Abd al-Majid, Ibrahim, 91Abd al-Wahab, Ala, 88Abd al-Wahab, Muhammad Ibn, 104Abdullah, Crown Prince, 236Abidin, Abu al-Yusr, 131Abu Aql, Ghazi, 88Abu al-Nur Islam Center (ANIC),

132–7, 142Abu-Sitta, Salman, 197–9, 214–15Addis Ababa, 105, 115Al-Adli, Habib, 108, 113Adonis, 87–9Afghan Arabs, 167–9Afghanistan, 97, 105–6, 113, 161, 166,

172, 231, 237war, 105, 168–9

Ahbash brotherhood (Society for IslamicPhilanthropic Projects), 156–7,159, 167

Al-Ahram Center for Political andStrategic Studies, 114

Ain al-Helweh, xiii, 151–77Akhbar al-Adab, 87–9Akka, 20Akkar, 142, 153Al-Alfi, Hasan, 106, 112, 114Alawi, 127, 135, 139, 141, 145–6Aldakhil, Khaled, 230Aleppo, 130, 140, 153Algeria, 155, 161Alling, Paul, 206AMAL, 143, 171American Jewish Committee, 201American University of Beirut (AUB),

162American Zionist Movement, 201Al-Amin, Muhsin, 145Ansar Allah (Partisans of God), 154–5Ansar prison, 154Ansari, Hamied, 103

anti-Semitism, 11, 19, 80, 82–5, 91–2,200–1, 207–8

Apartheid, 91Al-Aqsa Intifada, xi, 3–4, 27, 90,

144, 175Arab Caliphate, 12Arab Cold War, 43Arab Forum, 234–5Arab Interior Ministers Conference

(1998), 108Arab-Israeli War (1973), 186Arab League, 24, 112, 225, 234–5Arab Revolt (1936–39), 18Arab Socialism, 102Arab Thought Foundation, 234–5Arab-Israeli War (1948/1949), 20, 22al-Arabi, 90Arzt, Donna plan, 189–95, 198, 215Arafat, Yasir, 18, 24, 27, 155, 173–7,

194, 216, 225, 227–8, 231Al-Asad, Bashar, 137, 139, 146Al-Asad, Hafiz, 125–7, 132, 138–40,

146, 153Ashbal, 153Ashrawi, Hanan, 227Ashura manifestations, 159Association of Islamic Affairs, 132Awda, Muhammad, 91Al-Azhar, 21, 83, 137, 225Azzam, Abdallah, 161–2, 169Azzam, Abdul Rahman, 210

Baath, xiii, 20, 126–7, 131, 143, 176Badie, Bertrand, 48–9al-Bahrawi, Said, 88Baltimore (College of Maqasid

ash-Sharia), 133Balfour Declaration (1917), 12, 161Balkans, 165, 172–3Barak, Ehud, 194

I n d e x

Barri, Nabih, 143Al-Bashir, Umar, 105Begin, Menachem, 25Beirut, 11, 80, 81, 132, 135, 140–5,

153, 156, 166, 169–70Harat Hreik, 143–4

Bekaa, 140, 142Belgrade, 166Bell, Montague H.T., 205–8, 211Ben Gurion, David, 209Bevan, Edwyn, 202, 204Bikfaya, 170, 172Bin Laden, Osama (al-Qaida), 161, 224,

226–7, 231–3, 238Black September (1970–1), 156, 185Bozeman, Adda B., 53–5, 59Brezezinski, Zbigniew, 64Brown, Carl, 9–10Brandeis, Louis, 206Brookings Institute, 235Brynen, Rex, 187Bush administration, 226, 229,

236, 238Bush, George W., xiii, 225, 228, 230–1,

233Al-Buti, Sheikh Muhammad Said

Ramadan, 138, 146

Cairo, 80, 91, 104, 112, 113Camp David, 21, 188Carter Doctrine, 64Caucasus, 165–7Centre National de la Recherche

