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SGU 4253: UKUR GPS

SESSI 2005/06: SEMESTER JULAI - SPACE

PENSYARAH : PM DR. MUSTAFA DIN SUBARI

BILIK : Kampus UTM Skudai B08-312

TEL. : 07-5530807, 019-7500059E-mail : [email protected]

[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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SGU 4253: UKUR GPSSESSI 2005/06: SEMESTER JULAI - SPACE

KULIAH 0: PENGENALAN KURSUS


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Tujuan Kursus: Memantapkan pengetahuan serta kemahiran tentang

teknologi GPS yang merupakan teknologi terkiniuntuk penentududukan.

Course Aim:

Enhancing knowledge and skills in using GPS

technology as the current and state of the artpositioning tool.


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Objektif kursus: Memberi kefahaman tentang konsep dan teknik ukur

GPS dengan lebih mendalam supaya dapatdipraktikkan dalam bidang ukur seperti geodesi, ukurkejuruteraan, hidrografi dan maklumat tanah.

Course Objectives: Giving in-depth understanding on concepts and

techniques of GPS SURVEYING so as to enablepractical applications in areas of surveying andmapping such as geodesy, engineering survey,hydrography and land-related information systems.


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WEEK/SLOT

DATE TOPIC NOTE

1/1 16-17 Jul. Course introductionPrinciples of satellite positioning

1/2 Introduction to GPS positioningGPS system

1/3 GPS applicationGPS positioning accuracy

1/4 The GPS signals GPS signal carriers range measurements navigation messages

2/1 13-14 Ogo. GPS instrumentationsGPS receivers, processing software

Quiz 1

2/2 GPS Surveying Planning, recci, field proc.

2/3 Modern GPS surveying techniques GPS RTK

3/1 20-21 Ogo. Modelling GPS observations code & phase measurements

Quiz 2Assignment 1

3/2 biases & errors measurement-differencing techniques dual-frequencies relations

3/3 Field 1: GPS observation

3/4 -do-

MID-SEMESTER BREAK


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4/1 17-18 Sep. GPS data processing GPS baseline processing

Quiz 3Mid-Term

4/2 ambiguity resolutions

4/3 dual-freq. processing

5/1 1-2 Okt. GPS network processing single & multi-sessions data

quality indicators

Quiz 4Assignment 2

5/2 GPS & Quality issues GPS Surveying Stds & Specifications, KPUP CircularGPS results and presentationsTransformations of coordinates

5/3 Field 2: GPS Baselines processing & Net. adjustment

5/4 -do-

6/1 22-23 Okt. GPS heighting, GPS for GIS

6/2 GPS works in Malaysia

6/3 Datum and future of GPS

REVISION WEEK

FINAL EXAMINATION WEEK

FINAL EXAMINATION WEEK


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Pengendalian kursus: Kuliah - 42 jam

Amali/lab - 8 jam

Nota: Rujuk jadual perancangan kursus

Course evaluation (Marking schemes)1. Courseworks (quizes, reports, asgmnt) 40%

2. Mid-Term exam 20%

3. Final exam 40%

TOTAL 100%


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RUJUKAN1. C. Rizos, 1996. Principle and Practice of GPS

Surveying, e-Note, School of Geomatic Engineering,UNSW.

http://www.fksg.utm.my/vlearning_reference.htm2. Wellenhof, H. et al., 1994, GPS Theory and Practice,

Springer-Verlag, Vienna, New York, 3rd edition, 355pp.

3.

Wells, D.E, et al., 1987. Guide to GPS Positioning,Canadian GPS Associates, Fredericton, NewBrunswick, Canada, 2nd Edition., 600pp.

4. GPS Worldmonthly magazine on GPS
http://www.fksg.utm.my/vlearning_reference.htmhttp://www.fksg.utm.my/vlearning_reference.htm


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SGU 4253: UKUR GPSSESSI 2005/06: SEMESTER JULAI - SPACE

KULIAH 0: RUANG DAN SISTEMRUJUKAN SPATIAL


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Pengenalan kepada sistem

rujukan spatialQ: Dimana kedudukan kita di permukaan

Bumi ini?

