analisis pengaruh motivasi kerja terhadap kinerja pegawai negeri sipil pada badan penelitian dan...

8/2/2019 ANALISIS PENGARUH MOTIVASI KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA PEGAWAI NEGERI SIPIL PADA BADAN PENELITIAN DAN PENG

1/110

Mgmecc Thgkmrx` Jf|cqmc Ihrnm \hr`mlmt

Icghrnm Thkm{mc Ghkhrc Rctce Tmlm

Omlmg Thghec|cmg lmg Thgkhjomgkmg

Ihjhg|hrcmg Thr|m`mgmg _C

RI_CTRC

Lcmnximg Xg|xi Jhjhgx`c Thrsmrm|mg

Lmemj Jhjthrfeh` Khemr Rmrnmgm \higci (R|rm|m=#Trfkrmj R|xlc \higci Cglx|rc

Lcxxg Feh` >

GMJM > IXERXJ

GFJF_ TFIFI > ?4;'


2/110





Lcthrcmtimg lmg lcxxg feh` >

Gmjm > Ixexj

G_T > ?4;'


3/110





Lcthrcmtimg lmg lcxxg feh` >

Gmjm > Ixexj

G_T > ?4;'


4/110

EHJOM_ TH_GSM\MMG

Smgk ohr|mglm |mgkmg lcom{m` cgc >

Gmjm > Ixexj

G_T > ?4;'


5/110

c

IM\M THGKMG\M_

Txnc lmg sxixr thgxec tmgnm|img ihtmlm \x`mg Smgk Jm`m Hm smgk |hem`

jhjohrcimg rm`jm| lmg imrxgcm hr|m ohrim|*Gsm h`cgkkm thgxec ohr`mce

jhgsxxg irctc smgk ohrnxlxe Mgmecc Thgkmrx` Jf|cqmc Ihrnm |hr`mlmt

Icghrnm Thkm{mc lc ecgkixgkmg Omlmg Thghec|cmg lmg Thgkhjomgkmg Ihjhg|hrcmg

Thr|m`mgmg cgc lmtm| thgxec hehmcimg lhgkmg omci'

Rirctc cgc lc|xec homkmc mem` m|x smrm| xg|xi jhgshehmcimg trfkrmj

Rmrnmgm R|rm|m*= lc Xgcqhrc|m Thjomgkxgmg Gmcfgme Qh|hrmg Nmimr|m'

Thgxec xgkkx`*xgkkx` jhgsmlmrc om`{m omgsmi tc`mi smgk |hem` |xrx|

hr|m lmemj thgshehmcmg irctc cgc' Rhomo |mgtm omg|xmg omgsmi tc`mi% thgxec

|clmi mimg lmtm| ohroxm| omgsmi lmemj thgshehmcmg irctc cgc' Feh` imrhgm c|x tmlm

ihhjtm|mg cgc xlm` hemsmigsm thgxecgsm jhgkxgkimtimg |hrcjm imc` imjc smgk

hohmr*ohmrgsm ihtmlm >

=' Omtmi Cr' Rxec|cfgf% J'Rb hemix Lhimg Amixe|m \higci XTG Qh|hrmgNmimr|m'

?' Cox Cr' Ececi ^xemc`m`% Jc hemix [mlhi Amixe|m \higci XTG Qh|hrmgNmimr|m

2' Omtmi Lr'Cr' J' @mecj Jm`axl% J'Rb hemix Lfhg Thjocjocgk smgk |hem`jhjocjocgk lmg jhjohrc jmximg lmemj thgsxxgmg irctc cgc'


6/110

cc


7/110

ccc

Lmemj ihmlmrmg mimg ih|hrom|mmg cgc txem% thgxec jhrmm irctc cgc

ohexj hjtxrgm% imrhgm thgxectxg |hroxim |hr`mlmt irc|ci lmg mrmg smgk

jhjomgkxg' Jhictxg lhjcicmg thgxec ohr`mrmt om`{m irctc cgc lmtm| txem

ohrkxgm xg|xi tc`mi*tc`mi emcg smgk jhjhreximggsm'

