dual coreeeeee

8/2/2019 Dual Coreeeeee

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WHATISA PROCESSOR?

A single chip package that fits in a socket1 core (not much point in


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HISTORY

In the early 1970s the first Microprocessor wasdeveloped by Intel.

It was a 4 bit machine that was named the 4004

The 4004 was followed by Intels 8008 and 8080,

as well as motorolas 6800 and 68000


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SINGLE CORE PERFORMANCE

On technique used to increase single coreperformance was:

Pipelining: beginning other waiting instructions beforethe first finishes


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SINGLE CORECONTINUED

Another technique was multithreading

Multithreading involves execution of two separatethreads.

Time is divided and interlaced between the twothreads in order to simulate simultaneous execution


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GROWTH

With each new generation of processorsthere were several developments suchas:

Smaller sizeFaster

Increased heat dissipation

Greater Consumption of power


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PROBLEMSWITH SINGLE CORE

To execute the tasks faster you must increasethe clock time.

Increasing clock times too high drastically

increases power consumption and heatdissipation to extremely high levels, making theprocessor inefficient.


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WHATAREDUALCOREPROCESSORS?

Refers to a CPU that includes twocomplete execution cores per physicalcomputer system.

Combines two processors and theircache and cache controllers onto a

single chip.The two processors can be eitherlocated on the same motherboard or onseparate boards.

The two identical processors aremanufactured so they reside side by sideon the same die.


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REQUIREMENTSOFADUALCORESYSTEM

The OS must be able to recognizemultithreading.

Software must have simultaneous

multithreading technology(SMT) written into itscode.

A new motherboard is not necessary as theycan be used in existing board if that features the

correct socket.


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ADVANTAGES

Dual core can boost systems multitaskingcomputing power.

It provides two separate complete execution

cores.

As each core has its own cache the processorhas sufficient resources to handle intensive taskin parallel.

Even without a multithread enabled applicationdual core processor are beneficial if you arerunning an OS that supports thread levelparallelism or TLP.


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DISADVANTAGES

They do not work at twice the speed as anormal processor. They get only 60-80%more speed.

The speed that the computer works at

depends on what the user is doing with it.They cost more than single coreprocessors.

They are more difficult to manage

thermally than lower-density single-coreprocessors.


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AMD & INTELONDUALCORE

PROCESSORSIn the past these two companies were onlyinterested in upping their clock speeds.

Intels higher clock speed makes it faster thanAMD. Both have scaled up the clock speeds oftheir processors in a very short span of time.

But they have recently slowed the curve and thereason is heat. Heat is the enemy of

processors and higher clock speed means highheat and that means errors.


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CONTD As it takes a lot of power to increase the clock

speeds and a processor with that much electricityaround the die is prone to noise and errors.

Dual core processors provided the advantage ofincreased transistor count without any heat or errorproblems as the cores run at lower speed than singlecore processors.

The resultant increase in parallelism makes for theclock speeds as far as the overall performance is

concerned.

A threaded approach can extract maximum mileageas many independent threads can be executedsimultaneously


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CONTD

AMD has currently two offerings. The dual coreAMD opteron processors and AMD Athlon 64X2 Dualcore processors.

Both these processors run in 64bit modes & intercore communication takes place at the CPU speed.

Range of AMD and Intels processors are as follows


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ARETWOCORESBETTERTHANONE??

terms that come up to fuel the dual core debate;pipeline, cache and bus.

Think of the pipeline like a conveyor belt. The datais processed sequentially one after theother.


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CONTD

The AMD processor pipeline is shorter than the

INTEL processor pipeline and this is one of thereasons why AMD runs at a lower clock speed.


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CONTD

In single core processors:

The processor cache is running at the sameclock speed as the processor itself.

If the processor has to reach out through thebus to main system memory then it must slowdown to that bus speed.

A bus speed of 400 MHz is five times slowerthan the 2 GHz of CPU.


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Intel Pentium D:

The "D" in Pentium D stands for "dual-core.

These processors include up to2 megabytes (MB) of

level-2 (L2) cache and up to 1066 megahertz (MHz) of

bus speed.

Clock speeds range from 1.6 gigahertz (GHz) to 3.2

GHz.
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The specifications are similar to Core i3 with4MB ofL2 "Smart Cache" and2.5 GT/s bus

speeds.

Their clock speeds start at3.2 GHz and run

up to 3.6 GHz.


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CONCLUSION

In the next years the trend will go to multi-core processors more and more.

The main reason is that they are fasterthan single-core processors and they canbe still improved.

dual coreeeeee

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