Scientifique (CNRS), 87Chechnya, 161, 164–5Christian Lebanese Forces, 155Clinton, Bill, 83–4, 111, 194Cold War, 13, 16–18, 43, 114Colonial Office’s Middle Eastern

Division, 209Commander Khattab, 164, 166conspiracy theories, 15, 85, 93Cohen, Benjamin, 206Council on Foreign Relations, 189culture

essentialist conception, 52, 54, 56,58–60, 66–7, 69

relational conception, 52, 62, 64–7, 69

Damascus, 128, 130–4, 137Hayy al-Akrad, 131

Sayyida Ruqayya, 140Sayyida Zaynab, 140, 145

Dar-al-Fatwa, 156dar-al-harb, 55dar-al-Islam, 15, 55, 57Darwish, Mahmud, 3–4, 87dawa, 136Denmark, 113Dib, Sheikh, Rajab, 142Drake, Laura, 194

East Timor, 166Eastern Question System, 10, 12, 17Eden, Anthony, 211Egypt, 13, 14, 82, 97–115, 176, 186,

208, 228–9, 232Egyptian Arab Lawyers Union, 92Elias, Norbert, 8European Renaissance, 51

Faculty of Islamic Mission, 132Fadlallah, Muhammad Husayn, 126,

135, 143–6Fahmi, Gamal, 91Al-Faisal, Prince Khaled, 234Fatah, 24, 27, 152, 155, 171, 173–7Faurisson, Robert, 79, 88–9Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI),

113Fertile Crescent, 49Fighting Islamic Movement, 154, 160,

174Finkelstein, Norman, 79France, 12, 20, 64, 81, 84, 87, 169,

187, 194, 211Friedman, Thomas, 235

Galilee, 23, 155Garaudy, Roger, 81–5, 92Al-Gaylani, Rashid Ali, 211Gaza, 14, 20, 22, 25, 185, 187, 195,

198, 227Gemayel family, 170General Assembly of Arab Interior

Ministers (Amman, 1999), 113Al-Ghitani, Gamal, 87, 89Ghunaim, Sheikh Ibrahim, 153–5, 160Giddens, Anthony, 167globalization, xi, 98–100, 114Goebbels, Joseph, 85Graf, Juergen, 86

I n d e x240

Great Britain, 12, 18, 20, 64, 111, 113,169, 205–6, 209, 211

Grozny, 166–7, 169Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), 194,

233Guirgis, Fawwaz, 226Gush Emunin, 24

Habanaka, Sheikh Hasan, 132Habash, George, 24Al-Habash, Muhammad, 137hadith, 54, 55, 58Haikal, Muhammad H., 83Al-Halabi, Sheikh Nizar, 156–7, 167–8Hall, John, 7Hallaq, Sheikh Abdallah, 154Hama revolt (1982), 128Hamas, 21, 108, 151, 225Hammud, Sheikh Maher, 171Al-Haqqani, Sheikh Nazim al-Qubrusi,

134Harvard’s Program on International

Conflict Analysis and Resolution,189, 192–5, 215

Hawzat Murtada, 145Al-Hayat, xiii, 223–38Henderson, Loy, 207Herzl, Theodor, 11, 200Higher Shia Council, 142Hinnebusch, Raymond, 102Hitler, Adolf, 84, 85, 87, 91Hizballah, 126, 135, 142–5, 154, 157,

159, 171–2, 176, 232Holocaust (shoa), xii, 79–94,

denial, 79–82, 84, 88–9Hudson, Michael, 102Huntington, Samuel, 39, 53–5, 59Hussain, Saddam, 16–17, 193

Ibrahim, Saad Eddin, 103Imam al-Awzai faculty, 132Indyk, Martin, 235Institute for Historic Review (IHR), 86International Relations (IR), xii, 5, 7

area studies, 41, 69balance of power (threat), 7, 11, 44,

46comparative regionalism, 44, 47critical, 61, 62, 65–7cultural turn, 41globalism, 41, 43–5

