. 268, 328 2534, 3240, 3246 39, 40, 53, 54 4 5 Boergesenia forbesii - 1073 15 1 6 Boergesenia? "very small" 096 857-859 12 1 6

Boodlea sp. 016, 035 215 3, 6, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17, 19, 26, 28, 29, 30, 32, 45, 46, 55, 60 17 7

Boodlea/Microdictyon/Phyllodictyon spp. 091, 109, 244 828-829, 831, 1007, 1359-1362 12, 14, 15, 20, 21, 30, 31, 32, 33, 54 10 8 Bornetella nitida/oligospora, sphaerica 095, 115 233, 247, 869-870, 1012 12, 14, 20, 21 4 9

Bryopsis sp. 008, 045, 131, 193 191-192, 432-433, 1065-1066, 1442 2, 3, 7, 9, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21, 24, 25, 29, 31, 34, 42, 43, 45, 48, 52, 55, 57 21 10

Caulerpa filicoides 248 2240-2243 32 1 11 Caulerpa mexicana var. crassifolia 191 1430-1431 21 1 17

Caulerpa microphysa/lentillifera 103, 155, 162, 190, 307, 322, 336

917, 1243, 1246, 1334, 1439-1440, 3114-3116, 3268, 3398 9, 13, 18, 19, 21, 22, 33, 45, 50, 51, 53, 55 12 12

Caulerpa parvifolia 245 2188-2190, 2203-2204 31 1 11 Caulerpa peltata 092, 225, 239 832, 1816, 2140, 2188-2190 12, 17, 26, 30, 31, 34 6 13

Caulerpa racemosa (excl. var. lamourouxii)

80, 104, 147, 157, 158, 159, 164, 258, 282, 306, 338

800-801, 951, 1195-1198, 1310, 1311-1312, 1353, 1354, 2334, 2775-2776, 3109, 3112, 3386-3388

11, 13, 17, 19, 22,23, 24, 26, 32, 33, 34, 45, 46, 48, 49, 51 16 14

Caulerpa racemosa var. lamourouxii 281 2774 26, 33, 34, 45 4 15

Caulerpa serrulata 012, 130, 154, 186, 255 199, 1031, 1244-1245, 1432-1433, 2298-2300

2, 3, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 26, 30, 32, 33, 34, 41, 45, 46, 48, 51, 53, 54

26 16

Caulerpa sertularioides 180, 337 1371, 3391 20, 22, 55 3 17 Caulerpa taxifolia 149 - 18 1 17

Caulerpa verticillata 150, 163, 209, 240 1248-1251, 1253, 1337-1339, 1568, 2148-2149 18, 19, 22, 30 4 11

Chaetomorpha sp. 124 1093 15 1 18

Chlorodesmis sp. 030, 215 375, 1610 5, 9, 11, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 33, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 47, 49, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58

29 19

Cladophora "thick" 320 3167-3168 52 1 18 Cladophoropsis vaucheriiformis 097 946 13, 28, 37, 45, 46, 50, 57 7 20 Codium "terete, branching" 015 227 3 1 18

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(Table I continued) Genus species (or description) SGAD1012xxx IMG_xxxx Present at following SEM sites Obs. Fig. Dictyosphaeria sp. 175, 176 1395-1396, 1417-1418 3, 20 2 18 Unknown green alga sp. 266 2527 40 1 18 Green branched filaments sp. 094 825 12 1 18 Green unbranched filament sp. 221 1702-1704 25 1 18

Halimeda "big" 010, 011, 088, 146, 192, 195, 293, 298, 335, 353, 354, 355, 356

186, 161, 845, 1167, 1453-1454, 1463, 2971, 2998-2999, 3352, 3491, 3530, 3532, 3537

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 55, 58

46 21

Halimeda "small" 009, 089, 138, 144, 237, 243, 333, 350 200, 838, 1110, 1224, 3309-3311, 3480

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 38, 39, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58

44 21

Halimeda “trident form” cf. opuntia 063, 087, 156 526, 835, 1330 9, 12, 19 3 21 Halimeda cylindracea 148, 173 1266-1268, 1408 18, 20, 21 3 21 Halimeda macroloba 196, 247 1461, 2219 21, 31 2 21

Neomeris sp. 041, 194 398, 1448 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 41, 45, 58 24 22

Rhipidosiphon javensis 055 476-477 8, 11, 12, 30, 34, 40 6 23

Tydemania expeditionis 005 146 1, 10, 11, 14, 18, 26, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 40, 45, 46, 51, 54, 60 17 24

Udotea orientalis 182, 352 3538 21, 58 2 18 Valonia utricularis 047, 152 404, 1252, 1254 7, 9, 18, 33 4 23

Ventricaria ventricosa 029, 084, 242 376, 388, 784, 1504, 2166

1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 57

41 25

MAGNOLIOPHYTA (seagrasses) Cymodocea rotundata 183 1477 21 1 26 Enhalus acoroides 181 1478-1480 21, 22 2 26 Halophila minor 073, 166, 219 707-708, 1335, 1622 10, 18, 19, 24, 42 5 26 Halophila ovalis 165, 185 1336, 1476 19, 21, 24 3 26 Halophila spinulosa 201 - 22 1 26 HETEROKONTOPHYTA, Chrysophyceae (golden algae) Chrysocystis fragilis - 168, 1076 2, 9, 15, 50, 54 5 27 HETEROKONTOPHYTA, Phaeophyceae (brown algae)

Dictyopteris sp. 003, 013, 265, 311 2510, 2878, 3016, 3098 1, 3, 33, 34, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 50, 52, 57 14 28

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(Table I continued)

Genus species (or description) SGAD1012xxx IMG_xxxx Present at following SEM sites Obs. Fig.

Dictyota "broad, big, rounded tips" 065, 090, 102, 145, 161, 254 528, 530, 854, 937, 1165, 1337, 2318 3, 8, 9, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24,

25, 33, 39, 41, 52, 53, 54 20 29

Dictyota "broad, short, rounded tips" 101, 134, 135, 177, 283, 312, 360

388, 938, 1056, 1079, 1372, 1904, 2816-2817, 3100

3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 20, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 40, 41, 45, 50, 51, 54, 60 23 29

Dictyota "thin" 133, 249, 313 1064, 2263, 3101 10, 12, 15, 25, 30, 32, 51 7 29 Hormophysa cuneiformis 202 1566-1567 22 1 30

Lobophora variegata

004, 072, 139, 140, 141, 171, 202, 214, 222, 223, 256, 261, 262, 264, 294, 309, 310, 324, 325, 361

083, 711, 1112, 1119, 1121, 1386, 1597, 1712, 1713, 2297, 2395, 2406, 2514-2415, 2958, 3102, 3140, 3263, 3266, \3652

1, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 57, 60

36 31

Padina spp. 082, 125, 178, 198, 199, 213, 178, 198, 213, 263, 303, 304, 308, 317

780, 1096, 1413-1414, 1441, 1456, 1539, 2476, 3025-3026, 3061, 3196

3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 27, 30, 38, 39, 40, 41, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57

30 32

Sargassum spp. 099, 100, 105, 108, 126, 127, 184, 315

909, 918, 943, 1075, 1097, 1470, 3189, 3202-3204

9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, 39, 40, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55 15 30

Stypopodium multipartitum 302, 316 3065-3066, 3181, 3216 50, 52, 53 3 33 Stypopodium? sp. 093 822-824 12 1 33 Turbinaria decurrens 066, 085 495, 880 9, 10, 12, 14, 17, 20, 25 7 34

Turbinaria ornata/conoides/murrayana 062, 067, 075, 167, 172, 187, 257, 299, 300, 314

496-497, 560, 733-734, 1420, 1422, 1469, 2348, 3070, 3081, 3197-3198

9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 25, 26, 33, 46, 50, 51, 52, 54 18 34

RHODOPHYTA (red algae) Acanthophora spicifera 168 1555, 2567, 3392 20, 22, 40, 55 4 35

Actinotrichia fragilis 286, 297 2827, 2993 2, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 26, 27, 45, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57 18 36

Amphiroa "thick" 179 103, 730, 1397 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 22, 24, 26, 27, 32, 33, 39, 40, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 56, 60

34 37

Amphiroa fragilissima 360 3564 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20, 27, 40, 41, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 59 24 37

Antithamnion(ella) sp. 081, 217, 340 798-799, 1652-1654, 3360 11, 12, 22, 24, 26, 33, 42, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 54, 55, 57 15 38

Asteromenia anastomosans 116 1020 14 1 40 Ceratodictyon spongiosum 117, 151, 236 955, 1255, 1902-1903 14, 18, 26, 27, 28, 29 6 39 Champia? sp. 269 2543 40 1 40

Chondrophycus/Laurencia sp. 160, 280 1084, 1352, 1395, 1509, 1820-1821, 1823-1824, 2784-2785, 3141-3142, 3200 15, 19, 20, 22, 26, 45, 51, 52 8 42

91

(Table I continued)

Genus species (or description) SGAD1012xxx IMG_xxxx Present at following SEM sites Obs. Fig.

Dichotomaria marginata

001, 003, 007, 024, 056, 057, 076, 077, 129, 136, 210, 211, 212, 226, 250, 251, 253, 287, 295, 296, 330, 347

086, 184, 321, 441, 724, 731, 457, 1058, 1114, 1496, 1502, 1517, 1779, 2238, 2245, 2304, 2879, 2938, 2939, 3306, 3475

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 22, 26, 32, 33, 47, 48, 54, 57 19 43

Ethelia sp. 022 324 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 18, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 30, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 58, 60 23 44

Euptilota articulata 110 971 14 1 41

Galaxaura rugosa 034, 284, 349 389, 2720, 2807, 2876, 3466 6, 9, 14, 26, 27, 29, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57 18 45

Gibsmithia hawaiiensis

014, 018, 028, 037, 048, 049, 050, 051, 052, 058, 059, 069, 070, 083,113, 121, 122, 206, 216, 227, 228, 234, 246, 277, 278, 279, 289, 290, 301, 305, 334, 348

241-242, 262, 379, 400, 406, 417, 427, 428, 439, 456, 466, 523, 542, 789, 994, 1024, 1515, 1648-1649, 1807, 1808, 1901, 2205, 2739, 2757, 2871, 2895, 3045-3046, 3132, 3357, 3476

3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 16, 22, 24, 26, 28, 31, 43, 45, 47, 50, 51, 55, 57 21 46

Gracilaria salicornia 189, 207 1429, 1596 21, 22 2 47 Gracilaria sp. X 327 3223, 3227 53 1 47 Gracilaria/Rhodymenia sp. Y 329 3296 54 1 47 Gracilaria/Halymenia sp. Z 204, 343 1540-1541, 3436-3437 22, 56 2 50 Halymenia dilatata 274, 341 2684-2685 42, 56 2 47

Halymenia durvillei 118, 128, 188, 220, 344, 357

1060-1062, 1435-1436, 1707-1708, 3425-3426, 3516, 3519-3520 15, 21, 25, 56, 58 5 49

Halymenia/Platoma sp. Q 053 473-474 8 1 47 Hypnea pannosa 013, 174, 319, 331, 332 254, 1407, 3209, 3345, 3346 3, 20, 51, 52, 54 5 50 Jania (Cheilosporum) sp. 359, 360 3564, 3569 59, 60 2 Kappaphycus/Eucheuma sp. 002, 036, 259, 272 116, 236, 411-412, 2597, 3292, 3295 1, 3, 7, 8, 16, 22, 31, 33, 34, 41, 45, 54 12 51 cf. Kappaphycus cottonii? 203 1578-1580 22 1 51

Lithophyllum sp. - 138, 716, 790, 2286, 2369 1, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 20, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 50, 51, 52

29 52

Mastophora pacifica 044 425-426 7 1 41 Mastophora rosea 025 308-309 4 1 41

Peysonnelia sp. 026, 027, 031, 046, 137, 153, 238, 267, 271, 285

305, 328, 369, 407, 1111, 1279, 1957, 2530, 2807

1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 22, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40, 41, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60

41 53

Portieria hornemannii 119, 120 1040, 1077 15, 26 2 41

92

(Table I continued)

Genus species (or description) SGAD1012xxx IMG_xxxx Present at following SEM sites Obs. Fig.

