experimental investigation of multiple coils magnetorheological damper under dynamic loadings
TRANSCRIPT
Experimental Investigation of Multiple Coils Magnetorheological
Damper under Dynamic Loadings
Izyan Iryani Mohd Yazid1,a, Saiful Amri Mazlan2,b,Takehito Kikuchi3,c
and Hairi Zamzuri4,d 1,2
Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 54100 Jalan Semarak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
3Department of Mechatronics, Faculty of Engineering, Oita University,
700 Dannoharu, Oita 870-1192, Japan
4UTM Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
54100 Jalan Semarak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Keywords: Magnetorheological Fluid; MR Damper; Damping; Multi-coil; Electromagnet
Abstract. This paper presents performance comparison of Magnetorheological (MR) damper with
two different coil arrangements. Two coils at different location have been introduced that could
enhance the activation areas in the MR damper. The experimental tests were conducted in three
different conditions of coil; internal coils, external coils and the combination of coils. For each trial,
the effect of the applied current and the condition of coils were analyzed and investigated. The
results showed that the internal coil could produce higher damping force than the external coil, and
the combination of internal and external coils could increase the damping force up to 125 N for the
same experimental parameters.
Introduction
Magnetorheological (MR) dampers are semi-active devices that have been actively studied as a
controllable engineering component because of their continuously controllable mechanical
properties and rapid response. Nowadays, there are many researches on the MR technology, but the
majority is limited on the development of high performance MR fluid, the basic principle of MR
damper, the structural design philosophy of MR damper and the applications of MR damper.
However, study on the optimal design of MR damper is rarely to be found especially on the
electromagnetic circuit design.
In designing an MR damper, two kinds of coil arrangement have been utilized [1]. The first
type of the arrangement is an internal coil, where the coil is placed inside of the damper’s cylinder.
The internal coil is the most common arrangement for many cases where the coil is wound on the
piston. MR damper with internal coil is usually produced a compact structure with a good wire
protection [1]. This kind of arrangement, magnetic coil inside the cylinder, is suitable for magnetic
screen and prevents magnetic leakage [2]. However, the MR damper with internal coil arrangement
is having a complex design in terms of design requirements and limited space, heavy especially at
the piston head containing coil, and working on a high temperature because of the heat generated by
friction between the particles and the coil.
The second type of the arrangement is an external coil, where the coil is placed at the outer
damper’s cylinder. The utilization of an external coil is another alternative in some applications.
This kind of MR damper brings advantage in reducing the temperature, in a way, most of the heat
energy produced by the electromagnet resistance can be released to the atmosphere, and will less
contribute to the inner damper [3]. However, the damping force produced by external coil is lesser
than the damping force produced with internal coil under the same volume constraint and number
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 660 (2014) pp 863-867 Submitted: 11.06.2014Online available since 2014/Oct/31 at www.scientific.net Revised: 20.06.2014© (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland Accepted: 12.08.2014doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.660.863
All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of TTP,www.ttp.net. (ID: 128.118.88.48, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA-08/11/14,10:47:37)
of coil turns [4]. The reduce in damping performance is due to the lesser value of magnetic field
generated by the external coil rather than internal coil.
Despite of having advantages of both arrangements, recently, most of the researchers continued
developing MR damper using internal coil arrangement but with various configurations [5, 6]. They
had designed a piston with multiple configurations of coil, rather than having a single coil, to lower
down the circuit inductance and getting fast response time [7]. On the electromagnetic view, the
using of multiple coils can enlarge the activation area of MR damper by creating more and shorter
magnetic flux loops in order to reduce magnetic flux losses. In other words, MR damper with
multiple coils configuration can enhance magnetic field strength and at the same time contribute to a
high damping force [8].
In this study, the performance of MR damper with a combination of multiple internal and
external coils is investigated under dynamic loadings condition. The study is intended to offer a
wide range of research applications by understanding the fundamental concept of designing MR
damper.
Design of MR damper
Fig. 1 displays an illustration of MR damper with two different multiple coils arrangement. The
MR dampers are consisted of six components including cylinder, piston head, piston rod, piston
cover, top and bottom cap.
