pengenalan anatomi tubuh manusia

8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia

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Selfi Handayani


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AnatomyDefnition - anatome = up (ana) + cutting

(tome)

Disciplines o anatomy

Macroscopic

MicroscopicDevelopmental

Neuroanatomy

Approach to study o gross anatomy (regional)

Upper etremity !ac"#ead and nec" $hora

A%domen &elvis and perineum

'oer etremity


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'evels o tructural*rganiation!iochemical (atoms, molecules)

ellular

$issue

*rgan

*rgan system

*rganism


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Medical .maging

$echni/ues0-rays$ can

&1$

Ultrasound imagingM2.

Anatomy is important3


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Anatomical &lanesMedian = vertical,

ront to %ac" inmidline

4rontal (coronal) =vertical, perpendicularto median

#oriontal (transverse)= parallel to 5oor,

perpendicular tomedian, coronalagittal = vertical,

parallel to medianMidsagittal (2-')

&arasagittal (une/ual2-')


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2eerence positions

Anatomical positionmost idely used 6 accurate or all

aspects o the %ody

standing in an upright posture,acing straight ahead, eet paralleland close, 6 palms acing orard

Fundamental position

is essentially same as anatomicalposition ecept arms are at thesides 6 palms acing the %ody


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Anatomical &osition!ody erect

#ead, eyes, toes

directed orard'im%s at sides o

%ody

&alms directedorard


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Anatomical directional

terminologyAnterior in ront or in the ront part

Anteroinerior in ront 6 %elo

Anterosuperior in ront 6 a%ove&osterior

%ehind, in %ac", or in therear

&osteroinerior%ehind 6 %elo7 in %ac" 6%elo

&osterolateral%ehind 6 to one side,

specifcally to the outside


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terminologyontralateral

pertaining or relating to the opposite side

.psilateralon the same side

!ilateral

relating to the right and let sides o the%ody or o a %ody structure such as the right6 let etremities


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terminology .nerior (inra)

%elo in relation to another structure7 caudal

uperior (supra) a%ove in relation to another structure7 higher, cephalic

Distal situated aay rom the center or midline o the %ody,

or aay rom the point o origin &roimal

nearest the trun" or the point o origin

'ateral on or to the side7 outside, arther rom the median or

midsagittal plane

Medial relating to the middle or center7 nearer to the medialor midsagittal plane

Median 2elating to the middle or center7 nearer to the median

or midsagittal plane From Van De Graaff KM: Human anatomy, ed6, New York, 2002, McGraw-Hill


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terminologyaudal

%elo in relation to another structure7 inerior

ephalica%ove in relation to another structure7 higher,superior

Deep (proundal)%eneath or %elo the surace7 used to descri%e

relative depth or location o muscles or tissueuperfcial

near the surace7 used to descri%e relativedepth or location o muscles or tissue


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terminology&rone (pronasi)

the %ody lying ace donard7 stomach lyingupine (supinasi)

lying on the %ac"7 ace upard position o the %odyDorsal

relating to the %ac"7 %eing or located near, on, or toardthe %ac", posterior part, or upper surace o

8entralrelating to the %elly or a%domen, on or toard the ront,

anterior part o

8olarrelating to palm o the hand or sole o the oot

&lantarrelating to the sole or undersurace o the oot


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Directional $erms Front Down Front Down

Prone Prone

Toward MidlineToward Midline Medial Medial

Away from Midline Away from Midline Lateral Lateral

Same-Ipsilateral Same-Ipsilateral Opposite-Contralateral Opposite-Contralateral

Between Between Intermediate Intermediate

ear ear Pro!imal Pro!imal


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Directional $erms Far Far

Distal Distal

On t"e Surfa#eOn t"e Surfa#eSuperfi#ial Superfi#ial

On t"e InsideOn t"e Inside Deep Deep

On t"e $all of t"e Body Ca%ityOn t"e $all of t"e Body Ca%ity Parietal Parietal

On an Or&anOn an Or&an'is#eral 'is#eral


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&lanes and ections

A plane is animaginary 5atsurace that passes

through the %ody9A section is one o

the : suraces(pieces) that

results hen the%ody is cut %y aplane passingthrough it9


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!ran"#er"e

$lane %oronal

$lane

%oronal $lane


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Median $lane

&f 'ody

&f (and

&f foo)