Great Debates, 40–1Liberalism, 41, 44–5mainstream, 41, 45–6, 50, 58, 60, 63,

66Post-Colonial Studies, 41, 60, 69Post-positivism, 60Post-structuralism, 60, 61Realism, 41, 43–5

International Treaty for theConsolidation of InternationalCooperation in CombatingTerrorism, 112

InterPol, 112Intifada (1987), 25–6, 164Iran, xiii, 86, 97, 104–6, 111, 126,

140–1, 144–6, 153, 157, 237Islamic Revolution, 154

Iranian Cultural Center in Damascus,134, 141, 146

Iraq, xiii, 13, 20, 49, 141–2, 190,193–4, 200, 202–3, 206, 208–15,224, 237

al-irhab, 107Irving, David, 79, 83–5Islamic Jihad, 21, 151, 225Islamic University of Pakistan, 132Islamism

movements, 16, 20, 26, 55, 66, 97–8,101, 106–8, 110, 114, 136,151, 153, 156, 172

radicalism, 102, 103, 128, 152, 157,174, 229

terrorism, 107, 110, 159, 166violence, 102, 107, 114–15, 159

Islamophobia, 107Iqlim al-Tuffah, 171

Jabotinsky, 25, 211Al-Jabri, Sabah, 136Al-Jazira, 164, 226Jerusalem, 11, 15, 20, 24, 214, 225, 227jihad, 57, 105, 161–2, 165Jihadism, 155–6, 158Johnson, Herschel V., 207, 211Jordan, 14, 49, 82, 155–6, 176, 185–6,

188, 190Junaid, Sheikh Muhammad Ahmed, 153

Kaaba, 161Kaftariyya sufi order, 125, 128,

131–8, 146

I n d e x 241

Kaftaru, Sheikh Ahmad, 125, 126, 128,131–8, 142, 146

Kanafani, Ghassan, 3Al-Kanj, Bassam, 167–9karamat, 154Al-Kasm, Abd al-Rauf, 127Al-Kassam, Ahmad, 168Kelman, Herbert, 192Kemal, Mustafa (Atatürk), 173Kennedy, Joseph P., 207Kenya, 115Kerbala, 141Khalidi, Rashid, 196Al-Khamisi, Ahmad, 89Khartoum, 105Kharrub, Ahmed Abu, 169–71Khatami, President, 141Al-Khattab, Sheikh Jamal, 154, 160,

162–4, 173Al-Khaznawi, Muhammad, 125, 128,

137, 142, 146Khaznawiyya sufi order, 128, 146Khomeini, Ayatollah, 141Al-Khui, Sayyid Abu al-Qasim, 143Kosovo, 166, 173Kuwait, 16, 18, 145, 160, 186, 190,

226, 234

Lattakia, 127, 146Lebanese National Pact, 162Lebanese Open Faculty of Islamic

Studies, 132Lebanon, xiii, 14, 22, 82, 126, 128,

138, 141–6, 151–77, 185–6,190–1

civil war (1975–90), 151, 163Leuchter-Report, 79Lewinsky, Monica, 83–4Lewis, Bernard, 55, 59, 80, 103Libya, 104, 106, 132, 143Likud, 24, 198London Conference, 209–10Lustick, Ian, 9Luxor incident (1997), 111

Maariv, 194MacDonald, Malcolm, 206, 209madhab/madhahib, 127Madrid Peace Conference, 26, 161,

186, 188

Mahfus, Nagib, 83Mahjen, Abu, 155–6, 168Majid, Wahid Abdel, 226Major, John, 111mandate period, 12, 18–22, 24, 137,

169, 214Mandelbaum, Michael, ximarjaiyya, 144–5Massad, Joseph, 195–7, 199, 215Mawlawiyya sufi order, 129Mecca, 15, 57, 164, 232Medina, 15, 57Middle East

culture, xiimages, 40Orientalist conception, 63, 68peace process, xi, 16, 23–7, 43, 108,

