bab 1 kertas 1-jawapan

8/16/2019 Bab 1 Kertas 1-Jawapan

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ANSWER

1) (a)

(b) 2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

(c)

(d)Note : To determine the instantaneous rate of a reaction, e determine the gradient of

the cur!e at that "oint# $%"eriment & :

'ate of reaction b

a

2# cm3 min* ± #2 cm3 min*

$%"eriment && :

'ate of reaction 2# cm3 min* ± #2 cm3 min*



ANSWER

The rate of reaction is higher for e%"eriment && because the smaller the marble si-e, the

larger the total surface area. The frequency of collisions of hydrogen ions on the

marble surface is higher# This results in a higher rate of reaction#(d)Nota : Untuk menentukan kadar tindak balas serta merta, kecerunan lengkung pada

titik itu ditentukan.

Eksperimen I : Kadar tindak balas =

b

a

= 20.0 cm min!" ± 0.2 cm min!"

Eksperimen II : Kadar tindak balas = 2#.0 cm min!" ± 0.2 cm min!"

Kadar tindak balas lebi$ tinggi bagi eksperimen II kerana semakin kecil sai% marmar,semakin besar jumlah luas permukaan. Kekerapan pelanggaran ion hidrogen pada

permukaan marmar adalah tinggi. Ini men&ebabkan kadar tindak balas men'adi tinggi.(e) The same quantit. of reactants are used#

(e) eberapa kuantiti ba$an tindak balas digunakan.(f) /ome of the carbon dio%ide dissol!ed in the ater to form carbonic acid#

H2O(l) + CO2 (g) → H2CO3(aq) Carbonic acid

() *esetenga$ karbon dioksida larut dalam air untuk meng$asilkan asid karbonik.

+ 2(c) - 2 (g) → + 2(ak) /sid karbonik (g) The total !olume of carbon dio%ide gas collected is doubled that is 0 cm 3# The

number of moles of h.drochloric acid used is doubled#

(g) umla$ isipadu gas karbon dioksida &ang dikumpul diganda duakan iaitu ""1 cm .

ilangan mol asid $idroklorik &ang digunakan 'uga diganda duakan.

2) (a) 1anganese(&) o%ide#(a) angan(I3) oksida

(b) 2H2O2(l) → 2 2n, 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

(c) The gas is collected in an in!erted burette#(c) 4as dikumpul dalam buret &ang diterbalikkan.

(d)

(e) $%"eriment &# The quantit. of catal.st used is more#



ANSWER

(e) Eksperimen I. Kuantiti mangkin &ang digunakan lebi$ ban&ak.

(f)The catal.st lowers the activation energy of the reaction# Thus there are more

effecti!e collisions beteen the h.drogen "ero%ide molecules resulting in reaction#() angkin merenda$kan tenaga pengaktian tindak balas. aka terdapat lebi$ ban&ak

pelanggaran berkesan antara molekul $idrogen peroksida dalam tindak balas.

(g) Heating the h.drogen "ero%ide solution to a higher tem"erature#(g) 5anaskan larutan $idrogen peroksida ke su$u &ang lebi$ tinggi.

3) (a) 2H+(aq) + 1g(s) → 1g2+(aq) + H2(g)(a) 2+ -(ak) - g(p) → g 2-(ak) - + 2(g)

(b) H.drochloric acid ionises totall. in ater to gi!e a high concentration of h.drogen

ions# here as ethanoic acid ioni-es "artiall. in ater to gi!e a lo concentration of h.drogen ions# The higher the h.drogen ions concentration, the higher the rate of

collisions#

HCl → 6ater H+ + Cl*

CH3COOH ƒ H+ + CH3COO*

(b) /sid $idroklorik mengion dengan lengkap dalam air untuk memberikan ion $idrogen

dalam kepekatan &ang tinggi. anakala asid etanoik mengion secara separa dalam air untuk memberikan ion $idrogen dalam kepekatan &ang renda$. *emakin tinggi kepekatan

ion $idrogen, semakin tinggi kadar pelanggaran.

+l → 6ater + - - l !