Predaea sp. 019, 020, 021, 033, 040, 060, 061, 068, 098, 114, 229, 230, 231, 260

217-218, 250, 264, 442-443, 479-480, 514, 924, 978, 1511, 1756-1757, 1794, 1798-1799

3, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 22, 26, 34 9 54

Predaea sp. 2 260 2384-2385 34 1 47 Pterocladia/Pterocladiella sp. 169 1421 20 1 40 red, cartilaginous, spiny "Peysonnelia-shaped" 033 - 6 1 48 red, mushroom sp. 224 1769-1770 26 1 48

red, soft, wooly blade "Peysonnelia-shaped" 032, 074, 078, 079, 106, 107 732, 770, 791, 913, 950 6, 10, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 25, 37, 38, 43, 45,

47, 49, 54, 57 16 55

red, small blades sp. 358 3492-3493 58 1 48 red, rubbery alga sp. 200 1514 22 1 48 Renouxia sp. 017, 043 245-246, 434 3, 7 2 47 Spyridia filamentosa 197, 208, 339 1484-1485, 1564, 3396 21, 22, 55 3 40

Titanophora sp. 038, 039, 054, 064, 142, 233, 252, 273, 292, 318

420-421, 438, 493, 558, 1168, 1859, 2302-2303, 2589, 2963-2964, 3184 7, 8, 9, 13, 17, 27, 33, 41, 48, 52 10 56

Tolypiocladia sp. 123, 143 1068-1072, 3427-3429 15, 17 2 40

Tricleocarpa fragilis 006, 291, 345 193, 2888, 3427-3429 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 19, 22, 26, 30, 33, 41, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58

30 57

Vanvoorstia sp. 218 1659-1660 24 1 40 Zellera tawallina 042, 232 408-410, 1857 7, 26, 27 3 40

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Fig. 1. Overview of the SEM sites visited during the SMEE expedition. Algal diversity was not investigated at SEM35, SEM36, and SEM44 (in grey).

Fig. 2. Number of taxa (out of a total of 93) observed at each site. Numbers in squares indicate the number of observed taxa, not the number of the SEM site.

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Fig. 3. Number of rare taxa (out of a total of 56) observed per site. Rare taxa have been found at up to five sites. Numbers in squares indicate the number of rare taxa, not the number of the SEM site.

Fig. 4. Number of taxa per subregion. Subregions indicated by color. Numbers in squares indicate SEM sites.

95

Fig. 5. Distribution of Avrainvillea sp.

Fig. 6. Distribution of Boergesenia forbesii and Boergesenia? sp.

96

Fig. 7. Distribution of Boodlea sp.

Fig. 8. Distribution of Boodlea/Microdictyon/Phyllodictyon-like morphologies.

97

Fig. 9. Distribution of Bornetella nitida, B. oligospora and B. sphaerica.

Fig.10. Distribution of Bryopsis sp.

98

Fig. 11. Distribution of Caulerpa filicoides, C. verticillata, and C. parvifolia.

Fig. 12. Distribution of Caulerpa microphysa/lentillifera.

99

Fig. 13. Distribution of Caulerpa peltata.

Fig. 14. Distribution of Caulerpa racemosa varieties except for var. lamourouxii.

100

Fig. 15. Distribution of Caulerpa racemosa var. lamourouxii.

Fig. 16. Distribution of Caulerpa serrulata.

101

Fig. 17. Distribution of Caulerpa mexicana var. crassifolia, sertularioides and C. taxifolia.

Fig. 18. Distribution of eight green algal taxa that were observed at one or two sites.

102

Fig. 19. Distribution of Chlorodesmis spp.

Fig. 20. Distribution of the green alga-sponge association Cladophoropsis vaucheriiformis-Halichondria cartilaginea.

103

Fig. 21. Distribution of the calcified green algal genus Halimeda.

Fig. 22. Distribution of Neomeris spp.

104

Fig. 23. Distribution of Rhipidosiphon javensis and Valonia sp.

Fig. 24. Distribution of Tydemania expeditionis.

105

Fig. 25. Distribution of Ventricaria ventricosa.

Fig. 26. Distribution of seagrasses.

106

Fig. 27. Distribution of the “golden noodle alga” Chrysocystis fragilis.

Fig. 28. Distribution and abundance of Dictyopteris sp.

107

Fig. 29. Distribution and abundance of Dictyota spp.

Fig. 30. Distribution and abundance of Sargassum spp.

108

Fig. 31. Distribution and abundance of Lobophora spp.

Fig. 32. Distribution and abundance of Padina spp.

109

Fig. 33. Distribution of Stypopodium spp.

Fig. 34. Distribution and abundance of Turbinaria spp.

110

Fig. 35. Distribution of Acanthophora spicifera.

Fig. 36. Distribution of Actinotrichia fragilis.

111

Fig. 37. Distribution of Amphiroa spp.

Fig. 38. Distribution of Antithamnion(ella) sp.

112

Fig. 39. Distribution of the red alga-sponge association Ceratodictyon spongiosum-Haliclona cymaeformis.

Fig. 40. Distribution of eight red algal taxa that were observed at one to three sites.

113

Fig. 41. Distribution of four red algal species taxa that were observed at one or two sites.

Fig. 42. Distribution of Chondrophycus/Laurencia sp.

114

Fig. 43. Distribution of Dichotomaria marginata.

Fig. 44. Distribution of Ethelia sp.

115

Fig. 45. Distribution of Galaxaura rugosa.

Fig. 46. Distribution of Gibsmithia hawaiiensis.

116

Fig. 47. Distribution of seven rare red algal taxa that were observed at one or two sites.

Fig. 48. Distribution of four rare red algal taxa that were only found at one site.

117

Fig. 49. Distribution of Halymenia durvillei.

Fig. 50. Distribution of Hypnea pannosa and Gracilaria/Halymenia sp. Z.

118

Fig. 51. Distribution of Kappaphycus/Eucheuma and cf. Kappaphycus cottonii.

Fig. 52. Distribution of Lithophyllum spp.

119

Fig. 53. Distribution of Peysonnelia spp.

Fig. 54. Distribution of Predaea sp.

120

Fig. 55. Distribution of an unidentified Peysonnelia-shaped but soft red alga.

Fig. 56. Distribution of Titanophora spp.

121

Fig. 57. Distribution of Tricleocarpa fragilis.

Fig. 58. Minimum variance cluster dendrogram with squared euclidian distances based on presence-absence data of 57 sites.

122

Fig. 59. Geographic distribution of sampling stations colored according to the four clusters of the dendrogram in Fig. 58

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3. Reef status Affendi Yang Amri (Universiti Malaya) Nina Ho (WWF-Malaysia) Kee Alfian Abd Adzis (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia) Aazani Mujahid (Universiti Malaysia Sarawak) Muhammad Ali Syed Hussein (Universiti Malaysia Sabah) Nara Ahmad (Sabah Parks) Munira Shaipudin Shah (Universiti Malaya) 3.1 Introduction The Reef Status team worked to accomplish Objective 2: Assessment of coral reef status and reef population health of SMEE 2010. During SMEE 2010, five main reef areas (Southern, Northern, Tun Sakaran Marine Park, Northwest and Oceanic) containing 60 sites with 109 stations were surveyed. Using a modified Reef Check method which included underwater video transects and reef profiling the summary of results are: Substrate cover

- High damage from destructive fishing practices such as blast fishing/dynamite fishing could be seen via the high Rubble (RB) percentage at many sites

- An issue for concern as habitat loss for reef organisms. Fish density

- Overfishing and blast fishing could be seen via: Snapper low densities especially in Northern Reef area Parrotfish low densities at all sites Bumphead parrotfish very low densities except in Oceanic Reef area Humphead Wrasse absence except in Oceanic Reef area Barramundi Cod absence except in Northwest Reef area Sweetlips (Haemulidae) low densities at all sites

- Of particular concern is the Grouper where it is found to be in low

densities and in sizes of not more than 60 cm - Moray eel has low densities and in Northwest Reef area is absent at all

stations surveyed - Butterflyfish has low densities but is still present at most sites

Invertebrate density

- Over exploitation i.e. overfishing, curio and aquarium collection could be seen especially for:

- Banded coral shrimp low densities especially its absence at survey sites in Northwest and Oceanic Reef areas

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- Triton shell low densities at all sites - Sea cucumber low densities at all sites except Tun Sakaran Marine Park

Reef area - Collector urchin low densities except at some stations in Northern and

Southern Reef areas - Pencil urchin low densities especially its absence in Tun Sakaran Marine

Park stations surveyed - Lobster low densities at all sites except some stations in Southern Reef

area - Giant clam low densities at all sites except Tun Sakaran Marine Park

Reef area - nutrient pollution could be seen especially for: Northern, Tun Sakaran

Marine Park and Southern Reef areas due to high densities of Diadema sea urchins

- Crown of Thorn Starfish (COTS) does not seem to be an issue for concern during the survey as it was at low density in all areas.

Impacts

- Trash Impact levels are an issue for concern as they were high at most sites even within Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area

- Coral disease and Coral bleaching percentages are found to be at low

percentages.

- Coral damage impacts are high in many sites, mainly from destructive fishing practices such as blast fishing/dynamite fishing except in Oceanic Reef area.

RECOMMENDATION It is reminded that the methods used in this survey are designed for monitoring and annual surveys need to be done. Only when changes are detected for the biological indicators (and water quality) would the data be more precisely interpreted. At present we can only speculate when comparing stations, sites and reef areas. Long term monitoring data is essential. Nevertheless the criteria needed to be documented can be changed as needed though time. From the results of SMEE 2010, it is imperative to find ways to minimise coral physical damage, trash and over exploitation of marine organisms in the area. Even though conventional ways such as marine awareness, alternative livelihood for locals, tourism based economies run by locals, environmentally sound practices, proper solid waste disposal and low impact land development plans are always good to be used, novel ways which is suited and agreed upon by relevant stakeholders in the area has to be found. This can only be achieved through open and honest discussions between the stakeholders of Semporna PCA.

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3.2 Materials and methods The Reef Status Team had eight SCUBA divers for each survey site. They were divided into three teams, either to survey transects at ‘Shallow’ or ‘Deep’ depth stations or reef profiling down to a depth of 25 m. The team members were:

1) Affendi Yang Amri (Universiti Malaya) – Team Leader 2) Nina Ho (WWF-Malaysia) – Co Team Leader 3) Kee Alfian Abd Adzis (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia) 4) Aazani Mujahid (Universiti Malaysia Sarawak) 5) Muhammed Ali Syed Hussein (Universiti Malaysia Sabah) 6) Nara Ahmad (Sabah Parks) 7) Munira Shaipudin Shah (Universiti Malaya) 8) Ken Kassem (WWF-Malaysia) 9) Angela Lim (WWF-Malaysia) 10) Carel Drijver (WWF-Netherlands)

Reef status for each site was determined using a modified Reef Check which included underwater video transects and reef profiling. A modified Reef Check (Hodgson et al., 2006) was used at each study site. In general, for each survey site a 100 m transect each was deployed at 6 m depth ‘Shallow’ and 12m depth ‘Deep’ stations. Subsequently substrate percentage cover, fish and invertebrate density and impact surveys were done on four replicate 20m lengths with 5m breaks in between along the 100m transects concurrently with the underwater video transect and reef profiling. Underwater video footage of both 100m transects per site were taken and is currently being analysed based on the Line Intercept Transect (LIT) technique (English et al., 1997). Therefore the results from the underwater video are not included in this report. Reef profiling was done at each study site in which a pair of SCUBA divers descended from the end of their Reef Check transects down to a maximum of 25m depth. Then while slowly ascending they documented the benthic community structure on underwater paper attached to dive slates for every 5m depth. They essentially documented 5m x 5m quadrats while following the underwater profile ascending to the water surface. For each quadrat, firstly they documented the percentage of Biological and Non-Biological substrate and secondly they documented the percentage of Hard Coral growth-forms. Biological Substrate were: Hard Coral, Soft Coral, Dead Coral, Algae, Coralline Algae, Seagrass, Gorgonian Sea Fans, Sea Whips, Others Non Biological Substrate were: Rock, Rubble, Sand and Silt. Hard Coral growth-forms (Veron & Stafford-Smith, 2000) were: Branching, Massive, Table, Laminar, Foliaceous, Free living, Encrusting and Others.