Sa*i))al $lane


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agittal

&laneagittal plane

divides the bodyor an organ intoleft and rightsides

Midsagittal planeproduces equal

halves&arasagittal plane

produces unequalhalves

&)(er +lane" and

Sec)ion" Fron)al or coronal $lane divides the body or an organ into

front (anterior) and back

(posterior) portions

!ran"#er"ecro""-"ec)ional. or

(ori/on)al $lane

divides the body or an organ into

upper (superior) or lower

(inferior) portions

&'li1e $lane

some combination of 2 otherplanes


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&lanes and ections o the

!rain(;-D anatomical relationships revealed)#oriontal

&lane

4rontal &lane

Midsagittal&lane

S1$erior

towards the head

The eyes are superior to

the mouth. nferior

away from the head

The stomach is inferior to

the heart.

Dor"al or +o")erior

at the back of the

body

The brain is

posterior to theforehead.

Ven)ral or 3n)erior

at the front of the

body

The sternum is

anterior to the

heart.


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ardinal planes omotion; %asic or traditional

in relation to the %ody, not in relation to the earthAnteroposterior or agittal &lane'ateral or 4rontal &lane $ransverse or #oriontal &lane


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A%dominopelvic 2egions


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!ody avitiesDorsal %ody cavity

ranial 6 verte%ral


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T"e S(eletal SystemT"e S(eletal System

T"e )asi# framewor( of t"e )ody is a system of o%er *++T"e )asi# framewor( of t"e )ody is a system of o%er *++

)ones)ones

wit" t"eir ,oints #olle#ti%ely (nown as t"e s(eleton.wit" t"eir ,oints #olle#ti%ely (nown as t"e s(eleton.

Prote#ts and supports )ody or&ans. Prote#ts and supports )ody or&ans.

Pro%ides a framewor( t"e mus#les use to #ause mo%ement. Pro%ides a framewor( t"e mus#les use to #ause mo%ement.

Blood #ells are formed wit"in )ones. Blood #ells are formed wit"in )ones.

Stores mineralsStores minerals..


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T"e Mus#ular SystemT"e Mus#ular System

Body mo%ements are due to t"e a#tion of t"e mus#les w"i#" Body mo%ements are due to t"e a#tion of t"e mus#les w"i#"

areare

atta#"ed to t"e )ones. Ot"er types of mus#les are present inatta#"ed to t"e )ones. Ot"er types of mus#les are present in

t"et"e

walls of su#" or&ans as t"e intestine and t"e "eart.walls of su#" or&ans as t"e intestine and t"e "eart.

Allows manipulation of t"e en%ironment lo#omotion and Allows manipulation of t"e en%ironment lo#omotion and

fa#ial fa#ial

e!pression.e!pression.

Maintains posture. Maintains posture.

Produ#es "eat. Produ#es "eat.


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T"e Cir#ulatory SystemT"e Cir#ulatory SystemT"e "eart )lood %essels lymp" %essels and lymp" nodes allT"e "eart )lood %essels lymp" %essels and lymp" nodes all

ma(e up t"e system w"ere)y )lood is pumped to all t"e )odyma(e up t"e system w"ere)y )lood is pumped to all t"e )ody

tissues )rin&in& wit" it food o!y&en and ot"er su)stan#es and tissues )rin&in& wit" it food o!y&en and ot"er su)stan#es and

#arryin& away waste materials.#arryin& away waste materials.

Blood %essels transport )lood w"i#" #arries o!y&en #ar)on dio!ide Blood %essels transport )lood w"i#" #arries o!y&en #ar)on dio!ide

nutrients wastes et#.nutrients wastes et#.

T"e "eart pumps )lood.T"e "eart pumps )lood.


