language in malaysia
TRANSCRIPT
8/13/2019 Language in Malaysia
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/language-in-malaysia 1/4
INDIANS
In comparison with English, Hindi has approximately half as many vowels and twice as many
consonants. This leads to several problems of pronunciation. One difficulty is distinguishing
phonemes in words such as said / sad; par / paw; vet / wet , etc. Words containing the letters
th (this, thing, months) will cause Hindi learners the same kind of problems that they cause
most other learners of English. The phoneme / / as exemplified by the s in pleasure ismissing in Hindi and so pronunciation of such words is difficult. Consonants clusters at the
beginning or end of words are more common in English than Hindi. This leads to errors in the
pronunciation of words such as straight (istraight), fly (faly), film (filam).
Compared to English Hindi has weak but predictable word stress. Learners therefore have
considerable difficulty with the irregular stress patterns of words such as photograph /
photo grapher . Hindi learners are disinclined to 'swallow' unstressed syllables such as the first
syllables in the words tomorrow, intelligent, remember , etc., and will often try to clearly
articulate short, common words that are usually weakly stressed in English: has, and, was, to,
etc.
Hindi has tenses that similar those used in English: present simple, past continuous, etc., but
there is a lack of correspondence in their use to express various meanings. This leads to the
very common overuse by Hindi learners of the present continuous when in English the present
simple is required: I am always playing golf on Sundays. / I am not knowing the answer.
MALAYS
Tendency to drop the /ə/ sound to form consonant clusters e.g. beri, sekolah, kelapa
Malay words which are adopted and borrowed from English; is not very different from the
original word, most of the students pronounced them in English. E.g. kreatif (creative),inovatif (innovative), ideologi (ideology).
CHINESE
Chinese and English differ in terms of how they are written, how they sound, and their grammatical
structures and rules.
Chinese does not have an alphabet but uses a logographic system for its written language. In
logographic systems symbols represent the words themselves - words are not made up of various
letters as in alphabetic systems. Because of this fundamental difference, Chinese learners may have
great difficulty reading English texts and spelling words correctly. English is almost always written
from left to right. However, Chinese can be written from top to bottom, right to left, as well as left to
right.
Unlike English, Chinese is a tone language. This means that it uses the pitch (highness or lowness) of
a phoneme sound to distinguish word meaning. In English, changes in pitch are used to emphasize or
express emotion, not to give a different word meaning to the sound. For example, compare "You like
pudding" with "You like pudding?". Because the latter sentence is a question, it ends with a rising
intonation. This intonation is different to tone as used in Chinese dialects.
English has more vowel sounds than Chinese, resulting in the faulty pronunciation of words like
ship/sheep, it/eat, full/fool. diphthongs such as in weigh, now or deer are often shortened to a single
sound.
8/13/2019 Language in Malaysia
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/language-in-malaysia 2/4
Chinese learners find it difficult to hear the difference between l and r, and so may mispronounce
rake and rice as lake and lice.
A major problem is with the common final consonant in English. This feature is much less frequent in
Chinese and results in learners either failing to produce the consonant or adding an extra vowel at
the end of the word. For example, hill may be pronounced as if without the double ll but with a
drawn out i, or as rhyming with killer.
Unlike English, there is no grammatical tense in Chinese. For example, while the English verb "do"
becomes "did" to express past tense, Chinese verbs do not change in this way. Instead, Chinese relies
on expressing aspect. For example, the aspect particle "le" can be used after a verb or at the end of a
sentence to imply that an action has been completed. Expressing completion and expressing tense
are different things.
Chinese does not, in general, pluralize words. In English, there can be "one dog" or "two dogs", with
the "s" indicating plural. But in Chinese, there is "one dog" and "two dog". That is, the noun "dog" (in
Chinese, gou) does not change when the number changes. However, the suffix "-men" can be used in
Chinese to indicate plural in pronouns such as "he", "she", and "it", and in words such as "classmate."
One major similarity between English and Chinese is that they are both SVO languages, as they both
follow the same basic order of Subject-Verb-Object. For example, the English sentence "I eat
pumpkins" has identical structure in Chinese.
In English much information is carried by the use of auxiliaries and by verb inflections: is/are/were,
eat/eats/ate/eaten, etc. The concept of time in Chinese is not handled through the use of different
tenses and verb forms, as it is in English.
Here are some typical verb/tense mistakes:What do you do? (i.e. What are you doing?) (wrong tense)
I will call you as soon as I will get there. (wrong tense)
She has got married last Saturday. (wrong tense)
She good teacher. (missing copula)
How much you pay for your car? (missing auxiliary)
I wish I am rich. (indicative instead of subjunctive)
Chinese does not have articles, so difficulties with their correct use in English are very common.
Vocabulary: English has a number of short verbs that very commonly combine with particles (adverbs
or prepositions) to form what are known as phrasal verbs; for example: take on, give in, make do
with, look up to. This kind of lexical feature does not exist in Chinese.
There are various differences in word order between Chinese and English. In Chinese, for example,
questions are conveyed by intonation; the subject and verb are not inverted as in English.
Interference from Chinese, then, leads to the following typical problems:
When you are going home?
English is a very hard to learn language.
Next week I will return to China. (More usual English: I will return to China next week.)