+ + ƒ + - - + !

(c) /ul"huric acid is dibasic hereas h.drochloric acid is monobasic# Thus the

concentration of h.drogen ions is higher in sul"huric acid#

H2/O4 → 6ater 2H+ + /O

−2

4

HCl → 6ater H+ + Cl*

(c) /sid sulurik iala$ d6ibes manakala asid $idroklorik iala$ monobes. aka kepekatanion $idrogen lebi$ tinggi dalam asid sulurik.

+ 2*7 → 6ater 2+ - - *

−2

4

+l → 6ater + - - l !

(d) Co""er(&&) sul"hate catal.ses the reaction b. loering the acti!ation energ. of thereaction# The frequenc. of effecti!e collisions increases#

(d) Kuprum(II) sulat memangkinkan tindak balas dengan merenda$kan tenaga

pengaktian tindak balas. Kekerapan pelanggaran berkesan bertamba$.

(e) /horter than 0 seconds# 5t higher tem"erature, the 6inetic energ. of the H + ions ishigher# 7requenc. of collisions increases# 5lso more H+ ions ha!e energies abo!e the

acti!ation energ.# Thus the frequenc. of effecti!e collisions also increases#

(e) 8ebi$ pendek daripada 10 saat. 5ada su$u tinggi, tenaga kinetik ion + - adala$ lebi$tinggi. Kekerapan pelanggaran bertamba$. 8ebi$ ban&ak ion + - &ang mempun&ai

tenaga melebi$i tenaga pengaktian. aka, kekerapan pelanggaran berkesan 'uga

bertamba$.

4) (a) 2HCl(aq) + Na2/2O3(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + /O2(g) + /(s) + H2O(l)

(a) 2+l(ak) - Na2* 2(ak) → 2Nal(ak) - *2(g) - *(p) - + 2(c)



ANSWER

(b)(c)

$%"eriment Eksperimen

& && &&& &

olume of #2 1 of Na2/2O3

solution#

Isispadu 0.2 larutan Na2* 2.

4 3 2

olume of ater 8cm3

Isipadu air 9 cm

2 3 4

Concentration of sodium

thiosul"hate solution 8 1

Kepekatan larutan natriumt$iosulat 9

#2 0.16 0.12 0.08 0.04

olume of 2# 1 HCl 8 cm3

Isipadu 2.0 +I 9 cm

Time,t 8sec 2# 2# 32# # #

8sect

−

0.049 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01

(d)

5%es are labeled ith units mar6 5aksi dilabel dengan unit " marka$

9oints are transferred correctl. mar6

itik dipinda$kan dengan betul " marka$Cur!e is smooth# mar6

8engkung licin " marka$

(e) The higher the concentration of sodium thiosul"hate solution, the shorter is the timeof reaction or

The loer the concentration of sodium thiosul"hate solution, the longer is the

time of reaction#

(e) *emakin tinggi kepekatan larutan natrium t$iosulat, semakin pendek masa tindak balas atau



ANSWER

*emakin renda$ kepekatan larutan natrium t$iosulat, semakin pan'ang masa tindak

balas

(f) (i)

(ii) 7rom .our gra"h,+

)#)2,t

= , t 4 seconds#

(ii) ;aripada gra,+

)#)2,t

= , t = 70 saat.

(iii)+

t is directl. "ro"ortional to concentration of solution#

Hoe!er,+

t

is directl. "ro"ortional to rate of reaction# Thus the rate of reaction is

directl. "ro"ortional to the concentration of solution#

(iii)+

t berkadar terus dengan kepekatan larutan.

etapi,+

t berkadar terus dengan kadar tindak balas. aka, kadar tindak balas berkadar

terus dengan kepekatan larutan.(g) efore a reaction can ta6e "lace, the "articles must collide ith each other# (m)

The higher the concentration of the solution, the greater is the number of "articles "er

unit !olume of solution# (m)

The frequenc. of collisions beteen the thiosul"hate and h.drogen ions increases# Thusthe rate of reaction increases# (m)

(g) *ebelum tindak balas berlaku, %ara$!%ara$ berlanggar antara satu sama lain. ("m)

