mohd syamil

8/14/2019 Mohd Syamil

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MOHAMAD SYAMIL BIN ROSELI

900901-01-5159

PPISMP RBT/BI/BM 1

ALATAN TANGAN DAN MESIN

SCREW DRIVER

Sumber: http://stanley.tool-box-hardware.com/Stanley-60-060-6-Piece-Standard-Fluted-Screwdriver-Set-B0000950PL.htm
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PLIER

Sumber : http://www.flickr.com/photos/jamelah/173783575/

DRILL

Sumber : http://www.flickr.com/photos/flattop341/343563196/

HAMMER

Sumber:http://www.agrabilityproject.org/search/showpic.cfm?picname=OXO+GRIP+HAMMER.JPG&pr

oduct=Oxo+Good+Grips+16+oz.+Hammer
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020zEQ2lJdnIAcbajzbkF/SIG=123qtbehg/EXP=1231721796/**http%3A/www.flickr.com/photos/jamelah/173783575/http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020tnRmlJfGABK1yjzbkF/SIG=1266pbdoh/EXP=1231722471/**http%3A/www.flickr.com/photos/flattop341/343563196/http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0207mRmlJ93QB2BGjzbkF/SIG=14qimrgtp/EXP=1231722598/**http%3A/www.agrabilityproject.org/search/showpic.cfm%3Fpicname=OXO%2BGRIP%2BHAMMER.JPG%26product=Oxo%2BGood%2BGrips%2B16%2Boz.%2BHammerhttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0207mRmlJ93QB2BGjzbkF/SIG=14qimrgtp/EXP=1231722598/**http%3A/www.agrabilityproject.org/search/showpic.cfm%3Fpicname=OXO%2BGRIP%2BHAMMER.JPG%26product=Oxo%2BGood%2BGrips%2B16%2Boz.%2BHammerhttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0207mRmlJ93QB1RGjzbkF/SIG=12mnjtv57/EXP=1231722598/**http:/www.agrabilityproject.org/media/OXO%20GRIP%20HAMMER.JPGhttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020tnRmlJfGABJ1yjzbkF/SIG=1266pbdoh/EXP=1231722471/**http:/www.flickr.com/photos/flattop341/343563196/http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020zEQ2lJdnIAcbajzbkF/SIG=123qtbehg/EXP=1231721796/**http%3A/www.flickr.com/photos/jamelah/173783575/http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020tnRmlJfGABK1yjzbkF/SIG=1266pbdoh/EXP=1231722471/**http%3A/www.flickr.com/photos/flattop341/343563196/http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0207mRmlJ93QB2BGjzbkF/SIG=14qimrgtp/EXP=1231722598/**http%3A/www.agrabilityproject.org/search/showpic.cfm%3Fpicname=OXO%2BGRIP%2BHAMMER.JPG%26product=Oxo%2BGood%2BGrips%2B16%2Boz.%2BHammerhttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0207mRmlJ93QB2BGjzbkF/SIG=14qimrgtp/EXP=1231722598/**http%3A/www.agrabilityproject.org/search/showpic.cfm%3Fpicname=OXO%2BGRIP%2BHAMMER.JPG%26product=Oxo%2BGood%2BGrips%2B16%2Boz.%2BHammer


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SAW

Sumber: http://perkakasku.com/detailprod.php?prodid=PR283

LASER CUTYING MACHINE

Sumber:http://www.machinetoolsonline.com/Content/news/article.asp?Bucket=Article&DocID=%7b3

BC4E24B-BD4D-11D3-9A7F-00A0C9C83AFB%7d&VNETCOOKIE=NO

MESIN CNC

Sumber: www.polnep.ac.id/page.php?98

MESIN LARIK
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020yGSGlJjHYAwNmjzbkF/SIG=127p1jov1/EXP=1231723014/**http%3A/perkakasku.com/detailprod.php%3Fprodid=PR283http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020xcSWlJY3cA7O2jzbkF/SIG=156oossat/EXP=1231723228/**http%3A/www.machinetoolsonline.com/Content/news/article.asp%3FBucket=Article%26DocID=%257b3BC4E24B-BD4D-11D3-9A7F-00A0C9C83AFB%257d%26VNETCOOKIE=NOhttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020xcSWlJY3cA7O2jzbkF/SIG=156oossat/EXP=1231723228/**http%3A/www.machinetoolsonline.com/Content/news/article.asp%3FBucket=Article%26DocID=%257b3BC4E24B-BD4D-11D3-9A7F-00A0C9C83AFB%257d%26VNETCOOKIE=NOhttp://www.polnep.ac.id/page.php?98http://www.polnep.ac.id/e107_images/custom/bengkel_mesin2.jpghttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020xcSWlJY3cA6e2jzbkF/SIG=14v476tci/EXP=1231723228/**http:/www.machinetoolsonline.com/crlive/files/Images/3BC4E24B-BD4D-11D3-9A7F-00A0C9C83AFB/renishaw-laser%20fig2%20Line%20machine.jpghttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020yGSGlJjHYAvdmjzbkF/SIG=11vb5333r/EXP=1231723014/**http:/perkakasku.com/imgl.php?kode=PR283http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020yGSGlJjHYAwNmjzbkF/SIG=127p1jov1/EXP=1231723014/**http%3A/perkakasku.com/detailprod.php%3Fprodid=PR283http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020xcSWlJY3cA7O2jzbkF/SIG=156oossat/EXP=1231723228/**http%3A/www.machinetoolsonline.com/Content/news/article.asp%3FBucket=Article%26DocID=%257b3BC4E24B-BD4D-11D3-9A7F-00A0C9C83AFB%257d%26VNETCOOKIE=NOhttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020xcSWlJY3cA7O2jzbkF/SIG=156oossat/EXP=1231723228/**http%3A/www.machinetoolsonline.com/Content/news/article.asp%3FBucket=Article%26DocID=%257b3BC4E24B-BD4D-11D3-9A7F-00A0C9C83AFB%257d%26VNETCOOKIE=NOhttp://www.polnep.ac.id/page.php?98


