Download - PuntoEdu Año 8, número 247 (2012)
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7/31/2019 PuntoEdu Ao 8, nmero 247 (2012)
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LMDT@NE MEMPQM
Rnhbnho`ms1ne fnb`kn&k tnltnsmokh c~ntqm(
W~de`omo`khns1 Wke`rm`emhqm s~ }~`hrk h&fntk( O`hn1 S`man m_kcm lmhm em dnombn @dntfnb`m( Tns&wkhsmd`e`bmb sko`me1Fmhqmhm Mq~e% bn N&]^@W^% omfd`mhbk nef~hbk(Mtrn1 snl~h&bm `hb``b~me bn F`&enhm Lkern% nltnsmbmbn Mtrn( Nh ne omfw~s1_nfmhm bne Lmfnt(
)]
Jkfnhman meW( LmtmrnmNrn fmtrn% ne wmbtn
Lmrh Lmtmrnmnt hkfdtmbk
Wtkcnkt Jkhktmt`k
bne Bnwmtrmfnhrk bn
O`nho`m _ko`men(YWl( =4V
Wmhbm% ne`fdmr`denWkt bo`fk mk
okhno~r`sk% O`nho`m n@hlnh`ntm omfwnkh
nh ek @hrntcmo~ermbn(
NNLL Enrtm }~nb nhne nl~hbk e~lmt( YWls( :&0V
Nwno`me`rm nwmken s``rmtkh E`fm wmtm em @@Akthmbm Cnttks`mt`m( Mwtksnojmfk em kwktr~h`bmbwmtm b`o~r`t em wk`d`e`bmbn *p em hnon`bmb) bn nrnfnb`k bn rtmhwktrn nh ne Wnt( YWls( 4&2V
Em t~rm bne rtnh
Mk : H 427 mk bnbn }~nn okhrt~p ne wt`&fnt cnttkomtt`e bneWnt p Mft`om bne
_~t% nh =:>=% }~n o~dtm em t~&rm E`fm&Omeemk( Jmrm em wt`fn&tm bombm bne `lek ZZ% h~n&
rtk wm s`s` ~hm wkom bn n&wenhbkt cnttks`mt`k }~n meomh&q ~hm tnb bn f bn 2%>77 i`&efnrtk( Ne wtn`bnhrn TmfhOmr`eem c~n ne h`o`mbkt bn nrnwtkltnk nh ne Wnt% p ek lkdnt&hmhrn }~n en `l~`ntkh jmrm=0?7 okhr`h~mtkh `fw~emh&bk nrn t~dtk( _nlh Aktln Dm&mbtn% ne wkrnt`kt bnoe`sn n bn&d` m }~n ek cnttkomtt`en% nh~ fmpkt wmtrn% hk n eenlmtkhm rntf`hmt nh ek wemqk nr`w~&embk% p ~o`rmtkh okfwenakwtkdenfm metnbnbkt bn ~ c`&hmho`mo`h% k bn ~ mbf`h`rtm&o`h k bn ~ rntf`hmo`h(
Nh ek er`fk mk% f~ojkn jm jmdembk kdtn em wk`d`e`&bmb bn fwenfnhrmt ~h h~nsk`rnfm cnttks`mt`k nh h~nrtkwm( _nt wk`den }~n ek cn&ttkomtt`en bnanh em wl`hm bnek e`dtk bn J`rkt`m bne Wnt pko~wnh em wemhm wt`ho`wmenbn h~nrtk b`mt`k;
SNHRMAM_ BNE RTNH(Mhrn bn nfwnqmt m mhme`qmto~e p ofk ntm em fnakt ckt&
fm bn fwenfnhrmt ~h`rnfm cnttks`mt`k nh newm% bnrnhlfkhk mwnhmt *p kmt wkt&
}~n hk o~nrm hmbm)nh rkbm em snhrmam}~n nrn mwktrmtm(
Hk jmp }~n nt f~pmb`s`hk wmtm bno`t }~nE`fm hnon`rm ~h `rn&fm cnttks`mt`k% b`on okhokhs`oo`h ne Bt( Mdnemt&bk Omtt`eek% nokhkf`rm
p b`tnorkt bn em Kc`o`hm bn
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7/31/2019 PuntoEdu Ao 8, nmero 247 (2012)
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Wkhr`o`m ^h`nts`bmb Omre`om bne Wntu(nb~u?
bn rtmhwktrn% mhme`qmt o~e nma~rm fnakt m ombm omk p okf&d`hmtek( Nm n em fmhntm nh}~n n nrmdenonh wt`kt`bmbn%`hk% bnbn e~nlk% n okfnrnhf~ojk nttktn p n}~`skomo`k&hn( P ne @hl( Bnzrtn nr bnmo~ntbk1 Nh ~h wm% em bnm n
rnhnt ~h rtmhwktrn f~er`fk&bme% nm n em h`om fmhntm bnekltmt ~h n}~`e`dt`k(
^hm snq mhme`qmbmem `r~mo`h% ofkn wkhn nh fmtojmne wemh bn moo`h;Ne Bt( @hm `h`rn nh}~n ek cnttkomtt`enbndnh mdktbmtn ok&fk ~h `rnfm }~n%m ~ snq% okfwtnh&bn f~ojk ~d`rn&fm okfwenak( Jmp f~&ojk bnrmeen p jmp }~n okhk&ontek f~p d`nh( Hk n ek f`&fk rtmhwktrmt ~hm ltmh omt&
lm% }~n hnon`rm ~h omtt`e f~ptn`rnhrn% }~n ~h rtmhwktrnwmtm s`mantk( M~h}~n rkbk ekomtt`en kh bn montk% n b`r`h&rk ~h t`ne wmtm ~h rtmhsm nhwenhm o`~bmb }~n ~hk wmtm ~hcnttkomtt`e nh ne omfwk k bn ont&omhm( Ombm omk r`nhn ~ nen&fnhrk nwnoc`ok1 em omtlmr`nhnh ~h rtmrmf`nhrk p ek s`m&
antk krtk9 m`f`fk% ek snj&o~ek bn oktrm% fnb`mhm p emtlmb`rmho`m r`nhnh mwnork wmt&r`o~emtn( Nk % m~h}~n ne n&wmke `h`rn nh em hnon`bmbbn nr~b`mt em okm okh bnrn&h`f`nhrk% n wkhn nt`k me bn&
o`t }~n rmfwkok jmp }~n nrmtsn`hrn mk nr~b`mhbk em ok&m( Jmp }~n rkfmt bno``khn pwkhntem nh fmtojm(
Mor~mefnhrn% h~nrtk wtk&pnork f okhotnrk n ne RtnhNeort`ok( Nn rtnh hk tnwtn&nhrm h` ne 7(>. bn ek }~n jmoncmerm wmtm ~hm o`~bmb bn 0 f`&eekhn bn jmd`rmhrn% mbs`ntrn
ek t`nen kh ~hm nhktfn wk`&d`e`bmb wmtm ekltmt ~hm ce~`bnqbne rtc`ok p fnhkt okhrmf`hm&o`h nh em o`~bmb( Nh nrn nhr`&bk% ne Bt( Omtt`eek nmem }~n neh`ojk nh ne }~n ne cnttkomtt`e nf nc`o`nhrn }~n em omttnrntmk ne ms`h n o~mhbk n rtmrm bn
rtmhwktrmt f~ojm wntkhmnh ~h r`nfwk oktrk k f~ojmrkhnembm nh b`rmho`m fn&b`mhm k emtlm% p n mj m bkh&bn jmp }~n mw~hrmt( P mltnlm1E`fm n ~hm ltmh fnrtwke`}~n r`nhn rkbmsm f~ojk wktotnont% wntk em ome`bmb bn s`bm
p okrn bn c~ho`khme`bmb r`n&hnh }~n fnaktmt f~oj`fk(Nm n ~hm kwktr~h`bmb }~n necnttkomtt`e w~nbn kctnont( Mbn&f% krtm snhrmam }~n jmdtm}~n mhme`qmt nrh metnbnbktbne rtmhwktrn bn f`hntmen% nhek okttnbktn s`men bn emtlm pfnb`mhm b`rmho`m me hrnt`kt
bne wm% p nh em wk`d`e`bmb bnokhnormt ne Wmoc`ok okh Dtm`e(
WEMHN_ _KDTN T@NEN_(
Nh nrn fkfnhrk% ek }~n r`n&hn }~n jmont ne Lkd`nthk Onh&rtme% m rtms bne F`h`rnt`k bnRtmhwktrn% n bnmttkeemt ~hwemh cnttks`mt`k( Pm n r`nhnh me&l~hm bnm% wntk d`omfnhrnnrh nhckombm me rtmhwktrnbn f`hntmen( N hnonmt`k f`&tmt rmfd`h ne cnttkomtt`e wm&tm krtk r`wk bn mor`s`bmbn% ok&fk ne rtmhwktrn bn wmmantk~ krtm omtlm% nmem ne @hl(Bnzrtn( Wntk ne wmk wtns`k me
wemh n ~h mhe`` nh okha~h&rk( Wmtm ne Bt( T`omtbk @hm *N&wmm)% hlnh`ntk bn omhmen% om&f`hk p w~ntrk% p okh~erkt bncnttkomtt`en p fnrtk% nh Wntjmon cmerm ~hm okhonwo`h bnek }~n n ne rtmhwktrn nh lnhn&tme( Hk n w~nbn jmdemt bn ~h cn&ttkomtt`e `h snt em hnon`bmbn}~n bndn mr`cmont ombm fkbk
BT(MDNEMTBKOMTT@EEKNokhkf`srmp b`tnorkt bnem Kc`o`hm bnNsr~b`ks bnTnhcn *Nswmm)
E`fm hnon`rm~h `rnfmbn rtmhwktrnfnrtkwke`rmhkfm`sk }~n kekne cnttkomtt`ew~nbn bmt(
KTLMH@QMBK WKT EM CMO@
@@ AKTHMBM_ CNTTKS@MT@M_Okh ne c`h bn kt`nhrmt bnfmhntm okttnorm p montrmbm mem h~nsm h}~`nr~bn cnttk&s`mt`m lnhntmbm nh ek fd`&rk nrmrme p wt`smbk% em Cmo~e&rmb bn O`nho`m n @hlnh`ntmbn em W^OW *CMO@) tnme`q% newmmbk s`nthn = bn a~h`k% em @@Akthmbm Cnttks`mt`m(
Em bnmwmt`o`h bne norktemdktme cnttks`mt`k wtksko% m~ snq% em m~nho`m bn cktfm&o`h wtkcn`khme nh em b`o`&we`hm tnemo`khmbm okh ekcnttkomtt`en( Wkt neek% em CMO@%okh ne wtkw`rk bn e`bntmtnh h~nrtk wm em cktfmo`h
`hrnltme hnonmt`m wmtm cmo`e`&rmt p mwkpmt ne bnmttkeek bnnrm h~nsm cmonrm bn bnm&ttkeek bn rtmhwktrn% ktlmh`qb`ojk nsnhrk okh ne mwkpk bn
em nfwtnm nwmkem Rmelk%cmdt`omhrn ebnt bn fmrnt`metkbmhrn p n}~`wk cnttks`m&t`k( Ne rnfm bn ek cnttk&omtt`en jm nrmbk kes`bmbkf~ojk mk p nk kt`l`h}~n hk j~d`ntm bnfmhbm bnwtkcn`khmen nh nrn norkt(Em ~h`snt`bmbn bnamtkh bnb`ormt ne o~tk bn cnttkomtt`&en p bnmwmtno`ntkh ek wtk&cnktn( Mjktm }~n n }~`ntntnrkfmt ne bnmttkeek cnttk&s`mt`k% }~ntnfk o~fwe`t newmwne bn omwmo`rmt p cktfmtlnhrn% m okfk okemdktmt okhnrm hb~rt`m% nmem ne @hl(
A~mh Omtek Bnzrtn% bkonhrnbn h~nrtk Bnwmtrmfnhrk bn@hlnh`ntm p ~hk bn ek wt`h&o`wmen `fw~ektn bn nrnnsnhrk(
ne Bt( @hm( Wntk ne @hl( Bnzrtnmh~ho`m fnaktm1 ne Lkd`nthkjm nmembk }~n n sm m rtmdmamtnh em Ehnm 4 bne Rtnh Neort`ok%
p% mbnf% sm m bnmttkeemt p bn&amt e`rk ek wtkpnork bn rtn e&hnm mb`o`khmen wmtm }~n ne `&l~`nhrn lkd`nthk em okhrt~&
pm( Jmp ~hm `hrnho`h }~n mh&rn hk jmdm bn t rtmdmamhbk nhne rnfm cnttks`mt`k% p nn n ~hwt`fnt wmk wmtm ~h fw~ek}~n ek s~nesm f fm`sk(
NOKHKFM_ CNTTKS@M&
T@M_( Bnc`h`r`smfnhrn% ne m&wnork nokhf`ok a~nlm `nf&wtn ~h tke `fwktrmhrn nh em`fwenfnhrmo`h bn o~me}~`ntwtkpnork nh h~nrtk wm% fmh o~mhbk n rtmrm bn ~hk okhltmhbn okrk% okfk n ne omkbn ~h `rnfm cnttks`mt`k( _`h`hsnt`kh`rm% hk jmp hsnt`k&
hn9 p ek }~n n r `nhn }~n wtk&fksnt kh m}~neem hsnt`khn}~n rnhlmh tnrkthk bn omw`rme(Em `bnm n }~n nmh mrtmor`smwmtm ne h`ok b`hntk }~n jmp nhne f~hbk% }~n n ne wt`smbk% pm}~n ne wde`ok n f~p nomk nhnrk fkfnhrk% me`nhrm ne Bt(Omtt`eek(
N m }~n ne mhe`` wtkfk&s`bk wkt em m~rkt`bmbn wke&r`om n r`nhn }~n nano~rmt bnmo~ntbk okh ~h fmtok nokh&f`ok s`mden( Tno~wntmt em h&
snt`h bnwnhbn% c~hbmfnh&rmefnhrn% bn bk norktn1 newt`fntk n bne hnlko`k }~n nwtkf~nsm metnbnbkt bn em `h&ctmnrt~or~tm% p ne nl~hbk% bnek okrk bn em okhrt~oo`k&hn bn em wtkw`m `hctmnrt~or~&tm p bn em mfktr`qmo`h }~n njmlm bn em kdtm( Bn fmhntm }~njmp ~h okha~hrk bn smt`mden
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7/31/2019 PuntoEdu Ao 8, nmero 247 (2012)
4/16
2u(nb~uE@FM% bne == me =< bn a~h`k bne 47=4
@HCKTFN1 _@_RNFM_ CNTTKS@MT@K_
Ne Bt( Lmtom n nwno`me`rmnh ke~o`khn roh`om wmtmne fntombk cnttks`mt`k% p s`&`r em W^OW hs`rmbk wkt em@@ Akthmbm Cnttks`mt`m% kt&lmh`qmbm wkt em Cmo~ermb bnO`nho`m n @hlnh`ntm(
O~e ns ne wt`fnt wmsk wmtm`fwenfnhrmt ~h s`srnfm cn&ttk`mt`k;Ne wt`fnt wmk }~n n bm% p eknrmfk bmhbk m}~ nh Wnt%n okhkont o~e n em tnme`bmb
cnttks`mt`m1 }~ hctmnrt~o&r~tm r`nhnh p o~en kh ~wemhn( Em lnkltmcm pm em ok&hkonfk% n `f`emt m em n&wmkem( Em ke~o`khn roh`&om }~n jnfk jnojk nh N&wmm n w~nbnh mwe`omt m wm&n okfk ne Wnt(
Ems ske~o`khns }~n sn wk&btmh mwe`omt mo sn wkbtmhnhltmhmt m eks wkoks i`efn&rtks cnttk`mt`ks okh eks }~npm okhrmfks;Em ke~o`khn roh`om }~nfmhnamfk n w~nbnh mwe`&omt m em tnme`bmb wnt~mhm p%
e~nlk% rnhnt ~hm wtkpnoo`hwmtm `l~`nhrn wtkpnork(M n j`qk nh Nwmm( Mj neh`sne cnttks`mt`k n merk% wn&tk j~dk ~h j`rk `fwktrmhrn1mhrn bn em fwemhrmo`h bnem merm sneko`bmb nh em bom&bm bne 07% ne norkt cnttks`mt`knwmke hk nrmdm f~p bnm&ttkeembk( Em ke~o`khn }~nrnhmfk `ts`ntkh wmtm nnnhrkthk% p e~nlk jmh nts`bkrmfd`h wmtm em h~nsm smbn merm sneko`bmb(