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Brief above water study site descriptions using Reef Check (Hodgson et al., 2006) and water quality parameters using a Hydrolab multiparameter probe were also taken but are not included in this report. During SMEE 2010 surveys from 29 November until 18 December 2010, five main reef areas containing 60 sites with 109 stations were surveyed (Table 1 & Figures 1-24). Nine sites have two transects at the same depth due to its flat seafloor topography without a distinct reef slope. The data of both transects e.g. Shallow 1 & Shallow 2 for Site 02: Second Reef were later combined for all nine sites. The two sites at Oceanic Reef area (Sipadan Island) only has one transect each at ‘Shallow’ depth as the island has a steep ‘drop off’ reef wall.

© WWF-Malaysia / Eric Madeja

127

3.3 Results & Discussion There are 109 stations at 60 sites within 5 main reef areas surveyed (Table 1Table 1). Table 1: Area, site and station details

Reef Area Day - date Site Name Lat (N) Lon (E) Station Depth (m)

Southern Reefs 1 - 29.11 01 Mid Rock Roach Reef 04� 10' 48.1'' 118� 18' 31.2'' Shallow 6

Deep 12 Southern Reefs 02 Second Reef 04� 10' 32.5'' 118� 17' 54.5'' Shallow 1 9 Shallow 2 9 Southern Reefs 2 - 30.11 03 Hand Rock 04� 08' 23'' 118� 10' 41.6'' Shallow 10 Deep 16 Southern Reefs 04 Darby Bank 04� 08' 23'' 118� 10' 14.6'' Deep 1 15 Deep 2 15 Southern Reefs 05 Alert Patches 2 04� 09.629' 118� 15.621' Deep 1 14 Deep 2 14 Southern Reefs 06 Alert Patches 3 04� 09.780' 118� 16.600' Deep 1 12 Deep 2 12 Southern Reefs 3 - 01.12 07 Erzherzog Reef 04� 13.83' 118� 25.00' Shallow 5 Deep 10 Southern Reefs 08 Horn Reef 04� 14.534' 118� 26.402' Shallow 6 Deep 11 Southern Reefs 09 Ligitan Reef 1 S 04� 14.128' 118� 33.378' Shallow 6 Deep 13 Southern Reefs 09A Ligitan Reef 2 N 04� 14.655' 118� 33.716' Shallow 1 6 Shallow 2 6 Southern Reefs 4 - 02.12 10 Kapalai Island 04� 13.080' 118� 40.335' Shallow 6 Deep 12 Southern Reefs 11 Cust Reef 1 S 04� 16.434' 118� 42.586' Shallow 6 Deep 10 Southern Reefs 12 Mabul Island 04� 13.838' 118� 38.180' Shallow 6 Deep 10 Southern Reefs 5 - 03.12 13 Ligitan Island 1 SW 04� 11.224' 118� 47.493' Shallow 6 Deep 12 Southern Reefs 14 Ligitan Island 2 SE 04� 09.640' 118� 52.355' Shallow 6 Deep 12 Southern Reefs 15 Ligitan Island 3 E 04� 12.674' 118� 54.590' Shallow 6 Deep 12 Southern Reefs 6 - 04.12 16 Si Amil Island 04� 19.035 118� 52.511' Shallow 6 Deep 12 Southern Reefs 17 Denawan Island 04� 44.885' 118� 50.995' Shallow 6 Deep 12 Southern Reefs 18 Ligitan Island 4 W 04� 14.122' 118� 48.451' Shallow 6 Deep 12

128

Southern Reefs 7 - 05.12 19 Cust Reef 2 N 04� 17.145' 118� 42.664' Shallow 5 Deep 10 Southern Reefs 20 Creach Reef 04� 18.956' 118� 36.307' Shallow 6 Deep 11 Southern Reefs 21 Sipanggau Island 04� 22.841' 118� 36.330' Shallow 1 5 Shallow 2 5 Northern reefs 09 - 07.12 23 Pasalat Reef 04� 30.834' 118� 44.515' Shallow 5 Deep 12 Northern reefs 24 Bumbun Island E 04� 27.042' 118� 46.662' Shallow 1 6 Shallow 2 6 Northern reefs 25 Batura Reef 04� 30.818' 118� 48.512' Shallow 4 Deep 12 Northern reefs 10 - 08.12 26 Boheyan Island 04� 28.094' 118� 56.847' Shallow 6 Deep 12 Northern reefs 27 Timba timba Island 04� 33.653' 118� 55.489' Shallow 6 Deep 12 Northern reefs 28 Pandanan Island 04� 34.678' 118� 55.224' Shallow 5 Deep 10 Northern reefs 29 Mataking Island 04� 35.160' 118� 56.757' Shallow 6 Deep 12 Northern reefs 11 - 09.12 30 Kulapuan Island 1 S 04� 30.714' 118� 51.959' Shallow 6 Deep 12 Northern reefs 31 Kulapuan Island 2 N 04� 32.124' 118� 50.303' Shallow 5 Deep 10 Northern reefs 32 Pom pom Island 04� 35.510' 118� 51.687' Shallow 6 Deep 12 Northern reefs 33 Kapikan Reef 04� 39.082' 118� 49.304' Shallow 6 Deep 12 Tun Sakaran Marine Park 12 - 10.12 34 Mantabuan Island 04� 37.960' 118� 47.815' Shallow 6 Deep 12 Tun Sakaran Marine Park 35 Gaya Island 1 SE 04� 37.506' 118� 46.648' Shallow 6 Deep 12 Tun Sakaran Marine Park 36 Gaya Island 2 N 04� 37.965' 118� 45.529' Shallow 6 Deep 10 Tun Sakaran Marine Park 13 - 11.12 37

Boheydulang Island 1 S 04� 35.007' 118� 46.675' Shallow 6

Deep 12 Tun Sakaran Marine Park 38

Boheydulang Island 2 outer reef 04� 34.053' 118� 45.452' Shallow 6

Deep 11 Tun Sakaran Marine Park 39

Tetagan Island Inner Lagoon 04� 35.949' 118� 43.729' Shallow 6

Deep 11 Tun Sakaran Marine Park 40 Ribbon Reef 04� 36.155' 118� 45.891' Shallow 6

129

Deep 12 Tun Sakaran Marine Park 14 - 12.12 41 Maiga Island 04� 37.542' 118� 40.975' Shallow 8 Deep 13 Tun Sakaran Marine Park 42 Selakan Island 04� 34.394' 118� 43.042' Shallow 6 Deep 10 Tun Sakaran Marine Park 43 Sebangkat Island 04� 33.315' 118� 39.313' Shallow 7 Deep 13 Tun Sakaran Marine Park 15 - 13.12 44 Sibuan Island 04� 39.056' 118� 39.382' Shallow 6 Deep 12 Tun Sakaran Marine Park 45 Church Reef 1 04� 40.901' 118� 39.481' Shallow 7 Deep 12 Tun Sakaran Marine Park 46 Church Reef 2 04� 41.167' 118� 38.913' Shallow 6 Deep 14 Northwest reefs 47 Larapan Island 04� 34.457' 118� 36.258' Shallow 6 Deep 12 Northwest reefs 17 - 15.12 48 Timbun Mata Island 04� 38.777' 118� 35.198' Shallow 6 Deep 12 Northwest reefs 49 Balusuan Island 04� 41.133' 118� 32.509' Shallow 8 Deep 13 Northwest reefs 50 Batik Island 04� 43.550' 118� 28.230' Shallow 6 Deep 13 Northwest reefs 18 - 16.12 51 Tabawan Island 04� 47.235' 118� 25.022' Shallow 6 Deep 12 Northwest reefs 52 Silumpat Island 04� 45.961' 118� 23.450' Shallow 7 Deep 12

Northwest reefs 53 Batik Kulambu Island 04� 42.055' 118� 23.304' Shallow 6

Deep 12 Northwest reefs 54 Bakungan Island 04� 45.214' 118� 29.275' Shallow 7 Deep 13 Northwest reefs 19 - 17.12 55 Silawa Island 04� 34.499' 118� 34.020' Shallow 7 Deep 11 Northwest reefs 56 Mata Pahi Island 04� 34.819' 118� 32.806' Shallow 1 6 Shallow 2 6 Northwest reefs 57 Larapan Island 2 S 04� 32.851' 118� 36.522' Shallow 7 Deep 11

Northwest reefs 58 Semporna Mangrove 04� 27.603' 118� 37.570' Shallow 1 6

Shallow 2 6

Oceanic reefs 20 - 18.12 59A Sipadan Is. Mid Reef 04� 06.797' 118� 38.168' Shallow 6

Oceanic reefs 60 Sipadan Is. Hanging Gardens 04� 06.672' 118� 37.489' Shallow 5

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© WWF-Malaysia / Eric Madeja

131

Figure 1: All sites surveyed during SMEE 2010

Figure 2: Southern Reef area sites

132

Figure 3: Northern Reef area sites

Figure 4: Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area sites

133

Figure 5: Northwest Reef area sites

Figure 6: Oceanic Reef area sites

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3.4 Substrate cover ‘Live Coral’ (Hard Coral and Soft Coral) percentage cover is used to classify the status of reefs surveyed. The criteria used is by the ASEAN-Australian Living Coastal Resources project (Chou et al., 1994), where >75% is ‘Excellent’, 50-75% is ‘Good’, 25-50% is ‘Fair’ and <25% is ‘Poor’. From the results (see Table 3-7 and graphs in this chapter), only 5 stations out of the 109 (5%) are found to be ‘Excellent’, 25 stations (23%) ‘Good’, 41 stations (38%) ‘Fair’ and 38 stations (35%) are at ‘Poor’ status. Only 38 stations (34.9%) surveyed has more than 30% Hard Coral (HC) cover. These 38 stations are listed in the following sub-chapters for each of the five main areas surveyed. These stations are over the average percentage, this is in view of Bruno & Selig (2007) report on 2003 surveys for West Indonesia which includes the SMEE 2010 study area as having an average of 29% coral cover. Their study also reported Indo-pacific reefs in 2003 having a coral cover average of only 22.1% and just 7 of 390 reefs surveyed that year had coral cover >60%. For further comparision Harborne et al. (2000) had estimated that the mean percent cover for islands on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia to be at 42.2%. From all the substrate cover categories documented (Table 2Table 2) only Nutrient Indicator Algae (NIA), Rubble (RB) and Silt (SI) results are presented in detail due to present issues relevant to Semporna PCA reef areas.

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Table 2: Substrate cover categories documented using the modified Reef Check method (Hodgson et al., 2006)

Substrate Category Notes Biological Indicator for Hard Coral (HC) Scleractinian corals and includes fire coral

(Millepora), blue coral (Heliopora) and organ pipe coral (Tubipora) because these are reef builders.

Blast Fishing, Poison Fishing & Nutrient Pollution (if HC has low % cover)

Soft Coral (SC) Includes zoanthids Recently Killed Coral (RKC)

Corals that has died within the past year Blast Fishing, Poison Fishing & Nutrient Pollution (if RKC has high % cover)

Nutrient Indicator Algae (NIA)

Blooms of fleshy algae that may be responding to high levels of nutrient input

Nutrient Pollution (if NIA has high % cover)

Sponge (SP) All sponges (but no tunicates) Nutrient Pollution (if SP has high % cover)

Rock (RC) Any hard substratum larger than 15 cm whether it is covered in e.g. turf or encrusting coralline algae, barnacles, oysters etc.

