wind in malaysia

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ABSTRACT

This study focus on wind flow or wind environment of residential areas inPeninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. Natural wind flow is one of the mosteffective methods to help achieve the ene rgy saving in large cities especially under thetropical climate like Malaysia. The weather in Malaysia is characterized by fourmonsoon regimes, namely, the southwest monsoon, northeast monsoon and two shorterperiods of inter-monsoon seasons. For this study, the data of wind velocity in twenty-two (22) weather station in Malaysia obtained from Meteorological Department andconsidered in wind environment evaluations. Then that data of wind velocities willconvert to 1.5 in height at all measuring points were calculated by using the 1 / 4 powerlaw. The result compared by Table 2.2 in previous researches (Kubota and M iura et al.,2002). From the study, it was found out, in Malaysia there are only two type of wind.First type is weak wind means that area are discomfort thermal and the second type iscomfort range to strong wind m eans that area are comfort thermal. The minimum valueof mean wind speed from 2005 to 2009 is O.mis in mean temperature is over 2C atSitiawan. For the maximum value of mean wind speed is I .7m/s in average value ofmean temp erature is 276C at Mersing. Base on results, it can be concluded that whenconsidering w ind flow at a residential area, terrace housing is not a suitable option fortowns located on the south of the Peninsular. It was prefer for high-rise buildingbecause it was considered this location of towns was weak wind condition. On the otherhand, the major towns exclude the south of the Pen insular including Sabah and Sa rawak,they was un der the comfo rt thermal. So, terrace housing or high-rise building is suitableoption.

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ABSTRAK

Fokus kajian yang dibuat melibatkan arus angin atau persekitaran di kawasankediaman di Sem enanjung M alaysia, Sabah dan Sarawak. Aliran angin adalah salah satukaedah yang paling berkesan untuk membantu rnencapai penjimatan tenaga di bandar-bandar besar terutama di bawah ikiim tropika seperti Malaysia. Cuaca di Malaysiamempunyai empat jenis monsun, iaitu monsun barat daya, monsun timur laut dan duaperalihan monsun. Dalam kajian mi, data kelajuan angin di dua puluh dua (22) pusatkajicuaca di Malaysia diperolehi daripada Jabatan Meteorologi -dan dipertimbangkandalam penilaian persekitaran angin dan data kelajuan angin akan ditukar kepadaketinggian 1.5m pada sem ua titik pengukuran dihitung dengan m enggunakan '% powerlaw'. Hasil kajian dibandingkan dengan kajian yang telah dilakukan oieh Kubota danMiura et al, 2002. Dari hasil kajian terdapat dua jenis angin di Malaysia iaitu anginlemah dan angin kuat. An gin lemah kawasan yang tidak selesa dan angin kuat ialahkawasan yang selesa. Nilai minimum kelajuan angin pada tahun 2005-2009 adalah0.3mIs pada suhu rata-rata lebih dari 25C iaitu di Sitiawan. Untuk nilai maksimumrata-rata kelajuan angin 1.7m/s nilai rata-rata suhu rata-rata 27C ialah di Mersing.Berdasarkan hasil kajian, dapat disimpuikan baha wa, dalam m empertimbang kan aliranangin di kawasan perumahan, ruamh teres bukanlah pilihan yang sesuai untuk bandar-bandar yang tenletak di selatan Semenan jung. la lebih memilih untuk bangun an tinggikerana dianggap lokasi bandar-bandar mi adalah keadaan angin iemah. Manakala, idibandar-bandar besar tidak termasuk selatan Semenanjung termasuk Sabah dan Saraw ak,berada dalam keadaan selesa . Jadi, rumah teres atau bangunan bertingkat tinggi adalahpilihan yang sesuai.


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2.3onsoon 92.3.1 C haracteristics of the Sou thwest Monsoon 1 22.3.2 C haracteristics of the N ortheast Monsoon 1 32.3.3 Characteristics of the Inter-monsoon 1 4

2.4ind Loading Chain 1 52.4.1 Wind a'd Wind Rponse 1 72.4.2 Wind Climate 1 72.4.3 Terrain C onditions 1 72.5ean Wind Velocity - Wind P rofile 1 8

2.5.1 'The Log arithmic Profile 1 92.5.2 The Roughness Length ZO 2 02.5.3 The Power Law 2 1

16ethod of calculation of actual wind velocities 253E T H O D O L O G Y3.1 Introduction7

3.2 Secondary Data83.3 Data Analysis83.4 Research Methodology Flow Chart04ESULT AND DISCUSSION4.1 Introduction14.2 Result and Discussion24.3 Summary of Results4

