Download - Pneumonia
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Pneumonia
Agneska Ernestia111.0211.018
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Definisi
• Suatu peradangan parenkim paru yg disebabkan oleh mikroorganisme
• Suatu peradangan parenkim paru yg disebabkan oleh non mikroorganisme -> pneumonitis
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Klasifikasi
• Berdasarkan klinis dan epidemiologis– Pneumonia komuniti– Pneumonia nosokomial– Pneumonia aspirasi– Pneumonia pada penderita immunocompromised
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• Berdasarkan penyebab– Pneumonia bakterial/tipikal– Pneumonia atipikal– Pneumonia virus
• Berdasarkan predileksi infeksi– Pneumonia lobaris– Bronkopneumonia– Pneumonia interstisial
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Faktor Predisposisi
• merokok• pasca infeksi virus• DM• pasien dgn ggn imunitas• kelainan/kelemahan struktur tulang dada• tindakan invasif
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Patogenesis
• Stadium I (4-12 jam pertama) : Kongesti• Stadium II (48 jam berikutnya) : Hepatisasi
Merah• Stadium III (3-8 hari) : Hepatisasi Kelabu• Stadium IV (7-11 hari) : Hepatisasi Merah
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Patologi
Ketika tjd rx peradangan dimana sis.imun melawan bakteri, maka akan tampak 4 zona :1. Zona luar2. Zona permulaan konsolidasi3. Zona konsolidasi permulaan4. Zona resolusi
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Diagnosis
• Anamnesis– Gambaran Klinis• demam• menggigil• batuk dan dahak
mukopurulen• sesak nafas• nyeri dada
• Px Fisik– I : bagian yg sakit
tertinggal saat bernafas
– P : vokal fremitus bisa meningkat
– P : redup– A : bronkovesikuler-
bronkial, mungkin disertai ronkhi
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• Px Penunjang– lab• leukositosis• peningkatan LED• Hb normal/sedikit menurun• AGD : asidosis respiratorik• px dahak, kultur darah, dan serologi
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– radiologi
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Penatalaksanaan
• Terapi suportif– terapi oksigen– humidifikasi dgn nebulizer– fisioterapi dada utk pengeluaran dahak– kortikosteroid pd fase sepsis berat– ventilasi mekanis– bila ada gagal napas, beri nutrisi yg cukup kalori
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• Terapi farmakologi– bakteri
antibiotik spektrum luas, 7-10 hari; eritromisin, fluorokuinolon
– virusantiviral sesuai virus penyebab
– jamurantijamur sesuai penyebab
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Pencegahan
• Vaksinasi influenzae dan pneumokokus pd orang dgn risiko tinggi
• Perubahan pola hidup• Upaya program pengawasan dan
pengontrolan infeksi pd rumah sakit
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Prognosis
Tergantung dari faktor penderita, bakteri penyebab, dan penggunaan antibiotik yg tepat.
Umumnya prognosis baik jika penatalaksanaannya dilakukan dgn tepat dan cepat.