Nmimr|m% ?4==

Thgxec%

IXERXJ


8/110

cq

LMA\M_ CRC

@memjmg

IM\M THGKMG\M_'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' c

LMA\M_ CRC '' cq

LMA\M_ KMJOM_ qc

LMA\M_ \MOHE qcc

LMA\M_ EMJTC_MG qccc

MOR\_MI ' cp

OMO C' THGLM@XEXMG

='=' Em|mr Ohemimgk ' =

='?' Clhg|cacimc Jmmem` ' ?4;' Jf|cqmc lmg Icghrnm


14/110

=

OMO C

THGLM@XEXMG

='=' Em|mr Ohemimgk Jmmem`

Kefomecmc |hem` jhjohrcimg thgkmrx` smgk ixm| |hr`mlmt

Jmgmnhjhg Rxjohr Lmsm Jmgxcm (JRLJ# lmg jhgnmlcimg thrmcgkmg

lmemj hkmem ecgc ih`clxtmg jhgnmlc hjmicg ohrm|% i`xxgsm lmemj

ixmec|m Rxjohr Lmsm jmgxcm (RLJ#' \mg|mgkmg |hrhox| `mrx lc`mlmtc

lhgkmg jhemiximg thrxom`mg tmrmlckjm lmg thromcimg jmgmnhjhg tmlm

h|cmt frkmgcmc% lcjmgm lhgkmg jhghjtm|img Rxjohr Lmsm Jmgxcm

(RLJ# homkmc trcfrc|m' Afix thjocgmmg jmgmnhjhg |hrimc| lhgkmg

thjocgmmg RLJ'

Afix thjocgmmg JRLJ |hrhox| lc m|m `mgsm lmtm| lc{xnxlimg

lhgkmg jhjohrcimg jflme&ohime omkc thkm{mc xg|xi jhgcgkim|img

ihjmjtxmggsm h`cgkkm lmtm| lc`mrmtimg lcjmm lhtmg mimg

jhgk`mceimg trflxi|cqc|m ihrnm smgk |cgkkc' Omgsmi ami|fr smgk |xrx|

jhjthgkmrx`c |cgkim| trflxi|cqc|m ihrnm thkm{mc lmg frkmgcmc% omci

lcimrhgmimg ami|fr cg|hrgme jmxtxg hi|hrgme% |h|mtc |h|mt mnm RLJ `mrx

jhgnmlc |c|ci hg|rme thjocgmmg jmgmnhjhg'

Ihjhg|hrcmg Thr|m`mgmg (Ihj`mg# mlmem` cg|c|xc thjhrcg|m`

smgk lcohrc ih{hgmgkmg lmemj jhghg|ximg ihocnmimg oclmgk thr|m`mgmg

ghkmrm' Ihjhg|hrcmg cgc jhrxtmimg cg|c|xc smgk xgci% imrhgm lcm{mic

feh` thrfgce jcec|hr lmg TGR lhgkmg m|xrmg thjocgmmg thrfgce smgk

ohrohlm'


15/110

?

Omlmg Thghec|cmg lmg Thgkhjomgkmg Ihjhg|hrcmg Thr|m`mgmg

(Omec|omgk Ihj`mg# mlmem` xgxr themimgm |xkm |higc Ihj`mg% smgk

ohrmlm lcom{m` lmg ohr|mgkkxgk nm{mo ihtmlm Jhg|hrc' Omec|omgk

Ihj`mg lctcjtcg feh` Ihtmem omlmg hxmc Thrm|xrmg Jhg|hrc Thr|m`mgmg

Gfjfr > TH_&=1&J&CP&?4=4 |mgkkme ?; Rht|hjohr ?4=4 mlmem`

jhemimgmimg thghec|cmg lmg thgkhjomgkmg lcoclmgk thr|m`mgmg ghkmrm'

Ihohr`mcemg xm|x frkmgcmc lmemj themimgmmg |xkm lmg axgkcgsm

lmtm| lcec`m| lmrc ixmec|m icghrnm frkmgcmc |hrhox|' Icghrnm frkmgcmc

|hrhox| lc|hg|ximg ohohrmtm ami|fr mg|mrm emcg icghrnm (thrafrjmgbh# lmrc

thkm{mcgsm' Icghrnm thkm{mc lcthgkmrx`c feh` jf|cqmc ihrnm'

Jhgxrxggsm icghrnm thkm{mc tmlm mi`crgsm mimg jhgk`mjom| |hrbmtmc

thgcgkim|mg icghrnm frkmgcmc lmemj xtmsm jh{xnxlimg |xnxmg lmg

mmrmg frkmgcmc'