5O N CLU S I O N A N D R ECO M M EN DA TI O N5.1 Introduction65.2Conclusion65.2A T o study the wind environment condition


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in Malaysia7522 To identify mean wind velocity for eachmajor town in M alaysia75.2.3 To analyses mean wind velocity in eachmajor town in M alaysia85.3 Rotmndtii18REFERENCES0

APPENDICES A-V2-105


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LIST OF TABLE

TABLE NO.ITLEAGE2.1oughn ess lengths zo different terrain categories.02 .2riteria for Assessing W ind-induced DiscomfortConsidering Temperature Effect64.1umm ary of Results of Wind EnvironmentEvaluation in Respective W eather Stations in Malaysia5 X II


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LIST OF SYMBOLS

rglobal responsesqclimatic factorCeexposure factor= aerodynamic shape factorClinfluence factorCadynam ic amplification factorU*friction velocityT Oshear stress at the ground surfacePair of densityKKarman constant (K-0.4)= roughness lengthZ,.efreference heightUhheight of respective weather stationsUcoreference w ind velocity above bounda ry layer in a wind tunnel (m/s)zhheight of wind tunnel (mm )zooreference height above boundary layer in a wind tunnel (mm )V 1 .5actual wind velocity in the respective case study towns (m/s)V ,,me an wind velocity based on climatic data (m/s)U . s actual mean w ind velocity (m/s)U1 0mean wind veloci ty by M eteorological Department (m/s) XIII


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LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Table of Wind Speed and T emperature on January 2005to Decemb er 2009 on Alor Star. 6 2

B Table of Wind Speed and T emperature on January 2005to December 2009 on B utterworth 64

C Table of Wind Speed and T emperature on January 2005to Decembe r 2009 on Bintulu 66

D Table of Wind Speed and T emperature on January 2005to Decem ber 2009 on Ipoh 6 8

E Table of Wind Speed and T emperature on January 2005to December 2009 on Johore f3aharu 76

F Table of Wind Speed and Temperature on January 2005to December 2009 on Kota B aharu 7 2

G Table of Wind Speed and T emperature on January 2005to December 2009 on Kuala Lumpur 7 4

H Table of Wind Speed and T emperature on January 2005to December 2009 on Kuala Terengganu 76

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j Table of Wind Speed and T emperature on January 2005to December 2009 on Kuantan 7 8

J Table of Wind Speed and T emperature on January 2005to December 2009 on Kuching. 8 0

K Table of Wind Speed and T emperature on January 2005to December 2009 on Kudat. 9 2

L Table of Wind Speed and Tem perature on January 2005to December 2009 on Labuan. 8 4

M Table of Wind Speed and T emperature on January 2005to December 2009 on Langkawi 8 6

N Table of Wind Speed and T emperature on January 2005to December 2009 on M elaka. 88

0 Table of Wind Speed and T emperature on January 2005to December 2009 on Mersing. 9 0

P Table of Wind Speed and Temperature on January 2005to December 2669 on M ini . 9 2

Q Table of Wind Speed and T emperature on January 2005to December 2009 on Penang. 9 4

R Table of Wind Speed and T emperature on January 2005to December 2009 on Sandakan. 96

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Sable of Wind Speed and T emperature on January 2005to December 2009 on S ibu8Table of W ind Speed and Tem perature on January 2005to December 2009 on S itiawan.0 0Uable of Wind Speed and Tem perature on January 2005to December 2009 on iawau.0 2Vable of Wind Speed and Tem perature on January 2005to December 2009 on Sr i Aman04


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C H A P T E R 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1ntroductionThe K yoto Protocol on climate change com e into effect in February 2005, one of

the major contributors to green house gas, has approv ed rectification. Although curren tlythe protocol refers only for the developed nations, which have huge amount ofgreenhouse gas emissions, it can be predicted that the developing countries includingMalaysia will be required to consent to the protocol in the near future. Thus, it is veryimportant and effective to examine the energy saving m eans to reduce the green ho usegas in the course of its economic development. This required the signatory nations isintend to cut global emission of greenhouse gases below iO levels, by 2O 12, as part ofan attempt to achieve a more sustainable global environment. Only developed countrieshave been required to set greenhouse gas reduction targets, to date. However, energy-saving strategies are also important for dev eloping countries.