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Sumber: www.ikm.edu.my/jasin/kursus/kmp/tkmp.htm

MESIN KIMPAL

Sumber: www.adtecsa.gov.my/kimpalan.php

MILLING MACHINE

Sumber: www.aerodyndesign.com/FABRICATION/FABRICATION.htm
http://www.ikm.edu.my/jasin/kursus/kmp/tkmp.htmhttp://www.adtecsa.gov.my/kimpalan.phphttp://www.aerodyndesign.com/FABRICATION/FABRICATION.htmhttp://www.aerodyndesign.com/FABRICATION/milling_machine.jpghttp://www.adtecsa.gov.my/images/content%20image/jabatan%20mekanikal/kimpalan/kimpalan1.jpghttp://www.ikm.edu.my/jasin/kursus/kmp/kmp3.JPGhttp://www.ikm.edu.my/jasin/kursus/kmp/tkmp.htmhttp://www.adtecsa.gov.my/kimpalan.phphttp://www.aerodyndesign.com/FABRICATION/FABRICATION.htm


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ENCYCLOPEDIA

Pliers

Needle-nose pliers

HISTORY

Pliers in the general sense are an ancient and simple invention, no singular point in history or singularinventer can be credited. Early metal working processes from several millenia BC would have required

pliers like devices to handle hot materials in the process ofsmithingorcasting. Development from

wooden tobronze pliers like tools would have probably happened sometime prior to 3000 BC[1]. Among

the oldest illustrations of pliers are those showing theGreekgodHephaestus in his smithy. Today, pliers

intended principally to be used for safely handling hot objects are usually called tongs. The number of

different designs of pliers grew with the invention of the different objects which they were used to handle:horse shoes,fasteners, wire,pipes,electricaland electronic components.

DESIGN

The basic design of pliers has changed little since their origins, with the pair ofhandles, thepivot

(often formed by a rivet), and the head section with the gripping jaws or cutting edges forming the threeelements. In distinction to a pair ofscissors orshears, the plier's jaws always meet each other at one pivot

angle.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needle-nose_pliershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3000_BChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plier#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephaestushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephaestushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastenershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastenershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pipehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pipehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scissorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scissorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Needle_nose_pliers.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needle-nose_pliershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3000_BChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plier#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephaestushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastenershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pipehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scissorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shears


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Pliers are an instrument that convert a power gripthe curling of the fingers into the palm of the hand

into a precision grip, directing the power of the hand's grip in a precise fashion on to the objects to be

gripped. The handles are long relative to the shorter nose of the pliers. The two arms thus act as first class

leverswith a mechanical advantage, increasing the force applied by the hand's grip and concentrating it

on the work piece.

The materials used to make pliers consist mainly ofsteelalloys with additives such as vanadium orchromium, to improve alloy strength and prevent corrosion. Often pliers have insulated grips to ensure

better handling and prevent electrical conductivity. In some lines of fine work (such asjewelleryor

musical instrumentrepair), some specialised pliers feature a layer of comparitively soft metal (such as

brass) over the two plates of the head of the pliers to reduce pressure placed on some fine tools or

materials. Making entire pliers out of softer metals would be impractical, reducing the strength

required to break or bend them.

GALLERY

Slip joint pliers

Diagonal pliersor side cuttersLineman's pliers or combination

pliersPincers

Electrical wire stripping

and terminal crimping

pliers

Crimptool for N, R-SMA, TNC

connectors for RG174, RG58 and

HDF/LMR200

Heavy duty crimping pliers with

interchangeable RJheads.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_advantagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_advantagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewelleryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewelleryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewelleryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip_joint_pliershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal_pliershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal_pliershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineman's_pliershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pincerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_jackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_jackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crimping-pliers-pro-RJ-0a.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crimper_HDF200.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pincers.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linesman's_pliers.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Side_cutters.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_advantagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewelleryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip_joint_pliershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal_pliershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineman's_pliershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pincerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_jacks


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Screwdriver

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation,search

For other uses, see Screwdriver (disambiguation).