Ohrlmmrimg tmlm thgkmjm|mg thgxec lc |hjtm| thgxec ohrlcgm%

rhmec|m smgk |mjtmi mm| cgc mlmem` |hrlmtm| ihbhglhrxgkmg thgxrxgmg

icghrnm thkm{mc% i`xxgsm TGR' @me cgc lmtm| lcec`m| lmrc

jhgcgkim|gsm nxjem` |xkm*|xkm smgk lcohrcimg tcjtcgmg ihtmlm

thkm{mc ohexj lmtm| lchehmcimg |htm| {mi|x% ixmec|m `mce ihrnm smgk

bhglhrxgk jhgxrxg% tmrm TGR hrcgk jhgcgkkmeimg img|fr (|mgtm memmg

smgk nhem# tmlm mm| nmj ihrnm' Lm|m smgk lmtm| lctmimc xg|xi

jhgkxm|img `mce thgkmjm|mg lcm|m lmrc Emtfrmg Mixg|mocec|m Cg|mgc

Thjhrcg|m` (EMICT# lmg LT2 tmrm thkm{mc Omec|omgk Ihj`mg tmlm |ckm

|m`xg |hrmi`cr jhgxgxnxiimg `mce smgk ixrmgk jhjxmimg' Oxi|c smgk


16/110

2

tmecgk hrcgk lcnxjtmc om`{m trfh mljcgc|rmc thrkhhrmg lmg&m|mx

jx|mc thkm{mc hr|m jmmem` xrxmg tmgkim| lmg nmom|mg jmc` |hrihmg

emjom| lmg ixrmgk |rmgtmrmg (mr|cgsm ohexj lclmmrimg m|m ifjth|hgc

lmg em|mr ohemimgk thglclcimg lmg ihjmjtxmg thkm{mc smgk

ohrmgkix|mg#' Jf|cqmc ihrnm TGR omci cglcqclx jmxtxg frkmgcmc

jhgxgnxiimg ihbhglhrxgkmg thgxrxgmg' @me cgc |hrec`m| lmrc thihrnmmg%

i`xxgsm thgshehmcmg ihkcm|mg thghec|cmg lmg thgkhjomgkmg (ec|omgk#

ixrmgk lmtm| lchehmcimg lhgkmg |htm| {mi|x hxmc lhgkmg thrhgbmgmmg%

omci hbmrm cglcqclx jmxtxg frkmgcmc' Ihbhglhrxgkmg smgk xjxj

|hrnmlc mlmem` hrcgk ihkcm|mg ec|omgk smgk lcemiximg |hrtmim lcihrnmimg

ihnmr |msmgk imrhgm jhglhim|c om|mmg mefimc smgk |hrhlcm% h`cgkkm

lmtm| lcjmiexjc `mce ec|omgk |hrhox| hbmrm ixmec|m nmx` lmrc hjtxrgm'

Jf|cqmc xg|xi jhemiximg ec|omgk lhgkmg jhgkhjomgkimg cgccm|ca%

cgfqmc lmg irhm|cac|m lmrc thrfgce jmxtxg ihefjtfi ihrnm (tfinm# rhem|ca

jmc` rhglm`' Imemxtxg thihrnmmg&trfkrmj ihrnm ec|omgk c|x hehmc

`mgsm homkmc hoxm` thjhgx`mg ih{mncomg mljcgc|rmc% ixrmgk

jhgshg|x` ixmec|m `mce ec|omgk hthr|c smgk lc`mrmtimg' Thkm{mc smgk

jhjcecic jf|cqmc ihrnm smgk |cgkkc xjxjgsm ehoc` ohr`mce lmemj |xkm

lmg thrihjomgkmg imrchrgsm lcomglcgkimg thkm{mc smgk ixrmgk jf|cqmc'

Memmg |hrhox| lcm|m jhglfrfgk lmg jhgkcgtcrmc thgxec xg|xi

jhemiximg thghec|cmg cgc lhgkmg jhjafiximg tmlm mgmecc thgkmrx`

jf|cqmc ihrnm (cglcqclx jmxtxg frkmgcmc# |hr`mlmt icghrnm TGR

Omec|omgk Ihj`mg'


17/110


20/110

;