*emakin tinggi kepekatan larutan, semakin besar bilangan %ara$ per unit isipadularutan. ("m)

Kekerapan pelanggaran antara ion t$iosulat dan ion $idrogen bertamba$. aka, kadar

tindak balas bertamba$. ("m)



ANSWER

5) (a) Number of moles of sodium chlorate(),

n+)))

23 = ,

here 1 # mol dm*3 and cm3

)#, ,)

n

+)))

×=

#2 mole# (m) 7rom the equation, 2 moles of NaClO3 "roduce 3 moles of O2#

Thus #2 mole of NaClO3 "roduces)#)2,

32

× moles of O2 #3; mole (m)

(a) ilangan mol natrium klorat(3),

n+)))

23 = ,

dimana = 0.# mol dm! dan 3 = #0 cm

)#, ,)n

+)))

×=

= 0.02# mol. ("m) ;aripada persamaan, 2 mol Nal meng$asilkan mol 2.

aka 0.02# mol Nal meng$asilkan)#)2,

32

× mol 2 = 0.0<# mol ("m)

(b)(c)(i)(ii)

(d) <ecreases ith time#

The concentration of h.drogen "ero%ide decreases ith time# Thus rate of collisions

decreases ith time#

(d) erkurang dengan masa. Kepekatan $idrogen peroksida berkurang dengan masa. aka, kadar pelanggaran

berkurang dengan masa.

(e)Chromium(&&&) o%ide#(e) Kromium(III) oksida



ANSWER

6) (a) $%"eriment &&# The e%"eriment too6 longer time to com"lete#

(a) Eksperimen II. Eksperimen itu mengambil masa &ang lebi$ lama untuk lengkap.

(b) 5!erage rate 4=)

+,) 3#2 cm3 sec*#

(b) 5urata kadar =4=)

+,)

= .2 cm sec!".

(c) (i) mole of gas occu"ies 24 cm3 at room tem"erature and "ressure#

30 cm3 of gas 30)

24)))% mole # mole

(c) (i)" mol gas menempati 27000 cm pada su$u dan tekanan bilik.

10 cm gas =30)

24))) " mol = 0.0"# mol

(ii)

2HCl + CaCO3 → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2

2 moles of HCl "roduce mole of CO2

Thus # mole of CO2 is "roduced from)#)+,

+ % 2 moles of HCl #3 mole#

n

3 here n #3 mole, cm3 and 1 molarit. of HCl#

#3 +))

+)))

2 ×

1 #3 mol dm*3# (ii)

2+l - a → al 2 - 2 - + 2 2 mol +l meng$asilkan " mol 2

aka 0.0"# mol 2 di$asilkan daripada

)#)+,

+ 2 mol +l = 0.0 mol.

n =+)))

23 dimana n = 0.0 mol, 3="00 cm dan = kemolaran +l.

0.0 =+))

+)))

2 ×

= 0. mol dm!.

(d) >se marble chi"s of smaller si-es# Heat the h.drochloric acid solution to a higher tem"erature#

(d) enggunakan ketulan marmar bersai% kecil.

5anaskan larutan asid $idroklorik ke su$u &ang lebi$ tinggi.

(e) The number of moles of HCl used is different#(e) ilangan mol +I &ang digunakan adala$ berlainan.

7) (a) (i) 5 catal.st is a chemical substance that affects the rate of a reaction# ()

5fter the reaction, the chemical "ro"erties of the catal.st remain unchanged although its

"h.sical "ro"erties might change# ()(a) (i) angkin iala$ ba$an kimia &ang mempengaru$i kadar tindak balas. (")



ANSWER

*elepas tindak balas, siat kimia mangkin kekal tidak beruba$ 6alaupun siat i%ikn&a

mungkin beruba$. (")

(ii) &ron "oder catal.ses the reaction beteen nitrogen and h.drogen gases to formammonia in the Haber 9rocess# (2)

anadium() o%ide catal.ses the reaction beteen sul"hur dio%ide and o%.gen gases to

form sul"hur trio%ide in the Contact 9rocess# (2) (ii) *erbuk besi memangkinkan tindak balas antara gas nitrogen dan gas $idrogen

untuk meng$asilkan ammonia dalam 5roses +aber. (2)