_n wkbtm nfwnqmt ne s`srn&fm cnttk`mt`k bn ~h wms f&
wenfnhrmhbk ms bn merm n&eko`bmb;Otnk }~n ek el`ok n fmb~&tmt ne norkt cnttks`mt`k nh~h wm p nfwnqmt m ke~o`k&hmt em hnon`bmbn bn fk&
s`e`bmb( Jmp f~ojk wmn}~n n emhqmh bn lkewn m em me&rm sneko`bmb `h jmdnt jnojk~h nr~b`k fwktrmhrn wtn&
s`k kdtn ek }~n w~nbn nt embnfmhbm( Em ke~o`khn ro&h`om r`nhnh }~n mttnlemt ekwtkdenfm nh ombm fkfnh&rk bne wm( M ek fnakt% hk nhnon`rm mjktm% m oktrk wem&qk% ~h rtnh bn merm sneko`bmb
wkt}~n hk jmp em wtnwmtm&o`h h` em bnfmhbm }~n n tn&}~nt`tm( ]~`q% kek n hnon&`rm tnfnb`mt ne rnfm bn fk&
s`e`bmb metnbnbkt bn em o`~&bmbn k `hotnfnhrmt ~h wk&ok em sneko`bmb bn ek rtnhnokh ek }~n n o~nhrmh wmtm}~n nmh f okfwnr`r`sk(
Otnk }~n `nfwtn n d~nhk rnhnt ~hm
~rkwm p rtmdmamt wmtm tnme`qmtem
BT( NF@E@K LMTOM LMTOM@hlnh`ntk hb~srt`me p B`tnorktbn @B` bn Rmelk *Nswmm)
FMT@K EMOI
Bnsbn jmon mt`ks mks ne Nsrm&bk wnt~mhk jm fksrtmbk hrntsnh ne snorkt cnttk`mt`k% wntk ekswemhns hk sn eenlmh m okhotnrmt(
O~e otnn }~n ns ne wt`ho`wmekdsro~ek;Ne wt`ho`wme wtkdenfm n em cme&rm bn okho`nho`mo`h( N oemsn}~n mel~`nh rnhlm oemtk }~omf`hk nl~`t wmtm ke~o`k&hmt ne rnfm bn em fks`e`bmbbnhrtk bn ~h wm( Wmtm ntokho`nhrn bn }~n jmp ~h wtk&denfm% jmp }~n rnhnt wntkhmwtnwmtmbm% cktfmbm p okh~hm wntwnor`sm lekdme kdtnne rnfm bn rtmhwktrn( hm snq}~n jmpm okhko`f`nhrk kdtnnrm tnme`bmb% jmp }~n nfwn&qmt m wkhnt ke~o`khn kdtnem fnm( P rn w~nbk bno`t% okh
rkrme nl~t`bmb% }~n ~hm bn n&rm n ne rtmhwktrn sm fnb`kcnttks`mt`k(
Wntk ns ~hm ske~o`h bn emtlkme`nhrk( O~hrks mks rn w~nbnrkfmt fwenfnhrmt ne s`srnfm;Rnhlk f~p d~nhm nzwnt`nh&o`m nh wmn nh ek }~n ne no&
n }~n rtmhwktrmh ltmhbnomhr`bmbn bn omtlm okh ~hfh`fk bn okh~fk nhnt&lr`ok( Nk hk ek jmonh ekomf`khn nh ~hm omttnrntm(Okh ne rtmhwktrn bn s`mantkwmm ek f`fk( Ne okh~fknhntlr`ok bn ~h rtnh }~nw~nbn eensmt >77 wntkhm m377 if+j n f~ojk fnhkt}~n ` em rtmhwktrm sm om&ttnrntm okh m~rkd~n k ok&ojn wmtr`o~emtn(
Wntk ne okhs~fk ns fnhkts`nfwtn p o~mhbk sn rnhlm~hm m wemhm k ne wtns~w~nsrkwmtm okhsrt~`t rhnens% wkt&}~n rnhlk nhrnhb`bk }~n mes~d`t m 2 f`e fnrtks bn mer~tmne okhs~fk nhntlr`ok sntmnenmbs`fk(Ns`bnhrnfnhrn% o~mhrk fn&hk ~dm% fnhk lmrm( Wn&tk jmp o`ntrm ke~o`khn%wkt}~n ` r`nhn }~n ~d`t%rmfd`h r`nhn }~n dmamt9nhrkhon% ~hm wk`d`e`bmb n}~n me dmamt n w~nbm tnlnhn&tmt nhntlm p bnskesntem m emtnb neort`om( Nk hk ek ekltm
ne m~rkfs`e(
_~ nfwtnsm jm rnh`bk melhokhrmork okh h~nsrtk F`h`s&rnt`k bn Rtmhswktrns wmtm hn&lko`mt em wks`d`e`bmb bn melhmo~ntbk;Nrmfk jmdemhbk nh b`cn&tnhrn ctnhrn( Mel~hk jn&fk jmdembk okh lnhrn bneF`h`rnt`k( R~s`fk ~hm s``&rm okh ne b`tnorkt bn cnttkom&tt`en p en nhnmfk ne no&rkt cnttks`mt`k nwmke% }~n
pk otnk }~n n fkbe`ok( N&rmfk rmfd`h mdt`nhbk ~hctnhrn cktfmr`sk% fnb`mhrn
mo~ntbk okh em h`snt`bmb%wkt}~n wnhmfk }~n ~hkbn ek w`emtn c~hbmfnhrmenwmtm jmont ~hm d~nhm nrtm&rnl`m bn rtmhwktrn n }~n emlnhrn nr cktfmbm(
Nhrkhons% ~h s`srnfm cnttk&`mt`k nh ne Wnt ns fnhks ~r&w`ok bn ek }~n wkbtmfks otnnt(Otnk }~n `nfwtn n d~nhkrnhnt ~hm ~rkwm p rtmdmamtwmtm tnme`qmtem( Nh ne Wnt%o~mhbk em lnhrn n b o~nhrmbn }~n ne rtmhwktrn cnttks`m&t`k n bnme wmtm ne bnmttkeekbne wm% n jmdt msmhqmbk
f~ojk( Nh Nwmm rnhnfknanfwek bn o`~bmbn bkhbnn jmh otnmbk okhnz`khn bn
sm bn merm sneko`bmb p% kekwkt}~n ne rtnh wmtmdm nh nmo`~bmb bkhbn mhrn hk jm&dm hmbm% n jmh nfwnqmbkm otnmt hb~rt`m% nfwenk potno`f`nhrk(
NE OKH_^FKNHNTLR@OK BN HRTNH N_ F^OJKFNHKT ]^N NE BNEK_ M^RKD^_N_K OKOJN_WMTR@O^EMTN_(
nhckok}~n jmonh }~n ombm wtkpnork
rnhlm ~h wnt`kbk bn tno~wntm&o`h% p nrm n em tnme`bmb }~njmp }~n nr~b`mt nh ombm omk(
Wmtm ~ntrn h~nrtm% ne cnttk&omtt`e nr rkfmhbk ombm snqf c~ntqm p% nlh b`on ne @hl(Bnzrtn% wmtnon }~n ne Wnt nrnh em f`tm bn smt`m nfwtnmnzrtmhantm }~n }~``ntmh sn&h`t m `hsntr`t( Nrk wtkpnork%hktfmefnhrn% kh bn `hsnt&`h nzrtmhantm9 em nfwtnm
s`nhnh% lmhmh ~hm okhon`h pem nzwekrmh wkt ~h bnrntf`hm&bk hfntk bn mk( Jmp smt`k`hrntnmbk1 ctmhonn% amwkhn&n% menfmhn% nwmken(@hrn&t jmp% p ne F`h`rnt`k bn Rtmh&wktrn nr rkfmhbk okh nt`n&bmb nrn rnfm% mw~hrm(
Wntk o~mhbk n jmdem bn nok&hkfm hk kek n w~nbnh fnh&o`khmt ek okrk bn `hsnt`h%`hk rmfd`h o~hrk en wkbtmokrmt nrn `rnfm m ek wkrnh&o`men ~~mt`k( Om` rkbkek cnttkomtt`en k fnrtk bnef~hbk nrh ~dsnho`khmbkwkt ne Nrmbk% nmem Bnzrtn(Ne Wnt nr nh okhb`o`khn bnjmontek; N }~n% nh tnme`bmb%n mjkttm b`hntk( O~mhbk ns`&rm okhrmf`hmo`h p moo`bnh&rn% nr mjkttmhbk( Ek moo`&bnhrn en o~nrmh% f k fn&hk% >77 f`e f`eekhn bn bem&tn me mk m ~h wm9 ` m nk en
~fm ek }~n o~nrm em okhrm&f`hmo`h p em nhcntfnbmbnmko`mbm m nk% em o`ctm m~fnh&rm okh`bntmdenfnhrn( Me c`hme%n ~h d~nh hnlko`k% tnwkhbnne hlnh`ntk(
N wk`den mc`tfmt }~n nef~hbk nr s`s`nhbk em nl~h&bm tnske~o`h cnttks`mt`m% phk wkbnfk nt manhk m nrk(M~h}~n jmp }~n nt om~rk% nbndn okh`bntmt me rtnh okfk~hm bn em mernthmr`sm bn fm&
pkt c~r~tk p wkrnho`me nh ne bn&mttkeek bn ~hm hmo`h( h wmhk w~nbn s`s`t `h omttnrntm%~h wm hk w~nbn s`s`t `h mntk&
w~ntrk p ~h wm rmfwkok w~n&bn s`s`t `h rtnhn% c`hme`qm neBt( Omtt`eek(
rkt cnttks`mt`k rmfwkok nrmdmf~p msmhqmbk( Wkt nanfwek%nh Imqmarh k ^qdni`rh emtnb cnttks`mt`m ntm bn fmem om&e`bmb% p okfwtmtkh snjo~ek}~n en b`ntkh f~ojk f tnh&b`f`nhrk m em `hctmnrt~or~&tm mor~men% okh ek }~n n ek< ~h ncnork bn `hntl`m( _` mem tnbn mor~men% okh wkom h&
snt`h% en fnrn fmrnt`menroh`omfnhrn fnaktn p ffkbnthk% m~fnhrm ne tnhb`&f`nhrk9 nrk jmon }~n em wnt&khm ek snmh okfk melk tnh&rmden p nfw`nonh m hsntr`t wm&
tm fnaktmtek k mfwe`mt em tnb(Nk }~`ntn bno`t }~n hk r`nhnhwkt }~ nt hsnt`khn m emtlkwemqk9 okh ek }~n jmp n w~nbnmttmhomt p e~nlk fnaktmt(
Em hnts`h bndntm snt wde`&om k wt`mbm;
Mjktm nh N~tkwm n wntf`rn}~n em kwntmbktm nmh wt`sm&bm( Ek }~n n o`ntrk n }~n%o~mhbk em kwntmbktm n wt`sm&bm% ~nen t h`omfnhrn m tnok&tt`bk }~n en kh nokhf`om&fnhrn tnhrmden( Nhrkhon% neNrmbk r`nhn }~n mp~bmt m }~n%wkt ~h d`nh ko`me p okenor`sk%
ne rtmhwktrn cnttks`mt`k mdmt&}~n rkbm em qkhm( Wntk nk nw~nbn tnlemfnhrmt(
Em wt`ho`wme nhrmam bne cnttk&omtt`e nsr `ho~embm me rtmhs&wktrn bn wmsmantks k bn omtlm;Bn rkbk( ^hm bn em ltmhbn
snhrmam bn ek cnttkomt t`en
BT( T@OMTBK
@H_M@hlnh`ntkbn omhmens%omf`hks pw~ntrks% pokhs~erkt bncnttkomtt`ens pfnrtks
Nh Wntjmon cmerm ~hmokhonwo`hbn ek }~n n nertmhwktrn nhlnhntme(
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7/31/2019 PuntoEdu Ao 8, nmero 247 (2012)
5/16
Whrc ^h`nts`bmb Omre`om bn Wnu(nb~u>
Fs skdtn ne bnsk
B`swks`o`khns bn NFMWN
mt`k emoi
SNK% nwmo`k bnb`ombk m emb`c~`h bn em rnohkeklm nh
h~nrtk omfw~% ktlmh`qm
~hm oemn bn bnfkrtmo`h
montom bne ~k bn em rnohkek&
lm bn em hcktfmo`h p ok&f~h`omo`h *R@O) mwe`ombmm em nb~omo`h( Nrn nsnhrk
nrmt m omtlk bne bkonhrn Nb&
|`h Oj`hnh% bn @b`kfm Omr&
e`om( Em o`rm n nrn a~nsn =2
bn a~h`k% bn ==1?7 m(f( m =1?7
w(f(% nh em _mem N bn SNK( S``&rm p b`ct~rm SNK-
Em Tnb @hrnthmo`khme bn N&
r~b`k @hrnto~er~tmen bn em
^h`snt`bmb Omre`om *T@BN@W^OW) ktlmh`qmt nrn nsnhrkwmtm wtkfksnt ~hm ko`nbmb
f a~rm p ke`bmt`m nhrtn
lt~wk p wntkhm bn ktlnhn
ko`men p o~er~tmen b`cntnh&
rn( Bne =? me 47 bn a~h`k n
tnme`qmth b`sntm mor`s`bm&bn nh NNLLEE p nh ne nb`c`o`k
Fmo Ltnlkt( Domek nh ~
wl`hm bn Cmondkki1 jrrw1++|||(cmondkki(okf+ske~hrmt`m&bkt`bn`(w~ow
Fs nh SNK
Bn em T@BN@&W^OW
Ems R@O nh emnb~omo`h
B`nts`bmbo~er~tme
Nrm n ~hm bn em mor`s`bmbn c`hmen bne o~tk
Rmeent 41 Cktf~emo`h bn Wtkpnork bn em Cmo~e&
rmb bn Lnr`h p Merm B`tnoo`h% nh em o~me ek n&r~b`mhrn bne S@@@ o`oek bn b`ojm ~h`bmb wtnnh&
rmh ek tn~ermbk bn ek wtkpnork tnmen% ckt&
f~embk m wmtr`t bn bnfmhbm bn ktlmh`qmo`k&
hn wde`om% wt`smbm p bn em ko`nbmb o`s`e }~n
rtmdmamh okh norktn s~ehntmden bn em wkdem&
o`h9 m okfk em nzwnt`nho`m s`s`bm nh ~
wtkonk bn mwtnhb`qman s`ho~embk me o~tk(
Em ktlmh`qmo`khn wmtr`o`wmhrn nh nrn nfn&
rtn kh Mebnm @hcmhr`en _K_% Wemh @hrnthmo`k&
hme% ONBNW% F~h`o`wme`bmb bn E`fm Fnrtkwke`&rmhm% OMT@RM_ BNE WNT% nhrtn krtm( Bmrn ~hm
s~nerm nrn a~nsn =2% me fnb`kbm% wkt ne amtbhm nwmebm bne OMW^(
Lnsr`h p Merm B`tnoo`hCnt`m bn wtkpnorks
Ne @hr`r~rk Okhc~o`k bn h~nrtm h`snt`bmb mdtn ~hm h~nsm okh&
skomrkt`m wmtm ek o~tk bne Wtkltmfm bn Mb~erk bn nrn rt`fn&
rtn 47=4&?( Ne nzmfnh bn oem`c`omo`h nt ne 0 p =3 bn a~h`k% m em
4177 w(f(% nh ne ekome bne hr`r~rk *M( h`snt`rmt`m =04=% }~`hrk
w`k)% p ne wtkonk bn fmrto~em tnl~emt n tnme`qmt bne =? me => bn
a~h`k( M`f`fk% em fmrto~em nzrnfwkthnm nt ne =3 bn a~h`k p
rnhbt ~h tnomtlk bn _+( ?7( Ne h`o`k bn oemn nr wtkltmfmbk wm&
tm ne =0 bn a~h`k *`hot`rk nh ne jktmt`k bn fmtrn p a~nsn) p wmtm
ne 47 bn a~h`k *`hot`rk nh ne jktmt`k bn e~hn% f`token p s`nthn) (
Tno~ntbm }~n n fwtno`hb`den nt fmpkt bn nbmb p wktrmt ne BH@wmtm fmrt`o~emtn( Nh omk bn }~n nm fnhkt bn nbmb% em fmrto~&
em em bndnt tnme`qmt r~ wmbtn k r~rkt% }~`nh bndnt rtmnt r~ BH@ p
ne ~pk( F `hcktfmo`h nh `okhc~o`kGw~ow(nb~(wn p 343& 3>27(
]~n hk n rn wmn nrm kwktr~h`bmb-
Fmrto~em nh Okhc~o`k
Wtkltmfm bn Mb~erks & Rt`fnsrtn 47=4&?