OMO CC

EMGLMRMG \HF_C

?'=' Jmgmnhjhg Rxjohr Lmsm Jmgxcm

Thgkhr|cmg jmgmnhjhg ohrmme om`mm Cgkkrc jmgmkhjhg| smgk

mr|cgsm jhgkm|xr m|mx jhgkhefem' Rhlmgkimg jmgmnhjhg xjohr lmsm

jmgxcm jhjtxgsmc thgkhr|cmg xm|x cejx smgk jhgkm|xr m|mx jhgkhefem

xjohr lmsm jmgxcm xg|xi jhgbmtmc |xnxmg |hr|hg|x' Jmgmnhjhg

Rxjohr Lmsm Jmgxcm JRLJ# homkmc omkcmg lmrc oclmgk jmgmnhjhg

jhjcecic thrmgmg smgk mgkm| thg|cgk lmemj jhgbmtmc |xnxmg frkmgcmc'

\clmi hthr|c oclmgk emcggsm% jmgmnhjhg RLJ jhjcecic bmixtmg

thrjmmem`mg smgk mgkm| ifjtehi'

?'='=' Lhacgcc lmg Thrmg JRLJ

Ohohrmtm thglmtm| tmrm m`ec jmgmnhjhg jhgkhgmc thgkhr|cmg

JRLJ mg|mrm emcg >

@mcoxmg ?44=% =;# jhjohrcimg thgkhr|cmg jmgmnhjhg mlmem`

cejx lmg hgc jhgkm|xr thjmgamm|mg xjohr lmsm jmgxcm lmg

xjohr*xjohr emcgsm hbmrm hahi|ca lmg hacchg xgx|i jhgbmtmc

|xnxmg |hr|hg|x'

Jmgkixghkmrm ?44=% ?# jhjohrcimg thgkhr|cmg jmgmnhjhg

xjohr lmsm jmgxcm lmtm| lclhacgccimg xm|x thgkhefemmg lmg

thglmsmkxgmmg xjohr lmsm smgk mlm tmlm cglcqclx thkm{mc#'


21/110

0

Rcmkcmg ?44?% =?3# jhjohrcimg thgkhr|cmg jmgmnhjhg xjohr

lmsm jmgxcm mlmem` Ifght*ifght smgk lckxgmimg hokmc |c|ci

|femi ohrtcicr lmg ohr|cglmi lmemj jhrxjximg ihocnmimgmmg

smgk jhgsmgkix| jmgxcm lmemj frkmgcmc% hr|m trmi|hi*trmi|hi

smgk lc|hrmtimg% smgk jhgsmgkix| ih`clxtmg ohrimrsm lmemj

frkmgcmc'

Gm{m{c ?442% 8?# jhgsm|mimg om`{m Jmgmnhjhg jhrxtmimg

hrmgkimcmg trfh smgk |hrlcrc m|m thrhgbmgmmg (temggcgk#%

thgkfrkmgcmcmg (frkmgc~cgk#% themimgmmg (mb|xm|cgk#%

thgkm{mmg (bfg|rfeecgk# lmg thgkmgkkmrmg (oxlkh|cgk#'

Rmjxlcg ?441% =8# Jmgmnhjhg jhrxtmimg ohihrnm lhgkmg

frmgk*frmgk xg|xi jhgbmtmc |xnxmg frkmgcmc lhgkmg themimgmmg

axgkc*axgkc thrhgbmgmmg temggcgk#% thgkfrkmgcmcmg

(frkmgc~cgk#% thgsxxgmg thrfgmecm m|mx ihthkm{mcmg (|maacgk#%

thgkmrm`mg lmg ihthjcjtcgmg (ehmlcgk#% lmg thgkm{mmg

(bfg|rfeecgk#'

Aecttf hthr|c smgk lcix|ct feh` Rrc Oxlc Bmg|cim Sxec% ?448% =1#

jhgshox|img om`{m jmgmnhjhg thrfgmecm lmtm| lctm`mjc lmrc

lxm im|hkfrc axgkc smc|x axgkc jmgmnhjhg lmg axgkc

fthrmcfgme' Axgkc jmgmnhjhg jhgkmbx tmlm tmlm trfh

temggcgk% frkmgc~cgk% lcrhb|cgk lmg bfg|rfecgk' Rhlmgkimg axgkc

fthrmcfgme jhectx|c ihkcm|mg thgkmlmmg thkm{mc (rhbrxc|jhg|#%

thgkhjomgkmg (lhqheftjhg|#% ifjthgmc (bfjthgm|cfg#%


22/110

3

cg|hkrmc (cg|hkrm|cfg#% thjhec`mrmmg (jmcg|hgmgbh# lmg thjx|xmg

`xoxgkmg ihrnm (htmrm|cfg#'