3anadium(3) oksida memangkinkan tindak balas antara gas sulur dioksida dan gasoksigen untuk meng$asilkan sulur trioksida dalam 5roses *entu$. (2)

(b)

To equal !olumes of cm3 h.drogen "ero%ide solution as "oured into to

boiling tubes labelled 5 and # ()

/ome manganese(&) o%ide "oder as added into the boiling tube # ()5 gloing s"lint as "laced into each of the boiling tube# ()

The gloing s"lint that re6indles first as noted# () ;ua larutan $idrogen peroksida dalam isipadu &ang sama " cm dituang ke dalam duatabung didi$ berlabel / dan . (")

*erbuk mangan(I3) oksida ditamba$ ke dalam tabung didi$ . (")

Ka&u u'u berbara dimasukkan ke dalam setiap tabung didi$. (") Ka&u u'i berbara &ang men&ala da$ulu dikenalpasti. (")

esult

The gloing s"lint in boiling tube lighted u" hereas the gloing s"lintin boiling tube 5 did not# ()

Keputusan

Ka&u u'i berbara dalam tabung didi$ men&ala da$ulu manakala ka&u u'i berbara

dalam tabung didi$ / tidak men&ala. (")!onclusion.

The manganese(&) o%ide catal.ses the decom"osition of h.drogen "ero%ide

into ater and o%.gen gas# ()2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2 ()

The o%.gen gas ill then relit the gloing s"lint# () Kesimpulan.



ANSWER

angan(I3) oksida memangkinkan penguraian $idrogen peroksida kepada air dan gas

oksigen. (")

2+ 22 → 2+ 2 - 2 (")

4as oksigen men&alakan semula ka&u u'i berbara. (")

(c) 7or the H2O2 to decom"ose, the molecules ha!e to collide ith each other# ()

Not all collisions result in decom"osition of the H2O2 molecules#Onl. molecules that collide ith energ. equal or higher that the acti!ation

energ. ill result in reaction# ()The collisions that result in chemical reaction are called effecti!e collisions#()

The 1nO2 catal.st loers the acti!ation energ.# ()

Thus more molecules can o!ercome the energ. barrier# ()

The frequenc. of effecti!e collisions ill increase and thus the rate of reaction increases#()

(c) agi penguraian + 22, molekul!molekul mestila$ berlanggar antara satu sama lain.

(")idak semua pelanggaran men&ebabkan penguraian molekul + 22.

+an&a molekul &ang berlanggar dengan tenaga &ang sama atau dengan tenaga pengaktia &ang lebi$ tinggi akan men&ebabkan tindak balas. (") 5elenggaran &ang men&ebabkan tindak balas kimia dipanggil pelanggaran berkesan. (")

angkin n2 merenda$kan tenaga pengaktian (")

aka lebi$ ban&ak molekul dapat mengatasi rintangan tenaga. (")

Kekerapan pelanggaran berkesan akan bertamba$ dan kadar tindak balas 'ugabertamba$. (")

8) (a) 9article si-e of the solid, concentration of the solution and tem"erature of the

solution#

(a)*ai% %ara$ pepe'al, kepekatan larutan dan su$u larutan.

(b)

5im : To stud. the effect of the si-e of -inc metal on the rate of reaction#

u'uan : Untuk mengka'i kesan sai% logam %ink ter$adap kadar tindak balas.