_` d`nh ne wemh bn mfwe`mo`h bn em Ms( h`&
snt`rmt`m pm okfnhq% NFMWN jm bno`b`bk}~n em nano~o`h nm ltmb~me% wmtm }~n ek
okhb~orktn n mbmwrnh wm~emr`hmfnhrn m
ek omfd`k nh em t~rm( Mbnf% em F~h`&o`wme`bmb bn E`fm n jm okfwtkfnr`bk m m~&fnhrmt ne wntkhme nhomtlmbk bn dt`hbmt
kt`nhrmo`h p nl~t`bmb m ek wnmrkhn p okh&
b~orktn( Wkt neek% p wmtm jmont f eensmbn&
tk nrk =47 bm% en tnoktbmfk }~n jmp
kwo`khn wmtm mf`hktmt ne fwmork bne wemh
bn bnsk1 wtmor`omt ne omtwkke`hlp rtmhwkt&
rmtn nh d`o`oenrm% p omeo~emt fnakt ek r`nf&
wk% wkt ek fnhk% b~tmhrn em wtz`fm bk
nfmhm( Okemdktnfk okh nrn wemh }~n%
e~nlk% nt dnhnc`o`kk wmtm rkbk(
emtkrkhbm
BN_BN EM_ TNBN_
Ne`s Omsr`eek( Bn ~nb( Rbfbn wlf bndn sn r~q&b% nsb fbnhqb hsrhrn&
fnhrn% snlh s ns~rbs drnhbsp w s hns }~n jh sb nbs(
Omtfnh Wmrt`o`m Ibmlmhb Kojkm(~p d~nh( Bndnh bnsr n Ssbn enjn% }~n rfdh ~ h ns p hs hsrs w fnhns bn rns s pfbns lnsrhrns p rhrns% p }~n ns nsf ~rqb(
h rnhb fs nswhsdbb% f nhn s bn hrzh bn s hs% nr(
Garkttnswmb`eem( Bn ~nb% w}~nns =77. ssrnhsr( Bndn hn&rsn nh s fs bn wdnqh wlfs rw _n Wb~r(
Gw`ntkms}~nq(Ns ~h hnnsbb *w ns bn fb flb) p% sfsf%~h wr~hbb w }~n n Nsrb jldnh s ss(
A~e`m Menltn _f`rj( n b wnh% w&}~n s fnhrs bn s hs bndnh bnr s nls% s s wns&
hs bnah bn ~ h nsr h(
Fmto`m A`fnhm(_n bndnh n h~ns w&lfs dnh lhqbs p a~srs % w h bnafbns h hs bnsfwbs(
Pdtmj`f Omdtntm( D~nh nsrrnl1bnsr n wlf p wssn sf~hwbbns9 s n Ldnh onhr
]^ kW`Hm_ BN em WtZ`m BN_moR`Smo`H BNe WtkHmm;
+w~w Gw~w
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7/31/2019 PuntoEdu Ao 8, nmero 247 (2012)
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kw`h`h
_nt wtkcnkt jkhktmt`k nh h~nrtm h`snt`bmb f&
we`om tn~h`t o~me`bmbn mombf`om% nwnoc`om wm&
tm ombm nwno`me`bmb9 wntk% mbnf% ~h rr~ek bn n&
rn r`wk ~wkhn ~h okfwtkf`k okh em ko`nbmb }~n
rtmo`nhbn ne fd`rk hrnenor~me p }~n tnwnto~rn nh
ne d`nhnrmt okfh( Rme n ne omk bne wmbtn Lmrh
Lmtmrnm% __(OO(% }~`nh jm bnrmombk wkt ~ okfwtk&
f`k okh ek fnhk cmsktno`bk( Nrk n j`qk ns`bnh&
rn nh ~ }~njmont okfk f`nfdtk bn em Fnm bn Okh&
ontrmo`h% m okfk okf``khmbk bn em Okf``h bn
em Sntbmb p Tnokho`e`mo`h% bnbn bkhbn n okhr`r~&
p okfk tncntnhrn bn em bncnhm bn ek bntnojk j~&
fmhk p em b`lh`bmb bne hb`s`b~k(
Wkt neek% nhW~hrkNb~}~ntnfk tnmermt b`ojm o~me`&
bmbn% pm }~n tnwtnnhrmh% okfk d`nh nmemh }~`n&
hn ek okhkonh bn ontom% em hrnlt`bmb p ne okfwtk&
f`k }~n rkbk nt j~fmhk bndn okhntsmt p okfwmt&
r`t okh ~ nfnamhrn( Ek hs`rmfk m ennt em nf&
demhqm bne wmbtn Lmtmrnm }~n wtnnhrmfk nh nrm
nb`o`h *snt wl( =4)% nh em }~n Tme Wmt`mfmoj`% ~&
wnt`kt bn ek __(OO(% p Cnbnt`ok Mth`eem% wtn`bnhrn
bn em Fnm bn Okhontrmo`h% hk bmh rnr`fkh`k bn
em nhrntnqm bn Lmtmrnm(Nrn n ~h jkfnhman m em c`l~tm bne wmbtn Lmrh%
}~`nh bnnfwnm ~h hb`o~r`den tke bn l~m p mn&
kt nh em wker`om bn tnwkhmd`e`bmb ko`me bn h~n&
rtm omm bn nr~b`k( Ek hs`rmfk m mokfwmmt me
wmbtn Lmtmrnm% nrn fmtrn =4 nh ne M~b`rkt`k bn Bn&
tnojk% m tno`d`t nrm fntno`bm b`r`ho`h(
NB@RKT@ME
Ne d~nh nanfwek bnLmsrh Lmtmrnm
O^ER^TM BN FM_M_% ^HM MWTKZ@FMO@H
Em o~er~tm nh bndmrn
Mwtkw`rk bne h~nsk e`dtk
bn Fmt`k Smtlm Eekm%Em
o``e`qmo`h bne nswnoro~ek%
jmh mwmtno`bk okfnhrmt`k m
cmskt k nh okhrtm bne otno`f`nh&
rk bn em o~er~tm bn fmm( N&
rn r`wk bn okhrtksnt`m kh% nh
tnme`bmb% wmtrn bn ~h okhr`h~k
n j`rt`ok bndmrn kdtn }~ n p
}~ hk n o~er~tm(
Hk wkok not`rktn ok&
r~fdt`rm e`fnk nhc`emtkh
~ otr`om% e~nlk bn =:?7%
okhrtm b`sntm okr~fdtnbn kt`lnh rmtbkokekh`me k wk&
w~emt( Neek tnsnemdm% nh ncno&
rk% ~ bnnk bn }~n rmen ok&
r~fdtn *}~n okh`bntmdmh
`hbnonhrn) w~b`ntmh nt tn&
cktfmbm k ne`f`hmbm( Nrm
hk c~n ~hm `fwen wk`o`h ne`&
r`rm1 pm nh wenhm ntm bne l~m&
hk% ek ~k p okr~fdtn bn
ek f fwktrmhrn onhrtk
~tdmhk n~tkwnk bn em wkom
nrmdmh bn fkbm nh ek mek&
hn p rnmrtk e`fnk(
Kds`mfnhrn% em tnmoo`h een&
lmtm rmtbn k rnfwtmhk( Jnhk
m}~% nhrkhon% me c`hme bn ~h
q`lqml~nmhrn omf`hk( S`s`fknh ~hm wkom bkhbn em o~er~&
tm bn fmm n nzmermbm wk`r`&
smfnhrn( Rkbk ek bnf ~nen
nt ome`c`ombk okfk mhr`o~mbk%
ne`r`rm k rtmb`o`khme( Ne b`o~t&
k hk n hmbm h~nsk( _`h nfdmt&
lk% em wtnl~hrm montom bn }~ n
o~er~tm p }~ hk `l~n nh w`n(
Rkbm okr~fdtn n ~hm nz&
wtn`h o~er~tme( _`h nfdmtlk%
n f~ojk wnb`t }~n hk wmtn&
fk bn mhme`qmtem p a~qlmtem
bnhrtk bn ~ omfwk roh`ok%
j`rt`ok p ko`me; Mbf`rmfk
}~n n ~hm mtb~m emdkt }~n tn&
}~`ntn bn nzwnt`nho`m p cktfm&
o`h mombf`om( Wkt neek% n
~hm ltmh tnwkhmd`e`bmb wm&
tm ek nwno`me`rm p }~`nhn n&
ot`dnh *k jmdemh) kdtn nrk rn&
Rmh jntfkm kh em fmt`hn&
tm p ckz `hom`ok rkombm wkt
ne Rtk Pmhmj~mtm okfk no~&
ojmt me tnoktbmbk Mtr~tk Omsn&
tk omhrmt p rkomt ~ omah( P hk
nr nh b`o~`h *me fnhk wm&
tm f) em nzrtmktb`hmt`m ome`bmb
skome bn omhrmhrn bn wntm ok&
fk Nht`ok Omt~k h` em nhkt&
fn mer~tm e`rntmt`m bn Omt Sm&
eenak( H`hl~hk bn ek mtr`rm
fnho`khmbk jm hnlmbk ek fn&
akt bn em rtmb o`khn o~er~tmen
bn ~ wtkw`k omfwk bn moo`h%c~ntm bn }~n mel~hk bn neek
n mrtns`ntkh m t f mee bn ek
}~n em hktfm nrmdenom( Me jm&
ontek% rntf`hmtkh b`meklmhbk
okh krtm ncntm bn ek mtrr`ok(
F~ojm hhksmo`khn o~er~&
tmen jmh hmo`bk bn nrm mor`r~b
b`meklmhrn( Bndntmh nt `nf&
wtn nr`f~embm nh ~h fmt&
ok bn e`dntrmb p% kdtn rkbk% bn
ctmhom jkhnr`bmb hrnenor~me
p a~r`o`m( Nrk er`fk n ot~&
o`me% nwno`mefnhrn% o~mhbk nh
rmen hhksmo`khn o~er~tmen
w~nbmh nrmt `hske~otmbk bn&
tnojk bn m~rktm( _`h ne mwkpk
bn em `hr`r~o`khn wt`smbm pnrmrmen n wkok ek }~n ne w`h&
rkt k ne ontmf`rm w~nbnh jmont
wmtm bnmttkeemt m wenh`r~b ~
rtmdmak ne Wnt( Mh }~nbm f~&
ojk wkt jmont me tnwnork( Nh em
fnb`bm nh }~n rmen hr`r~o`k&
hn ek nr`f~enh p mwkpnh% rk&
bk mebtnfk dnhnc`o`mbk(
WktE^@_ LFNQMO^M
Wtkcnskt bneBnwmtrmfnhrk bnJ~fmh`bmbns
S@S@FK_ NH HMWKOM BKHBN EMO^ER^TM BN FM_M_ N_NZMERMBM( EK BNF__^NEN _NT OME@C@OMBKOKFK MHR@O^MBK (
3u(nb~uE@FM% bne == me =< bn a~h`k bne 47=4
MERM TKRMO@H BN F@H@_RTK_
Ek okhce`ork ko`men p wk&
er`ok% m okfk krtk n&
ohbmek% n jmh okhke`&
bmbk okfk w~ntrm bn me`bm bn
ek f`h`rtk nh ne Wnt( Okh
neek% n jm okhr`r~`bk ne bnme
`hmeomhqmden bne Lmd`hnrn bn
F`h`rtk }~n n jmlm omtlk%
m ek emtlk bn ~hm lnr`h wtn`&
bnho`me% bne wemh bn Lkd`nthk
nrmdeno`bk bnbn ek b`cntnh&
rn norktn k f`h`rnt`k(
Ne tno`nhrn hkfdtmf`nhrk
bn ek F`h`rtk bne @hrnt`kt% bn
Bncnhm p bn Wtkb~oo`h% me wm&
tnont% hk ntm em nzonwo`h m n&rm hktfm% w~n c~n mhrnonb`bk
wkt em onh~tm% hk okhotnrmbm%
m bk bn ek f`h`rtk wtnbnon&
ktn( ^h omk nwno`me ek nh&
okhrtmfk nh ne norkt @hrnt`kt1
jmrm ne fkfnhrk% hoe~pnhbk
me mor~me f`h`rtk \`esnt Omeen%
jnfk rnh`bk rtn f`h`rtk nh
fnhk bn bkon fnn bn jmdnt
m~f`bk em wtn`bnho`m Keemh&
rm J~fmem(
_`h `hrnho`h bn o~nr`k&
hmt k sme`bmt b`ojm tnh~ho`m
k onh~tm% omdn tnmermt }~n
n jm bnambk bn embk ~h mwno&
rk `fwktrmhrn1 em nrmd`e`bmb
bn Lkd`nthk( Nh em Enp Ktlh`&
om bne Wkbnt Nano~r`sk n nm&
em }~n ne f`h`rtk bn lmd`hn&
rn n ne mbf`h`rtmbkt% wtkfk&
rkt% ~wnts`kt p tnwkhmden bn
em wker`om }~n n eensmh m om&
dk nh ~ norkt( Bn mj n bn&