Screwdriver

A flathead screwdriver

Other names Turnscrew

ClassificationHand tool

TypesSee shape chart below

RelatedHex keyWrench

The screwdriver is a device specifically designed to insert and tighten, or to loosen and remove,screws. The screwdriver is made up of a head or tip, which engages with a screw, a mechanism to apply

torque by rotating the tip, and some way to position and support the screwdriver. A typical hand

screwdriver comprises an approximately cylindrical handle of a size and shape to be held by a human

hand, and an axial shaftfixed to the handle, the tip of which is shaped to fit a particular type of screw. The

handle and shaft allow the screwdriver to be positioned and supported and, when rotated, to apply torque.

Screwdrivers are made in a variety of shapes, and the tip can be rotated manually or by an electric or

othermotor.

A screw has a head with a contour such that an appropriate screwdriver tip can be engaged in it

in such a way that the application of sufficient torque to the screwdriver will cause the screw torotate.

HISTORY
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwdriver#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwdriver#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwdriver#searchInputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwdriver_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hex_keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Screw_Driver_display.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwdriver#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwdriver#searchInputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwdriver_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hex_keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine


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Stanley Yankee No 130A, spiral or ratchet screwdriver.

A rechargeable battery-powered electric screwdriver from Black & Decker

Gunsmiths still refer to a screwdriver as a "turnscrew", under which name it is an important part of a set

of pistols. The name was common in earlier centuries, used by cabinet makers and shipwrights and

perhaps other trades.

The Cabinet-Maker's screwdriver is one of the longest-established handle forms, somewhat oval orelipsoid in cross section. This is variously attributed to improving grip or preventing the tool

rolling off the bench, but there is no reason to suppose these are not rationalisations. The shape

has been popular for a couple of hundred years. It is usually associated with a plain head for

slotted screws, but has been used with many head forms.

TYPE OF VARIATION

There are many types of screw heads, of which the most common are the slotted,Phillips,

PoziDriv/SupaDriv (crosspoint), Robertson,TORX, andAllen (hex).

Screwdrivers come in a large variety of sizes to match those of screws, from tiny jeweler's

screwdrivers up.

If a screwdriver that is not the right size and type for the screw is used, it is likely that the screw

will be damaged in the process of tightening it. This is less important for PoziDriv and SupaDriv,which are designed specifically to be more tolerant of size mismatch. When tightening a screw

with force, it is important to press the head hard into the screw, again to avoid damaging the

screw.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_%26_Deckerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunsmithshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_F._Phillipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_F._Phillipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozidrivhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SupaDrivhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertson_screwdriverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hex_keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hex_keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectricScrewdriver.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spiral-screwdriver.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_%26_Deckerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunsmithshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_F._Phillipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozidrivhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SupaDrivhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertson_screwdriverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hex_key


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Jeweler's screwdriver set

Some manual screwdrivers have a ratchet action whereby the screwdriver blade is locked to the

handle for clockwise rotation, but uncoupled for counterclockwise rotation when set fortightening screws; and vice versa for loosening.

Many screwdriver designs have a handle with detachable head (the part of the screwdriver which

engages with the screw), called bits as with drill bits, allowing a set of one handle and several heads tobe used for a variety of screw sizes and types. This kind of design has allowed the development of

electrically powered screwdrivers, which, as the name suggests, use an electric motor to rotate the bit. In

such cases the terminology for power drills is used,e.g."shank" or "collet". Some drills can also be fitted

with screwdriver heads.

Manual screw drivers with a spiral ratchet mechanism to turn pressure (linear motion) into rotational

motion also exist, and predate electric screwdrivers. The user pushes the handle toward the workpiece,causing a pawl in a spiral groove to rotate the shank and the removable bit. The ratchet can be set to rotate

left or right with each push, or can be locked so that the tool can be used like a conventional screwdriver.

Once very popular, these spiral ratchet drivers, using proprietary bits, have been largely discontinued by

manufacturers such asStanley, although one can still find them at vintage tool auctions. Companies such

as Lara Specialty Tools now offer a modernized version that uses standard 1/4-inch hex shank power tool

bits. Since a variety of drill bits are available in this format, it allows the tool to do double duty asapush drill.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratchet_(device)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exempli_gratiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exempli_gratiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exempli_gratiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_bit_shankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Workshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Workshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Workshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jeweler's-screwdriver-set-bright.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratchet_(device)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exempli_gratiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_bit_shankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Works


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A number of screwdrivers used to remove faulty electronics from a laptop computer

Many modernelectrical appliances, if they contain screws at all, use screws with heads other than thetypical slotted or Phillips styles. TORXis one such pattern that has become very widespread. The maincause of this trend is manufacturing efficiency: TORX and other types are designed so the driver will not

slip out of the fastener as will a Phillips driver. (Slotted screws are rarely used in mass-produced devices,

since the driver is not inherently centered on the fastener). A benefit/disadvantage of non-typical

fasteners (depending on your point of view) is that it can be more difficult for users of a device to

disassemble it than if more-common head types were used, but TORX and other drivers arewidely available. Specialized patterns of security screws are also used, such as the Gamebit head

style used in all Nintendo consoles, though drivers for most security heads are, again, readily

available.