9rocedure:

0 g of granulated -inc as "laced in a conical flas6# ()5 burette as filled ith ater and then in!erted into a basin of ater# ()

The ater le!el in the burette as ad?usted to the ml mar6 and the clam"ed



ANSWER

!erticall. using a retort stand# ()

cm3 of #2 1 h.drochloric acid as measured using a measuring c.linder

and "oured into the conical flas6# ()The sto" atch as started and the burette reading as recorded at @ minute

inter!als and tabulated# ()

The e%"eriment as re"eated b. re"lacing 0 g of granulated -inc ith 0gof -inc "oder# ()

To gra"hs of total !olume of H2 gas collected against time as "lotted on

the same a%es# () 5rosedur:

1 g bi'i %ink dimasukkan ke dalam kelalang kon. (")

uret &ang diisi dengan air diterbalikkan di dalam satu besen air. (")

/ras air di dalam buret diuba$ kepada tanda #0 ml dan kemudian diapit secara menegak menggunakan kaki retort. (")

#0 cm 0.2 asid $idroklorik diukur menggunakan silinder pen&ukat dan dituang ke

dalam kelalang kon. (")

am randik dimulakan dan bacaan buret dicatatkan pada selang > minute dandi'adualkan. (")

Eksperimen diulang dengan menggantikan 1 g granul %ink dengan 1 g serbuk %ink.(")

;ua gra 'umla$ isipadu gas + 2 &ang dikumpul mela6an masa diplotkan pada paksi

&ang sama. (")

Tabulation

Aranulated -in6

5en'adualan i'i %ink

Time8min asa9 min @ @ 2 2@ etc

urettereading8

cm3

acaan

buret9cm

olume of

H2 gas8cm3

Isipadu

gas + 2 9 cm

Binc "oder

*erbuk %ink

Time8min asa9 min

@ @ 2 2@ etc



ANSWER

urette

reading8cm3

acaan

buret9cm

olume of H2 gas8

cm3

Isipadu

gas + 2 9

cm

Conclusion:To gra"hs of !olume of H2 against time as "lotted and shon belo:

Kesimpulan :

;ua grag isipadu + 2 mela6an masa diplotkan dan ditun'ukkan di ba6a$.

The -inc "oder ta6es a shorter time to react com"ared to the granulated -inc#

The total !olume of H2 gas collected is the same because the quantit. of

reactants used are the same#*erbuk %ink mengambil masa &ang lebi$ pendek untuk bertindak balas berbanding

granul %ink. umla$ isipadu gas + 2 &ang dikumpul sama kerana kuantiti ba$an tindak

balas &ang digunakan adala$ sama.

(c) The -inc "oder has a larger total surface area than the granulated -inc#()

The frequenc. of collisions of the H+ from the acid on the -inc "oder is higher#()

Thus its reaction rate is higher and the reaction ta6es a shorter time to com"lete# ()

(c) *erbuk %ink mempun&ai 'umla$ luas permukaan &ang lebi$ besar berbanding granul %ink.(")

Kekerapan pelanggaran + - daripada asid dengan serbuk %ink adala$ tinggi. (")

aka, kadar tindak balas lebi$ tinggi dan tindak balas mengambil masa &ang lebi$ pendek untuk lengkap. (")

9) (a) Ho does the concentration of sodium thiosul"hate solution affects the rate



ANSWER

of reaction ith h.drochloric acid# (2)

(a) agaimana kepekatan larutan natrium t$iosulat mempengaru$i tindak balas dengan

asid $idroklorik . (2)(b) The higher the concentration of sodium thiosul"hate solution, the higher

the rate of reaction# (2)

(b) *emakin tinggi kepekatan larutan natrium t$iosulat, semakin tinggi kadar tindak balas. (2)

(c) 1ani"ulated !ariable : Concentration of Na2/2O3 solution

'es"onding !ariable : 'ate of reaction Controlled !ariable : Tem"erature of solutions and concentration of HCl#(3)

(c) 5embole$uba$ dimanipulasi : Kepekatan larutan Na2* 2

5embole$uba$ bergerak balas : Kadar tindak balas

5embole$uba$ dika6al : *u$u larutan dan kepekatan +l.()(d) 9rocedure

cm3 of #2 1 sodium thiosul"hate solution as "oured into a conical flas6# ()

cm3 of 2# 1 HCl as added to the sodium thiosul"hate solution# ()

The sto" atch as started immediatel.# ()The mi%ture as sha6en and then "laced on a "a"er mar6ed ith # ()

The conical flas6 as !ieed from abo!e# The moment the mar6 Ddisa""earedE from !ie, the sto" atch as sto""ed# The time ta6en for the

reaction as recorded# ()

The e%"eriment as re"eated using diluted sodium thiosul"hate solutionsas shon in the table belo# ()

(d) 5rosedur

#0 cm 0.2 larutan natrium t$iosulat dituang ke dalam kelalang kon. (")

# cm 2.0 +l ditamba$ kepada larutan natrium t$iosulat. (") am randik dimulakan dengan segera. (")

ampuran digoncang dan kemudian diletakkan di atas se$elai kertas &ang bertanda ?.