183–4, 186–8, 196, 199,212–16, 227

state system, xii, 5, 9–10, 12–13, 18

Middle East Quartet, 183Al-Missiri, Abd al Wahab, 90, 93Mitchell recommendations, 227Morocco, 155, 194Mubarak, Gamal, 232Mubarak, Hosni, xii, 103, 105–6,

108–9, 114, 115, 225, 230Muhammad, Prophet, 55, 57, 154,

158, 163mujahidun, 105mujtahid, 143mukhabarat,127Murray, Wallace, 206, 207–8Muslim Brotherhood, 97, 128, 134–6,

138, 153, 156, 160, 174, 225

Nabatie camp, 170–1Nablus, 20Nahr-al-Barid camp, 154, 156Najaf, 143, 145al-nakba, 19, 173Al- Naqshbandi, Khalid, 130Naqshbandiyya sufi order, 125, 129,

137, 153–4, 160cooperation with Shia, 135Kurds, 138–9

Nasrallah, Sayyid Hassan, 144, 175Nasser, 20, 104Nasserism, 20, 90, 102

I n d e x242

nationalism, 6–7Arab, 11, 18, 102Jewish (Zionism), 11–13, 18, 22, 81,

85–6, 88, 90, 184, 200–2, 208Palestinian, xii, xiii, 3, 14, 15, 19–22,

151, 214NATO, 166Nazism, xii, 12, 19, 79–94Netanyahu, Benjamin, 84Neumann, Robert, 17Non-Aligned Movement Summit

(1998), 108Norman, Edward, A., xiii, 184, 200–15Al-Nur mosque, 153, 162, 174Nuremberg trial, 93

Obeida, Abu, 168Organization of the Islamic Conference

(OIC) Summit (Tehran, 1997),112

Oslo Agreements, 16, 18–19, 23–7,151, 158, 175–6

Ottoman Empire, 9, 11–13, 20, 139

Pakistan, 105, 113, 115, 167, 237Palestine conflict

Dimensions, 14–15, 22Palestinian authority, 18, 26, 175–6,

187Palestinian institution building, 22–7Palestinian Liberation Organization

(PLO), 13, 17–19, 24–7, 151–2,154, 162, 168–72, 177, 185, 190,193–4, 196, 216

Council in Algiers (1988), 26, 172Palestinian National Charter, 24, 26Palestinian Writers’ Association, 82Pan-Arabism, 13, 19–20, 49Pan-Islamism, 19, 22, 49Peres, Shimon, 90–1, 111Pinsker, Leo, 11Popular Front for the Liberation of

Palestine (PFLP), 24

Qabbani, Sheikh Rashid, 157Qadiriyya sufi order, 129, 139Al-Qamhawi, Azzat, 87–9Al-Qasim, Sheikh Naim, 135Quadripartie Talks, 188Qubaysiyya, 136

Quran, 54, 57, 59, 134, 136,141,161–3

Rabin, Yizhak, 17, 25, 108Rajabiyya, 128, 142Rally for Islamic Revival (1996), 113Rashwan, Diaa, 114Reed, Douglas, 83Refugee Working Group (RWG), 187–9refugees

Jewish, 12, 82numbers (Palestinian), 23, 185–6, 190Palestinian, xiii, 14, 15, 22, 27, 152,

158, 160, 173, 177, 183–216right of return (Palestinians), 14, 19,

23, 186, 189, 216Ricoeur, Paul, 173Roosevelt, President, 206–8Rouhana, Nadim, 192Rubin, Barnett, 101, 105Al-Rumaihi, Mohamed, 226Rumsfeld, Donald, 231

Sabri, Sheikh Shukri, 175Sadat, Anwar, 104, 232Al-Sadr, Muhammad Bakir, 143Al-Sadr, Musa, 142Saghiyeh, Hazem, 79Al-Sahib, Sheikh Muhammad Ziyat, 142Said, Edward, 60, 63–8, 79, 87, 93,

