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CONTENTS1. SULPHURIC ACIDo

Introductiono

Objectiveo

Informationo

Discussiono

123 -78 - 112. AMMONIA AND ITS SALTSo

Introductiono

Objectiveo

Informationo

Discussion1213

14 - 1819 - 21

3. ALLOYSo

Introductiono

Objectiveo

Informationo

Discussiono

2223

24 - 2728 - 29

4. SYNTHETIC POLYMERSo

Introductiono

Objectiveo

Informationo

Discussiono

3031

32 - 3536 - 38

5. GLASS AND CERAMICSo

Introductiono

Objectiveo

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Informationo

Discussiono

39 - 4041

42 - 4344 - 49

6. COMPOSITE MATERIALSo

Introductiono

Objectiveo

Informationo

Discussiono

5051

52 - 7172 - 73

7. CONCLUSION74

8. REFERENCES75

TOPICMANUFACTUREDSUBTANCES

ININDUSTRY

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Introduction:

What is manufactured substance in industry? Almost everything we see is a

manufactured product. Industrial products are manufactured for our comfort. Spoons,forks, pots are industrial products used in the kitchen. Washing liquids such asdetergents are manufactured from ammonia. Bucket bottles, plastic plates and bowlsare example of synthetic polymer normally used in our daily life.

Information:

SULPHURIC ACIDIntroductionA strong mineral acid with the chemical formula H 2SO 4. It is a colorless, oily liquid,sometimes called oil of vitriol or vitriolic acid. The pure acid has a density of 1.834 at 25C

(77F) and freezes at 10.5C (50.90F). It is an important industrial commodity, usedextensively in petroleum refining and in the manufacture of fertilizers, paints, pigments,dyes, and explosives.Sulphuric acid is produced on a large scale by two commercial processes, the Contactprocessand the lead-chamber process. In the Contact process, sulfur dioxide, SO 2 , is convertedtosulphur trioxide, SO 3 , by reaction with oxygen in the presence of a catalyst. Sulphuricacid is produced by the reaction of the sulphur trioxide with water. The lead-chamber process dependsupon the oxidation of sulfur dioxide by nitric acid in the presence of water, the reaction being carried

out in large lead rooms.Sulphuric acid reacts vigorously with water to form several hydrates. The concentrated acid,therefore, acts as an efficient drying agent, taking up moisture from the air and evenabstracting the elements of water from such compounds as sugar and starch. Theconcentrated acid also acts as a strong oxidizing agent. It reacts with most metals uponheating to produce sulphur dioxide.Concentrated Sulphuric AcidWhen heated, the pure 100% acid loses sulphur trioxide gas, SO 3, until a constant-boilingsolution, or azeotrope, containing about 98.5% H 2SO 4 is formed at 33 0C. Concentratedsulphuric acid is a weak acid and a poor electrolyte because relatively little of it is dissociatedinto ions at room temperature. When cold it does not react readily with such common metals

as iron or copper. When hot it is an oxidizing agent, the sulphur in it being reduced; sulphurdioxide gas may be released. Hot concentrated sulphuric acid reacts with most metals andwith several nonmetals, e.g., sulphur and carbon. Because the concentrated acid has a fairlyhigh boiling point, it can be used to release more volatile acids from their salts, e.g., whensodium chloride (NaCl), or common salt, is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid,hydrogen chloride gas, HCl, is evolved.

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Concentrated sulphuric acid has a very strong affinity for water. It is sometimes used as adrying agent and can be used to dehydrate (chemically remove water from) many compounds,