wtnhbn }~n b`ojk c~ho`khmt`k p
~ n}~`wk d~tkotr`ok wknnh%nh rnktm% ltmh okhko`f`nhrk p
nzwnt`nho`m nh ek m~hrk bne
norkt( Nh ne omk nwnoc`ok bne
F`h`rnt`k bne @hrnt`kt% nrk `l&
h`c`om ne fmhnak bn okhce`ork
hmo`khmen p% bn fmhntm wt`h&
o`wme% bne ktbnh hrnthk *o~pm
`hr`r~o`h nhomtlmbm n em Wk&
e`om Hmo`khme bne Wnt)( Mfdk
t`qmbm n&
lh em sk&
e~hrmbn bn
ek ebntn nh
ne omtlk( Ek
}~n `lh`c`om ne
mdmhbkhk bn `h`&
o`mr`sm manhm p em
`fwk`d`e`bmb bn mw`tmt
m ~hm Wker`om bn Lkd`nthk
bne @hrnt`kt(
Ek nzw~nrk d~om nmemt em
`fwktrmho`m bne cmorkt nrmd`&
e`bmb me mhme`qmt em `r~mo`h
bne F`h`rnt`k bne @hrnt`kt( N&
rn cmorkt n nnho`me wmtm }~nne F`h`rnt`k w~nbm tnwkhbnt
okh o`ntrk h`sne bn okjntnho`m
m ~ mfwe`mfnhrn bnhr`c`om&
bm bnd`e`bmbn p bnc`o`nho`m(
N hnonmt`k bmten em kwktr~h`&
bmb m ~ ebnt bn krnhnt ~hm
ehnm bn moo`h }~n en wntf`rm
wtnnho`mt ek tn~ermbk bn em
`h`o`mr`sm nfwtnhb`bm(
WktHMBJPM A( _NHQ_@C^NHRN_E`onho`mbm nh O`nho`mWker`om p Lkd`nthkwkt em W^OW
lnr`h f`&
h`rnt`me n&
rmden(
Em hnon`&
bmb bn nemdk&
tmt wker`om
bn omfd`k nh ne
norkt @hrnt`kt n mf&
we`mfnhrn okhko`bm wkt
em wkdemo`h( Hk kdrmhrn% ne ek&
ltk bn em f`fm fwe`om ~hm
ltmh hsnt`h bn tno~tk j~&
fmhk% nokhf`ok% wker`ok
p% kdtn rkbk% bn r`nfwk( Bnd`&
bk m em wtkdenfr`om wkt nh&
ctnhrmt% em okhr`h~`bmb bn nrm`h`o`mr`sm n ~h cmorkt nnho`me
wmtm meomhqmt ne ekltk bn tn~e&
rmbk `lh`c`omr`sk(
Em tkrmo`h bn ebntn f`&
h`rnt`men hk kek `lh`c`om
wkok r`nfwk wmtm ne b`nk bn
`hrntsnho`khn nh em b`snt&
m wtkdenfr`om `hk% m ~
snq% ne omfd`k bn nrm% wt`k&
rnfm kh fkr`sk bn ltmhbn
o~nr`khmf`nhrk p bnmwtkdm&
o`h wkt wmtrn bn em wkdemo`h(
_` d`nh ~h `hnc`o`nhrn e`bn&
tmqlk f`h`rnt`me hk bndn nt
wmmbk wkt merk% bndnfk rmf&
d`h bnrnhnthk m mhme`qmt em
tnwnto~`khn }~n fwe`om rme
h`sne bn tkrmo`h% pm }~n hk
nhctnhrmfk m ~hm nrmbm wtk&
fnb`k hk fmpkt m ~h mk( Em
nrmd`e`bmb bne e`bntmqlk f`&
h`rnt`me r`nhn ncnork `fwkt&
rmhrn nh em ome`bmb% nc`omo`m%
nc`o`nho`m p krnh`d`e`bmb bn
em wker`om norkt`men( Wker`&om okfk em tncktfm hr`r~o`k&
hme bn em WHW% em bn _nl~t`bmb
O`~bmbmhm% em otnmo`h bn ~h
wtkrkokek k wker`om bn fmhnak
n `hrntsnho`h nh okhce`ork k%
`hoe~`sn% ~hm wker`om bn fm&
hnak bn wtkdenfm ko`men wtn&
snhr`sm wntfmhnhrn wkbtmh
nt ltmhbn tn~ermbk bn ~hm
Em nrmd`e`bmb bnee`bntmqlk f`h`rnt`me
fm nh ek fnb`k bn okf~h`&
omo`h( Rme emdkt bndntm tnome&
omt }~n em wtn~ho`h bn }~n ek
o~er~tme nr `nfwtn tn`bk
okh ek okfnto`me p ek wkw~emt
n cmem(
O~me}~`nt wtor`om o~er~tme
n ~hm cmo`hmhrn w~ntrm bn nh&rtmbm wmtm mhme`qmt ek l~rk p
b`l~rk bn em lnhrn( Nh o~mh&
rk m h~nrtm mw~nrm wkt ek o~e&
r~tme% hk nr hmbm fme no~&
ojmt m A~mh B`nlk Cetnq omh&
rmt j~m`hk p smen% okfk rmf&
wkok b`ct~rmt bn em w`nqm bn
tkoi mhb tkee bn Enb Qnwnee`h(
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7/31/2019 PuntoEdu Ao 8, nmero 247 (2012)
7/16
Ne bkek bn Wmojmomfmo tn&
ltn me F~nk bn _`r`k nh
ne smeen bn E~th% ltmo`m m
em montrmbm bno``h bn E~` Wn`&
tmhk p Tmcmne Smth% bnw~
bn jmdnt wntfmhno`bk smt`k
mk nh E`fm% e~nlk bn ~hm nz&
wk`o`h nh ne F~nk bn em Hm&
o`h( N% `h b~bm% ~hm d~nhm
hkr`o`m( Ne F~nk bn _`r`k o~nh&
rm cne`qfnhrn nh em mor~me`bmb
okh ~h n}~`wk bn mt}~neklk
p okhntsmbktn }~n nrmth
nh omwmo`bmb bn mnl~tmt emokhb`o`khn mwtkw`mbm bn ~
nzwk`o`h p okhntsmo`h% m
wnmt bn em e`f`rmo`khn nok&
hf`om p bn `hctmnrt~or~tm(
Ne `fwkhnhrn bkek bn 4?2 of
bn mer~tm% f~p d`nh okhntsm&
bk% n ne kdanrk bn fmpkt smekt
o`nhrc`ok p nrr`ok nh em okeno&
o`h bne F~nk% }~n n s``rmbk
b`mt`mfnhrn wkt o`nhrk bn r~&
t`rm hmo`khmen p nzrtmhantk(
Nrm no~er~tm bn fmbntm%
wk`denfnhrn bn eo~fk% n
nzonwo`khme% rmhrk wkt em okf&
wena`bmb bn ~ `okhkltmcm% ok&
fk wkt ne jnojk bn }~n n rtmrm
bn ~hm bn em bk h`om `f&lnhn bn o~erk wtnj`wh`ok
em krtm n ne Emhqh bn Ojmsh
}~n n jmh okhntsmbk `hrmo&
rk e~nlk bn em okh}~`rm nwm&
kem% p o~pm wtkonbnho`m nzmo&
rm n mbnf okhko`bm( Ne bkek
c~n nhokhrtmbk nojmbk% bnh&
rtk bne tneenhk mt}~`rnorh`ok
nh em o`fm bne Rnfwek
W`hrmbk% ne nb`c`o`k
}~n n ~nen mrt`d~`t
m em bn`bmb wt`ho`&
wme bne mhr~mt`k1
Wmojmomfmo( _`h
b~bm% cktfmdm
wmtrn bn em bnoktm&
o`h no~ert`om
bne wt`ho`wme mf&
d`nhrn bn o~erk%
bkhbn L`nnoin
nhokhrt% nlh
Aktln F~ ne en%o~mrtk dmn bn
oke~fhm w`hrm&
bm bn mq~e( ^hm
bn nrm dmn n&
r~sk }~`q bn&
r`hmbm wmtm ne
bkek( Bnmcktr~&
hmbmfnhrn% ek
rtmdmak bn e`f&
w`nqm p w~nrm
nh smekt% m omtlk
bne @hl( L`nnoin% tnm&
e`qmbm nh =0?:% hk nr~s`ntkh
m omtlk bn mt}~neklk% p hk
mdnfk nh }~ fkfnhrk bn
em j`rkt`m c`hme bne rnfwek% h`
wkt }~% n jm bno`b`bk mttmh&omt ne bkek bn ~ dmn p nw~e&
rmtek o~`bmbkmfnhrn okh ~hm
w~ntrm bn rnem okh mtfmqh bn
fmbntm p mbkthmbm okh okh&
ojm( Rmfwkok nrmfk nh om&
wmo`bmb bn mc`tfmt }~n em fm&
lnh tnwtnnhrmdm m Wmojmom&
fmo% w~nrk }~n em omtmornt&
F^_NK BN _@R@K BNE SMEEN BN E^TH
bkek bn Wmojmomfmo p ne tnrk bn tnokhrt~`tem otnnho`m wtnj`wh`om
WktITQP_QRKCFMIK\_I@ JMH^EM
B`tnorkt bne WtkltmfmMt}~nkel`ok Nso~nembn Omfwk W^OW
r`om bne bkek p em
bnoktmo`h w`hrm&
bm kdtn em wmtn&
bn bne rnfwek hk
okho~ntbmh hnon&
mt`mfnhrn okh
em wntkhme`bmb
bne b`k mh`fm&
bkt bn em r`nttm%
~w~nrmfnh&
rn nhrmbk `hf&
s`e bnhrtk bn ~
nhrtmm% o~pk
nsnhr~men fks`&f`nhrk om~mh
rnfdektn( Wmtm
nfwnqmt% hk n
rtmrm bn ~h kek
nt kdtnhmr~tme%
`hk bn bk( Em
no~er~tm tnwtn&
nhrm nh em wmt&
rn ~wnt`kt m bk
wntkhman hbn&
wnhb`nhrn( Ombm
~hm bn em bn`bmbn b`&
c`ntn% nh fwktrmhrn bnrmeen
bn mr~nhbk p mrt`d~rk% bn em
krtm( hm wmtnon tnwtnnhrmt m
~h b`k tnemo`khmbk okh em r`n&
ttm p ne otno`f`nhrk bne fmq%nsnhr~mefnhrn okh ne bm% p
em krtm m ~h nt bn hmr~tmenqm
kw~nrm% ne b`k bne o`nek p bn em
hkojn( M a~qlmt wkt ne nr`ek p
wkt em h`om cnojm O=2 tnme`qm&
bm wkt ne bnmor`smbk emdktmrk&
t`k bn em W^OW% ne bkek c~n n&
o~ew`bk kdtn ~h ctmlfnhrk bn
Wkhr`o`m ^h`snt`bmb Omre`om bne Wntu(nb~u&=33:(@fwtnsk nh ]~mb+Ltmwj`os Wnt _(M(Eks rnzrks w~de`ombks sn w~nbnh tnwtkb~o`t o`rmhbk em c~nhrn p okhs`lhmhbk eks otb`rks(
Nb`rktns1Tksmt`k Pkt` p Snth`om _menf_~dnb`rktns1 Fmtm Wmq bn em Ot~q%B`nlk Lt`fmebk p L~mbme~wn WmtbkB`snk1E~`s Mfnq p Sorkt Snlm
Okhsnak nb`rkt`me1 @h J`hkaksm*wtns`bnhrn) % Mhrkh`k Wnm A~fwm%Fmtrh Rmhmim% Menamhbtm O~nrk%Snth`om _menf p Tksmt`k Pkt`((nb~
rm nh smekt% nfwtnhb`bk wkt
L`nnoin( Em j`rkt`m bn nrk
rtmdmak wkhn nh ns`bnho`m em
ltmh wtb`bm bn `hcktfmo`h
sme`km k dtn ne wmm bk }~ n
ko~ttn `ttnfnb`mdenfnhrn
o~mhbk nh e~lmt bn wtkfksnt
`hsnr`lmo`khn mt}~nkel`om
bn omtornt `rnfr`ok% ne Nrm&
bk n e`f`rm m emdktn okp~hr~&
tmen bn e`fw`nqm bn rtmqm p wtn&
~tkm w~nrm nh smekt( Cn&
e`qfnhrn jkp% mwmtrn bn h~n&
rtk Wtkltmfm Mt}~nkel`ok No~nem bn Omfwk Smeen bn
Wmojmomfmo% Okhsnh`k W^OW
Mko`mo`h Mrkokhlk% p bn ek
wtkpnork b`t`l`bk wkt Wnrnt
Nnoijk~r n @q~f` _j`fmbm% n
tnme`qmh rtmdmak `rnfr`ok
bn okhntsmo`h bn mt}~`rnor~&
tm dmak em b`tnoo`h bn Bnh`n
Wkqq`&Nokr( Jmp% nhrkhon% fk&
r`sk wmtm otnnt }~n nrk mfmt&
lk nw`kb`k bne wmmbk hk n
skesnth m tnwnr`t( Jmp }~n jm&