Satu lokasi yang boleh di nyatakansecara jelas (unambiguously defined) unik

Satu set nilai koordinat 2D, 3D

Sistem koordinat satah atau melengkung


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Sistem koordinat satah Sistem koordinat 2-dimensi

Sistem koordinat Kartesian

Sistem koordinat polar

Sistem koordinat 3-dimensi

Sistem koordinat Kartesian

Sistem koordinat polar


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Koordinat kartesian 2-D


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Koordinat polar


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Koordinat polar 3-D


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Sistem koordinat melengkung

(geografi/geodetik) Latitud, Longitud geografi

Meridian Utama dan Khatulistiwa adalah

satah rujukan untuk nilai latitud andlongitud.

Latitud adalah sudut dari satah khatulistiwake titik melalui meridian yang

mengandungi titik tersebut Longitud adalah sudut dari Meridian utama

ke meridian yang mengandungi titik


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2-jenis sistem koordinat1. Koordinat mendatar

Jaringan kawalan mendatar

2. Ketinggian

Jaringan kawalan ketinggian/aras

3. Koordinat 3-dimensi

Not to confuse Z and height!


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A flat Earth or a curved Earth? Flat Earth

Mapped area is small (eg. 10km)

Simple coordinate system Horizontal axes (N and E) aligned in the

direction of North and East

The horizontal plane is defined to coincide withsea-level surface

Height axis (H) is perpendicular to horizontalplane and coincide with the direction of gravity


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Flat Earth coord. system


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Flat Earth Position of point identified by a set of

(N, E) value at respective Northing and

Easting axes Height (H) is measured from sea level


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Curved Earth Mapped area is bigger (eg. > 10km)

Complicating factors;

Curvature of the Earth Variation in composition of the Earths interior

Representation of the earths

curvature/shape; Spheresimple model

Ellipsoid/spheroid


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Reference ellipsoid Best mathematical representations of

the earths shape

A figure generated by rotating an ellipseabout its minor axis.


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Geoid (surface) Equipotential surface

Sea level surfacegravity field

Composition of the earths interior

Irregular and complex


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Relations of earths references

surfaces


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What are the implications? Cerapandi atas permukaan

(topografi) Bumi

Ketinggiandi atas geoid (msl)

Hitungandi atas permukaan ellipsoid

Petadi atas satah

GPSkoordinat atas permukaanellipsoid!


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Geodesi Geodesy

A branch of science dealing with the

determinations of the size and shape of theearth.

Includes processing of measurements oncurved surfaces, and

Analysis of gravity measurements


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Geodetic datums A curved-earth reference model

Characteristics;

A simplified mathematical representations of theshape and size of the earth

Usually in the form of an ellipsoid/spheroid

Serve as basis for mathematical computations andas reference surface for mapping

Positioned such that it best-fit the sea-surface (ie.to geoid)

Sea-surface is widely used as reference surface forheighting


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Reference Ellipsoid Global/geocentric datum

Fits the whole earth

Eg. WGS84

Local datum

Fits local area

Eg. Kertau, Everest


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Local geodetic datumlocal

fit


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Global geodetic datum

global fit


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Position on the ellipsoid Position of a point is defined by;

Latitude

Longitude

Ellipsoidal/Spheroidal height


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Sistem koordinat melengkung

(geodetik) Latitud, longitud dan ketinggian geodetik

Latitud geodetik suatu titik adalah sudut dari satahkhatulistiwa ke arah pugak garis normal kepada

ellipsoid rujukan. Longitude geodetik adalah sudut antara satah

rujukan dengan satah yang mengandungi titiktersebut, dimana kedua-dua satah bersudut tepat

dengan satah khatulistiwa. Ketinggian geodetik adalah jarak dari ellipsoid

rujukan ke titik berkenaan melalui arah garisnormal di titik berkenaan.


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Earth Centered Earth Fixed

(ECEF) coord. system


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Conversion of 3-D Cartesian

and Polar coordinate

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