While screwdrivers are designed for the above functions, they are commonly also used as

improvised substitutes for pry bars, levers, and hole punches, as well as other tools.

There is no such thing as a "left-handed screwdriver", as the device can easily be wielded in

either hand. To be sent on an errand to find a left-handed screwdriver is often a test of stupidity,or is used as a metaphor for something useless. The term "Birmingham screwdriver" is used

jokingly in the UK to denote a hammer or sledgehammer.

The handle and shaft of screwdrivers have changed considerably over time. The design is

influenced by both purpose and manufacturing requirements. The "Perfect Handle" screwdriverwas first manufactured by HD Smith & Company that operated from 1850 to 1900. Many

manufacturers adopted this handle design world wide. The "Flat Bladed" screwdriver was

another design composed of drop forged steel with riveted wood handles?

Among slotted screwdrivers, there are a couple of major variations at the blade or bit endinvolving the profile of the blade as viewed face-on. The more common type is sometimes

referred to as keystone, where the blade profile is slightly flared before tapering off at the end.

To maximize access in space-restricted applications, the same edges for the cabinet variety, incontrast, are straight and parallel, meeting the end of the blade at a right angle.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_appliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_appliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TORXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TORXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Screwdrivers12.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_appliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TORX


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Saw


Jump to: navigation,search

This article is about the implement. For the film series, see Saw (franchise). For other uses, see Saw

(disambiguation).

Saw

A crosscut hand saw about 620 mm long

Classification Cutting

TypesHand saw

Back saw

Bow saw

Circular saw

Reciprocating saw

Band saw

RelatedMilling cutter

A saw is a tool that uses a hard blade or wire with an abrasive edge to cut through softer materials. Thecutting edge of a saw is either a serrated bladeor an abrasive. A saw may be worked by hand, orpowered

by steam,water,electricor otherpower.

In a modern serrated saw, each tooth is bent to a precise angle called its "set". The set of the teeth

is determined by the kind of cut the saw is intended to make. For example, a "rip saw" has a

tooth set that is similar to the angle used on a chisel. The idea is to have the teeth rip or tear thematerial apart. Some teeth are usually splayed slightly to each side the blade, so that the cut

width (kerf) is wider than the blade itself and the blade does not bind in the cut.

An abrasive saw uses an abrasive disc or band for cutting, rather than a serrated blade.

According to Chinese tradition, the saw was invented by Lu Ban. In Greek mythology,Talos, the nephew

ofDaedalos, invented the saw. In fact, saws date back to prehistory, and likely evolved fromNeolithic

toolsor bone tools. The early ancestors of man, in the Pleistoceneera, likely first used ajaw bone of 5

bovid animals as a saw.

TYPE OF SAW BLADES AND THE CUT THEY MAKES
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Blade teeth are of two general types: Tool steel or carbide. Carbide is harder and holds a sharp

edge much longer.

Crosscut

In woodworking, a cut made at (or near) a right angle to the direction of the grain of theworkpiece. Acrosscutder saw is used to make this type of cut.

Rip cut

In woodworking, a cut made parallel to the direction of the grain of the workpiece. Arip saw is

used to make this type of cut.

Plytooth

A circular saw blade with many small teeth designed for cuttingplywood with minimal

splintering.

Dado blade

A special type of circular saw blade used for making wide grooved cuts in wood so the edge of

another piece of wood will fit into the groove to make a joint. Dado blades can make differentwidth grooves by addition or removal of chipper blades of various widths between the outer

sadaio blades. This first type is called a stacked dado blade. There is another type of dado blade

capable of cutting variable width groove. Das. An adjustable dado utilizes a movable lockingcam mechanism which causes the blade to wobble sideways more or less. This allows

continuously variable groove width from the lower to upper design limits of the dado.

MATERIALS USED FOR SAW

There are several materials used in saws, with each of its own specifications.

Brass

Mostly used inback saws because of its low price, its flow characteristics that make the material

relatively easy to cast, and unlike other types of saw, the forces that take place in back saws are

relatively low because of the pulling motion used.

Steel
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Used in almost every existing kind of saw. Because steel is cheap, easy to shape, and very strong,

it has the right properties for most kind of saws.

Diamond

Used only in saws for the really heavy cutting. It is very expensive and comes in two shapes:ropes and circular saws. Mostly used for cutting concrete and other materials with rock-like

structures or in softer materials, such as wood, where the precision and high volume of work

justifies the expense of diamond-edged cutting tools. Diamond saws are made by combiningpowder metal with diamond crystals, which are then heated and pressed into a molding to form

the diamond segments.

Milling machine

A milling machine is a machine tool used for the shaping ofmetal and other solid

materials. Its basic form is that of a rotating cutter which rotates about the spindleaxis (similar to a drill), and a table to which the workpiece is affixed. In contrast todrilling, where the drill is moved exclusively along its axis, the milling operationinvolves movement of the rotating cutter sideways as well as 'in and out'. The cutterand workpiece move relative to each other, generating a toolpath along which

material is removed. The movement is precisely controlled, usually with slides and

leadscrews or analogous technology. Often the movement is achieved by moving the table whilethe cutter rotates in one place, but regardless of how the parts of the machine slide, the result that

matters is the relative motion between cutter and workpiece. Milling machines may be manually

operated, mechanically automated, or digitally automated via computer numerical control(CNC).