ont skrk wmtm }~n ne wtkpnork
bne fkbnthk F~nk bn _`r`k n
tnme`on wkt c`h nh em tnm mc~n&
tm bne okfwenak fkh~fnhrme%
bkhbn `l~n emrnhrn em mfnhm&qm bn hsm`khn( Em hsnt`h
nh ne r~t`fk hk ~tr`t ncnork
nwntmbk `h em kcntrm f~nk&
el`om kt`l`hme% dmmbm nh e`&
bk tn~ermbk bn hsnr`lmo`k&
hn% p wmtm neek n tn}~`ntn bn
mk bn nzomsmo`khn p rtmdm&
ak bn emdktmrkt k(
RNFM_ NH MLNHBM
Em Tncktfm bne _`rnfm Wt`smbk bn Wnh`khn
B`no`kojk mk bnw~
bn otnmbk% ne `rnfm wt`&
smbk bn wnh`khn ~hm
bn em tncktfm f mbno~m&
bm nfwtnhb`bm nh ne wm
tn}~`ntn bn ma~rn wmtm ekltmt
~hm fmpkt nc`o`nho`m p wkbnt
okhke`bmtek m c~r~tk(
Ek kdanr`sk% mbno~mbm&
fnhrn wemhrnmbk wkt ne F`h`&
rnt`k bn Nokhkfm p C`hmhqm
*FNC)% wmtm tncktfmt ne `rnfm
kh bk1 em tnb~oo`h bne okrk
bn em okf``khn p em mfwe`m&
o`h bn em okdntr~tm( Ne rnfm n
ofk jmont wmtm o~fwe`t okhek kdanr`sk wtkw~nrk(
Nh ek }~n m em okf``khn n
tnc`ntn% ne okdtk kdtn ne ckhbk
mbf`h`rtmbk hk fwe`om hnon&
mt`mfnhrn }~n ne mc`e`mbk wm&
l~n wkt ek tn~ermbk kdrnh`&
bk9 n bno`t% kdtn em tnhrmd`&
e`bmb }~n em MCW kdr`nhn wkt
ne fmhnak bn ~ ckhbk( Ne ok&
dtmt em okf``h kdtn ne ckhbk
mbf`h`rtmbk r`nhn bk wtkden&
fm1 ne wt`fntk n }~n% ` d`nh
nh ne oktrk wemqk me mc`e`mbk en
w~nbn bmt em nhmo`h bn }~n
em okf``h n fnhkt9 nh ne emt&
lk wemqk n sm m tnb~o`t ~ ckh&
bk a~d`emrkt`k% okh ek o~me% nh
mel~hk omk% ne okrk wkbtm
tn~ermt fmpkt( Ne nl~hbk
wtkdenfm n ne ncnork bne omf&
d`k bn `rnfm kdtn }~`nhn pm
mwktrmtkh n hoe~k wmlmtkh em
okf``h wkt mbnemhrmbk nh em
fkbme`bmb mhrnt`kt( Em rtmhcn&
tnho`m me h~nsk `rnfm n}~`&smebtm m ~h okdtk bkden( N
`fwktrmhrn rnhnt nh o~nhrm ne
okrk bn em rtmh`o`h nh em bk
fkbme`bmbn( Ek f mbno~m&
bk ntm okdtmt em okf``h nh
bk okfwkhnhrn1 ~h fkhrk c`&
ak fh fk }~n nm bnrntf hm&
bk roh`omfnhrn wkt em _~wnt&
`hrnhbnho`m bn Wnh`khn okh
dmn nh em nrt~or~tm bn okrk
bne `rnfm% p ~h okfwkhnhrn
smt`mden nh c~ho`h bn em tnh&
rmd`e`bmb% okh ek o~me n nrm&
tm tnf~hntmhbk nh c~ho`h
bn ek tn~ermbk kdrnh`bk% bn
fkbk }~n wtnf`n m ek mbf`&
h`rtmbktn f nc`o`nhrn bne
`rnfm(
Wkt krtk embk% ne fnomh`fk
bn ~dmrm n ne f mbno~mbk
wmtm hrtkb~o`t okfwnr`r`s`&
bmb nh ne okdtk bn em okf``k&
hn% rme okfk ~onbn nh krtk
wmn( _nmemt }~n ~hm ~dm&
rm hk eensm hnonmt`mfnhrn mem dmam bne wtno`k n okhrtmt`k
m em el`om nokhf`om9 rnhbtm
}~n nt fmrnt`m bn `hsnr`lm&
o`h wkt em e`dtn okfwnrnho`m%
pm }~n wkbtm hb`omt ~hm oke~&
`h( M`f`fk% n nmem }~n
me kde`lmt m wmtr`o`wmt nh ~hm
~dmrm wmtm rtmrmt bn kdrnhnt
em fnhkt okf``h% n nr ok&
WktMENAMHBTK@HBMOKOJNMWtkcnskt c~hbmbktbn ONHRT^F
mormhbk em e`dntrmb hb`s`b~me(
Nrk hk n o`ntrk% pm }~n n w~n&
bn bmt em kwo`h m }~n ne ~~m&
t`k ne`am ` bnnm k hk wmlmt ~hm
fmpkt okf``h( Hk n w~nbn
`hr~`t o~e sm m nt ~ bno``h(
Smen em wnhm tnoktbmt }~n ne `&
rnfm a~d`emrkt`k nh ne f~hbk
n kde`lmrkt`k p nrk hk fwe`om
okmormt em e`dntrmb `hb`s`b~me(
F mh% ek mc`e`mbk wkbtmh
rmfd`h mlt~wmtn p ktlmh`&
qmtn wmtm okhskomt m ~dmrm
wt`smbm bn fkbk }~n wnt`lmh
kdrnhnt em fnhkt okf``h(
Nh ek }~n m em mfwe`mo`hbn em okdntr~tm n tnc`ntn% n
`fwktrmhrn rnhnt nh o~nhrm ne
okrk c`ome bn nrm p ne kdtn&
okrk }~n `fwe`om nh em f`&
otknfwtnm% pm }~n okh f~p
d~nhm `hrnho`h n en w~nbn
eensmt m ~hm fmpkt hcktfme`&
bmb( M`f`fk% ne rnfm bn em
wnh`h fh`fm dmak bnrnt&
f`hmbm okhb`o`khn rmfd`h
n fwktrmhrn mhme`qmtek(
Krtk mwnork wkt rnhnt nh
o~nhrm kh em wmtr`o`wmo`h bn
em MCW nh em Mko`mo`khn W&
de`om Wt`smbm *MWW)( Nrk wnt&
f`r`tm omhme`qmt `fwktrmhrn
tno~tk wmtm ne bnmttkeek bne
wm wt`ho`wmefnhrn wmtm em
kdtm bn `hctmnrt~or~tm( Ne rn&
fm bn em nenoo`h bn ek b`tno&
rktn `hbnwnhb`nhrn wkt ek
~~mt`k *}~n kh ek sntbmbn&
tk wtkw`nrmt`k) rmfd`h n hn&
onmt`k wkhntek nh em mlnhbm(
Wkt er`fk% n `fwktrmh&rn wmtm okhke`bmt ne `rnfm%
nfwtnhbnt ~h wtkltmfm bn
mecmdnr`qmo`h wtns``khme }~n
lnhntn okho`nho`m kdtn em `f&
wktrmho`m bn wnhmt nh em a~d`&
emo`h p }~n jmlm snt m ek ~~m&
t`k% }~`nhn bndntmh nhr`tn
okfk wtkw`nrmt`k% ek tnmen
dnhnc`o`k bne `rnfm(
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Wkt wt`fntm nq nh em j`srkt`m
bn eks @hrntcmo~ermbns% ~hm ~h`&
bmb mombf`om eklt lmhmt ems
o~mrtk fkbme`bmbns a~lmbms nh
Rnh`s bn fnsm1 n}~`wks bn mtk&
hns% bkdens% `hb``b~me bmfms
n `hb``b~me mtkhns( Nsr~b`ks
Lnhntmens Enrtms eklt em jmqm&
m m wmtr`t bne d~nh rtmdmak bns&
nfwnmbk wkt s~s c`l~tms1 Tme
Cn`akk p Fmtm Oem~b`m _krk( Cn`&
akk% nz snenoo`k hmb k hm o`khme
a~nh`e% hks jmde bn nsrm nzwn&
t`nho`m(
Of rfs o~ttb;Nrkp dmrmhrn cne`q wkt}~n`nhbk omoj`fdk hk mdm ek}~n ntm a~lmt ~h @hrntcmo~erm&bn% okh rkbk ne me`nhrk bn emlnhrn( Jmdm a~lmbk krtk rkt&hnk% wntk h~hom okh rmhrmdmttm p% em sntbmb% c~n ~hm nz&
Nr~bk Lnnen
jrk n rn bn
Tme C`akkF`nfdtk bne n}~`wk bn Rnh`s bn
fnsm bn NNLLEE
wnt`nho`m f~p dkh`rm( _nhrne mwkpk bn f` cmo~ermb p nkfn fkr`s me =77.(
]~ ns }~n fs tnsorsbn rthn;
M wnmt bn }~n ne rnh` bn fn&m hk n ~h bnwktrn rmh wkw~&emt% f~ojk s`h`ntkh m mwk&
pmthk( M }~n nhr `fk ~me`nhrk(
C~n ~h d~nh hrntco~rbnst nrts;
_% wkt}~n lmhmfk dmrmh&rn b`o`we`hm( Otnk }~n j`o`&fk ~h d~nh wmwne% ek w~`&fk rkbk p hk ktlmh`qmfkmbno~mbmfnhrn( Mbnf% jn&fk jnojk j`rkt`m nh Rnh`bn fnm% wkt}~n h`hl~hm cm&o~ermb jmdm lmhmbk mhrn emo~mrtk omrnlktm(
ecl~
:u(nb~uE@FM% bne == me =< bn a~h`k bne 47=4
bnwkrn ZZ ak TCmOem
mek wma( O`nho`ms _ko`mens lmh ne rr~ek nh Ds}~nr Smtkhns(
D_NR
Odnts ts ^hm c`hme nfko`khmhrn b`w~&rmtkh ek n}~`wk bn d}~nrfmo~e`hk bn O`nho`m _ko`m&
en p O`nho`m p Mtrn bn em Ok&f~h`omo`h( _` d`nh ek o~ntsknr~s`ntkh `nfwtn m w~hrk bnmeomhqmt m ek btmlkhn% ne nh&o~nhrtk o~ef`h 37&20 m cmsktbne o~mbtk tkak(
Nh ne nho~nhrtk wkt ne rnt&ont p o~mtrk e~lmt% O`nho`m n@hlnh`ntm okh`l~` ~wntmtwkt > m Nr~b`k Lnhntm&en O`nho`m% ne omfwnh bn emokfwnrnho`m ne mk wmmbk( M~ r~thk% em no~mbtm cnfnh`&hm bn Nr~b`k Lnhntmen Enrtmlmh ne rr~ek nh ~ omrnlktm me`fwkhntn kdtn em bn O`nho`m
p Mtrn bn em Okf~h`omo h wkt
~h ofkbk fmtombkt bn 3>&=7%ltmo`m me d~nh bnwe`nl~n bn~ c`l~tm Oem~b`m Otbnhm%
An om Rkttn% Omtem Lemsn% MhmOktrq% P~f`ik _j`t`fkrk p
Mhm _kcm Sntm% wt`ho`wmefnh&rn( Mt}~`rnor~tm p tdmh`fkrntf`h rntontk me okhnl~`t~h rt`~hck kdtn Nr~b`k Ln&hntmen O`nho`m *24&44)(
O`NhO`ms N `hLNh`Ntm }N OmNh Nh Es ANLs hNtmOEmNs t O`m N OhsNO`m( E
Lmhmth Omt Es% O sNLhs Nss p Omt NtONts ELmtNs N Ems N`hN OmNL
Wkt`k T`mek
S
n`hrn mk bn @h&rntcmo~ermbn% b`nqmk bn ~wtnfm&om wmhbm( Wkt bo`&
fm snq okhno~r`smp b~kbo`fm snq nh ~ j`rkt`m%O`nho`m n @hlnh`ntm eklt }~n&bmtn okh ne rr~ek bn ek A~nlke~nlk bn rtn nfmhm bn nckt&qmbm emdkt( Ne n}~`wk okh`l~`ne omfwnkhmrk nh o~mrtk b`o`&we`hm% kojk nl~hbk w~nrk
p o~mrtk rntontk e~lmtn bn emsn`hrn omrnlktm }~n n b w~&rmtkh nrn 47=4(
Em akthmbm bn o`nttn% bnm&ttkeembm ne a~nsn wmmbk% c~nfl`om wmtm ek demhok( E~nlkbn okhrnfwemt wtnnhrmo`khn`fwkhnhrn% okfk em bn Ln&r`h p Merm B`tnoo`h *Omtmwm&