Rubble (RB) Rocks between 0.5 and 15 cm diameter Physical damage i.e. Storms, Blast Fishing (if RB has high % cover)

Sand (SD) Smaller than 0.5 cm Silt/Clay (SI) Sediment that remains in suspension if disturbed Run off from nearby land

development (if SI has unusually high % cover)

Others (OT) Other sessile organism including sea anemones, tunicates, gorgonians or non-living substrata

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Southern Coral Reefs From Table 3 and graph for Southern Reefs, the status of the reefs surveyed is as follows: Table 3: Southern Reef area % live coral cover and reef status

No. Site No. Station Name Live Coral % Cover Reef Status 1 S01 Mid Rock (Shallow) 18.1 Poor 2 S01 Mid Rock (Deep) 14.4 Poor 3 S02 Second Reef (Shallow) 39.7 Fair 4 S03 Hand Rock (Shallow) 73.1 Excellent 5 S03 Hand Rock (Deep) 80.0 Excellent 6 S04 Darby Bank (Deep) 55.0 Good 7 S05 Alert Patches 2 (Deep) 41.3 Fair 8 S06 Alert Patches 3 (Deep) 34.4 Fair 9 S07 Erzherzog Reef (Shallow) 65.0 Good 10 S07 Erzherzog Reef (Deep) 62.5 Good 11 S08 Horn Reef (Shallow) 50.0 Good 12 S08 Horn Reef (Deep) 31.3 Fair 13 S09 Ligitan Reef 1 S (Shallow) 35.0 Fair 14 S09 Ligitan Reef 1 S (Deep) 39.4 Fair 15 S09A Ligitan Reef 2 N (Shallow) 56.3 Good 16 S10 Kapalai Island (Shallow) 20.6 Poor 17 S10 Kapalai Island (Deep) 12.5 Poor 18 S11 Cust Reef 1 S (Shallow) 66.3 Good 19 S11 Cust Reef 1 S (Deep) 77.5 Excellent 20 S12 Mabul Island (Shallow) 15.0 Poor 21 S12 Mabul Island (Deep) 11.9 Poor 22 S13 Ligitan Island 1 SW (Shallow) 46.3 Fair 23 S13 Ligitan Island 1 SW (Deep) 21.9 Poor 24 S14 Ligitan Island 2 SE (Shallow) 11.9 Poor 25 S14 Ligitan Island 2 SE (Deep) 19.4 Poor 26 S15 Ligitan Island 3 E (Shallow) 15.0 Poor 27 S15 Ligitan Island 3 E (Deep) 8.8 Poor 28 S16 Si Amil Island (Shallow) 26.3 Fair 29 S16 Si Amil Island (Deep) 18.1 Poor 30 S17 Denawan Island (Shallow) 21.9 Poor 31 S17 Denawan Island (Deep) 18.8 Poor 32 S18 Ligitan Island 4 W (Shallow) 81.3 Excellent 33 S18 Ligitan Island 4 W (Deep) 56.3 Good 34 S19 Cust Reef 2 N (Shallow) 59.4 Good 35 S19 Cust Reef 2 N (Deep) 49.4 Fair 36 S20 Creach Reef (Shallow) 48.1 Fair 37 S20 Creach Reef (Deep) 5.6 Poor 38 S21 Sipanggau Island (Shallow) 25.6 Fair

Text in red denotes Hard Coral >30% substrate cover There are four stations (11%) that are ‘Excellent’, eight (21%) ‘Good’, eleven (29%) ‘Fair’ and fifteen (39%) ‘Poor’. Only five stations (13.2%) surveyed has more than 30% Hard Coral (HC) cover and they were S03 (Deep), S07 (Shallow & Deep), S11 (Deep) and S18 (Deep).

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From the following graph, Silt (SI) is highest at station S21 (Shallow) with 45.0% followed by S20 (Shallow) 11.3% and S18 (Deep) with 8.8%. Only nine out of 38 stations (29.9%) in the Southern Reefs surveyed has Silt. Nutrient Indicator Algae (NIA) is highest at station S05 (Deep) with 16.9% followed by S10 (Shallow) 9.4% and S03 (Shallow) & S04 (Deep) with 8.8% each. Half of the 38 stations (50%) in the Southern Reefs surveyed has NIA. Rubble (RB) is highest at station S01 (Deep) with 46.9% followed by S01 (Shallow) with 43.8% and S13 (Deep) & S12 (Deep) & S16 (Deep) with 38.8% each. About 84.2% (32 stations) surveyed had Rubble with 14 stations having more than 20% Rubble.

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Northern Coral Reefs From Table 4Table 4 and graph for Northern Reefs, the status of the reefs surveyed is as follows: Table 4: Northern Reef area % live coral cover and reef status No. Site No. Station Name Live Coral % Cover Reef Status 1 S23 Pasalat Reef (Shallow) 30.0 Fair 2 S23 Pasalat Reef (Deep) 45.0 Fair 3 S24 Bumbun Island E (Shallow) 55.6 Good 4 S25 Batura Reef (Shallow) 8.8 Poor 5 S25 Batura Reef (Deep) 7.5 Poor 6 S26 Boheyan Island (Shallow) 53.8 Good 7 S26 Boheyan Island (Deep) 53.8 Good 8 S27 Timba timba Island (Shallow) 36.3 Fair 9 S27 Timba timba Island (Deep) 28.8 Fair 10 S28 Pandanan Island (Shallow) 13.1 Poor 11 S28 Pandanan Island (Deep) 20.0 Poor 12 S29 Mataking Island (Shallow) 31.3 Fair 13 S29 Mataking Island (Deep) 26.9 Fair 14 S30 Kulapuan Island 1 S (Shallow) 18.8 Poor 15 S30 Kulapuan Island 1 S (Deep) 25.6 Fair 16 S31 Kulapuan Island 2 N (Shallow) 13.8 Poor 17 S31 Kulapuan Island 2 N (Deep) 8.8 Poor 18 S32 Pom pom Island (Shallow) 42.5 Fair 19 S32 Pom pom Island (Deep) 11.9 Poor 20 S33 Kapikan Reef (Shallow) 40.0 Fair 21 S33 Kapikan Reef (Deep) 30.6 Fair

Text in red denotes Hard Coral >30% substrate cover There are zero station (0%) that is ‘Excellent’, three (14%) ‘Good’, ten (48%) ‘Fair’ and eight (38%) ‘Poor’. Only four stations (19.0%) surveyed has more than 30% Hard Coral (HC) cover and they were S26 (Deep), S27 (Shallow), S29 (Shallow) and S33 (Shallow). From the following graph, Silt (SI) is not documented at all stations surveyed in the Northern Reefs. Nutrient Indicator Algae (NIA) is highest at station S32 (Deep) with 6.3% followed by S33 (Shallow) 5.6% and S26 (Deep) with 3.8%. Only seven of the 21 stations (33.3%) in the Northern Reefs surveyed has NIA. Rubble (RB) is highest at station S32 (Deep) with 74.4% followed by S28 (Shallow) with 61.9% and S32 (Shallow) with 51.9%. Nearly all stations (95.2%), 20 out of 21 surveyed had Rubble with 15 stations (71.4%) having more than 20% Rubble.

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Tun Sakaran Marine Park Coral Reefs From Table 5 and graph for Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reefs, the status of the reefs surveyed are as follows: Table 5: Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area % live coral cover and reef status No. Site No. Station Name Live Coral % Cover Reef Status 1 S34 Mantabuan Island (Shallow) 39.4 Fair 2 S34 Mantabuan Island (Deep) 19.4 Poor 3 S35 Gaya Island 1 SE (Shallow) 23.1 Poor 4 S35 Gaya Island 1 SE (Deep) 18.1 Poor 5 S36 Gaya Island 2 N (Shallow) 28.8 Fair 6 S36 Gaya Island 2 N (Deep) 38.1 Fair 7 S37 Boheydulang Island 1 S (Shallow) 26.3 Fair 8 S37 Boheydulang Island 1 S (Deep) 22.5 Poor 9 S38 Boheydulang Is 2 Outer Reef (Shallow) 8.8 Poor 10 S38 Boheydulang Is 2 Outer Reef (Deep) 21.9 Poor 11 S39 Tetagan Island Inner Lagoon (Shallow) 36.3 Fair 12 S39 Tetagan Island Inner Lagoon (Deep) 55.6 Good 13 S40 Ribbon Reef (Shallow) 56.3 Good 14 S40 Ribbon Reef (Deep) 54.4 Good 15 S41 Maiga Island (Shallow) 54.4 Good 16 S41 Maiga Island (Deep) 59.4 Good 17 S42 Selakan Island (Shallow) 38.8 Fair 18 S42 Selakan Island (Deep) 34.4 Fair 19 S43 Sebangkat Island (Shallow) 53.1 Good 20 S43 Sebangkat Island (Deep) 49.4 Fair 21 S44 Sibuan Island (Shallow) 23.1 Poor 22 S44 Sibuan Island (Deep) 35.0 Poor 23 S45 Church Reef 1 (Shallow) 52.5 Good 24 S45 Church Reef 1 (Deep) 48.1 Fair 25 S46 Church Reef 2 (Shallow) 35.0 Fair 26 S46 Church Reef 2 (Deep) 32.5 Fair

Text in red denotes Hard Coral >30% substrate cover There are zero station (0%) that is ‘Excellent’, seven (27%) ‘Good’, eleven (42%) ‘Fair’ and eight (31%) ‘Poor’. Nevertheless fourteen stations (53.8%) surveyed has more than 30% Hard Coral (HC) cover and they were station S34 (Shallow), S36 (Deep), S39 (Shallow & Deep), S40 (Shallow & Deep), S41 (Deep), S43 (Shallow & Deep), S44 (Deep), S45 (Shallow & Deep) and S46 (Shallow & Deep). From the following graph, Silt (SI) is documented only at one station S39 (Deep) with only 3.8% silt. The other 25 reef stations (96.2%) surveyed in Tun Sakaran Marine Park has no silt observed. Nutrient Indicator Algae (NIA) is highest at station S40 (Deep) and S41 (Shallow) with 1.9% each followed by S46 (Shallow) 1.3% and S39 (Deep), S42 (Deep), S43

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(Deep), S44 (Shallow), S45 (Shallow), S46 (Deep) with 0.6% each. Only ten of the 26 stations (38.5%) in the Marine Park reef surveyed have NIA. Rubble (RB) is highest at station S36 (Shallow) with 61.3% followed by S34 (Deep) & S44 (Shallow) with 53.1% each and S38 (Deep) with 51.9%. All 26 stations surveyed had Rubble with 15 stations (57.7%) having more than 20% Rubble.

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Northwest Coral Reefs From Table 6 and graph for Northwest Park Reefs, the status of the reefs surveyed is as follows: Table 6: Northwest Reef area % live coral cover and reef status No. Site No. Station Name Live Coral % Cover Reef Status 1 S47 Larapan Island (Shallow) 58.1 Good 2 S47 Larapan Island (Deep) 49.4 Fair 3 S48 Timbun Mata Island (Shallow) 75.6 Excellent 4 S48 Timbun Mata Island (Deep) 60.0 Good 5 S49 Balusuan Island (Shallow) 36.3 Fair 6 S49 Balusuan Island (Deep) 43.8 Fair 7 S50 Batik Island (Shallow) 53.1 Good 8 S50 Batik Island (Deep) 69.4 Good 9 S51 Tabawan Island (Shallow) 20.0 Poor 10 S51 Tabawan Island (Deep) 49.4 Fair 11 S52 Silumpat Island (Shallow) 46.3 Fair 12 S52 Silumpat Island (Deep) 46.3 Fair 13 S53 Batik Kulambu Island (Shallow) 45.6 Fair 14 S53 Batik Kulambu Island (Deep) 48.1 Fair 15 S54 Bakungan Island (Shallow) 13.1 Poor 16 S54 Bakungan Island (Deep) 17.5 Poor 17 S55 Silawa Island (Shallow) 22.5 Poor 18 S55 Silawa Island (Deep) 7.5 Poor 19 S56 Mata Pahi Island (Shallow) 26.3 Poor 20 S57 Larapan Island 2 S (Shallow) 58.1 Good 21 S57 Larapan Island 2 S (Deep) 44.4 Fair 22 S58 Semporna Mangrove (Shallow) 18.1 Poor

Text in red denotes Hard Coral >30% substrate cover There is only one location (5%) that is ‘Excellent’, five (23%) ‘Good’, nine (41%) ‘Fair’ and seven (32%) ‘Poor’. Nevertheless eleven stations (50%) surveyed have more than 30% Hard Coral (HC) cover and they are station S47 (Shallow & Deep), S48 (Shallow & Deep), S50 (Shallow & Deep), S51 (Deep), S52 (Shallow & Deep) and S57 (Shallow & Deep). From the following graph, Silt (SI) is highest at station S58 (Shallow) with 49.7% followed by S56 (Shallow) with 9.4%, S55 (Shallow & Deep) with 5.0% and S52 (Deep) with 1.3% silt. The other 17 reef stations (77.3%) surveyed in the Northwest have no silt observed. Nutrient Indicator Algae (NIA) is highest at station S51 (Shallow) with 28.8% followed by S53 (Shallow) 21.3% and S52 (Deep) with 18.1%. Fourteen of the 22 stations (63.6%) in the Northwest reef surveyed have NIA observed. Rubble (RB) is highest at station S55 (Shallow) with 39.4% followed by S54 (Shallow) with 35.6% and S56 (Shallow) with 28.4%. Twenty of the 22 stations

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(90.9%) surveyed had Rubble with five stations (22.7%) having more than 20% Rubble.