Milling machines can perform a vast number of operations, some of them with quite complex

toolpaths, such as slot cutting, planing, drilling, diesinking, rebating, routing, etc. Cutting fluid is

often pumped to the cutting site to cool and lubricate the cut, and to sluice away the resultingswarf.
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TYPE OF MILLING MACHINES

There are many ways to classify milling machines, depending on which criteria are the focus:

Criterion

Example classification

scheme Comments

Control

Manual;

Mechanically automated via

cams;

Digitally automated via

NC/CNC

In the CNC era, a very basic distinction is manual

versus CNC.

Among manual machines, a worthwhile distinction

is non-DRO-equipped versus DRO-equipped

Control(specifically

among CNC

machines)

Number of axes (e.g., 3-

axis, 4-axis, or more);

Within this scheme, also:

Pallet-changingversus non-pallet-changing

Full-auto tool-changing versussemi-auto or manualtool-changing

Spindle axis

orientation

Vertical versus horizontal;

Turret versus non-turret

Among vertical mills, "Bridgeport-style" is a whole

class of mills inspired by theBridgeport original

Purpose

General-purpose versus

special-purpose or single-

purpose

PurposeToolroom machine versus

production machineOverlaps with above

Purpose "Plain" versus "universal"

A distinction whose meaning evolved over decades

as technology progressed, and overlaps with other

purpose classifications above; more historical

interest than current

Size

Micro, mini, benchtop,

standing on floor, large,

very large, gigantic
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Power source

Line-shaft-drive versusindividual electric motor

drive

Most line-shaft-drive machines, ubiquitous circa

1880-1930, have been scrapped by now

Hand-crank-power versus

electric

Hand-cranked not used in industry but suitable for

hobbyist micromills

COMPUTER AND NUMERICAL CONTROL

Thin wall milling ofaluminum using a water based coolant on the milling cutter

Most CNCmilling machines (also called machining centers) are computer controlled verticalmills with the ability to move the spindle vertically along the Z-axis. This extra degree of

freedom permits their use in diesinking, engraving applications, and2.5Dsurfaces such asrelief

sculptures. When combined with the use ofconical tools or aball nose cutter, it also significantlyimproves milling precision without impacting speed, providing a cost-efficient alternative to

most flat-surface hand-engravingwork.
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Five-axis machining center with rotating table and computer interface

CNC machines can exist in virtually any of the forms of manual machinery, like horizontal mills.

The most advanced CNC milling-machines, the 5-axis machines, add two more axes in additionto the three normal axes (XYZ). Horizontal milling machines also have a C or Q axis, allowing

the horizontally mounted workpiece to be rotated, essentially allowing asymmetric andeccentricturning. The fifth axis (B axis) controls the tilt of the tool itself. When all of these axes are used

in conjunction with each other, extremely complicated geometries, even organic geometries suchas a human head can be made with relative ease with these machines. But the skill to program

such geometries is beyond that of most operators. Therefore, 5-axis milling machines are

practically always programmed withCAM.

With the declining price of computers, free operating systems such as Linux, and open sourceCNC software, the entry price of CNC machines has plummeted. For example,Sherline, Prazi,

and others make desktop CNC milling machines that are affordable by hobbyists.

High speed steelwith cobalt endmills used for cutting operations in a milling machine.

MILLING MACHINE TOOLING

There is some degree of standardization of the tooling used with CNC Milling Machines and to a

much lesser degree with manual milling machines.

CNC Milling machines will nearly always use SK (or ISO), CAT, BT or HSK tooling. SKtooling is the most common in Europe, while CAT tooling, sometimes called V-Flange

Tooling, is the oldest variation and is probably still the most common in the USA.

CAT tooling was inventedby Caterpillar Inc. ofPeoria, Illinois in order to standardize the

tooling used on their machinery. CAT tooling comes in a range of sizes designated as CAT-30,
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CAT-40, CAT-50, etc. The number refers to theAssociation for Manufacturing Technology

(formerly the National Machine Tool Builders Association (NMTB)) Taper size of the tool.

CAT-40 Toolholder

An improvement on CAT Tooling is BT Tooling, which looks very similar and can easily be

confused with CAT tooling. Like CAT Tooling, BT Tooling comes in a range of sizes and uses

the same NMTB body taper. However, BT tooling is symmetrical about the spindle axis, whichCAT tooling is not. This gives BT tooling greater stability and balance at high speeds. One other

subtle difference between these two toolholders is the thread used to hold the pull stud. CAT

Tooling is all Imperial thread and BT Tooling is all Metric thread. Note that this affects the pull

stud only, it does not affect the tool that they can hold, both types of tooling are sold to acceptboth Imperial and metric sized tools.