Zhao (1995) also made two claims with respect to the diphthongs of English. The first is that Chinese
speakers tend to reduce the distinction between long and short vowels in English, which would
8/13/2019 Language in Malaysia
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/language-in-malaysia 3/4
follow from the fact that Mandarin Chinese does not use length as a distinctive feature. She then
proceeded to say that diphthongs are like long vowels, thus diphthongs which are influenced by
Mandarin Chinese will be short.
A particular sound which does not exist in the native language can therefore pose a difficulty for the
second language learners to produce or some times to try to substitute those sounds with similar
ones in their mother tongue. These sounds include both vowels and consonants. For example, thereare no vowels like /e/, /æ/, etc. and no such consonants as /ð/, //, /v/, etc. When learners have
trouble in perceiving the sounds which do not exist in their native language, they tend to find the
nearest equivalents to substitute those new sounds. A typical example will be the substitution of /s/
or /z/ for the English /ð/ as in the word ‘clothe’, /a ɪ / or /e/ for the English /æ/ as in the word ‘that’.
The erroneous substitution takes place where the English /r/ and / ʃ / are very different from the
Mandarin Chinese /r/ and /sh/. This is because the place of articulation and the manner of
articulation of the sounds in two languages are relatively different. It is not surprising when the
words ‘English’, ‘pronunciation’ and ‘rose’ are uncomfortably heard when produced by Chinese
speakers (Zhang & Yin, 2009).
Chang (1987) also found that Chinese students often confused /ɪ/ with /i:/ because there is no such
distinction in Mandarin Chinese.
Mandarin Chinese morphemes are generally made up of a consonant plus a vowel with no
consonants cluster and usually ending with a vowel (Zhang & Yin, 2009). According to Gao (2005),
final voiced stops do not exist in Mandarin Chinese and therefore Chinese speakers will have great
difficulties with words with final voiced stops. For instance, they would occasionally pronounce
words ‘book’ and ‘bed’ as /......./ and /......./, by adding an extra vowel sound.
According to Zhang (2005), Chinese speakers may insert a schwa /...... / in consonant clusters such as
/....... / for the word ‘black’ or eliminate a consonant by pronouncing the word ‘strawberry’ as
/trɔ:beri/.
The most conspicuous differences between English, Mandarin Chinese and Malay are the number of
consonants used in the first and final syllable. English has comparable number of consonants in the
first and final syllable. Mandarin Chinese has 24 consonants in first syllable, but only two consonants
in the final syllable. Malay has more syllable final consonants than Mandarin Chinese, but still less
than English. Both Mandarin Chinese and Malay have fewer syllable final consonants than English. It
is presumed that the speakers of Mandarin Chinese and Malay will find realization of consonants in
final syllables difficult (Phoon, 2010). The vowel system of Mandarin Chinese and Malay is relatively
simpler than English.
According to Sariyan, A. (2004) and Hashim & Lodge (1988), there are 19 consonants (b, p, d, t, g, k, s,
h, m, n, , ɲ, ʤ, t ʃ , ʔ) and 2 glides (j, w), 6 monophthongs (i, e, a, u, o, ) and 3 diphthongs (ai, au, ua)
in Malay phonology (as cited in Lodge, 2009).
Phonemic Chart Vowels:
Monophthongs
Vowels: Diphthongs
1. /i:/ as in key /ki:/ 13. /eɪ/ as in edge /eɪdʒ/
2. /ɪ/ as in bit /bɪt/ 14. /əʊ/ as in sew /səʊ/
8/13/2019 Language in Malaysia
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/language-in-malaysia 4/4
3. /e/ as in pen /pen/ 15. /aɪ/ as in hive /haɪv/
4. /æ/ as in sat /sæt/ 16. /aʊ/ as in cow /kaʊ/
5. /α:/ as in art /α:t/ 17. /ɔɪ/ as in joy /dʒɔɪ/
6. /ɒ/ as in hot /hɒt/ 18. /ɪə/ as in dear /dɪə/
7. /ɔ:/ as in law /lɔ:/ 19. /eə/ as in pair /peə/
8. /ʊ/ as in book /bʊk/ 20. /ʊə/ as in cure /kjʊə/
9. /uː/ as in true /truː/
10. /ʌ/ as in mud /mʌd/
11. /ɜː/ as in earn /ɜ:n/
12. /ə/ as in enter /entə/
Consonants
1. /p/ as in peel /pi:l/ 13. /ѕ/ as in sob /sɒb/
2. /b/ as in bat /bæt/ 14. /z/ as in zinc /zɪŋk/
3. /t/ as in tell /tel/ 15. / ʃ / as in shy / ʃ aɪ/
4. /d/ as in dad /dæ/ 16. /ʒ/ as in visual /vɪʒʊ/
5. /k/ as in cart /kα:t/ 17. /h/ as in horse /hɔ:s/
6. /g/ as in god /gɒd/ 18. /m/ as in men /men/
7. /t ʃ / as in chair /t ʃ eə/ 19. /n/ as in niece /ni:s/
8. /dʒ/ as in joke /dʒə/ 20. /ŋ/ as in king /kɪŋ/
9. /f/ as in fool /fuːl/ 21. /l/ as in love /lʌv/
10. /v/ as in vine /vaɪn/ 22. /r/ as in rude /ruːd/
11. /θ/ as in third /θɜ:d/ 23. /j/ as in yet /jet/
12. /ð/ as in bathe /beɪð/ 24. /w/ as in war /wɔ:/