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Oceanic Coral Reefs From Table 7 and graph for Oceanic Reefs, the status of the reefs surveyed is as follows: Table 7: Oceanic Reef area % live coral cover and reef status No. Site No. Station Name Live Coral % Cover Reef Status 1 S59A Sipadan Is Mid Reef (Shallow) 56.9 Good 2 S60 Sipadan Is Hanging Gardens (Shallow) 67.5 Good

Text in red denotes Hard Coral >30% substrate cover There are zero station (0%) that is ‘Excellent’, two (100%) ‘Good’, zero (0%) ‘Fair’ and zero (0%) ‘Poor’. Nevertheless both stations (100%) surveyed have more than 30% Hard Coral (HC) cover. From the following graph, Silt (SI) is not observed at the two stations in Sipadan. Nutrient Indicator Algae (NIA) is only present at station S59A (Shallow) but at a low percentage cover of 0.6%. Rubble (RB) is higher at station S59A (Shallow) with 20.0% compared to S60 (Shallow) with 8.1%. Both stations have no more than 20% Rubble.

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3.5 Fish density Snapper

Organism Biological Indicator for Snapper (Lutjanidae) Overfishing & Blast Fishing

(if Snapper density is low) The highest density of Snapper (87.8 ± 87.4 SE individuals per 500m3) is at station S34 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area. Snapper is present at 17 stations (65.4%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 5.9 ± 35.9 SE individuals per 500m3, both stations (100%) in Oceanic Reef area with a mean density of 5.3 ± 10.0 SE individuals per 500m3, 18 stations (81.8%) in Northwest Reef area with a mean density of 2.1 ± 5.7 SE individuals per 500m3, 29 stations (76.3%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 1.9 ± 12.7 SE individuals per 500m3 and 9 stations (42.9%) in Northern Reef area with a mean density of 0.3 ± 1.2 SE individuals per 500m3. Snapper maximum densities for each area surveyed are Southern Reef area 41.3 ± 36.3 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S09 (Deep), Northwest Reef area 15.0 ± 10.4 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S52 (Deep), Oceanic Reef area 9.8 ± 6.7 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S60 (Shallow) and Northern Reef area with 2.8 ± 2.4 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S30 (Deep).

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Moray eel

Organism Biological Indicator for Moray Eel (Muraenidae) Overfishing & Aquarium Fish Collection

(if Moray Eel density is low) The highest density of Moray eel (0.75 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 500m3) are at stations S30 (Shallow) in Northern Reef area and S17 (Shallow) in Southern Reef area. Moray eel is present at 1 station (50.0%) in Oceanic Reef area with a mean density of 0.13 ± 0.35 SE individuals per 500m3, 4 stations (19.0%) in Northern Reef area with a mean density of 0.08 ± 0.32 SE individuals per 500m3, 7 stations (18.4%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 0.05 ± 0.22 SE individuals per 500m3, 1 station (3.8%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 0.01 ± 0.10 SE individuals per 500m3 and 0 stations (0%) in Northwest Reef area. Moray eel maximum densities for each area surveyed are Oceanic Reef area 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S59A (Shallow), Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 500m3 only present at station S41 (Shallow) and Northwest Reef area with 0 individuals per 500m3 at all stations.

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Parrotfish

Organism Biological Indicator for Parrotfish >20cm (Scaridae) Overfishing, Blast Fishing, Poison Fishing &

Aquarium Fish Collection (if Parrotfish density is low)

The highest density of Parrotfish (19.3 ± 5.1 SE individuals per 500m3) is at station S51 (Shallow) in Northwest Reef area. Parrotfish is present at 19 stations (86.4%) in Northwest Reef area with a mean density of 4.5 ± 6.8 SE individuals per 500m3, 24 stations (92.3%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 2.9 ± 3.8 SE individuals per 500m3, 19 stations (90.5%) in Northern Reef area with a mean density of 2.9 ± 3.5 SE individuals per 500m3, both stations (100%) in Oceanic Reef area with a mean density of 2.4 ± 1.2 SE individuals per 500m3 and 29 stations (76.3%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 2.2 ± 4.2 SE individuals per 500m3.

Parrotfish maximum densities for each area surveyed are Southern Reef area 11.8 ± 7.8 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S10 (Shallow), Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area 10.8 ± 1.1 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S36 (Deep), Northern Reef area 7.8 ± 1.6 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S26 (Deep) and Oceanic Reef area with 2.5 ± 0.3 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S59A (Shallow).

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Bumphead parrotfish

Organism Biological Indicator for Bumphead parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum)

Overfishing, Blast Fishing, Poison Fishing & Aquarium Fish Collection (if Bumphead parrotfish density is low)

The highest density of Bumphead parrotfish (10.00 ± 10.00 SE individuals per 500m3) is at station S59A (Shallow) in Oceanic Reef area. Bumphead parrotfish is present at both stations (100%) in Oceanic Reef area with a mean density of 9.38 ± 17.41 SE individuals per 500m3, 2 stations (7.7%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 0.04 ± 0.31 SE individuals per 500m3, 2 stations (5.3%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 0.03 ± 0.26 SE individuals per 500m3, 1 station (4.8%) in Northern Reef area with a mean density of 0.01 ± 0.11 SE individuals per 500m3 and 0 station (0%) in Northwest Reef area. Bumphead parrotfish maximum densities for each area surveyed are Southern Reef area 0.75 ± 0.75 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S12 (Deep), Tun Sakaran Marine Park area 0.75 ± 0.75 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S40 (Deep), Northern Reef area 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 500m3 only at station S28 (Shallow) and Northwest Reef area with 0 individuals per 500m3 at all stations.

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Humphead wrasse

Organism Biological Indicator for Humphead wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus)

Overfishing, Blast Fishing, Poison Fishing & Aquarium Fish Collection (if Humphead wrasse density is low)

The highest density of Humphead wrasse (0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 500m3) is at station S59A (Shallow) in Oceanic Reef area. This is the only station that this fish was documented during the entire SMEE 2010. Humphead wrasse is present only at 1 station (50%) in Oceanic Reef area with a mean density of 0.13 ± 0.35 SE individuals per 500m3, 0 stations (0%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area, 0 stations (0%) in Northwest Reef area, 0 stations (0%) in Southern Reef area and 0 stations (0%) in Northern Reef area.

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Barramundi cod

Organism Biological Indicator for Barramundi cod (Cromileptes altivelis)

Overfishing, Blast Fishing, Poison Fishing & Aquarium Fish Collection (if Barramundi cod density is low)

The highest density of Barramundi cod (0.25 ± 0.16 SE individuals per 500m3) is at station S56 (Shallow) in Northwest Reef area. This is the only station that this fish was documented during the entire SMEE 2010. Barramundi cod is present only at 1 station (4.5%) in Northwest Reef area with a mean density of 0.01 ± 0.07 SE individuals per 500m3, 0 stations (0%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area, 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area, 0 stations (0%) in Southern Reef area and 0 stations (0%) in Northern Reef area.

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Sweetlips (Haemulidae)

Organism Biological Indicator for Sweetlips (Haemulidae)

Overfishing, Blast Fishing, Poison Fishing & Aquarium Fish Collection (if Sweetlips density is low)

The highest density of Haemulidae (3.25 ± 2.93 SE individuals per 500m3) is at station S29 (Shallow) in Northern Reef area. Haemulidae is present at both stations (100%) in Oceanic Reef area with a mean density of 0.38 ± 0.74 SE individuals per 500m3, 3 stations (14.3%) in Northern Reef area with a mean density of 0.25 ± 1.40 SE individuals per 500m3, 14 stations (36.8%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 0.13 ± 0.41 SE individuals per 500m3, 7 stations (26.9%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 0.12 ± 0.51 SE individuals per 500m3 and 5 stations (22.7%) in Northwest Reef area with a mean density of 0.10 ± 0.47 SE individuals per 500m3. Haemulidae maximum densities for each area surveyed are Northwest Reef area 1.13 ± 0.99 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S58 (Shallow), Southern Reef area 1.00 ± 0.58 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S19 (Deep), Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area 1.00 ± 1.00 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S41 (Deep) and Oceanic Reef area with 0.50 ± 0.50 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S59A (Shallow).

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Butterflyfish

Organism Biological Indicator for Butterflyfish (Chaetodon spp.)

Overfishing, Poison Fishing & Aquarium Fish Collection (if Butterflyfish density is low)

The highest density of Butterflyfish (19.8 ± 9.4 SE individuals per 500m3) is at station S60 (Shallow) in Oceanic Reef area. Butterflyfish is present at both stations (100%) in Oceanic Reef area with a mean density of 12.3 ± 14.8 SE individuals per 500m3, all 38 stations (100%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 3.7 ± 4.1 SE individuals per 500m3, 20 stations (95.2%) in Northern Reef area with a mean density of 3.6 ± 4.3 SE individuals per 500m3, all 26 stations (100%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 3.2 ± 3.1 SE individuals per 500m3 and 19 stations (86.4%) in Northwest Reef area with a mean density of 2.1 ± 2.6 SE individuals per 500m3. Butterflyfish maximum densities for each area surveyed are Southern Reef area 12.8 ± 3.8 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S01 (Deep), Northern Reef area 12.8 ± 3.2 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S32 (Deep), Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area 7.8 ± 0.5 SE and 7.8 ± 1.1 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S34 (Deep) and S43 (Shallow) respectively and Northwest Reef area with 7.3 ± 1.7 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S49 (Shallow).

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Grouper size classes

Organism Biological Indicator for Grouper >30cm (Serranidae)

Overfishing, Blast Fishing & Poison Fishing (if Grouper density is low)

No Grouper with the size class of more than 60 cm is documented in all 109 stations of 60 sites surveyed during SMEE 2010. The highest density of Grouper with the size class of 50-60 cm (0.50 ± 0.50 SE individuals per 500m3) are at stations S60 (Shallow) in Oceanic Reef area and S44 (Deep) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area. These are the only stations that Grouper with this size class are documented, 1 station (50%) in Oceanic Reef area and 1 station (3.8%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area. The highest density of Grouper with the size class of 40-50 cm (1.00 ± 0.41 SE individuals per 500m3) is at station S60 (Shallow) in Oceanic Reef area. This size class is present at both stations (100%) in Oceanic Reef area, 3 stations (7.9%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum density of 0.50 ± 0.29 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S10 (Shallow), 2 stations (9.5%) in Northern Reef area with a maximum density of 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 500m3 each at station S27 (Deep) and S32 (Deep), 1 station (3.8%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a maximum density of 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S44 (Deep) and 1 station (4.5%) in Northwest Reef area with a maximum density of 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S48 (Deep). The highest density of Grouper with the size class of 30-40 cm (2.50 ± 1.19 SE and 2.50 ± 0.87 individuals per 500m3) is at stations S60 (Shallow) in Oceanic Reef area and S40 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area respectively. This size class is present at both stations (100%) in Oceanic Reef area 18 stations (69.2%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area, 23 stations (60.5%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum density of 1.75 ± 0.55 SE and 1.75 ± 0.48 SE individuals per 500m3 respectively at stations S13 (Deep) and S15 (Deep), 12 stations (57.1%) in Northern Reef area with a maximum density of 1.50 ± 0.65 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S29 (Shallow) and 16 stations (72.7%) in Northwest Reef area with a maximum density of 1.00 ± 0.58 SE and 1.00 ± 0.41 SE individuals per 500m3 at stations S53 (Deep) and S47 (S) respectively. Only two stations have 3 size classes of Groupers (30-40 cm, 40-50 cm, 50-60 cm), they are S60 (Shallow) and S44 (Deep). Most stations that Grouper are present only have the size class of 30-40 cm.