SK and HSK tooling, sometimes called "Hollow Shank Tooling", is much more common in

Europe where it was invented than it is in the United States. It is claimed that HSK tooling iseven better than BT Tooling at high speeds. The holding mechanism for HSK tooling is placed

within the (hollow) body of the tool and, as spindle speed increases, it expands, gripping the toolmore tightly with increasing spindle speed. There is no pull stud with this type of tooling.

The situation is quite different for manual milling machines there is little standardization.Newer and larger manual machines usually use NMTB tooling. This tooling is somewhat similar

to CAT tooling but requires a drawbarwithin the milling machine. Furthermore, there are a

number of variations with NMTB tooling that make interchangeability troublesome.

Boring head on Morse Taper Shank
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Two other tool holding systems for manual machines are worthy of note: They are the R8 collet

and the Morse Taper#2 collet. Bridgeport Machines ofBridgeport, Connecticut so dominated the

milling machine market for such a long time that their machine "The Bridgeport" is virtuallysynonymous with "Manual milling machine." The bulk of the machines that Bridgeport made

from about 1965 onward used an R8 collet system. Prior to that, the bulk of the machines used a

Morse Taper #2 collet system.

As an historical footnote: Bridgeport is now owned by Hardinge BrothersofElmira, New York.

Laser cutting


Jump to: navigation, search

CAD design (top) and stainless steel laser-cut part (bottom)

Laser cutting is a technology that uses a laserprogrammed by a computer to cut materials,which is used in the production line and is typically used for industrial manufacturing

applications. Laser cutting works by directing the output of a high power laser, by computer, at

the material to be cut. The material then either melts, burns, vaporizes away, or is blown away bya jet of gas,[1] leaving an edge with a high quality surface finish. Industrial laser cutters are used

to cut flat-sheet material as well as structural and piping materials.

COMPARISON TO MECHANICAL CUTTING
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Advantages of laser cutting overmechanical cutting vary according to the situation, but two

important factors are the lack of physical contact (since there is no cutting edge which can

become contaminated by the material or contaminate the material), and to some extent precision(since there is no wear on the laser). There is also a reduced chance of warping the material that

is being cut, as laser systems have a small heat-affected zone. Some materials are also very

difficult or impossible to cut by more traditional means. One of the disadvantages of laser cuttingincludes the high energy required.

TYPE

A diffusion cooled resonator

Both gaseous CO2 and solid-stateNd:YAG lasers are used for cutting, in addition to welding,drilling, surface treatment, and marking applications.[2]

Common variants of CO2 lasers include fast axial flow, slow axial flow, transverse flow, and

slab.

CO2 lasers are commonly "pumped" by passing a current through the gas mix (DC Excited) or

using radio frequency energy (RF excited). The RF method is newer and has become morepopular. Since DC designs require electrodes inside the cavity, they can encounter electrode

erosion and plating of electrode material on glassware and optics. Since RF resonators have

external electrodes they are not prone to those problems.

In addition to the power source, the type of gas flow can affect performance as well. In a fastaxial flow resonator, the mixture of carbon dioxide, helium and nitrogen is circulated at high

velocity by a turbine or blower. Transverse flow lasers circulate the gas mix at a lower velocity,

requiring a simpler blower. Slab or diffusion cooled resonators have a static gas field thatrequires no pressurization or glassware, leading to savings on replacement turbines and

glassware.

PROCESS

Laser cutters usually work much like a milling machine would for working a sheet inthat the laser (equivalent to the mill) enters through the side of the sheet and cutsit through the axis of the beam. In order to be able to start cutting from somewhereelse than the edge, a pierce is done before every cut. Piercing usually involves a
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high power pulsed laser beam which slowly (taking around 5-15 seconds for half-inch thick stainless steel, for example) makes a hole in the material.

There are many different methods in cutting using lasers, with different types usedto cut different material. Some of the methods are vaporization, melt and blow, meltblow and burn, thermal stress cracking, scribing, cold cutting and burning stabilizedlaser cutting.

VAPORIZATION CUTTING

In vaporization cutting the focused beam heats the surface of the material to boiling point and

generates a keyhole. The keyhole leads to a sudden increase in absorptivity quickly deepening

the hole. As the hole deepens and the material boils, vapor generated erodes the molten wallsblowing ejecta out and further enlarging the hole. Non melting material such as wood, carbon

and thermoset plastics are usually cut by this method.

MELT AND BLOW

Melt and blow or fusion cutting uses high pressure gas to blow molten material from the cutting

area, greatly decreasing the power requirement. First the material is heated to melting point thena gas jet blows the molten material out of the kerf avoiding the need to raise the temperature of

the material any further. Materials cut with this process are usually metals.

THERMAL STRESS CRACKING

Brittle materials are particularly sensitive to thermal fracture, a feature exploited in thermal stress

cracking. A beam is focused on the surface causing localized heating and thermal expansion.This results in a crack that can then be guided by moving the beam. The crack can be moved in

order of m/s. It is usually used in cutting of glass.

MACHINE CONFIGURATION

There are generally three different configurations of industrial laser cutting machines: Moving

material, Hybrid, and Flying Optics systems. These refer to way that the laser beam is movedover the material to be cut or processed. For all of these, the axes of motion are typically

designated X and Y. axis. If the cutting head may be controlled, it is designated as the Z-axis.