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T"e Di&esti%e SystemT"e Di&esti%e SystemT"is system #omprises all or&ans w"i#" "a%e to do wit" ta(in& T"is system #omprises all or&ans w"i#" "a%e to do wit" ta(in&

in food and #on%ertin& t"e useful parts of it into su)stan#es t"at in food and #on%ertin& t"e useful parts of it into su)stan#es t"at

t"e )ody #ells #an use. /!amples of t"ese or&ans are t"e mout"t"e )ody #ells #an use. /!amples of t"ese or&ans are t"e mout"

t"e teet" and t"e alimentary tra#t 0esop"a&us stoma#" intestinet"e teet" and t"e alimentary tra#t 0esop"a&us stoma#" intestine

and a##essory or&ans su#" as t"e li%er and t"e pan#reas1.and a##essory or&ans su#" as t"e li%er and t"e pan#reas1.

Brea(s down food into a)sor)a)le units t"at enter t"e )lood for Brea(s down food into a)sor)a)le units t"at enter t"e )lood for

distri)ution to )ody #ells.distri)ution to )ody #ells.

Indi&esti)le foodstuffs are eliminated as fe#es. Indi&esti)le foodstuffs are eliminated as fe#es.


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T"e 2espiratory SystemT"e 2espiratory SystemT"is in#ludes t"e lun&s and t"e passa&es leadin& to and from t"em.T"is in#ludes t"e lun&s and t"e passa&es leadin& to and from t"em.

T"e purpose of t"is system is to ta(e in air and from it e!tra#t o!y&enT"e purpose of t"is system is to ta(e in air and from it e!tra#t o!y&en

w"i#" is t"en dissol%ed in t"e )lood and #on%eyed to all t"e tissues.w"i#" is t"en dissol%ed in t"e )lood and #on%eyed to all t"e tissues.

A waste produ#t of t"e #ells #ar)on dio!ide is ta(en )y t"e )lood to A waste produ#t of t"e #ells #ar)on dio!ide is ta(en )y t"e )lood to

t"e lun&s w"en#e it is e!pelled to t"e outside air.t"e lun&s w"en#e it is e!pelled to t"e outside air.

3eeps )lood #onstantly supplied wit" o!y&en and remo%es #ar)on 3eeps )lood #onstantly supplied wit" o!y&en and remo%es #ar)on

dio!ide.dio!ide.

T"e &aseous #"an&es o##ur t"rou&" t"e walls of t"e air sa#s of t"eT"e &aseous #"an&es o##ur t"rou&" t"e walls of t"e air sa#s of t"e

lun&s.lun&s.


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T"e Inte&umentary SystemT"e Inte&umentary SystemT"e word 4inte&ument5 0in-te&6u-ment1 means 4s(in.5 T"e s(inT"e word 4inte&ument5 0in-te&6u-ment1 means 4s(in.5 T"e s(in

is #onsidered )y some aut"orities to )e a separate )ody system. It is #onsidered )y some aut"orities to )e a separate )ody system. It

in#ludes t"e "air nails sweat and oil &lands and ot"er relatedin#ludes t"e "air nails sweat and oil &lands and ot"er related

stru#tures. stru#tures.

Forms t"e e!ternal )ody #o%erin&. Forms t"e e!ternal )ody #o%erin&.

Prote#ts deeper tissues from in,ury. Prote#ts deeper tissues from in,ury.

Synt"esis %itamin D.Synt"esis %itamin D.

Site of #utaneous 0pain pressure et#.1 re#eptors and sweat and oil Site of #utaneous 0pain pressure et#.1 re#eptors and sweat and oil

&lands. &lands.


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T"e 7rinary SystemT"e 7rinary System

T"is is also #alled t"e e!#retory system. Its main #omponentsT"is is also #alled t"e e!#retory system. Its main #omponents

areare

t"e (idneys t"e ureters t"e )ladder and t"e uret"ra. Itst"e (idneys t"e ureters t"e )ladder and t"e uret"ra. Its purpose is purpose is

to filter out and rid t"e )ody of #ertain waste produ#ts ta(en )yto filter out and rid t"e )ody of #ertain waste produ#ts ta(en )y

t"et"e

)lood from t"e #ells. 0ote t"at ot"er waste produ#ts are)lood from t"e #ells. 0ote t"at ot"er waste produ#ts are

remo%ed remo%ed

%ia t"e di&esti%e and respiratory systems1.%ia t"e di&esti%e and respiratory systems1.