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© WWF-Malaysia / Eric Madeja

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3.6 Invertebrate density Diadema

Organism Biological Indicator for Long-spined Black Sea Urchin (Diadema spp.)

Overfishing & Nutrient Pollution (if Diadema density is high)

The highest density of Diadema (188.8 ± 44.3 SE individuals per 100m2) is at station S31 (Shallow) in Northern Reef area. Diadema is present at 17 stations (81.0%) in Northern Reef area with a mean density of 36.6 ± 60.7 SE individuals per 100m2, 32 stations (84.2%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 15.1 ± 33.8 SE individuals per 100m2, 20 stations (76.9%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 13.4 ± 30.8 SE individuals per 100m2, 11 stations (50%) in Northwest Reef area with a mean density of 0.3 ± 0.7 SE individuals per 100m2 and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area. Diadema maximum densities for each area surveyed are Southern Reef area 149.8 ± 16.9 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S17 (Shallow), Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area 104.5 ± 43.2 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S38 (Shallow), Northwest Reef area 1.8 ± 0.9 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S48 (Shallow) and Oceanic Reef area with 0 individuals per 100m2 at both stations.

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Banded coral shrimp

Organism Biological Indicator for Banded coral shrimp (Stenopus hispidus)

Aquarium Fish Collection (if Banded coral shrimp density is low)

The highest density of Banded coral shrimp (1.25 ± 0.75 SE individuals per 100m2) is at station S14 (Deep) in Southern Reef area. Banded coral shrimp is present at 5 stations (13.2%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 0.08 ± 0.41 SE individuals per 100m2, 2 stations (9.5%) in Northern Reef area with a mean density of 0.02 ± 0.15 SE individuals per 100m2, 1 station (3.8%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 0.01 ± 0.10 SE individuals per 100m2, 0 station (0%) in Oceanic Reef area and in Northwest Reef area. Banded coral shrimp maximum densities for each area surveyed are Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S45 (Shallow), Northern Reef area 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 each at stations S24 (Shallow) and S31 (Deep), Oceanic Reef area and Northwest Reef area with 0 individuals per 100m2 at all stations.

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Crown-of-Thorns Seastar (COTS)

Organism Biological Indicator for Crown-of-Thorns Seastar (Acanthaster planci)

Overfishing (if COTS density is high)

The highest density of COTS (0.50 ± 0.29 SE individuals per 100m2) is at station S51 (Deep) in Northwest Reef area. COTS is present at 3 stations (13.6%) in Northwest Reef area with a mean density of 0.05 ± 0.21 SE individuals per 100m2, 2 stations (5.3%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 0.01 ± 0.09 SE individuals per 100m2, 0 stations (0%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 0 individuals per 100m2, 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area and in Northern Reef area. COTS maximum densities for each area surveyed are Southern Reef area 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S06 (Deep), Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area 0 individuals per 100m2 at all stations, Oceanic Reef area 0 individuals per 100m2 at all stations and Northern Reef area with 0 individuals per 100m2 at all stations.

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Triton Shell

Organism Biological Indicator for Triton Shell (Charonia tritonis)

Overfishing & Curio Collection (if Triton Shell density is low)

The highest density of Triton Shell (2.50 ± 1.50 SE individuals per 100m2) is at station S31 (Shallow) in Northern Reef area. Triton Shell is present at 7 stations (33.3%) in Northern Reef area with a mean density of 0.24 ± 0.86 SE individuals per 100m2, 7 stations (26.9%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 0.09 ± 0.32 SE individuals per 100m2, 7 stations (18.4%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 0.06 ± 0.29 SE individuals per 100m2, 3 stations (13.6%) in Northwest Reef area with a mean density of 0.05 ± 0.21 SE individuals per 100m2 and 0 station (0%) in Oceanic Reef area. Triton Shell maximum densities for each area surveyed are Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area 0.75 ± 0.48 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S34 (Deep), Southern Reef area 0.50 ± 0.50 SE individuals per 100m2 each at stations S03 (Shallow) and S07 (Deep), Northwest Reef area 0.50 ± 0.29 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S49 (Shallow) and Oceanic Reef area with 0 individuals per 100m2 at all stations.

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Sea Cucumber

Organism Biological Indicator for Sea Cucumber Overfishing

(if Sea Cucumber density is low) The highest density of Sea Cucumber (2.00 ± 0.41 SE individuals per 100m2) is at station S38 (Deep) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area. Sea Cucumber is present at 15 stations (57.7%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 0.41 ± 0.78 SE individuals per 100m2, 17 stations (81.0%) in Northern Reef area with a mean density of 0.26 ± 0.46 SE individuals per 100m2, 15 stations (39.5%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 0.16 ± 0.43 SE individuals per 100m2, 5 stations (22.7%) in Northwest Reef area with a mean density of 0.07 ± 0.30 SE individuals per 100m2 and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area. Sea Cucumber maximum densities for each area surveyed are Southern Reef area 1.50 ± 0.50 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S10 (Shallow), Northern Reef area 0.75 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S32 (Shallow), Northwest Reef area 0.50 ± 0.50 SE and 0.50 ± 0.29 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S49 (Shallow) and S47 (Deep) respectively and Oceanic Reef area with 0 individuals per 100m2 at all stations.

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Collector Urchin

Organism Biological Indicator for Collector Urchin (Tripneustes spp.)

Curio Collection (if Collector Urchin density is low)

The highest density of Collector Urchin (0.50 ± 0.29 SE individuals per 100m2) each is at stations S15 (Deep) in Southern Reef area and S33 (Shallow) in Northern Reef area. Collector Urchin is present at 3 stations (14.3%) in Northern Reef area with a mean density of 0.05 ± 0.21 SE individuals per 100m2, 4 stations (10.5%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 0.03 ± 0.18 SE individuals per 100m2, 1 station (3.8%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 0.01 ± 0.01 SE individuals per 100m2, 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area and in Northwest Reef area. Collector Urchin maximum densities for each area surveyed are Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S36 (Deep), Northwest Reef area 0 individuals per 100m2 at all stations and Oceanic Reef area with 0 individuals per 100m2 at all stations.

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Pencil Urchin

Organism Biological Indicator for Pencil Urchin (Heterocentrotus mammilatus)

Curio Collection (If Pencil Urchin density is low)

The highest density of Pencil Urchin (1.50 ± 0.29 SE individuals per 100m2) is at station S15 (Deep) in Southern Reef area. Pencil Urchin is present at 7 stations (18.4%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 0.09 ± 0.34 SE individuals per 100m2, 2 stations (9.5%) in Northern Reef area with a mean density of 0.02 ± 0.15 SE individuals per 100m2, 0 stations (0%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 0 individuals per 100m2, 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area and in Northwest Reef area. Pencil Urchin maximum densities for each area surveyed are Northern Reef area 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 each at stations S23 (Deep) and S31 (Shallow), Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area 0 individuals per 100m2 at all stations, Oceanic Reef area 0 individuals per 100m2 at all stations and Northwest Reef area with 0 individuals per 100m2 at all stations.

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Lobster

Organism Biological Indicator for Lobster Malacostraca (Decapod)

Overfishing (if Lobster density is low)

The highest density of Lobster (0.75 ± 0.75 SE and 0.75 ± 0.48 SE individuals per 100m2) is at stations S08 (Shallow) and S14 (Shallow) respectively in Southern Reef area. Lobster is present at 7 stations (18.4%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 0.08 ± 0.39 SE individuals per 100m2, 5 stations (23.8%) in Northern Reef area with a mean density of 0.06 ± 0.24 SE individuals per 100m2, 4 stations (18.2%) in Northwest Reef area with a mean density of 0.05 ± 0.21 SE individuals per 100m2, 2 stations (7.7%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 0.02 ± 0.14 SE individuals per 100m2 and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area. Lobster maximum densities for each area surveyed are Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 each at stations S42 (Shallow & Deep), Northwest Reef area 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 each at stations S48 (Shallow), S50 (Shallow & Deep) and S51 (Shallow), Northern Reef area 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 each at stations S23 (Deep), S27 (Shallow), S28 (Deep), S30 (Shallow) and S32 (Shallow) and Oceanic Reef area with 0 individuals per 100m2 at all stations.

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Giant Clam size classes

Organism Biological Indicator for Giant Clam (Tridacna spp.)

Overfishing & Curio Collection (if Giant Clam density is low)

From 109 stations in 60 sites during SMEE 2010, only two stations have all six size classes. The stations are S39 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area and S49 (Shallow) in Northwest Reef area. The best station for Giant Clam density and size classes is S39 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area. The highest density of Giant Clam with the size class of more than 50 cm (0.75 ± 0.48 SE individuals per 100m2) is at station S51 (Shallow) in Northwest Reef area. This size class is present at 4 stations (18.2%) in Northwest Reef area, 4 stations (19.0%) in Northern Reef area with a maximum density of 0.50 ± 0.29 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S27 (Shallow), 3 stations (7.9%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum density of 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 each at stations S12 (Shallow), S15 (Deep) and S19 (Deep), 6 stations (23.1%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area with a maximum density of 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S43 (Shallow) and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area. The highest density of Giant Clam with the size class of 40-50 cm (1.25 ± 0.95 SE individuals per 100m2) is at station S39 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area. This size class is present at 7 stations (26.9%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area, 1 station (4.8%) in Northern Reef area with a maximum density of 0.50 ± 0.29 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S27 (Shallow), 3 stations (7.9%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum density of 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 each at stations S03 (Shallow) and S07 (Deep), 2 stations (9.1%) in Northwest Reef area with a maximum density of 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 each at stations S47 (Shallow) and S49 (Shallow) and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area. The highest density of Giant Clam with the size class of 30-40 cm (3.25 ± 1.44 SE individuals per 100m2) is at station S39 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area. This size class is present at 3 stations (11.5%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area, 3 stations (7.9%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum density of 1.25 ± 0.95 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S11 (Shallow), 4 stations (18.2%) in Northwest Reef area with a maximum density of 0.50 ± 0.50 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S48 (Shallow), 4 stations (19.0%) in Northern Reef area with a maximum density of 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 each at stations S23 (Deep), S26 (Shallow) and S27 (Shallow & Deep) and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area.

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The highest density of Giant Clam with the size class of 20-30 cm (3.75 ± 1.49 SE individuals per 100m2) is at station S39 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area. This size class is present at 7 stations (26.9%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area, 6 stations (15.8%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum density of 0.63 ± 0.50 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S06 (Deep), 5 stations (22.7%) in Northwest Reef area with a maximum density of 0.50 ± 0.50 SE & 0.50 ± 0.29 SE individuals per 100m2 respectively at station S48 (Shallow) and S49 (Shallow), 6 stations (28.6%) in Northern Reef area with a maximum density of 0.50 ± 0.29 SE individuals per 100m2 each at stations S29 (Shallow), S31 (Shallow) and S33 (Deep) and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area. The highest density of Giant Clam with the size class of 10-20 cm (6.00 ± 2.45 SE individuals per 100m2) is at station S39 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area. This size class is present at 16 stations (61.5%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area 10 stations (47.6%) in Northern Reef area with a maximum density of 2.00 ± 1.22 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S25 (Shallow), 9 stations (40.9%) in Northwest Reef area with a maximum density of 1.00 ± 0.41 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S48 (Deep), 9 stations (23.7%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum density of 0.75 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S18 (Shallow) and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area. The highest density of Giant Clam with the size class of less than 10 cm (9.25 ± 3.97 SE individuals per 100m2) is at station S25 (Shallow) in Northern Reef area. This size class is present at 13 stations (61.9%) in Northern Reef area, 16 stations (61.5%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area with a maximum density of 5.50 ± 2.53 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S39 (Shallow), 21 stations (55.3%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum density of 3.50 ± 1.19 SE and 3.50 ± 1.71 SE individuals per 100m2 respectively at station S09 (Shallow) and S12 (Shallow), 10 stations (45.5%) in Northwest Reef area with a maximum density of 1.50 ± 0.65 SE individuals per 100m2 each at station S47 (Shallow) and S49 (Shallow) and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area.