ojk bn R`hlk Fmtm% }~n o~e&f`h rntontm)9 k em bn O`nho`m_ko`men *I~hr~t R~~p% }~n}~nb nl~hbm)% ne a~tmbk bno &b` jmont m Omntk bn _mh Am&o`hrk% bn O`nho`m n @hlnh`ntm%em lmhmbktm bn em Hkojn O~er~&tme( Ne jnojk okhke`b em s`ork&t`m lnhntme bn ek mjktm bnom&omfwnkhn(
Kt`l`hmt`m bne bnwmtrm&fnhrk bn homj% em bmhqmdm`embm wkt ek me~fhk bnO`nho`m n @hlnh`ntm tnwtn&nhrm em c`nrm rtmb`o`khme bnem omm nh ne b`rt`rk bn _mh
Amo`hrk% bkhbn ek kdtntk bn
em jmo`nhbm menh bne w~n&dek jmo`m em ojmotm wmtm }~nne mhrk wmrth dnhb`lm em r`n&ttm( P% ` d`nh em dnhb`o`h hkn rtmb~ak nh ~hm r`nttm ct&r`e% ek j`qk okhs`tr`hbknnh z`rk me eenlmt rtm ne okh&rnk bn w~hrk( Ek wmhbm on&endtmh ~hm snq f% momk me&l~`nh wkbt wmtmtek; h
e s~tnfo h
`wmTme( Em Cmo~ermb bn O`nho`ms n @hlnh`ntm c~n em ltmh lmhmbktm bn em akthmbm c`hme bn eks @hrntcmo~ermbns okh s~ bmhqm mhomsj`
e hfbt tb e~ojoip btl ontnfhbn tnfoh p ojn
O~r~t bn s ZZ a~nlsntrs hrntco~rbns(e~nsrt onttnortbfhsrtr% OtsCso% h~ho }~n bnsbnfnbbs bn 47=? snhot ~h tltfbn fnt bn h~nsrthctnsrt~or~t bntr(
ds }~n(((
ALN @
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7/31/2019 PuntoEdu Ao 8, nmero 247 (2012)
9/16
Enr jqk
n
0>: ntshstroth(P josrn
o~nhrs; Cr~h snfht sdnt s
ntns ~h bn slhbtns(
@hm~l~tmo`h Lnsr`h p Merm B`tnoo`h
Dm`enrh Nsr~b`ks Lnhntmens EnrtmsHkojn O~er~tme O`nho`ms n @hlnh`ntmDmttms Nsr~b`ks Lnhntmens EnrtmsManbtnq Nsr~b`ks Lnhntmens O`nho`msMrenr`sfk Bmfms O`nho`ms n @hlnh`ntmMrenr`sfk Smtkhns Nsr~b`ks Lnhntmens EnrtmsDs}~nr Bmfms Nsr~b`ks Lnhntmens EnrtmsDs}~nr Smtkhns O`nho`ms _ko`mensO`oe`sfk Bmfms Lnsr`h p Merm B`tnoo`hO`oe`sfk Smtkhns Nsr~b`ks Lnhntmens EnrtmsCrdke O`nho`ms n @hlnh`ntmC~rsme Bmfms Nsr~b`ks Lnhntmens EnrtmsC~rsme Smtkhns Nsr~b`ks Lnhntmens O`nho`msEnmhrmf`nhrkbn wkrnho`m O`nho`ms n @hlnh`ntmHmrmo`h Nsr~b`ks Lnhntmens EnrtmsWmenrm ctkhrh Nsr~b`ks Lnhntmens EnrtmsRnh`s bn fnsm Nsr~b`ks Lnhntmens EnrtmsR`tk okh omtmd`hm Nsr~b`ks Lnhntmens O`nho`msSken`dke f`zrk Lnsr`h p Merm B`tnoo`h
=( O`nho`ms n @hlnh`ntm =2=>4( Nsr~b`ks Lnhntmens Enrtms =43>?( Lnsr`h p Merm B`tnoo`h 02( Nsr~b`ks Lnhntmens O`nho`ms 033>( O`nho`ms _ko`mens % 4>&= p 4>&=7 p =77 fnrtknh wnojk p em wkrm 2z>7 fnrtk nh e`dtn
p 2z>7 nh okfd`hmbm bmfm(
s dEmhOs
ms Nh `sm(
mntks bn _mh Amo`hrk(
LMBMEWN WMB
FM@ EMOI
wTkO`k( Bnsrmo ne `hrntnsmhrn nsr~mt`k bn eks
tnwtnsnhrmhrns bn Lnsr`h p Merm B`tnoo`h(
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7/31/2019 PuntoEdu Ao 8, nmero 247 (2012)
10/16
=7u(n~uFM% e == me =< a~` e 47=4
hkr`o`ms
N_RN A^NSN_ =2% NH N_R^B@K_ LNHNTMEN_ ENRTM_% _N WTN_NHRMT NE @HCKTFN MH^ME BN
MFH@_RM @HRNTHMO@KHME WKT @H@O@MR@SM BN ^H LT^WK BN ME^FHK_ P NLTN_MBK_(
Momdmt okh ekmd~k okhrtm
ek bntnojk j~&fmhk n ne kdan&r`sk bn Mfh`rm
@hrnthmo`khme *M@)% ktlmh`&qmo`h okh c`e`men p okemdk&tmbktn nh rkbk ne f~hbk(Ombm mk% f`bn ne nrmbk bnek bntnojk j~fmhk nh rk&bk ne wemhnrm( Nrn a~nsn =2%~ @hcktfn Mh~me 47=4 ntwtnnhrmbk nh em W^OW% wkt`h`o`mr`sm bn ~h lt~wk bnme~fhk mor`s`rm(
Okh`bntmbk ~hk bn ekbko~fnhrk f `fwkt&rmhrn kdtn bntnojk j~&fmhk% ne @hcktfn Mh~me
tnokln `hcktfmo`h bn emc`e`men p mor`s`rm bn M@ nhf bn =>7 wmn( Nrm snq%tnwktrm mrm}~n p wne`ltkokhrtm ek bntnojk j~fm&hk tnl`rtmbk nh ne 47==(
Ne hcktfn c~n wtnnhrmbkkc`o`mefnhrn jmon ~hm n&fmhm( _`h nfdmtlk% ne lt~&wk @fml`hn% okhcktfmbk wktmetnbnbkt bn 47 nr~b`mhrnbn em W^OW% bn b`cntnhrn cm&o~ermbn% okh`bnt kwktr~&hk ktlmh`qmt ~hm wtnnhrm&o`h nh h~nrtk omfw~(
Mfhsrm `hrnhmokhme wnsnhrms~ hckfn f~hme nh em W^OW
WtbMS`b WNtNbM
_r^Moh bn k_ bnnoJk_ J^FMhk_
Ne nsnhrk rnhbt okfk wk&hnhrn m A~mh Omtek Em W~nh&rn% b`tnorkt nano~r`sk bn Mf&h`rm @hrnthmo`khme Wnt9 \`e&ctnbk Mtb`rk% okktb`hmbkt bn
@ho`bnho`m bn em f`fm hr`&r~o`h p wtkcnkt bn h~nrtkBnwmtrmfnhrk bn Bntnojk9Tmf`tk Nokdmt% wnt`kb`rm `h&rnthmo`khme`rm9 p _kcm Omtt`&eek% wnt`kb`rm p mor`s`rm mctk&wnt~mhm( Ne nho~nhrtk nt n&rn a~nsn =2% m em 3 w(f(% nh nem~em E&4=0 bn Nr~b`k Lnhntm&en Enrtm(
Ne @hcktfneemfm em mrnh&o`h kdtn emfmh`cnrmo`k&hn bn wtkrnrm }~n nb`ntkh ne 47== wkt rk&bk ne f~hbk% wnn m em
tnrt`oo`khn fw~n&rm m em e`dntrmb bn nz&wtn`h nh me fnhk 4=wmn( Bnh~ho`m }~n mefnhk nh =7= wmn eklkd`nthk tnwkhb`ntkhokh s`kenho`m% jmrm wtmo&r`omt rktr~tm p krtk fm&ek rtmrk okhrtm f~ojkfmh`cnrmhrn(
omk WNt^mhk( _kdtnne Wnt% ne @hcktfn tnl`&rtm =3 f~ntrk nh b`r`h&rm wtkrnrm ko`men% ok&
fk ek omk bn Mtn}~`wm p W~&hk( _`h nfdmtlk% Mtb`rk wtn&o`m }~n em o`ctm rkrme wmtm ne47== n bn =:( Em hcktfmo`hhk `hoe~p ek er`fk fnn
bne mk% wntk ek tnl`rtm&fk% okfnhrm(M`f`fk% bnrmom em mwtk&
dmo`h bn em Enp bn Okh~ermWtns`m( _n mwtno`m okfk wk`&r`sk }~n ne Lkd`nthk wnt~mhknm ne wt`fntk nh em tnl`h nhrnhnt nrm enp% b`on Mtb`rk( Ok&fk n mdn% nrm hktfm jmon
kde`lmrkt`m em tnme`qm&o`h bn ~hm okh~erm
Ne bm bn jkp ne Fmlsrnt T`omt&
bk T~`q ms~fn em B`tnoo`h bn
Mbf`h`srtmo`h p C`hmhqms
*BMC) bn em W^OW% tnenmhbk
nh ne omtlk me Bt( Aks Rmtm(
O~e ns em okfwnrnhom n embnooh n Mfhsrmohp Chmhqms;Dt`hbm kwktrn m em mor`s`&bmbn onhrtmen k wt`fmt`mbn em ^h`snt`bmb% }~n khm}~neem s`ho~embm m em mom&bnf`m% em `hsnr`lmo`h p emwtkpnoo`h `hr`r~o`khme(Wmtm nrk% em BMC nr nrt~o&r~tmbm kdtn em dmn bn bk
ltmhbn tnm1 ~h tnm bn mb&f`h`rtmo`h p krtm bn c`hmh&qm( Em wt`fntm n nhomtlm bnem lnr`h bn ek nts`o`k ln&hntmen bn kwktrn bn em h`&
snt`bmb( Ne tnm bn c`hmhqmn tnwkhmden bn em lnr`hbn ek tno~tk c`hmho`ntk
bn em ^h`snt`bmb% bnbn emtnom~bmo`h bn ek hltnk%jmrm em mbf`h`rtmo`h bnek wmlk p em hsnt`khn(
O~e ns em sr~moh mor~me nem bMC;Wmtm ekltmt ek kdanr`sk nrtm&rl`ok bn em W^OW% ne tnorktm&
bk `bnhr`c`o okfk cmorkt ot&r`ok bn z`rk em fkbnth`qmo`hbn em lnr`h mbf`h`rtmr`sm`hr`r~o`khme( _n hk wtnnh&rm okfk tnrk b`nmt n `fwen&fnhrmt ek wemhn hnonmt`kwmtm jmontem tnme`bmb( Nrn rtm&dmak c~n `h`o`mbk jmon ~h mk%nh cktfm okenl`mbm nhrtn emBMC% m omtlk bne Bt( Rsmtm% pem B`tnoo`h bn Bnmttkeek Kt&lmh`qmo`khme% m f` omtlk( Mjk&tm hk rkom okhke`bmt nrn rtm&dmak dmak rtn ehnm fmnrtm1em d}~nbm bn nzonenho`m kwn&tmr`sm nh em b`sntm tnm% emlnr`h nc`o`nhrn bn ek tno~t&k `hr`r~o`khmen p ne ekltkbn merk nrhbmtn bn ome`bmbbn nts`o`k(
O~e ns ne ke ne wnskhme nem W^OW;Ne cmorkt j~fmhk n oemsn( Em
nzonenho`m kwntmr`sm p em ome`&bmb bn nts`o`k bnwnhbnh bnem ome`bmb bn h~nrtk okemdk&tmbktn nh ne tnm mbf`h`rtm&r`sm( Wkt nk% m hrmho`m bne
S`onttnorktmbk Mbf`h`rtm &r`sk% rnhnfk okfk kdanr`skwt`ho`wme ne bnmttkeek okf&wenrk bn em omttntm bne wntk&hme mbf`h`rtmr`sk(
]~ wkpnorks sn fwenfnh&rmh wmm m~fnhrm em nomom;Onhrtmefnhrn mwe`omtnfkem jnttmf`nhrm bne fmhmln&fnhrfkbnthk nh em lnr`hmbf`h`rtmr`sm% okfk em ln&r`h wkt kdanr`sk% em nsme~m&o`h wkt `hb`ombktn% em `&rnfmr`qmo`h bn wtkonk% nednhojfmti`hlwmtm okfwmtmt&hk okh krtk }~n e`bntmh nefntombk% em lnr`h bne okhk&o`f`nhrk p tnme`bmb bn h~n&
rtm ^h`snt`bmb% m okfkem f`ltmo`h bn h~nrtmtnemo`khn okh wtksnnbk&tn oemsn m me`mhqm nrtm&rl`om bn fnb`mhk wemqk pfmpkt smekt mltnlmbk( hnanfwek n ne okhsnh`k tn&o`nhrn okh ne Dmhok Okhr`&hnhrme(
mp w~hrks khn wkhhnswnome mrnhoh;Jnfk `bnhr`c`ombk kwkt&r~h`bmbn bn fnaktm rtmh&