Moving material lasers have a stationary cutting head and move the material under it. Thismethod provides a constant distance from the laser generator to the workpiece and a single point
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from which to remove cutting effluent. It requires fewer optics, but requires moving the

workpiece.

Hybrid lasers provide a table which moves in one axis (usually the X-axis) and move the headalong the shorter (Y) axis. This results in a more constant beam delivery path length than a flying

optic machine and may permit a simpler beam delivery system. This can result in reduced powerloss in the delivery system and more capacity per watt than flying optics machines.

Flying optics lasers feature a stationary table and a cutting head (with laser beam) that movesover the work piece in both of the horizontal dimensions. Flying-optics cutters keep the

workpiece stationary during processing, and often don't require material clamping. The moving

mass is constant, so dynamics aren't affected by varying size and thickness of workpiece. Flying

optics machines are the fastest class of machines, with higher accelerations and peak velocitiesthan hybrid or moving material systems

Dual Pallet Flying Optics Laser

Flying optic machines must use some method to take into account the changing beam length

from near field (close to resonator) cutting to far field (far away from resonator) cutting.

Common methods for controlling this include collimation, adaptive optics or the use of aconstant beam length axis.

The above is written about X-Y systems for cutting flat materials. The same discussion applies to

five and six-axis machines, which permit cutting formed workpieces. In addition, there are

various methods of orienting the laser beam to a shaped workpiece, maintaining a proper focusdistance and nozzle standoff, etc.

Lathe (metal)
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Center lathe with DRO and chuck guard. Size is 460 mm swing x 1000 mm between

centers

Metal lathe ormetalworking lathe are generic terms for any of a large class oflathes designed

for precisely machining relatively hard materials. They were originally designed to machinemetals; however, with the advent ofplastics and other materials, and with their inherent

versatility, they are used in a wide range of applications, and a broad range of materials. In

machiningjargon, where the larger context is already understood, they are usually simply calledlathes, or else referred to by more-specific subtype names (toolroom lathe, turret lathe, etc.).

These rigid machine toolsremove material from a rotating workpiece via the (typically linear)

movements of various cutting tools, such as tool bitsand drill bits.

HEADSTOCK
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Headstock with legend, numbers and text within the description refer to those in the

image

The headstock (H1) houses the main spindle (H4), speed change mechanism (H2,H3), andchange gears (H10). The headstock is required to be made as robust as possible due to the cutting

forces involved, which can distort a lightly built housing, and induce harmonicvibrations that

will transfer through to the workpiece, reducing the quality of the finished workpiece.

The main spindle is generally hollow to allow long bars to extend through to the work area, this

reduces preparation and waste of material. The spindle then runs in precision bearings and is

fitted with some means of attaching work holding devices such as chucksorfaceplates. This end

of the spindle will also have an includedtaper, usually morse, to allow the insertion oftapers andcenters. On older machines the spindle was directly driven by a flat beltpulleywith the lower

speeds available by manipulating the bull gear, later machines use a gear box driven by a

dedicated electric motor. The fully geared head allows the speed selection to be done entirelythrough the gearbox.

FEED AND LEED SCREW

The feedscrew (H8) is a long driveshaft that allows a series of gears to drive the carriage

mechanisms. These gears are located in the apron of the carriage. Both the feedscrew and

leadscrew (H9) are driven by either the change gears (on the quadrant) or an intermediategearbox known as a quick change gearbox(H6) orNorton gearbox. These intermediate gears

allow the correct ratio and direction to be set for cutting threads orworm gears. Tumbler gears

(operated by H5) are provided between the spindle and gear train along with a quadrantplate

that enables a gear train of the correct ratio and direction to be introduced. This provides aconstant relationship between the number of turns the spindle makes, to the number of turns the

leadscrew makes. This ratio allows screwthreads to be cut on the workpiece without the aid of adie.

The leadscrew will be manufactured to eitherimperialormetric standards and will require a

conversion ratio to be introduced to create thread forms from a different family. To accurately

convert from one thread form to the other requires a 127-tooth gear, or on lathes not large enough
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The slide rest can be traced to the fifteenth century, and in the eighteenth century it was used on

Frenchornamental turning lathes. The suite of gun boring mills at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich,

in the 1780s by the Verbruggan family also had slide rests. The story has long circulated thatHenry Maudslayinvented it, but he did not (and never claimed so). The legend that Maudslay

invented the slide rest originated with James Nasmyth, who wrote ambiguously about it in his

Remarks on the Introduction of the Slide Principle, 1841; later writers misunderstood, andpropagated the error. Maudslay did help to disseminate the idea widely. It is highly probable that

he saw it when he was working at the Arsenal as a boy. In 1794, whilst he was working for

Joseph Bramah, he made one, and when he had his own workshop used it extensively in thelathes he made and sold there. Coupled with the network of engineers he trained, this ensured the

slide rest became widely known and copied by other lathe makers, and so diffused throughout

British engineering workshops. A practical and versatile screw-cutting lathe incorporating the

trio of leadscrew, change gears, and slide rest was Maudslay's most important achievement.