Jhgkcgkm| JRLJ jhrxtmimg omkcmg lmrc jmgmnhjhg%jmim

thgkhr|cmg JRLJ lmtm| lccjtxeimg homkmc ohrcix| >

Jmgmnhjhg Rxjohr Lmsm Jmgxcm jhrxtmimg ihkcm|mg smgk

jhgkm|xr |hg|mgk bmrm thgkmlmmmg |hgmkm ihrnm% jhemiximg

thgkhjomgkmg% jhjohrcimg ifjthgmc% cg|hkrmc% thjhec`mrmmg

lmg thjcm`mg thkm{mc jhemexc trfh*trfh jmgmnhjhg lmemj

rmgkim jhgbmtmc |xnxmg frkmgcmc'

Xg|xi jhgxgnmgk |hrbmtmcgsm |xnxmg frkmgcmc smgk lc`mrmtimg%

jmim ihohrmlmmg lmrc RLJ lmtm| lcft|cjmeimg thrmg lmg axgkc

|rm|hkcgsm' Rhbmrm xjxj thrmg JRLJ lmtm| lcihefjtfiimg

lmemj |ckm thrmg x|mjm% smc|x 9 =# thrmg mljcgc|rmc% ?# thrmg

fthrmcfgme lmg 2# thrmg |rm|hkc' Jmcgk*jmcgk thrmg |hrhox|

jhjcecic afix m|mx ifghg|rmc% rhg|mgk {mi|x lmg nhgc ihkcm|mg

smgk ohrohlm*ohlm'

?'='?' \xkm Tfifi JRLJ

Ohohrmtm thrfmemg thg|cgk lmemj trfh JRLJ

jhgsmgkix| > thgmrcimg |hgmkm ihrnm smgk ohrixmec|m% jhgkhefem

thrhgbmgmmg% rhirx|jhg lmg hehic |hgmkm ihrnm% jhgkhjomgkimg

|hgmkm ihrnm smgk ohrixmec|m% jhgkhefem frchg|mc% them|c`mg lmg

thgkhjomgkmg hr|m thrhgbmgmmg lmg thgkhjomgkmg imrcr


23/110

=4

thkm{mc% jhjthr|m`mgimg |hgmkm ihrnm smgk ohrixmec|m%

jhgkhefem% thgm`mgmg lmg thrkmg|cmg% thgcemcmg icghrnm%

ifjthgmc lmg ohghac| lmg `xoxgkmg |hgmkm ihrnm lmg jmgmnhjhg

Sxec ?448% =0# hthr|c smgk |hrkmjomr tmlm Kmjomr = lcom{m`

jhgshox|img om`{m ohohrmtm thrfmemg thg|cgk |hrimc| lhgkmg

trfh JRLJ jhgsmgkix| >

=# Thgmrcimg |hgmkm ihrnm smgk ohrixmec|m% jhgkhefem

thrhgbmgmmg% rhirx|jhg lmg hehic |hgmkm ihrnm'

?# Jhgkhjomgkimg |hgmkm ihrnm smgk ohrixmec|m% jhgkhefem

frchg|mc% them|c`mg lmg thgkhjomgkmg hr|m thrhgbmgmmg lmg

thgkhjomgkmg imrcr thkm{mc'

2# Jhjthr|m`mgimg |hgmkm ihrnm smgk ohrixmec|m% thgkhefem

thgm`mgmg lmg thrkmg|cmg% thgcemcmg icghrnm% ifjthgmc lmg

ohghac|hr|m `xoxgkmg |hgmkm ihrnm lhgkmg jmgmnhjhg'