sntmen nh em mbf`h`rtm&o`h% okfk em tnemo`h okhek wtksnnbktn% hoktwktmtem wemh`c`omo`h p ~ okh&rtke bn nano~o`h okfk jn&ttmf`nhrm bn lnr`h% p ne`hotnfnhrk bn em nc`o`nho`mnh ne ~k bn ek mor`sk( Jmp
smt`m k wktr~h` bmbn }~nrtmdmamtnfk wmtm fnaktmt(
t`OMtbK t^`Qb`torkt nokhkfm p C`hmhqms
hkso~nhrm
m em okf~h`bmbn `hblnhmmhrn bn fwenfnhrmt b`snt&k wtkpnork nh r`nttm rtmb`&o`khmen(
_`h nfdmtlk% ~hm omtm hn&
lmr`sm n tnc`ntn m em fw~h`&bmb( Ne `hcktfn bn M@ nmem}~n j~dk wkok msmhon nhh~nrtk wm nh em `hsnr`lm&o`khn kdtn s`kemo`khn bn bn&tnojk j~fmhk okfnr`bmb~tmhrn ne okhce`ork mtfmbk`hrnthk% nhrtn =0:7 p ne 4777(
Bne f`fk fkbk% bnh~h&o`m ne nrmhomf`nhrk nh em h&
snr`lmo`khn kdtn ne omk bnDml~m p em hn&on`bmb bn n&rmdenont fnb`&bm okhrtm em
b`ot`f`hmo`h% nh n&wmo`me m ek `hrnltmh&
rn bn em okf~h`bmb EL&RD *lmp% end`mhm% rtmh&nz~men p d`nz~men) wkt&}~n% nlh ne bko~fnhrk%
kh em sor`fm fmpkt`rm&t`m bn ek bnhkf`hmbk ot&fnhn bn kb`k(
Ne bko~fnhrk nhcmr`&qm }~n ne 47== c~n ~h mk
bn wtkrnrm ko`men nh f~&ojk wmn p }~n nh f~&ojk c~ntkh tnwt`f`bm bnfmhntm f~p s`kenhrm% nwn&
o`mefnhrn nh Kt`nhrn Fnb`k pnh ne hktrn bn ct`om( Wkt nk%
Ocms1
o~m s `` em mfwmm tmem wm f~t =0
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7/31/2019 PuntoEdu Ao 8, nmero 247 (2012)
11/16
W`c`m ^hnsm Omreom e Wtu(n~u==
Em W^OW wmtr`o`w nh ne @S Rm&eent bn Cktfmo`h bne Wtkpnork_~fm1 Lnr`h C`hmho`ntm _k&rnh`den bn em h`snt`bmbn bn
Mft`om Emr`hm% tnme`qmbk bne=> me =: bn fmpk nh em h`snt &bmb KTR% nh Fkhrns`bnk% t~&l~mp( Ne nsnhrk tn~h` m tnwtn&nhrmhrn bn 44 ~h`snt`bmbnbn Mft`om Emr`hm p N~tkwm}~n hrnltmh ne Wtkpnork _~fm%tnb }~n d~om em krnh`d`e`bmb
Rmeen skdn chmhomfnhrk ~hnsrmkWkpnork _^FM
Cmdh Hkminnenlk nhokfr n em KNMEm 24 Mmfdenm Lnhntme bnem KNM% onendtmbm nh Okojm&dmfdm% Dke`s`m% bne ? me > bn
a~h`k er`fk% tne`l` me `hrnt&hmo`khme`rm wnt~mhk Cmd`hHksmi okfk f`nfdtk bne Ok&f`r A~tb`ok @hrntmfnt`om&hk *OA@) bn nrm ktlmh`qmo`h%wmtm ne wnt`kbk 47=?&47=3%
wkt bno``h bn rkbk ek wm&n f`nfdtk( Hksmi rmf&d`h n s`onwtn`bnhrn bn n&rn okf`r(
Hksmi n bkonhrn bne Bnwmt&rmfnhrk bn Bntnojk p b`tnorktbne @hr`r~rk bn Nr~b`k @hrnt&hmo`khmen bn em W^OW( M`f`&fk% n bkorkt nh Bntnojk wkth~nrtm h`snt`bmb( h
okFr A^bok
c`hmho`ntm bn em ~h`snt`bmbnbn em tnl`h n `hr`r~o`khn bnombm wm( Ne nho~nhrtk rtmr b &
sntk rnfm kdtn lnr`h% ok&fk wemh`c`omo`h c`hmho`ntm%okhrtke bn ek okrk% mjkttk%wtn~w~nrk nrtmrl`ok p nc`&o`nho`m mbf`h`rtmr`sm(
Wmtr`o`wmtkh ne Bt( Ak Rsm&tm% mor~me b`tnorkt mombf`okbn Nokhkfm% p ne @hl( Menamh&btk Mhrkh`ke`% okktb`hmbkt
bne Wtkpnork _^FM( M`f`fk%h~nrtm h`snt`bmb wtnnh&r ~ omhb`bmr~tm wmtm nt n&bn bne wtz`fk nho~nhrtk bnokktb`hmbktn bne Wtkpnork _^&FM% }~n n tnme`qmtm nh h~n&rtk Onhrtk Mombf`ok SmenhrhWmh`ml~m% nh W`mo% O~qok% nhkor~dtn wtz`fk( Em Okf``hN~tkwnm% }~n c`hmho`m nrn wtk&
pnork% tnwkhbnt m em wtkw~n&rm nh em wtz`fm nfmhm( h
okhn_k bn M Mrh MFnoMh _r^bn_ M__koMrkh *M_M)
Fmpk wnsnhom n em W^OW nh o~fdn
momfom skdn Mfom EmrhmEk nzwntrk nh Mft`om Emr`hmn b`ntkh o`rm nh ne okhltnk bnem Emr`h Mfnt`omh _r~b`n Mk&o`mr`kh *EM_M)( Nh nrn% ek wtk&cnktn bn em W^OW ekltmh ~hmfmpkt wmtr`o`wmo`h ombm mk%wt`ho`wmefnhrn bn ek bnwmt&rmfnhrk bn O`nho`m _ko`men%Nokhkfm p J~fmh`bmbn(
EM_M n em mko`mo`h fltmhbn bn nr~b`kk kdtn
Mft`om Emr`hm( C~hbmbm nhNrmbk h`bk nh =033% r`nhnf bn >% _mm Dmt`q)(Jtm1 3 w(f( tfs1 fmt`mm(fqmGw~w(we C~hoh a~sookhmep okhrke okhsrr~okhme(ktlm`qm1 Fmstm btj f` We`m A~t`s&``me( ~lmt1 wmdees h ( Jtm1 < w(f( tfs1 wmt`&`m(m`eeGw~w(w
=4 BN A^h`ke nfhmk hrnhmokhmenrnklnhnm% honr&~fdn p fnomks hokf&wenrks% m mtl e bt( omtes^tt~`m *Wj(b( nfm%^`ts`m F`sm)(ktlm`qm1 Fmstm n&fm( ~lmt1 ofwea Fm t<( Jtm1 3 w(f( tfs1 ldm&ttGw~w(w
=2 BN A^h`k
e Wnsnhrmoh ne edkOmhrk dmak ~hm ckrmenqm +Ne wamk n ems mems n kk% p` F~e% em tm~` me
mseem `mt _~fmem`m p~ls~( ktlm`qm1 onk~lmt1 M~`t` J~fm`m&s( Jtm1 >1?7 w(f(e nfhmk Ojhm p s~ononhrn lmrmoh nh nef~hk p ne Wn( ktlm`&qm1 s`~ ns~`s `t&m`mes s`~ o~` em W^oW( ~lmt1 ooW^oW *M(omf` me =7% _m s`t)(Jtm1 31?7 w(f( lts e`dt(
=> BN A^h`k
e nfhmk `hrnhmokhmeA~srom Nenorkme(ktlm`&qm1 Ahn Fmstm btj
f` We`m A~t`s&``me( ~lmt1 ns~em ne&tme dtmd`e`m *At(hmqm >0:% Ass Fmtm)( Jtm12 w(f( tfs1 tme(sGw~w(~(w
=: BN A^h`k
e nfhmk `hrnhmokhmeWkerom Fkhnrmm p Co&okhns Nzrmhanms% m mt&l e dt ojml *Wj(b nfm wt em `ts`m Wsem`m%)( ktlm`qm1 Fms&tm nfm( ~lmt1 of&wea Fm tlt( Jtm1 3 w(f(tfs1 ldmttGw~w(we
nfhmk `hrnhmok&hme Wksrsfk a~okp hnkokhsrr~okhmesfk1ks ckfms n nhcnhrm&sn me bnnojk( ktlm`qm1Fmstm btj f&
` We`m A~t`s``me(~lmt1 wmdees h ( Jtm1 7%777( _` ns bnr`nfwk wmto`me *RWM k RWO)% ne
wtnf`k snt bn _+( 4>%777( Wm&tm nsrn okho~tsk% em W^OW r`nhn~h ckhbk dmsn }~n dktbnm eks_+( 4(> f`eekhns(
WTKPNORK_ BN BK_
MK_( Nh nsrm nb`o`h% wktwt`fntm nq% ne okho~tsk hoe~&
pn wtkpnorks bn fmpkt nhntlm&b~tm% okh ~hm b~tmo`h bn
jmsrm bks mks( Nhnsrks omsks% bndnh
snt wtn&s n h &r m b k s
wkt wtkcn&sktns bn r`nfwk
okfwenrk( Ne fkhrkfz`fk bn c`hmho`m&f`nhrk snt bn _+( =>7%777(
Smt`ks lt~wks k hns&r`lmbktns nh em ^h`nts`bmbrtmdmamh wtkpnorks bn f~ojksmks( Cmermdm ~h omhme }~n enswntf`rm wtnsnhrmtek m eks okh&o~tsks( _n m m okhs`bntmt sk&
Wh`o`m ^hsntbmb Omreom be Wu(nb~u=?
WMtM WtkCnsktns Bn EM W^OWrtMMAk lMMBkt
OkO^tsk MO@kME
@hsw`tmbk nh em c`&l~tm p kdtm bneltmh nrhkj`srk&t`mbkt p nhrtmm&den fmnsrtk bn emW^OW% ne Wtnf`kCtmhie`h WnmsnL(P( bn Nsr~b`ks
Mhb`hks sn wtk&wkhn ckfnhrmtne nsr~b`k bn emssko`nbmbns p ems o~er~tms mhb`&hms p b`c~hb`t eks rtmdmaks bnsm&
ttkeembks wkt anhns hnsr`lm&bktns nh ne omfwk bn em Mhrtk&wkeklm% Mt}~nkeklm% J`srkt`m%E`hlsr`om p b`so`we`hms mc`hns(
Em wtnsnhrmo`h bne rtmdmaklmhmbkt bn nsrn wtnf`k% ktlm&h`qmbk wkt em Cmo~ermb bn En&rtms p O`nho`ms J~fmhms p neWtkltmfm bn Nsr~b`ks Mhb`&hks *Nso~nem bn Wksltmbk)% okhne m~sw`o`k bne S`onttnorktmbkbn @hnsr`lmo`h% sn tnme`qm&t nsrn f`tokens =?% m ems >1=>w(f(% nh em _mem bn Ltmbks bn emCmo~ermb bn Enrtms p O`nho`msJ~fmhms(
Wmtm em koms`h% ne Bt( Ancctnp
]~`ernt *Wj(B( nh Mhrtkwkeklmwkt em h`nts`rp kc Ome`ckth`m pb`tnorkt bne Wnmdkbp F~sn~f%Jmtmtb h`nts`rp) b`ormt emokhcntnho`m Fmlbmenhm bnOmk S`nak p em Mt}~nkeklm Ok&ekh`me nh ne Wnt(
Em Msmfdenm Hmo`khme bn Tnork&tns *MHT) jm md`ntrk em okhkom&
rkt`m me @@ Okho~tsk Hmo`khme bnRns`s bn R`r~emo`h Wtkcns`khme(W~nbnh wmtr`o`wmt rkbks ekswtkcns`khmens }~n jmpmh kdrn&h`bk s~ rr~ek bn e`onho`mbk nh~h`nts`bmbns wnt~mhms nh ekser`fks bks mks(
Ems rns`s bndnh snt ne tns~erm&bk bn ~hm `hnsr`lmo`h nh emstnms bn O`nho`ms% J~fmh`bm&bns p Rnohkeklm% p jmdnt s`bks~srnhrmbms p mwtkdmbms wkt s~~h`nts`bmb( Em MHT wtnf`mtokh _+( > f`e me wt`fnt w~nsrk pokh _+( ? f`e me snl~hbk(
Ne wemqk wmtm em `hsot`wo`hbn eks omhb`bmrks sn onttmt ne
`nthns 4 bn a~e`k nh Fnsm bnWmtrns bn em Msmfdenm Hmo`khmebn Tnorktns( Wkt er`fk% ne tn&s~ermbk bne okho~tsk snt bmbkm okhkont ne =2 bn snwr`nfdtnnh ne b`mt`kEm Tnwde`om(
)hctmoh14&237: mhz 4?