194, 197, 199, 215–16,226–7, 231

Saida, 153, 155–6, 159, 162–4, 169–70,172–3, 175

Saidi, Abdel Karim, 155–6Salafi Islam, 129, 130, 138–9, 152–5,

158, 165–6, 168, 173–7Salmawy, Muhammad, 83, 85, 93San Remo (1920), 12Saudi Arabia, 13, 104, 106, 168, 190,

208, 223, 225, 233–6Second Gulf War (1991), 16–19, 43,

185, 194, 199, 212Second World War, 184, 200, 211securitization, 16security community, 44September 11, 2001, xi, xiii, 115, 161,

183–4, 186, 212, 223–38Shamir, Yitzhak, 17Sharm al-Shaykh Summit (1996), 111

I n d e x 243

Sharon, Ariel, 90, 227–8, 230, 232, 237Shertok, Moshe, 209Shihabi, Hikmat, 127Shirazi, Ayatollah Muhammad, 141Shraidi, Abdallah Hisham, 154–5, 157,

174Shuckburgh, Sir John, 209Six-Day War (1967), 13, 16, 20, 22,

155, 185, 188Soviet Union, 16, 97, 105, 168Al-Solh, Ragheed, 226Somalia, 232state formation

European, 5–9, 10, 48–9Middle Eastern, 9–10, 15, 49

Sudan, 104–6, 232National Islamic Front, 105

Suez War (1956), 16, 20, 211sufism

development, 129–30dhikr, 130murshid, 129, 153, 160networks, 129–30rabita, 129–30women’s movement, 135–7zawiyya, 153

As-Suwaidy, Tawfik, 210Switzerland, 86, 113Syracuse University, 189Syria, xiii, 14, 20, 49, 82, 153, 159,

186, 190, 230, 232military coups, 126cooperation with Iran, 141–5

Syrian Kingdom, 13

tagrib, 139–41taifiyya, 127Tansley, Jill, 187Tantawi, Muhammad Said, 83Taymiyya, Ibn, 57, 104Tenet Plan, 227Tilly, Charles, 5, 9Tlas, Mustafa, 127Todorov, Tvetzan, 87Torah, 91Transjordan, 12, 13Tripoli (Lebanon), 142, 153, 166–7Truman, President, 13Tunisia, 171Turkey, 198

Al-Turabi, Hasan, 105Twelver Shia, 126, 139–45

ulama, 126, 127, 141, 235umma, 54, 57, 165UN conference against Racism (Durban,

2001), 81, 89–92UN Congress on the Prevention of

Crime and the Treatment ofOffenders (1995), 110

UN Resolution, 14, 194United Nations Conciliation

Commission, 184United Nations Relief and Works

Agency (UNRWA), 23, 27,152, 185

United States Holocaust MemorialMuseum, 79

University of Damascus, 133, 138University of Omdurman, 133Usbat al-Ansar (League of Partisans),

154–8, 167–8, 174–6

Vérité et Justice, 86Versailles, 11, 91Voice of Palestine (sawt filastin), 170–1Voice of Truth (sawt al-haqq), 171

war on terror, xi, xii–xiii, 111, 183, 212

Warburg, Felix, 204–5Weber, Mark, 88–9Weber, Max, 7–8Weizmann, Chaim, 208–9, 211Welles, Sumner, 206–7West Bank, 14, 20, 22, 24, 25, 155,

185, 187, 190, 195, 224, 231Westphalian model, 7–9, 18, 48, 51,

55, 59White Paper (1939), 208, 210Wievorka, Michel, 158Winston, Emanuel A., 198–9Wye Plantation agreements (1998), 175

Yemen, 113, 208Yugoslavia, 171Yussef, Sheikh, 158–9

Zionist World Congress (1897), 11,22, 200

I n d e x244