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3.7 Impacts Trash (Fishnets and General) The highest impact level of Trash (Fishnets) (3.0 ± 0.0 SE) are at stations S32 (Deep) in Northern Reef area, S44 (Deep) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area and S47 (Shallow) in Northwest Reef area. Trash (Fishnets) is present at 13 stations (61.9%) in Northern Reef area, 19 stations (73.1%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area, 16 stations (72.7%) in Northwest Reef area, 22 stations (57.9%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum impact level of 2.8 ± 0.3 SE at station S09 (Deep) and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area. The highest impact level of Trash (General) (3.0 ± 0.0 SE) are at stations S42 (Shallow & Deep) and S43 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area. Trash (General) is present at 13 stations (50.0%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area, 21 stations (55.3%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum impact level of 2.8 ± 0.3 SE at station S17 (Deep), 17 stations (77.3%) in Northwest Reef area with a maximum impact level of 2.5 ± 0.0 SE at station S58 (Shallow), 9 stations (42.9%) in Northern Reef area with a maximum impact level of 2.0 ± 0.0 SE at station S31 (Shallow) and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area. Both Fishnets and General Trash are present at 16 stations (42.1%) in Southern Reef area, 13 stations (59.1%) in Northwest Reef area, 11 stations (42.3%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area, 7 stations (33.3%) in Northern Reef area and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area. There are no stations with both Fishnet and General Trash at maximum impact levels.

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Coral Disease (Black Band and White Band) The highest percentage of Black Band Disease (10.0 ± 0.0 SE) is at station S39 (Deep) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area. Black Band Disease is present at 5 stations (19.2%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area, 5 stations (22.7%) in Northwest Reef area with a maximum percentage of 5.0 ± 0.0 SE at station S49 (Shallow), 4 stations (10.5%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum percentage of 1.3 ± 1.3 SE at station S09 (Deep), 0 stations (0%) in Northern Reef area and in Oceanic Reef area. The highest percentage of White Band Disease (10.0 ± 0.0 SE) is at station S41 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area. White Band Disease is present at 15 stations (57.7%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area, 7 stations (31.8%) in Northwest Reef area with a maximum percentage of 6.3 ± 1.3 SE at station S47 (Shallow), 7 stations (18.4%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum percentage of 5.0 ± 2.9 SE at station S01 (Deep), 0 stations (0%) in Northern Reef area and in Oceanic Reef area. Both Black Band and White Band Diseases are present at 5 stations (22.7%) in Northwest Reef area, 5 stations (19.2%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area, 3 stations (7.9%) in Southern Reef area, 0 stations (0%) in Northern Reef area and in Oceanic Reef area. There are no stations with more than 10% disease occurrence.

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Coral Bleaching The highest percentage of the coral population bleaching (33.8 ± 5.5 SE) is at station S53 (Deep) in Northwest Reef area. Coral Bleaching is present at 18 stations (81.8%) in Northwest Reef area with a maximum colony bleaching percentage of 40.0 ± 0.0 SE at station S53 (Deep), 23 stations (88.5%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area with a maximum percentage of coral population bleaching of 10.0 ± 0.0 SE each at stations S40 (Deep) and S41 (Shallow) and a maximum colony bleaching percentage of 100.0 ± 0.0 SE at station S43 (Deep), 21 stations (55.3%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum percentage of coral population bleaching of 20.0 ± 0.0 SE and a maximum colony bleaching percentage of 17.5 ± 2.5 SE at station S01 (Deep), 9 stations (42.9%) in Northern Reef area with a maximum percentage of coral population bleaching of 10.0 ± 0.0 SE at station S32 (Deep) and maximum colony bleaching percentage of 10.0 ± 0.0 SE each at stations S26 (Deep), S30 (Deep), S31 (Shallow) and S32 (Deep) and 1 station (50.0%) in Oceanic Reef area with a maximum percentage of coral population bleaching of 1.3 ± 1.3 SE and a maximum colony bleaching percentage of 2.5 ± 2.5 SE at station S59A (Shallow). There are only 5 stations with more than 10% of its coral population bleaching and they are stations S53 (Deep) in Northwest Reef area, S01 (Deep), S06 (Deep), S07 (Deep) and S10 (Deep) in Southern Reef area.

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Coral Damage There are 18 stations out of 109 stations (16.5%) that had all three coral damage criteria at maximum impact levels (3.0 ± 0.3 SE) during SMEE 2010. They are found in two reef areas surveyed which included 11 stations in Northern Reef area which are stations S28 (Shallow & Deep), S29 (Shallow & Deep), S30 (Shallow), S31 (Shallow & Deep), S32 (Shallow & Deep), S33 (Shallow & Deep) and 7 stations in Southern Reef area which are stations S01 (Shallow & Deep), S13 (Shallow & Deep), S14 (Deep), S15 (Shallow) and S16 (Shallow). All three coral damage criteria are documented at 26 stations (68.4%) in Southern Reef area, 11 stations (52.4%) in Northern Reef area, 11 stations (42.3%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area, 9 stations (40.9%) in Northwest Reef area and 0 stations (0%) in the Oceanic Reef area. The highest impact level of Coral Damage by Dynamite (3.0 ± 0.0 SE) are at stations S01 (Shallow & Deep), S13 (Shallow & Deep), S14 (Deep), S15 (Shallow & Deep), S16 (Shallow) in Southern Reef area, S25 (Shallow), S28 (Shallow & Deep), S29 (Shallow & Deep), S30 (Shallow), S31 (Shallow & Deep), S32 (Shallow & Deep), S33 (Shallow & Deep) in Northern Reef area, S35 (Shallow), S36 (Deep), S38 (Deep) and S39 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area. Coral Damage by Dynamite is present at 28 stations (73.7%) in Southern Reef area, 19 stations (73.1%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area, 15 stations (71.4%) in Northern Reef area, 9 stations (40.9%) in Northwest Reef area with a maximum impact level of 2.8 ± 0.3 SE at station S54 (Deep) and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area. The highest impact level of Coral Damage by Boat/Anchor (3.0 ± 0.0 SE) are at stations S01 (Shallow & Deep), S13 (Shallow & Deep), S14 (Deep), S15 (Shallow & Deep), S16 (Shallow) in Southern Reef area, S25 (Shallow), S28 (Shallow & Deep), S29 (Shallow & Deep), S30 (Shallow), S31 (Shallow & Deep), S32 (Shallow & Deep), S33 (Shallow & Deep) in Northern Reef area, S35 (Shallow), S36 (Deep), S38 (Deep), S39 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area and S54 (Deep) in Northwest Reef area. Coral Damage by Boat/Anchor is present at 31 stations (81.6%) in Southern Reef area, 17 stations (81.0%) in Northern Reef area, 16 stations (61.5%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area, 13 stations (59.1%) in Northwest Reef area and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area. The highest impact level of Coral Damage by Other (3.0 ± 0.0 SE) are at stations S01 (Shallow & Deep), S08 (Deep), S09 (Shallow & Deep), S09A (Shallow), S10 (Deep), S12 (Deep), S13 (Shallow & Deep), S14 (Deep), S15 (Shallow & Deep), S16 (Shallow & Deep), S17 (Shallow & Deep), S20 (Deep), S21 (Shallow) in Southern Reef area, S25 (Shallow & Deep), S28 (Shallow & Deep), S29 (Shallow & Deep), S30 (Shallow), S31 (Shallow & Deep), S32 (Shallow & Deep), S33 (Shallow & Deep) in Northern Reef area, S37 (Shallow & Deep), S38 (Shallow & Deep), S39 (Shallow), S41 (Shallow), S43 (Shallow), S44 (Deep) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area and S54 (Deep) in Northwest Reef area.

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Coral Damage by Other is present at 21 stations (100.0%) in Northern Reef area, 37 stations (97.4%) in Southern Reef area, 18 stations (81.8%) in Northwest Reef area, 20 stations (76.9%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area. No Coral Damage is documented at 2 stations (100%) in Oceanic Reef area at stations S59A (Shallow) and S60 (Shallow), 3 stations (13.6%) in Northwest Reef area at stations S50 (Shallow), S53 (Deep) and S54 (Shallow), 1 station (3.8%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area at station S39 (Deep), 1 station (2.6%) in Southern Reef area at station S03 (Deep) and 0 stations (0%) in Northern Reef area.

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3.8 Conclusion and recommendations Substrate cover Signs of high damage from destructive fishing practices such as blast fishing/dynamite fishing could be seen via the high Rubble (RB) percentage at many sites even in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area. Rubble percentage is lower at Northwest and Oceanic Reef areas. This is an issue for concern as habitat loss for reef organisms. Fish density Signs of overfishing and blast fishing could be seen via:

• Snapper low densities especially in Northern Reef area where blast fishing could be the main cause as the area has high Rubble (RB) percentage

• Parrotfish low densities at all sites • Bumphead parrotfish very low densities except in Oceanic Reef area • Humphead Wrasse absence except in Oceanic Reef area • Barramundi Cod absence except in Northwest Reef area • Sweetlips (Haemulidae) low densities at all sites • Of particular concern is the Grouper where it is found to be in low densities

and in sizes of not more than 60 cm. • Moray eel has low densities and in Northwest Reef area is absent at all stations

surveyed. • Even though Butterflyfish has low densities but this group is still present at

most sites. Invertebrate density Signs of over exploitation i.e. overfishing, curio and aquarium collection could be seen especially for:

• Banded coral shrimp low densities especially its absence at survey sites in Northwest and Oceanic Reef areas

• Triton shell low densities at all sites • Sea cucumber low densities at all sites except Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef

area • Collector urchin low densities except at some stations in Northern and

Southern Reef areas • Pencil urchin low densities especially its absence in Tun Sakaran Marine Park

stations surveyed • Lobster low densities at all sites except but some stations in Southern Reef

area • Giant clam low densities at all sites except Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area

Signs of nutrient pollution could be seen especially for: Northern, Tun Sakaran Marine Park and Southern Reef areas due to high densities of Diadema sea urchins COTs do not seem to be an issue for concern during the survey as it was at low density in all areas.

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Impacts Trash Impact levels are an issue for concern as they were high at most sites even within Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area. Solid wastes (i.e plastics) were found to be at most sites except in Oceanic Reef area. Coral disease and Coral bleaching percentages are found to be at low percentages. Coral damage impacts are high in many sites, mainly from destructive fishing practices such as blast fishing/dynamite fishing except in Oceanic Reef area. The results above are only a snapshot and surveys at each site need to be repeated at regular intervals to document any changes to the reef. Any negative or positive changes need to be documented and further managed properly. Recommendation It is reminded that the methods used in this survey are designed for monitoring and annual surveys need to be done. Only when changes are detected for the biological indicators (and water quality) would the data be more precisely interpreted. At present we can only speculate when comparing stations, sites and reef areas. Long term monitoring data is essential. Nevertheless the criteria needed to be documented can be changed as needed though time. From the results of SMEE 2010, it is imperative to find ways to minimise coral physical damage, trash and over exploitation of marine organisms in the area. Even though conventional ways such as marine awareness, alternative livelihood for locals, tourism based economies run by locals, environmentally sound practices, proper solid waste disposal and low impact land development plans are always good to be used, novel ways which is suited and agreed upon by relevant stakeholders in the area has to be found. This can only be achieved through open and honest discussions between the stakeholders of Semporna PCA.

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3.9 References

Bruno, J. F., & Selig, E. R. (2007). Regional decline of coral cover in the Indo-Pacific: timing, extent, and subregional comparisons. PloS one, 2(1), e711.

Chou, L. M., Wilkinson, C. R., Licuanan, W. R. Y., Alino, P., Cheshire, A. C., Loo, M. G. K., Tangjaitrong, S., et al. (1994). Status of coral reefs in the ASEAN region. In C. R. Wilkinson, S. Suraphol, & L. M. Chou (Eds.), Proceedings, Third ASEAN-Australia Symposium on Living Coastal Resources, Vol 1 Status reviews (pp. 1-10).