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The last three decades have seen tremendous growth of urban populations inMalaysia. The percentage of people living in urban areas has increased from 27% in1970 to 64% in 2010 (research from NasionMaster.com). Current energy consumptionin urban areas is therefore a v ery significant perce ntage of total energy consu mption inthe country a nd it is expected to rise further in the near future. The presen t nationwidefinal energy defflafid is alihOst five times . la?ge thYt it Was in 1980 (Malaysia, 2002a).Thus, it is essential to introduce energy-saving to urban areas wherever possible.

Climate is change in the statistical distribution of weather over period of timethat range from decades to millions of years. It can be a change in the average weatheror a change in the distribution of weather even ts around an average (for exam ple, greateror fewer extreme w eather events). Climate change may be limited to a specific region, ormay occur across the whole E arth. To bring climate ch ange to a halt, global greenhousegas em issions m ust be reduced significantly.

The green house gases caused by the use of air-conditioners in residential areascontribute substantially to emissions. Maximizing the use of natural ventilation cansignificantly reduce the reliance on air-conditioners and therefore emissions. Recentrecognition of the need to save energy has been the catalyst for a reassessment of theimportant of n atural ventilation.

The following authors, in several studies, examined planning methods ofneighborhood areas in Japan, paying attention particularly to the effect of wind flow(Kubota, Miura, Tominaga and M och ida, 2000, 2002). Furthermore, the present authoraddressed similar subject matter in studies conducted in Malaysia (Kubota and Supian,2004,2005)


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1.2 Climatic condition in Malaysia

Malaysia consists of the Peninsular Malaysia and a part of Borneo Island. Sincethe Peninsular has the major population (760/6), the present study is aim on this area.The Peninsular Malaysia in situated between 1 0 N and 70 N latitude, under the tropicalclimate. Most towns in the Ieninsu!ar experience high temperature and humiditythroughout the year without remarkable variations. However, there is a seasonalclimatic change, which is dominated by the monsoon. Though the wind over thecountry is generally light and variable, there are, however, some uniform periodicchanges in the wind flow patterns.

Based on these changes, four seasons can be distinguished, namely, thesouthwest monsoon, northeast monsoon and two shorter periods of inter-monsoonseasons. The southw est monsoon season is usually established in the latter half of Mayor early June and ends in September. The prevailing wind flow is generallysouthwesterly and light, below 7.72m/s. The northeast monsoon season usuallycomm ences in early November and ends in M arch. During this season, steady easterly ornortheasterly winds of 5.15mIs to 10.3m/s prevail. The east coast states of PeninsularMalaysia where the wind may reach I 5.46m1s or more during periods of strong surges ofcold air from the north (cold surges). During the tw o intermonsoon seasons, the windsare generally light and variable. During these seasons, the equatorial trough lies overMalaysia.

It is worth mentioning that during the months of April to November, whentyphoons frequently develop over the west Pacific and move westwards across thePhilippines, so uthwesterly winds over the northwest coast of Sabah and Sarawak regionmay strengthen to reach 1().2niJs or more.


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As mentioned earlier, Malaysia has high humidity. The mean monthly relativehumidity is between 70 to 90% ; varying from place to place and from m onth to month;For any specific area, the range of the mean monthly relative humidity varies from aminimum of 3% Bintu1u) to a maximum of about 15% (Alor Setar). In PeninsularMalaysia, the minimum range of mean relative humidity varying from a low 80% inFebiiiary to a high Of only 88% in Noveinbe?. i fflax iftUtY1 rmge is found in thenorthwest area of the Peninsular (Alor Setar) where the mean relative humidity variesfrom a low of 72% to a high of 87%. It is observed that in Peninsular Malaysia, theminimum relative humidity is normally found in the months of January and Februaryexcept for the east coast states of Kelantan and T erengganu w hich have the minimum inM arch. The maximum is however generally found in the month of November.

As in the case of temperature, the diurnal variation of relative humidity is muchgreater as compared to the annu al variation. The mean d aily minimum can be as low as42% during the dry months and reaches as high as 70% during the wet months. Themean daily maximu m, howe ver, does not vary much from place to place and is always94%. It may reach as high as 100%. Again, the northwest states of Kedah and Perlishave the largest diurnal variation of relative humidity

1.3 Problem Statement

The ne ed for energy saving in cities is increasingly recogn ized in Ma laysia. Theworld trade crude oil price has been continuing increase recently. Since more than 60%of the electricity is generated by gas, which price is related to the crude oil price, it isbelieved that the electricity tariff may be raised soon in M alaysia (the New Strait Times,2004). Therefore in order to maintain a stable economic growth, the government must


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consider the ways to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and promote every savinginitiation [8] The present nationwide final energy demand is almost five times largerthan it was in 1980 (Malaysia, 2002a). Th us, it is essential to introduce en ergy-savingstrategies to urban areas wherever possible.

