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TOPIC - RESEARCH DESIGNPRESENTEIISEM M.COM

DCMS

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A research design is a plan of action to becarried out in connection with a researchproject. It constitutes the blue print for the

collection, measurement and analysis of data.It specifies the methods and proceduresrequired for acquiring the information neededfor solving the problem.

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` A research design is the arrangement ofconditions for collection & analysis of data ina manner that aims to combine relevance to

the research purpose with economy inprocedure- Jahoda & Seltiz

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More explicitly, design decisions happen to be

in respect of:` What is the study about?` Why is the study being made?` Where will the study be carried out?` What type of data is required?` Where can the required data be found?` What period of time will the study include?` What technique of data collection will be

used?` How will the data be analyzed?

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Keeping in view above design decisions, overallresearch design can be split into followingparts:a)Sampling design

b)Observational designc)Statistical designd)Operational design

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It is a plan that specifies the objectives ofthe study & the hypothesis to be tested.

It is an outline that specifies the sources &

types of information relevant to the researchquestions.

It is a blue print specifying the method to beadopted for gathering & analyzing the data.

It is a scheme defining the domain ofgeneralizability.

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` Research design is needed because itfacilitates smooth, effective & economicalworking for various research problems.

` It yields maximum output with minimumeffort, time & money.

` It is useful to prepare an advance plan forcollecting & analyzing the information,

keeping in view the objectives of theresearch & availability of men, money & time.

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A good design is which:minimises bias & maximises reliability of data

collected & analyzed.

gives the smallest experimental error.yields maximal information & provides an

opportunity for considering many differentaspects of a problem.

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In short, research design rotates around these

factors:means of obtaining information.availability & skills of researcher & his staff.

the objective of the problem to be studied.the nature of the problem to be studied.the availability of time & money for the

research work.

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` Expectation about potentiality of research toaid, problem solving, decision making & policymaking.

` Hypothesis particularly experimental & non-experimental hypothesis.

` Variables especially dependent, independent &extraneous variables.

` Availability of data particularly primary data.` Confounded relationship.` Possibility of exposure to actual sources of

data.

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` Experimental & control groups.` Treatment.` Control.` Ability, skill, knowledge & technical

background of researcher.

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Dependent & Independent variables.Extraneous variable.Control.Confounded relationship.

Research hypothesis.Experimental & Non-Experimental hypothesis

testing research.Experimental & Control groups.Treatments.Experiments.Experimental units.

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` Research design incase of exploratoryresearch studies.It must be flexible enough to provide

opportunity for considering different aspectsof problem.` Research design incase of descriptive &

diagnostic research studies.It must be such that it provides enoughprovision for protection against bias & mustmaximise reliability with due concern foreconomical completion of research study.

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The design must be rigid & not flexible & mustfocus attention on:o formulating the objective of the study.o designing the methods of data collection.o selecting the sample.o collecting the data.o processing & analyzing the data.o

reporting the findings.

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Research design incase of hypothesis-testing

research studies.It should not only reduce bias & increasereliability, but also permit to draw inferencesabout causality.

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Research design

Overall design

Sampling design

Statisticaldesign

Exploratory

Flexible design

Non probability

samp.dsgn(purposive/judgement)

No pre-planneddesign for

analysis.

Diagnostic

Rigid design

Probability

samp.dsgn(random)

Pre-planneddesign for

analysis.

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Observational

design

Operationaldesign

Unstructured

instruments forcollection ofdata.

No fixeddecisions aboutthe operationalprocedures.

Structured/well

thought outinstruments forcollection ofdata.

Advanceddecisions aboutoperationalprocedures.

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` Review of earlier literature.` Sources of information to be tapped.` Development of bibliography.`

Nature of study.` Socio-cultural context of study.` Geographical areas to be covered.` Period of time to be covered.` Dimensions of study.` Basis for selecting data.

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` Techniques of study.` The control of error.` Establish the reliability & validity.

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In brief research design must atleast contain - a clear statement of research problem.- procedures & techniques to be used for

gathering information.- population to be studied.- methods to be used in processing & analyzing

data.

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` C.R Kothari, Research Methodology

` Paneerselvam-Research Methodology.

` S.Mohan , R.Elangovan-Research Methodology in

Commerce.