Fig. 1. The components of MR damper [9].
The multiple coils were divided into two categories, namely internal coil and external coil. For the
internal category, three coils were wound at different locations, which were specifying by the
allocated slot space in the piston head. Whereas, for the external category, the coils were wound on
the top and bottom caps, which were placed at both ends of the cylinder. Each coil, made of copper
wire, was having 625 number of turns with 0.40 mm coils diameter, and maximum allowable of
applied current of 0.4 A. In principle, the internal coils will generate magnetic field and produce an
effect at effective areas that located in between outer piston cover and inner cylinder wall. While the
external coils will generate magnetic field and produce an effect at effective areas that located at top
and bottom of the damper.
Experimental Setup
The experimental setup consisted of six main components; namely testing machine, damper,
brackets, MR fluid, power supply and data logger. Fig. 2 shows the equipment that has been used in
864 Advances in Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
the experiment. A series of test under dynamic loading have been conducted as a part of damper
development stage in order to obtain the damper behavior.
Fig. 2. Experimental set-up for MR damper.
The damper was vertically attached to the custom-made testing rig by using brackets as a guide
to hold the damper. The upper bracket was fixed to the top of the testing rig and the lower bracket
was attached to the platform. A load cell with a range of 10 kN was placed just under the upper
bracket to measure the output force. The load cell was set to zero after the MR damper appropriately
fixed to the position to eliminate the influence of the damper’s weight in the measurement. A data
acquisition system was employed to acquire force and displacement response from the tests, and a
DC power supply to provide a constant voltage to the electromagnetic coils. The testing adjustable
parameters used in the experiment include current and types of coil arrangement. The current was
set as 0.4 A and the types of coil arrangement has been divided in three different condition which
were internal coil, external coil and combination of internal and external coils. For the internal coil
arrangement, only the coil that wound on the piston has been applied with the current, while for the
external coil arrangement, only the coils that wound at the top and bottom of damper has been
applied with current. For the combination of internal and external coils, the current has been
supplied to both of the internal and external coils.
Performance Evaluation of MR dampers
Fig. 3 shows the damping force versus time for the MR damper that proposed in this study. The
figure shows that MR damper could have a various damping force under different types of coil
arrangement because of the effect in changing the magnetic field that generated by the coils [10].
During the OFF-state, the MR damper would work based on the viscosity of the MR fluid like the
existing damper. It was identified that the damping force of 65 N in the absence of the input current
could increase up to 125 N by applying the input current of 0.4 A. Specifically, the damping force
produced by the internal coil was about 118 N and the damping force produced by the external coil
was about 100 N, with the input current 0.4 A.
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 660 865
Fig. 3. Force versus time for MR damper under different types of coil arrangement.
Fig. 4 shows the damping force versus displacement for the MR damper. The figure shows that
the MR damper with internal coil arrangement has produce high damping force than the external
coil arrangement.
Fig. 4. Force versus displacement for MR damper under different types of coil arrangement.
This condition was happened because of the position of the coils. The internal coil was located
inside of the cylinder which has a direct contact with the MR fluid; hence, it would generate more
magnetic fields at the working gap compared than the external coil that wound on the outside of the
damper [11]. From Fig. 4, it shows that when all the coils have been supplied with the current, it
would produce a higher damping force compared than internal and external coils. This is because of
the value of magnetic field has increased which was generated by the coils. Therefore, it would
enlarge the effective areas in the MR damper.
Conclusion
The performance of MR damper with two different types of coil arrangements was analyzed in this
study. The different types of the coil arrangements could produce various damping forces from the
same MR damper. The combination of multiple internal and external coils could generate higher
magnetic field, hence capable to generate higher damping force than the single coil. Throughout this
866 Advances in Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
study, it is expected that the selection of different types of the coil arrangement can be made
depends on the requirement of the application. Consequently, the combination of internal and
external coils could generate higher damping forces than a single coil for the same experimental
parameters throughout this study.
Acknowledgements
The research described in this paper was supported by FRGS (vote no. 4F332) from Ministry of
Higher Education, Malaysia and RUG from UTM (vote no. 06H06).
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