Greenhouse gases caused by the use of air-conditioners in residential areascontribute substantially to emissions. Maximizing the use of natural ventilation cansignificantly reduce the reliance on air-conditioners and therefore emissions. Recentrecognition of the need to save energy has been the catalyst for a reassessment of theimp ortant of natural ventilation.

For naturally ventilated buildings, the wind flow around the structure stronglyaffects the air change rates within the building. Thus, if a wind environment thatgenerates sufficient wind speed is design at a neighborhood scale, the energyconsumption of air-conditioners in the area can be significantly reduce. In addition tothe benefits stated above, wind flow also play an important role in diffusing air pollutionand heat at an urban scale as well as a neighborhood scale.

1.4 Objective of Study

In order to realize the aims of this study the specified ob jectives are identified.The objectives of this study are listed as follow:-

i. To study the wind environm ent condition in Malaysiaii. To identify mean wind velocity for each major town in Malaysia

iii. To analyses mean wind velocity in each major town in Malaysia


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1.5 Scope of the Study

The scope of this study is about wind flow or wind environment of residentialhouse areas w hich is focusing in Peninsular Ma laysia, Sabah and Saraw ak. This studywill use climate data from years Jan 200 5 to Dec 2009 .

1.6ignificance of the StudyIn order to maintain a stable economic growth, the energy saving may be done bylimiting the electricity used. So, the best way to limit the electricity used is reduce theutilization of air-conditioners. Greenhouse gases caused by the use of air-conditioners inresidential areas contribute substantially to em issions. Natural wind flow is one of themost effective m ethods to help achieve the e nergy saving in large cities especially underthe tropical climate like Malaysia. Maximizing the use of natural ventilation cansignificantly reduce the reliance on air-conditioners and therefore emissions. Recentrecognition of the need to save energy has been the catalyst for a reassessment of theimportant of natural ventilation.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERETURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Malaysia possesses a very good potential of renewable energy. Rece ntly, windenergy conve rsation is given a se rious consideration in M alaysia. Since this country liesin the equatorial region and its climate is governed by the mon soons, the potential forwind energy generation in Malaysia Is very much dependent on the availability of thewind resource that varies with specific location. Wind energy is an alternative cleanenergy source com pared the fossil fuel, which can be harm ful and pollutes the layer ofthe atmosphere. [6]

On the other hand, greenhouse gasses effect and climate change will cause by theuse of air-conditioners in residential areas contribute substantially to emissions.Maximizing the use of natural ventilation can significantly reduce the reliance on air-conditioners and therefore em issions. Recent recognition of the need to save ene rgy hasbeen the catalyst for a reassessment of the important of natural ventilation. [1]

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That changed in the carbon dioxide content through human intervention have thepotential to change the planet's circulation patterns for better or for worse. One of theconsequences m ay be the increase in climate extremes. These increases in extremes areimportant from the wind engineering viewpoint because, currently, wind-relateddisasters are the most costly in terms of property damage and casualties. They aredoubling roughly ever 5-10 years. The wind can provide power for windmills andsailing ships but can also cause catastrophic destruction. Wind engineering is vitallyconcerned with these interactions with huma n activities. [6]

2.2l imate in MalaysiaThe cha racteristic features of the climate of Malaysia are uniform temperature,

high humidity and over rainfall. Winds are generally light. Situated in the equatorialdoldrums area, it is extremely rare to have a full day with completely clear sky evenduring periods of severe drought. On the other hand, it is also rare to have a stretch of afew days w ith completely no sunshine except during the northeast monsoon seasons.

Though the wind over the country is generally light and variable, there are,however, some uniform periodic changes in the wind flow patterns. Based on thesechanges, four seasons can be distinguished, namely, the southwest monsoon, northeastmonsoon and two shorter periods of inter-monsoon seasons.


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The climate in the country is usually warm all through the year w ith temperaturesranging from 21C to 32C in the plains and as low as 16C in the uplands The averagetemperature is 32C throughout the day and 22C at night, although it is colder in themountainous areas.

The country has tw o (2) different seasons: monsoon and the dry season. The dryseason arises throughout the southwest m onsoon from M ay to September. The weatheris humid and hot in the mon th of September with average temp erature of 35C in the dayand 25C at night. Rainfall throughout this period of the year is minor. The northeastmonsoon leads to the rainy season in the middle of November until March. it bringsheavy rainfall specifically to the east coast states of western Sarawak and PeninsularMalaysia, while the southwest m onsoon usually implies moderately drier climate. In theEast coast of Peninsular M alaysia, rains arise from O ctober to February and also in theregion of Sabah and Saraw ak. Rainfall in the West coast of the country arises betweenApril and November. The rainfall annual average in the country is around 85.8 inches.