English, S., Wilkinson, C., & Baker, V. (1997). Survey manual for tropical marine resources. Townsville: Australian Institute of Marine Science (2nd ed., p. 390). Townsville, Australia: Australian Institute of Marine Science. Retrieved

Harborne, A., Fenner, D., Barnes, A., Beger, M., Harding, S., & Roxburgh, T. (2000). Status Report on the Coral Reefs of the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, Report for the Department of Marine Parks, Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment, Malaysia. London, SW19 2JG, UK: Coral Cay Conservation Ltd.

Hodgson, G., Hill, J., Kiene, W., Maun, L., Mihaly, J., Liebeler, J., Shuman, C., et al. (2006). Reef Check Instruction Manual: A Guide to Reef Check Coral Reef Monitoring (2006th ed., pp. 1-95). Pacific Palisades, California: Reef Check Foundation.

Veron, J. E. N., & Stafford-Smith, M. (2000). Corals of the World; Volumes 1-3 (p. 1382). Townsville: Australian Institute of Marine Science.

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4. Communications One of the objectives of the expedition was for communications and outreach:

Establish the value of the Semporna area for diving tourism in combination with coral reef conservation, based on its reef status, which includes information on species richness and the occurrence of rare and endemic species. The Semporna Priority Conservation Area is listed as globally-outstanding for its biodiversity in the Tri-national Conservation Plan of the Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion (SSME). In addition, the SSME is one of the priority seascapes of the Coral Triangle Initiative which was signed by the Heads of State of the 6 Coral Triangle counties in 2009.

A joint communications plan was established with NCB Naturalis for outreach in Netherlands and Malaysia. This included:

• Press releases • 1st: Before REA, • 2nd: Launch of REA by Semporna District Officer as the liveaboard

departs • Press conference post REA: in Kota Kinabalu morning of 20th December • T-shirts for expedition team • E-newsletters WWF, NCB Naturalis, partners • Social media: Twitter,Weblog, Flickr, Facebook • Lectures in 2011 – in NL and UMS, at Sabah Society talks • Blog - hosted on NCB Naturalis (http://blog.ncbnaturalis.nl/), use Flickr and

Twitter to alert new blog posts • 22 blog videos of various topics produced by Treasure Images • WWF-Malaysia & WWF Coral Triangle Homepages & Facebook to generate

publicity to follow blog site • Publication: Final Semporna REA Report

The main thrusts included the YouTube site with 22 videos, Facebook updates during the expedition, the press releases and the news coverage from the post-expedition press conference. Results include:

YouTube site: http://www.youtube.com/user/2010SMEE o 10,575 video views (as of 14 March 2012) o 22 videos

News hits: • Results from 1st press release announcing smee:

o 1) wildsingapore news: Malaysia: 20-day marine expedition to assess biodiversity level in Semporna - http://wildsingaporenews.blogspot.com/2010/11/malaysia-20-day-marine-expedition-to.html

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o 2) e-borneo.com - Travel Borneo Blog: International team to study marine biodiversity in Semporna - http://e-borneo.blogspot.com/2010/11/international-team-to-study-marine.html

o 3) Expedition on Semporna's coral reef - http://www.sabahtourism.com/sabah-malaysian-borneo/en/news/8201-expedition-on-sempornas-coral-reef/

• Results from 2nd press release launching of smee:

o 1) 20101130 Fish New Expedition to assess richness of Malaysian coral reefs - http://www.fishnewseu.com/latest-news/world/4813-expedition-to-assess-richness-of-malaysian-coral-reefs.html

o 2) 20101130_pA12_BorneoPost_Marine biologists begin expedition in Semporna

o 3) 20101202_p11_DailyExpress_Expedition on Semporna's coral reef o 4) 20101206_p5_DailyExpress_Expedition to explore coral reefs of

Semporna underway o 5) 20101206_N60_STR_MT_7_FC_THREE-WEEK MARINE

EXPEDITION • Results from press conference

o 1) Sabah rules in sea life - http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/12/21/nation/7656858&sec=nation

o 2) Rich Marine Life Found in Reef Expedition Near Borneo - http://www.ouramazingplanet.com/rich-marine-life-found-in-reef-expedition-near-borneo-0875/

o 3) Rich marine life found in expedition near Borneo - http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40755513/ns/technology_and_science-science/

o 4) World’s Highest Marine Biodiversity Found in Semporna http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/newsgeneral.php?id=551332

o 5) World's Highest Marine Biodiversity Found In Semporna - http://www.dailymail.com.my/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2216:worlds-highest-marine-biodiversity-found-in-semporna&catid=44:general&Itemid=128

o 6) World’s highest marine biodiversity found in Semporna - http://www.mysinchew.com/node/49994

o 7) Semporna Expedition Yields Rich Biodiversity - http://komuniti.malaysiakini.com/news/semporna-expedition-yields-rich-biodiversity

o 8) Semporna Expedition Yields Rich Biodiversity - http://wildsingaporenews.blogspot.com/2010/12/semporna-expedition-yields-rich.html

o 9) Malaysia expedition yields rich marine gift basket - http://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?198256/Malaysia-expedition-yields-rich-marine-gift-basket

o 10) Malaysia expedition yields rich marine gift basket - http://www.sciencecentric.com/news/11010201-malaysia-expedition-yields-rich-marine-gift-basket.html

o 11) Kerajaan diminta warta lebih banyak pulau di Semporna - http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2010&dt=1222&pub=u

208

tusan_malaysia&sec=Sabah_%26_Sarawak&pg=wb_02.htm&arc=hive

o 12) New fame brings more danger to Semporna – by Joe Fernandez - http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/fmt-english/news/general/14702-new-fame-brings-more-danger-to-semporna

o 13) New fame brings more danger to Semporna - http://malaysiansmustknowthetruth.blogspot.com/2010/12/new-fame-brings-more-danger-to-semporna.html

o 14) Semporna is world’s No.1 - http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=76363

o 15) Kudos to Sabah govt for protecting Sipadan - http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/12/31/focus/7712147&sec=focus

o 16) Borneo Megadiverse Reef Set To Entice Further Eco-Tourism - http://www.prweb.com/printer/4929544.htm

o 17) Places Available for Young Adventurers in Sabah Conservation Project (2nd Borneo Pangaea Project mentions SMEE) - http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/newsindex.php?id=555376

o 18) EurekAlert! Semporna may have richest marine biodiversity in the world - http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-02/nn-smh022311.php

o 19) Scientists find new marine biodiversity hotspot (25 Feb 2011) - http://summitcountyvoice.com/2011/02/25/scientists-find-new-marine-biodiversity-hotspot/

209

Appendix (Substrate Profile and Coral growth-forms for each study site) Note: Site 19: Cust Reef 2 N Substrate Profile and Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) could not be done due to underwater logistical problems. Site 60: Sipadan Island Hanging Gdns Substrate Profile and Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) was not done.

210

Site 01: Mid Rock Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Mid Rock, Roach Reef

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian SeaFansSeagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-forms of Mid Rock, Roach Reef

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

211

Site 02: Second Reef Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Second Reef, Roach Reef

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Second Reef, Roach Reef

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

212

Site 03: Hand Rock Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Hand Rock

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Hand Rock

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

213

Site 04: Darby Bank Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Darby Bank

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Darby Bank

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

214

Site 05: Alert Patches 2 Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Alert Patches 2

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Alert Patches 2

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

215

Site 06: Alert Patches 3 Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Alert Patches 3

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Alert Patches 3

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

216

Site 07: Erzherzog Reef Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Erzherzog Reef

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Erzherzog Reef

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

217

Site 08: Horn Reef Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Horn Reef

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Horn Reef

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

218

Site 09: Ligitan Reef 1 S Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Ligitan Reef 1 S

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Ligitan Reef 1 S

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

219

Site 09A: Ligitan Reef 2 N Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Ligitan Reef 2 N

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Ligitan Reef 2 N

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

220

Site 10: Kapalai Island Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Kapalai Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Kapalai Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

221

Site 11: Cust Reef 1 S Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Cust Reef 1 S

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Cust Reef 1 S

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

222

Site 12: Mabul Island Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Mabul Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Mabul Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

223

Site 13: Ligitan Island 1 SW Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Ligitan Island 1 SW

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Ligitan Island 1 SW

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

224

Site 14: Ligitan Island 2 SE Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Ligitan Island 2 SE

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Ligitan Island 2 SE

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

225

Site 15: Ligitan Island 3 E Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Ligitan Island 3 E

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Ligitan Island 3 E

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

226

Site 16: Si Amil Island Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Si Amil Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Si Amil Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

227

Site 17: Denawan Island Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Denawan Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Denawan Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

228

Site 18: Ligitan Island 4 W Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Ligitan Island 4 W

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Ligitan Island 4 W

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

229

Site 20: Creach Reef Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Creach Reef

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Creach Reef

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

230

Site 21: Sipanggau Island Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Sipanggau Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Sipanggau Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

231

Site 23: Pasalat Reef Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Pasalat Reef

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Pasalat Reef

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

232

Site 24: Bumbun Island E Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Bumbun Island E

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Bumbun Island E

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

233

Site 25: Batura Reef Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Batura Reef

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Batura Reef

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

234

Site 26: Boheyan Island Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Bohayen Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Bohayen Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

235

Site 27: Timba timba Island Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Timba-timba Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Timba-timba Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

236

Site 28: Pandanan Island Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Pandanan Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Pandanan Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

237

Site 29: Mataking Island Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Mataking Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Mataking Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

238

Site 30: Kulapuan Island 1 S Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Kulapuan Island 1 S

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Kulapuan Island 1 S

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

239

Site 31: Kulapuan Island 2 N Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Kulapuan Island 2 N

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Kulapuan Island 2 N

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

240

Site 32: Pom pom Island Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Pom pom Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Pom pom Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

241

Site 33: Kapikan Reef Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Kapikan Reef

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Kapikan Reef

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

242

Site 34: Mantabuan Island Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Mantabuan Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Mantabuan Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

243

Site 35: Gaya Island 1 SE Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Gaya Island 1 SE

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Gaya Island 1 SE

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

244

Site 36: Gaya Island 2 N Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Gaya Island 2 N

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Gaya Island 2 N

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

245

Site 37: Boheydulang Island 1 S Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Boheydulang 1 S

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Boheydulang 1 S

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

246

Site 38: Boheydulang Island 2 outer reef Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Boheydulang Island 2 Outer Reef

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Boheydulang Island 2 Outer Reef

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

247

Site 39: Tetagan Island Inner Lagoon Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Tetagan Island Inner Lagoon

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Tetagan Island Inner Lagoon

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

248

Site 40: Ribbon Reef Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Ribbon Reef

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Ribbon Reef

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

249

Site 41: Maiga Island Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Maiga Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Maiga Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

250

Site 42: Selakan Island Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Selakan Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Selakan Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

251

Site 43: Sebangkat Island Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Sebangkat Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Sebangkat Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

252

Site 44: Sibuan Island Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Sibuan Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Sibuan Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

253

Site 45: Church Reef 1 Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Church Reef 1

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Church Reef 1

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

254

Site 46: Church Reef 2 Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Church Reef 2

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Church Reef 2

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

255

Site 47: Larapan Island Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Larapan Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Larapan Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

256

Site 48: Timbun Mata Island Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Timbun Mata Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Timbun Mata Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

257

Site 49: Balusuan Island Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Balusuan Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Balusuan Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

258

Site 50: Batik Island Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Batik Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Batik Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

259

Site 51: Tabawan Island Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Tabawan Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Tabawan Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

260

Site 52: Silumpat Island Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Silumpat Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Silumpat Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

261

Site 53: Batik Kulambu Island Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Batik Kulambu Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Batik Kulambu Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

262

Site 54: Bakungan Island Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Bakungan Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Bakungan Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

263

Site 55: Silawa Island Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Silawa Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Silawa Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

264

Site 56: Mata Pahi Island Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Mata Pahi Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Mata Pahi Island

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

265

Site 57: Larapan Island 2 S Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Larapan Island 2 S

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Larapan Island 2 S

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

266

Site 58: Semporna Mangrove Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Semporna Mangrove

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Semporna Mangrove

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching

267

Site 59A: Sipadan Island Mid Reef Substrate Profile with depth (m)

Substrate Profile of Sipadan Island Mid Reef

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Silt

Sand

Rubble

Rock

Others

Sea Whips

Gorgonian Sea Fans

Seagrass

Coralline Algae

Algae

Dead Coral

Soft Coral

Hard Coral

Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)

Coral Growth-form of Sipadan Island Mid Reef

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m

Depth Range (m)

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Others

Encrusting

Free Living

Foliaceous

Laminar

Table

Massive

Branching