Rxjohr > Sxec% ?448> =3

Kmjomr ='Trfh Jmgmnhjhg RLJ

Rhemgnx|gsm Sxec ?448% =3*??# jhgnhemimg |m`mtmg trfh

jmgmnhjhg RLJ hxmc ihjm lc m|m homkmc ohrcix| >

Thrhgbmgmmg

RLJ

Them|c`mg lmg

Thg hjomg m

Rhehic_hirx|jhg

Rfcmecmc

Trfjfc% \rmgahr%Lhjfc lmg T@I

ThgcemcmgTrh|mc ihr m


24/110

==

=# Thrhgbmgmmg RLJ

Thrhgbmgmmg xjohr lmsm jmgxcm jhrxtmimg trfh lcjmg

jmgmnhr jhgnmjcg om`{m frkmgcmc jhjceci nxjem` lmg nhgc

|hgmkm smgk |htm| lc |hjtm|*|hjtm| smgk |htm| (rck`| jmg fg |`h

rck`| tembh# lmg tmlm mm| smk |htm|% smgk jhjcecic ihjmjtxmg

xg|xi jhgshehmcimg |xkm*|xkm smgk jhgfefgk frkmgcmc

|hrhox| jhgbmtmc mmrmg*mmrmg hbmrm ihhexrx`mg hbmrm hahi|ca

lmg hacchg' Lmemj thgkhr|cmg trmi|c% hjxm jmgmnhr `mrx

jhjm|cimg om`{m hjxm thihrnmmg lmemj mrhm |mgkkxgk nm{mo

jhrhim hemex lccc lhgkmg frmgk*frmgk smgk ohrihjmjtxmg smgk

lmtm| jhemiximggsm hbmrm |htm|'

?# Thrhirx|mg Thkm{mc

Thgmrcimg |hgmkm ihrnm jhrxtmimg xm|x trfh m|mx |cglmimg

smgk lcemiximg feh` thrxm`mmg xg|xi jhglmtm|img |hgmkm ihrnm

jhemexc ohohrmtm |m`mtmg smgk jhgbmixt clhg|cacimc lmg hqmexmc

xjohr*xjohr thgmrcimg |hgmkm ihrnm% jhghg|ximg ihox|x`mg

|hgmkm ihrnm smgk lcthreximg% trfh hehic% thghjtm|mg lmg

frchg|mc |hgmkm ihrnm' Thgmrcimg |hgmkm ihrnm ohr|xnxmg

jhgshlcmimg |hgmkm ihrnm smgk bxixt mkmr jmgmnhr lmtm| jhjcec`

imrsm{mg smgk jhjhgx`c ixmecacimc smgk jhrhim threximg'

2# Rhehic


25/110

=?

Rhehic mlmem` trfh xg|xi jhjxmimg mtmim` bmefg smgk

xlm` jhemjmr lmtm| lc|hrcjm m|mx |clmi' Lmemj ihgsm|mmggsm%

trfh hehic hrcgkimec |clmi foshi|ca h`cgkkm ohrlmjtmi tmlm

ixmec|m RLJ frkmgcmc' Tmrm jmgmnhr RLJ jhgkkxgmimg trfh

hehic xg|xi jhgkmjoce ihtx|xmg thghrcjmmg thkm{mc omrx'

\xnxmg lmrc trfh hehic mlmem` xg|xi jhjcec` thkm{mc smgk

bfbfi lhgkmg thihrnmmg lmg frkmgcmc' Tmlm lmmrgsm hehic

lcemiximg xg|xi jhjohrcimg jmximg omkc frkmgcmc lmemj

rmgkim jhglmtm|img thkm{mc hxmc lhgkmg ihox|x`mg frkmgcmc'


26/110

=2

Trfkrmj them|c`mg (|rmcgcgk# ohr|xnxmg xg|xi jhjthromcic

thgkxmmmg homkmc ih|hrmjtcemg lmg |higci themimgmmg thihrnmmg

|hr|hg|x xg|xi ihox|x`mg himrmgk% hlmgkimg thgkhjomgkmg

ohr|xnxmg xg|xi jhgscmtimg thkm{mcgsm cmt jhjmgkix nmom|mg

|hr|hg|x lcjmm smgk mimg lm|mgk' Thgkhjomgkmg ohrcam| ehoc`

exm imrhgm jhgsmgkix| omgsmi mthi hthr|c thgcgkim|mg lmemj

ihcejxmg% {m{mmg lmg ihjmjtxmg% cimt hr|m ihtrcomlcmg'

Trfkrmj them|c`mg lmg thgkhjomgkmg ohr|xnxmg mg|mrm emcg xg|xi

jhgx|xtc kmt mg|mrm ihbmimtmg thkm{mc lhgkmg thrjcg|mmg

nmom|mg% hemcg c|x nxkm xg|xi jhgcgkim|img hacchgc lmg hahi|cac|m

ihrnm thkm{mc lmemj jhgbmtmc mmrmg |xkm'