2.3Monsoon

The word "m onsoon" is derived from the Arabic word "mausim" which m eansseason. Anc ient traders plying in the Indian Ocean and adjoining Arabian Sea u sed it todescribe a system of alternating winds which blow p ersistently from the no rtheast duringthe northern w inter and from the o pposite direction, the southwe st, during the northernsummer.


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Monsoon is caused by land-sea temperature differences due to heating by thesun's radiation From time to time; strong outbursts of cold air (termed as monsoonsurges) interact with low pressure atmospheric systems and cyclonic vortices are formednear the equator resulting in strong winds and high seas in the South China Sea andheavy rainfall to east coast states of Peninsular Malaysia as well as the west coast ofSarawak in Eat M alaysia.

The weather in M alaysia is characterized by two monsoon regimes, namely, theSouthwest Monsoon from late May to September, and the Northeast Monsoon fromNovem ber to March. The Northea st Monsoon brings heav y rainfall, particularly to theeast coast states of Peninsular Malaysia and western Saraw ak, whereas the Southw estMo nsoon norm ally signifies relatively drier weather. The transition period in betwee nthe monsoons is known as the inter-monsoon period.


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Northeast Monsoon(Nov to Mar.)

Cron&JsuagiP A I I M G A

ASMGORMEN

SmSELANtMaAKA

J O f f O R

Ka

N d i o r d p a r k

SAW

KcBTu

Gwge1OWlua(TecgPthAIGMANPM 11R M A X

^ ^ 7 Southwest Monsoon

m o m

Figure 2.1:Map of Malaysia


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23.1 Characteristics of the Southwest Monsoon

The Southwest Monsoon, also generally known as the northern hemispheresummer monsoon is characterized by a pe riod of persistent southwest winds in the lowertroposphere. The mo nsoon season usually sets in around the second w eek of May, butthe actual onset date varies from year to year. it could be as early as the last week ofApril and as late as mid June. The active phase o f the monsoon , typically lasts from Juneto August and by mid-September, it will start to weaken and eventually ended by thefirst week of October.

During this period the atmosphere b ecomes relatively more stable which causesless intense convective development, thus we get more dry days than wet days for m ostparts of the country. During the active phase of the season, there is an overall reductionin rainfall over Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak. in particular, the west co ast states ofPeninsular Malaysia and western parts of Sarawak will experience lesser rainfall ascomp ared to those few m onths just before the onset of the monsoon . However, coastalareas of the west coast states, from Southern Perak to Western Johor in PeninsularMalaysia will occasionally experience thunderstorms, heavy rain and strong gustingwinds in the predawn and early morning brought about by the development of squalllines.

The relatively stable atmosphere, which suppresses strong vertical mixing anddrier conditions during this period, also causes hazy con ditions over urban and industrialareas whe re local activities generate large volumes of aerosol particles. Under prolongeddryconditi, for example during strong 181 Nino years (1) widespread haze from

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trans-boundary pollution from forest fires in neighbouring countries is anotheroccasional feature during this season

2.3.2 Characteristics of the Northeast Mon soon

The northea st monsoon is charac terized by persistent winds from the northeast.During this period, the east coast states of Peninsular Malaysia, the coastal region ofSarawak and east coast areas of Sabah will experience heavy widespread rainfall lasting2 to 3 days. It is possible that such even t can occ ur in different places for 3 - 4 times.During the monsoo n, it is also possible to have few days of totally no rain or light rain.During this monso on, the west coast states of Peninsular Malaysia usually experienceshowers or thunderstorms in most places in the afternoons and the evenings.

Over in Peninsular Malaysia, the occurrence of widespread, continuous rain,occasionally becoming heavy, begins in Kelantan and Terengganu from earlyNovem ber and slowly moves to Pahang and East Johor in December and early January.This heavy, widespread rain occurring In Novem ber and early Decem ber will normallydecrease slowly as the monso on progresses after that.

At time, this monsoon weather system can spread to the west coast states ofPeninsular and as such can cause widespread moderate intermittent rain lasting forseveral hours continuously.

Over in Sabah, generally the heavy monsoon rain occurs from late Decemberlasting till early February. The east coast d jvj sjons of Sabah, namely Sandakan and

wind in malaysia

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