The first fully documented, all-metal slide rest lathe was invented by Jacques de Vaucanson

around 1751. It was described in the Encyclopdie a long time before Maudslay invented and

perfected his version. It is likely that Maudslay was not aware of Vaucanson's work, since hisfirst versions of the slide rest had many errors which were not present in the Vaucanson lathe.

Toolpost

(1) The tool bit is mounted in the toolpost which may be of the American lantern style,

traditional 4 sided square style, or in a quick change style such as the multifixarrangement pictured. The advantage of a quick change set-up is to allow an unlimited

number of tools to be used (up to the number of holders available) rather than being

limited to 1 tool with the lantern style, or 3 to 4 tools with the 4 sided type.Interchangeable tool holders allow the all the tools to be preset to a centerheight that will

not change, even if the holder is removed from the machine.

Tailstock
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Tailstock with legend, numbers and text within the description refer to those in the

image

The tailstockis a toolholder directly mounted on the spindle axis, opposite the headstock. Thespindle (T5) does not rotate but does travel longitudinally under the action of a leadscrew and

handwheel (T1). The spindle includes ataperto hold drill bits,centers and othertooling. The

tailstock can be positioned along the bed and clamped (T6) in position as required. There is alsoprovision to offset the tailstock(T4) from the spindles axis, this is useful for turning small tapers.

The image shows a reduction gear box (T2) between the handwheel and spindle, this is a feature

found only in the larger center lathes, where large drills may necessitate the extra leverage.

Types of metal lathes

There are many variants of lathes within themetalworkingfield. Some variations are not all that

obvious, and others are more a niche area. For example, a centering lathe is a dual head

machine where the work remains fixed and the heads move towards the workpiece and machinea center drill hole into each end. The resulting workpiece may then be used "between centers" in

another operation. The usage of the term metal lathe may also be considered somewhat outdated

these days, plastics and other composite materials are in wide use and with appropriatemodifications, the same principles and techniques may be applied to their machining as that used

for metal.

Toolroom lathe

A toolroom lathe is a lathe optimized fortoolroom work. It is essentially just a top-of-the-line

center lathe, with all of the best optional features that may be omitted from less expensivemodels, such as a collet closer, taper attachment, and others. There has also been an implication

over the years of selective assembly and extra fitting, with every care taken in the building of a

toolroom model to make it the smoothest-running, most-accurate version of the machine that can

be built. However, within one brand, the quality difference between a regular model and itscorresponding toolroom model depends on the builder and in some cases has been partly
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marketing psychology. For name-brand machine tool builders who made only high-quality tools,

there wasn't necessarily any lack of quality in the base-model product for the "luxury model" to

improve upon. In other cases, especially when comparing different brands, the qualitydifferential between (1) an entry-level center lathe built to compete on price, and (2) a toolroom

lathe meant to compete only on quality and not on price, can be objectively demonstrated by

measuring TIR, vibration, etc. In any case, because of their fully-ticked-off option list and (realor implied) higher quality, toolroom lathes are more expensive than entry-level center lathes.

Turret lathe and capstan lathe

Turret lathes and capstan lathes are members of a class of lathes that are used for repetitive

production of duplicate parts (which by the nature of their cutting process are usually

interchangeable). It evolved from earlier lathes with the addition of the turret, which is anindexable toolholder that allows multiple cutting operations to be performed, each with a

different cutting tool, in easy, rapid succession, with no need for the operator to perform setup

tasks in between (such as installing or uninstalling tools) nor to control the toolpath. (The latter is

due to the toolpath's being controlled by the machine, either injig-like fashion [via themechanical limits placed on it by the turret's slide and stops] or via IT-directed servomechanisms

[on CNC lathes].)

There is a tremendous variety of turret lathe and capstan lathe designs, reflecting the variety of

work that they do.

Gang-tool lathe

A gang-tool lathe is one that has a row of tools set up on its cross-slide, which is long and flatand is similar to a milling machine table. The idea is essentially the same as with turret lathes: to

set up multiple tools and then easily index between them for each part-cutting cycle. Instead ofbeing rotary like a turret, the indexable tool group is linear.

Multispindle lathe

Multispindle lathes have more than one spindle and automated control (whether via cams or

CNC). They are production machines specializing in high-volume production. The smaller typesare usually called screw machines, while the larger variants are usually called automaticchucking machines, automatic chuckers, or simply chuckers. Screw machines usually work

from bar stock, while chuckers automatically chuck up individual blanks from a magazine.Typical minimum profitable production lot size on a screw machine is in the thousands of parts

due to the large setup time. Once set up, a screw machine can rapidly and efficiently producethousands of parts on a continuous basis with high accuracy, low cycle time, and very littlehuman intervention. (The latter two points drive down the unit cost per interchangeable part

much lower than could be achieved without these machines.)

Rotary transfer machines might also be included under the category of multispindle lathes,

although they defy traditional classification. They are large, expensive, modular machine tools
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with many CNC axes that combine the capabilities of lathes,milling machines, and pallet

changers.

VIDEO

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_pPnBeZl-_M

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dXgIvQ1GO2E

CNC Milling machine

Laser cutter
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