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=2u(nb~uE@FM% bne == me =< bn a~h`k bne 47=4
Nrk kh ek h~nsk TNM p O^ME
m nenoo`khn bn tnwtn&
nhrmhrn nr~b`mhr`&
en 47=4 eenlmtkh m ~
c`h( Ne f`token 3% ne
Okf`r Nenorktme h`&
snt`r mt`k% okhcktfmbk wkt
n` wtkcnktn p rtn nr~b`mh&
rn bn em W^OW% tnme`q ne not~&
r`h`k bn ek skrk wmtm okhkont
m ek h~nsk tnwtnnhrmhrn n&
r~b`mhr`en mhrn ek Okhnak
bn em ^h`bmbn Mombf`om
*O^M) p em Mmfdenm ^h`snt`&
rmt`m *TNM) p wtnnhr ek tn~e&
rmbk kc`o`men( Okh em o~ef`&hmo`h bn nrn wtkonk% n tn&
mc`tfm em wtnnho`m bn ek nr~&
b`mhrn mhrn ne fz`fk tlmhk
bn lkd`nthk bn em h`snt`bmb(
Ek sn`hr`` nr~b`mhrn
wtkoemfmbk okfk tnwtnnh&
rmhrn nr~b`mhr`en kr~s`n&
tkh ~hm tn~h`h ne s`nthn :
wmtm tnme`qmt% wkt p nhrtn neek%
em nenoo`khn bn o~mrtk tnwtn&
nhrmhrn nr~b`mhr`en mhrn ne
Okhnak h`snt`rmt`k(
Nrm n em e`rm bn me~fhk
}~n ek tnwtnnhrmth nh ne wn&
t`kbk }~n sm bn a~h`k bn nrn
mk jmrm fmpk bne 47=?(
NENOO@KHN_ N_R^B@MHR@EN_ 47=4
TNM( Snhr`s`s nsr~b`mhrns skh eks h~nks tnwtnsnhrmhrns mhrn em Msmfdenm ^h`nts`rmt`m( _~ lnsr`h nfw`nqm nsrn fns p m jmsrm fmpk bne 47=?(
FMT@K EMOI
nsr~b`mhrns
Mtlneens Bnelmbk% _ndmsr`h Mhbts *Nsr~b`ks Lnhntmens Enrtms) R`r~emt
Dnhqm}~nh Dnee`bk% Omf`em *Cmo~ermb bn Enrtms p O`nho`ms J~fmhms) R`r~emt
Oonbm Mbt`mhqh% A~e`k Menamhbtk *Nsr~b`ks Lnhntmens Enrtms) R`r~emt
Omebnth Rkttns% @h Fmrjn~s Fmh~ne Tkbkeck *Nsr~b`ks Lnhntmens Enrtms) R`r~emt
Oj`wkok Dmthnojnm% Mhbtnm *Nsr~b`ks Lnhntmens Enrtms) R`r~emt
Bne W`hk Jnhksrtkqm% hlnem A~e`ssm *Nsr~b`ks Lnhntmens Enrtms) R`r~emt
Lenq Efmok% Ne`tm Cekt Mhle`om *Cmo~ermb bn O`nho`ms p Mtrns bn em Okf~h`omo`h) R`r~emt
Lmfdkm L~nmtm% Ot`sr`hm *Nsr~b`ks Lnhntmens O`nho`ms) R`r~emt
Lmtom B~fent% Rkfms *Nsr~b`ks Lnhntmens Enrtms) R`r~emt
Ljnts` F~t`eek% E~oms Bmh`ne *Cmo~ermb bn Bntnojk) R`r~emt
L`mhkrr` Wmtnbns% _ntl`k *Cmo~ermb bn Bntnojk) R`r~emt
Iokfr Fmtrhnq% Inhe` Hmb`m Omtke`hm *Nsr~b`ks Lnhntmens Enrtms) R`r~emt
Emfms C`l~ntkm% B`nlk E~oms *Cmo~ermb bn O`nho`ms n @hlnh`ntm) R`r~emt
E~qm Tmbk% Ojt`sr`mh Mdtmjmf *Cmo~ermb bn Mtrn) R`r~emtFnhmojk E`qttmlm% Lmdt`ne Nb~mtbk *Nsr~b`ks Lnhntmens Enrtms) R`r~emt
Keonsn Cnthhbnq% Imtem Omtfh *Nsr~b`ks Lnhntmens O`nho`ms) R`r~emt
Ketr`lm J`hksrtkqm% Imrjnt`hn F`emltks *Cmo~ermb bn O`nho`ms n @hlnh`ntm) R`r~emt
Ktb`hkem Tkbtl~nq% Fmt`mhh E~ontk *Cmo~ermb bn O`nho`ms n @hlnh`ntm) R`r~emt
Wmojnok Mdmb% Aks E~`s *Nsr~b`ks Lnhntmens Enrtms) R`r~emt
W`hrk Okttmens% Mtmone` Anss *Nsr~b`ks Lnhntmens Enrtms) R`r~emt
]~`swn ]~nsmbm% Ajkhmrmh Aks Wmkek *Cmo~ermb bn Bntnojk) R`r~emt
Tmfks Kdtnlh% Sme}~`t`m @smdne *Nsr~b`ks Lnhntmens Enrtms) R`r~emt
Tkams Ekwnqjmpm% Hmrjmep A~e`ssm *Nsr~b`ks Lnhntmens Enrtms) R`r~emt
_hojnq Cnthhbnq% Aksnc`rm bn Enkh`sm Mhm *Cmo~ermb bn O`nho`ms n @hlnh`ntm) R`r~emt
_mtm`m Ewnq% Tnhqk Fmh~ne *Nsr~b`ks Lnhntmens Enrtms) R`r~emt
Rkenbk _hojnq% E~qf`em Qnhm`bm *Nsr~b`ks Lnhntmens O`nho`ms) R`r~emt
Kojkm Mtmek% Menamhbtk Nfmh~ne *Cmo~ermb bn Mt}~`rnor~tm p tdmh`sfk) =moons`rmt`k
Fnb`hm Npqml~`ttn% _rnwjmh`n Amo}~ne`hn *Nsr~b`ks Lnhntmens Enrtms) 4moons`rmt`mTnpns Cnthhbnq% Imrjnt`hn _rncmhp *Cmo~ermb bn Bntnojk) ?moons`rmt`m
N_R^B@K_ LNHNTMEN_ O@NHO@M_
Wtnq Ktrnlm% _~mfp Lmdt`nem R`r~emtRkenbk _hojnq% E~qf`em Qnhm`bm R`r~emtN_R^B@K_ LNHNTMEN_ ENRTM_
Bnkrk Pinjk% Mhbts Ph R`r~emtCtn`tn Dmtt`ks% Omf`em R`r~emtEkqmhk T`}~nefn% _rncmhp Cmd`kem R`r~emtKtdnlksk J`bmelk% Mefnhbtm R`r~emtWkfmtnbm F~kq% B`nlk Mekhsk R`r~emtOknms Tkbms% Sorkt J~lk =moons`rmt`k_hojnq & Fktnhk Otbnhms% Aktln Fmh~ne 4moons`rmt`k
_mmnbtm _hojnq% Fm~t`o`k Nsrndmh ?moons`rmt`kCnthhbnq Emhbm% Pmi~ Cnthmhbk 2moons`rmt`kL~`fmtmp S`bme% @mh Bkewj&Anmh >moons`rmt`kF~rk Omebnth% Mhm Wm~em 3moons`rmt`mOmpk Snes}~nq% F`emltks Amqfh
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7/31/2019 PuntoEdu Ao 8, nmero 247 (2012)
15/16
Wkhr`co`m ^h`nts`bmb Omre`om bne Wnt u(nb~u=>
nnnCkrks1 Ce`z hlmt~om
Ne sdmbk 4 bN a~h`k sN bNsmttkee Ne rtmb`o`khme
mef~Ntqk bN tNNho~Nhrtk ktlmh`qmbk wkt emmsko`mo`h bN NltNsmbks p ltmb~mbks bN em w~ow(
o`Nhrks bN Nzme~fhks% okfk ek~tbNs cektNs hmhk%
mhNe rk|hsNhb% tk}~N dNhm`bNs p Ne `oNttNorkt
mbf`h`srtmr`k% omteks cksom% ke`Ntkh me omfw~s
wmtm cNsrNamt p tNNhokhrtmtsN okh eks mf`lks(
Ofk onendtm em W^OW-
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7/31/2019 PuntoEdu Ao 8, nmero 247 (2012)
16/16
Em nb~omo`h s~wnt`kthk bndn snt ltmr~`rm
=3u(uE@FM% bne == me =< bn a~h`k bne 47=4
kbnbk(Lmfkth bnhr`c`om ~hm bn ems tmqkhns bne z`rk bne s`srnfm nb~omr`k nsrmbk~h`bnhsn nh em hnts`h nsrmrme(
Wktbk nnl~
moonk bn em nb~omo`h1 b`s`&
`khn nhrtn em wkdemo`khn
~tdmhm p t~tmen9 nhrtn lt~&
wk hblnhm p fnr`qk(
mfd`h hrt em omo`h w&de`om p em wt`smmEm nb~omo`h wt`smbm r`nhn ne
wkrnho`me bn `hrtkb~o`t ltmh&
bn bn`l~mebmbn1 bndn nt wm&
lmbm p n ~~mefnhrn ~hm nb~&
omo`h wmtm cmf`e`m wt`s`en&
l`mbm( hm bn em fmhntm bn
okfwnhmt nrm b`cntnho`m n
m rtms bn dnom bnr`hmbm m
okf~h`bmbn okh hnon`bmbn
n hb`s`b~k okh wkrnho`me(
nh j`e mtf h dm&r htf dt em omo`hwt`t p tmr`m( ]w`hm;
Em b~m srwtc~bmfrfwEmbm Embs~mEbmbsmE(
Nenl`bk wkt ne wtn`&
bnhrn Dmtmoi Kdmfm
okfk f`nfdtk bne
Okhnak Hmo`khme bn
O`nho`m bn em Nb~om&
o`h nh NN^^% ne Bt( Lmfktmh
n ~h tnokhko`bk ko`eklk
nwno`me`rm nh hsnr`lmo`h
nb~omr`sm( Nr~sk nh h~nrtm^h`snt`bmb `hs`rmbk wkt em
No~nem bn Wkltmbk p em Fmn&
rtm nh _ko`keklm wmtm b`ormt
em okhcntnho`m1 Mfwe`mo`h
bn kwktr~h`bmbn nh `rnfm
bn nb~omo`h ~wnt`kt bnbn
~hm wntwnor`sm okfwmtmbm(
t } fwtrmhr rhthm mwtz`fmo`h o`e`om mem omo`h;Em ko`keklm nr~b`m m ek lt~&
wk j~fmhk p% o~mhbk nrm n
montom m em nb~omo`h% d~om
nhrnhbnt ne tke bn em wk`o`h
ko`me bn em wntkhm p ofk
okhrt`d~pn m ek dnhnc`o`k}~n nrm kdr`nhnh bne `rnfm
nb~omr`sk( Bn krtk embk% ~hk
bn ek wt`ho`wmen hoenk bn
wtnko~wmo`h bn em ko`keklm
n em bn`l~mebmb9 p em nb~om&
o`h nr wtkc~hbmfnhrn `f&
we`ombm nh em bn`l~mebmb k&
o`me( Nrm a~nlm ~h tke fwkt&
rmhrn nh em fks`e`bmb ko`me bn
em wntkhm(
Jmp fojm `hsr`mo`htemo`hmm oh em omo`h} wmtrh% f d`h% e wmtm&`fm w`oe`o( ] mwtrmem o`em;
N o`ntrk% wntk n fwktrmhrnjmont ~hm b`cntnho`m( Em w`ok&
eklm nr~b`m ek omfd`k bn em
fnhrn me nzwnt`fnhrmt em nb~&
omo`h9 nwno`mefnhrn ofk
em wntkhm n snh hce~nho`m&
bm oklh`r`sm p mcnor`smfnhrn
nh ne bnmttkeek nfko`khme( Em
ko`keklm nr hrntnmbm nh
ofk nrk omfd`k mcnormh
em wk`o`h bne hb`s`b~k nh em
ko`nbmb(
] term jmh rh` `hsr`mo`h;Nm n ~hm wtnl~hrm f~p mf&
we`m( Bnbn em ko`keklm% n
w~nbnh nhckomt bk hrntnn1ek h`snen p em b`rt`d~o`h
bn em nb~omo`h( Nh ek NN^^%
ontom bne :0. bn em wkdemo`h
jm rntf`hmbk em nb~omo`h n&
o~hbmt`m p ne :7. jm rnh`bk me&
lh r`wk bn nb~omo`h ~wn&
t`kt( _`h nfdmtlk% em ome`bmb
bn nrm nb~omo`h smtm nlh
em o`to~hrmho`m wmtr`o~em&
FM@ EMi
ek ckhbk wmtm em nb~omo`h
wt`fmt`m% no~hbmt`m p ~wn&
t`kt( _`h nfdmtlk% nh ne 47=7
nrk nrf~ek n bnr~s`n&
tkh p ek Nrmbk jmh nhr`bkne lkewn nh ~ wtn~w~nrk(
Nh em nb~omo`h wt`fmt`m p n&
o~hbmt`m% mjktm em oemn r`n&
hnh f me~fhk p jmp okt&
rn nh ek memt`k bn ek wtk&
cnktn( Nh em ~h`snt`bmbn
jm jmd`bk ~hm tnb~oo`h bn
wtn~w~nrk }~n jm lnhntmbk
}~n em cmf`e`m f wkdtn hk
w~nbmh wmlmtem( Nrk `hotn&
fnhrm em bn`l~mebmb nh ne mo&
onk m em nb~omo`h(
ne `rfm h`st`rmt` nn~~ h e f wtr`&` e fh% wt e fh
h e tmhi`h hrthmo`hme(f e zwe`om;Jmp smt`m tmqkhn( Wt`fntk%
NN^^ n ~hm hmo`h }~n `nf&
wtn c~n f~p t`om nh tno~tk
hmr~tmen% p ~ nzwekrmo`h em
j`o`ntkh t`om( Nn b`hntk c~n
j`rt`omfnhrn `hsntr`bk nh
nb~omo`h( Wntk% ` }~ntnfk
nt f okhotnrk% wkbnfk
nhokhrtmt rtn cmorktn1 wt`&
fntk% ~hm merm `hsnt`h n&
rmrme nh hsnr`lmo`h *me~b%
o`nho`m p nhntlm)9 nl~hbk%
em c`emhrtkwm1 ek nrmbk~h`&
bnhn okh f b`hntk bkhmh
nhktfn omhr`bmbn m em ~h`&
snt `bmbn % bn bn em c~hbm &o`h Tkoincneent jmrm D`ee Lm&
rn% rkbk okemdktmh( Ne rntont
w~hrk n }~n em ~h`snt`bmbn
hktrnmfnt`omhm fmhr`nhnh
~h rtmdmak okha~hrk p mfwe`k
nhrtn ~ b`r`hrm cmo~ermbn
p bnwmtrmfnhrk9 em `hntl`m
n `fwktrmhrn( Wntk rkbk ek
fkbnek nb~omr`sk r`nhnh
snhr mam p bnsnhr mam( Wmtm
okhrt~`t ~hm wker`om nb~om&
r`sm wntr`hnhrn n fwktrmhrn
}~n ~h wm jmpm nr~b`mbk ~
tnme`bmb(
Em `mem jm dmam oh
rm zwmh`h h em om&o`h;Nh Emr`hkmft`om% kek mel~&
hk lt~wk ontomhk m em oemn
fnb`m jmh wkb`bk mwtksnojmt
em snhrmam bn em nb~omo`h(
Hk kp ~h nzwntrk nh nrm tn&
l`h% wntk mo wkbnfk nh&
okhrtmt em bn`l~mebmb nb~om&
r`sm nh b`sntm b`fnh`khn(
N ne tn~ermbk `hns`rmden bn
~h `rnfm okfwnr`r`sk( h
Pk kp bn em kw`h`h bn }~n em
nb~omo`h ~wnt`kt hk bndn
nt ltmr~`rm( P hk bndntm nt&
ek wkt}~n m}~neek }~n n wmlm%
m wnmt bn }~n nm ~h fkhrk
fkbnrk% rn kde`lm m mwtksn&
ojmt em kwktr~h`bmbn fnakt(
O~mhbk r`nhn m ~h wtkcnkt me
ctnhrn% `nhrn em kde`lmo`h bn
nz`l`ten f wkt}~n nr wm&
lmhbk wkt nm nb~omo`h(
Em ot`` c`hmho`tm jm mco&rm me `rfm omr`s hnn~~;_% kdtn rkbk ek ckhbk bn&
r`hmbk m em nb~omo`h( Em ot`&
` wnl okh c~ntqm nh ne 477:9
wkt neek% ne lkd`nthk onhrtme
bnr`h m ek lkd`nthk cnbn&
tmen nrf~ek nokhf`ok
}~n wntf`r`ntkh fmhrnhnt
tn bn ek lt~wk *tnl`h lnk&
ltc`om% nbmb% nro()(
Jm rh` meh motomf`hrme om wtmh;Rnhlk nhrnhb`bk }~n nh ne Wn&
t jm jmd`bk ~hm fwktrmhrn
nzwmh`h bn em nb~omo`h( M
wnmt bn neek% em nb~omo`h n&
o~hbmt`m hk n ~h`sntme p em
nb~omo`h ~wnt`kt fnhk
mh( Ek }~n n oemtk n }~n
jmp ~hm ltmh bn`l~mebmb me
w~hrkchme
fdt1 Mbmf Lmfktmh
nr`1 Wj(B nh _ko`keklm bn em
Nb~omo`h wkt em h`nts`bmb bn
j`omlk(
tmport`m1 Nh em h`nts`bmb bn
\`sokhs`h Fmb`skh% ns wtkcnskt bn
em rnbtm FmoMtrj~t bn _ko`keklm
p Wker`oms( Ns mbnfs% b`tnorkt bne
\`sokhs`h nhrnt ckt Nb~omr`kh
nsnmtoj(
ne wte1
mf lmftmh% wj(b nh sko`kekl n e oo`h k e ~h`n` n j`olk