/liminates nitro&enous waste from t"e )ody. /liminates nitro&enous waste from t"e )ody.

2e&ulates water ele#trolyte and a#id-)ase )alan#e of t"e 2e&ulates water ele#trolyte and a#id-)ase )alan#e of t"e)lood.)lood.


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T"e er%ous SystemT"e er%ous SystemT"e )rain t"e spinal #ord and t"e ner%es all ma(e up t"is %ery #omple!T"e )rain t"e spinal #ord and t"e ner%es all ma(e up t"is %ery #omple!

system )y w"i#" all parts of t"e )ody are #ontrolled and #oordinated. system )y w"i#" all parts of t"e )ody are #ontrolled and #oordinated.

T"e or&ans of spe#ial sense 0su#" as t"e eyes ears taste )uds and or&ansT"e or&ans of spe#ial sense 0su#" as t"e eyes ears taste )uds and or&ansof smell1 sometimes #lassed as a separateof smell1 sometimes #lassed as a separate sensory systemsensory system to&et"er wit" to&et"er wit"

t"e sense of tou&" re#ei%e stimuli from t"e outside world w"i#" are t"ent"e sense of tou&" re#ei%e stimuli from t"e outside world w"i#" are t"en

#on%erted into impulses t"at are transmitted to t"e )rain. T"e )rain#on%erted into impulses t"at are transmitted to t"e )rain. T"e )rain

determines to a &reat e!tent t"e )ody6s responses to messa&es from wit"outdetermines to a &reat e!tent t"e )ody6s responses to messa&es from wit"out

and wit"in and in it o##ur su#" "i&"er fun#tions as memory and reasonin&.and wit"in and in it o##ur su#" "i&"er fun#tions as memory and reasonin&.

Fast-acting control system of the body.Fast-acting control system of the body. Responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate Responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate

muscles and glands.muscles and glands.


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T"e /ndo#rine SystemT"e /ndo#rine System A few s#attered or&ans (nown as endo#rine A few s#attered or&ans (nown as endo#rine

&lands produ#e spe#ial su)stan#es #alled &lands produ#e spe#ial su)stan#es #alled

"ormones w"i#" re&ulate su#" )ody fun#tions"ormones w"i#" re&ulate su#" )ody fun#tions

as &rowt" food utili8ation wit"in t"e #ells and as &rowt" food utili8ation wit"in t"e #ells and reprodu#tion. /!amples of endo#rine &landsreprodu#tion. /!amples of endo#rine &lands

are t"e t"yroid and pituitary &lands.are t"e t"yroid and pituitary &lands.9lands se#rete "ormones t"at re&ulate9lands se#rete "ormones t"at re&ulate

pro#esses su#" as &rowt" reprodu#tion and pro#esses su#" as &rowt" reprodu#tion and

nutrient use 0meta)olism1 )y )ody #ells.nutrient use 0meta)olism1 )y )ody #ells.


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T"e 2eprodu#ti%e SystemT"e 2eprodu#ti%e System

T"is system in#ludes t"e e!ternal se! or&ans and all related inner T"is system in#ludes t"e e!ternal se! or&ans and all related inner

stru#tures w"i#" are #on#erned wit" t"e produ#tion of new stru#tures w"i#" are #on#erned wit" t"e produ#tion of new

indi%iduals.indi%iduals.

O%erall fun#tion is produ#tion of offsprin&.O%erall fun#tion is produ#tion of offsprin&.

Testes produ#e sperm and male se! "ormone: du#ts and &landsTestes produ#e sperm and male se! "ormone: du#ts and &lands

aid in deli%ery of sperm to t"e female reprodu#ti%e tra#t.aid in deli%ery of sperm to t"e female reprodu#ti%e tra#t.

O%aries produ#e e&&s and female se! "ormone: remainin&O%aries produ#e e&&s and female se! "ormone: remainin&

stru#tures stru#tures

ser%e as sites for fertili8ation and de%elopment of fetus. ser%e as sites for fertili8ation and de%elopment of fetus.

Mammary &lands of female )reasts produ#e mil( to nouris" t"e Mammary &lands of female )reasts produ#e mil( to nouris" t"e

new)ornnew)orn..


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