(") Kelalang kon dili$at dari atas. /pabila tanda ? $ilang, 'am randik di$entikan. asa

tindak balas dicatatkan. (")

Eksperimen diulang menggunakan larutan natrium t$iosulat seperti &ang ditun'ukkandalam 'adual di ba6a$. (")

(e) Tabulation

(e) 5en'adualan

$%"eriment

Eksperimen

2 3 4

olume of

Na2/2O3 8 cm3

Isipadu Na2* 2 9 cm

4 3 2

olume of ater8 cm3

Isipadu air9

cm

2 3 4

Concentration #2 #0 #2 #= #4



ANSWER

of Na2/2O3

(1) Kepekatan

Na2* 2 ()

olume of

HCl 8 cm3

Isipadu +l 9 cm

Time, t (s)

asa, t (s)

t

+

(sec*)

t

+

(saat!")

(f) To gra"hs are "lotted: (i) Concentration against time, t

() ;ua gra diplot:

(i) Kepekatan mela6an masa, t

7rom the gra"h e can conclude that the higher the concentration the

shorter the time of reaction# () ;aripada gra, dapat disimpulkan ba$a6a semakin tinggi kepekatan

semakin pendek masa tindak balas. (")

(ii) Concentration against+

t #

(ii) Kepekatan mela6an+

t .



ANSWER

7rom the gra"h the concentration is directl. "ro"ortional to+

t #

Hoe!er+

t is directl. "ro"ortional to the rate of reaction#

Thus rate of reaction is directl. "ro"ortional to concentration of Na2/2O3 # ()

;aripada gra kepekatan berkadar terus dengan+

t .

etapi+

t berkadar terus dengan kadar tindak balas.

aka kadar tindak balas berkadar terus dengan kepekatan Na2* 2 . (")

10) (a) 2Fi(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2FiOH(aq) + H2(g)

(a) 28i(p) - 2+ 2(c)→

28i+(ak) - + 2(g)(b)

(c) (i) 'ate decreases ith time# That isa c

b d>

(ii) The quantit. of lithium decreases ith time#



ANSWER

(c) (i) Kadar berkurang dengan masa.a c

b d>

(ii) Kuantiti litium berkurang dengan masa

(d) Number of moles 30)

24))) # mole

(i) /odium () (ii) /odium reacts more !igorousl. than lithium# /odium and lithium ha!e one !alence electron# ()

<uring chemical reaction each ill donate one !alence electron, ()

so as to attain du"let and octet electron configuration# ()

The atomic radius of sodium is larger than lithium# () The electrostatic form of attraction beteen the nucleus and the !alence

electron is ea6er in the sodium atom# ()

The sodium atom loses its !alence electron more easil. than the lithium atom# Thus it is more reacti!e than lithium# ()

(d) ilangan mol =

30)

24))) = 0.0"# mol (i) Natrium (")

(ii) Natrium bertindak balas dengan lebi$ cergas berbanding litium.

Natrium dan litium mempun&ai satu elektron @alens (") ;alam tindak balas kimia setiap atom akan menderma satu elektron @alens.(")

untuk mencapai konigurasi elektron oktet atau duplet. (")

e'ari atom natrium lebi$ besar daripada litium. (")

;a&a elektrostatik antara nukleus dan elektron @alens lebi$ lema$ dalamatom natrium (")

/tom natrium lebi$ muda$ ke$ilangan elektron @alensn&a berbanding

atom litium. aka, natrium lebi$ reakti berbanding litium. (")

bab 1 kertas 1-jawapan

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