Xg|xi jhemimgmimg trfkrmj em|c`mg lmg thgkhjomgkmg%

jmgmnhjhg `hglmigsm jhemiximg mgmecc |hg|mgk ihox|x`mg%

|xnxmg% mmrmg% hr|m cc lmg trcgct ohemnmr |hrehoc` lm`xex mkmr

themimgmmg trfkrmj them|c`mg |clmiem` cm*cm' Mkmr trcgct

ohemnmr jhgnmlc thlfjmg bmrm ohemnmr% trfkrmj `hglmigsm ohrcam|

tmr|cctm|ca% rhehqmg lmg qmecl% h`cgkkm jhjxgkicgimg |hrnmlcgsm

|rmgafrjmc ihm`ecmg hr|m jhjohrcimg xjtmg omeci |hg|mgk

ihjmnxmg thhr|m them|c`mg' Lc emcg tc`mi thgkhjomgkmg RLJ

nmgkim tmgnmgk omgsmi jhjcecic jmgamm|% jcmegsm xg|xi

jhgkxrmgkc ih|hrkmg|xgkmg tmlm thgmrcimg thkm{mc omrx%

jhjohrcimg ihhjtm|mg ihtmlm thkm{mc emjm% jhgkmg|cctmc

ihxmgkmg thkm{mc lmg thrtx|mrmg |hgmkm ihrnm'


27/110

=

=# Jmicg |clmi |hrthgx`cgsm xm|x ihox|x`mg |hr|hg|x% jmicg

ohmr txem ihcgkcgmg xg|xi jhjxmimggsm'

?# Ixm|gsm ihcgkcgmg jhjxmimg ihox|x`mg smgk ehoc`

|cgkkc hjmicg ohmr mtmocem ihox|x`mg smgk ehoc` rhglm`

|hem` lctxmimg'

2# Rhomecigsm hjmicg xec| jhjxmimg ihox|x`mg smgk

|cgkim|gsm ehoc` |cgkkc% hjmicg ohmr ihcgkcgmg xg|xi

jhjxmimg ihox|x`mg smgk ehoc` ohmr'

Cejx{mg ih|ckm smgk lcmixc |hem` jhjohrcimg ifg|rcoxc thg|cgk

lmemj thjm`mjmg jf|cqmc tmrm imrsm{mg mlmem` @hr~ohrk' \hfrc

smgk lcihjomgkimggsm lcihgme lhgkmg Jflhe lxm ami|fr lmrc

jf|cqmc smc|x ami|fr jf|cqmcfgme lmg ami|fr `ckchgc

thjhec`mrmmg#'

Jhgxrx| |hfrc @hr~ohrk% smgk lcjmixl lhgkmg ami|fr

jf|cqmcfgme mlmem` `me*`me thglfrfgk ohrtrh|mc smgk cam|gsm

cg|rcgci% smgk ohrmr|c ohrxjohr lmemj lcrc hhfrmgk% hlmgkimg

smgk lcjmixl lhgkmg ami|fr `ckchgc thjhec`mrmmg# mlmem`

ami|fr*ami|fr smgk ohrcam| hi|rcgci smgk ohrmr|c ohrxjohr lmrc


34/110

?=

exmr lcrc hhfrmgk% jcmegsm lmrc frkmgcmc% |h|mtc |xrx|

jhghg|ximg thrcemix hhfrmgk lmemj ih`clxtmg ihimrsmmggsm'

Jhgxrx| @hr~ohrk% smgk |hrkfefgk homkmc ami|fr jf|cqmcfgme

mg|mrm emcg cmem` thihrnmmg hhfrmgk% ihohr`mcemg smgk lcrmc`%

ihhjtm|mg ohr|xjox`% ihjmnxmg lmemj imrcr lmg thgkmixmg

frmgk emcg' Rhlmgkimg ami|fr*ami|fr `ckchgc thjhec`mrmmg#

jhgbmixt mg|mrm emcg |m|x hhfrmgk lmemj frkmgcmc% `xoxgkmg

hfrmgk imrsm{mg lhgkmg m|mmggsm% `xoxgkmg hhfrmgk lhgkmg

rhimg*rhimg hihrnmgsm% |higci thgshecmmg smgk lc|hrmtimg feh`

tmrm thgshecm% ihocnmimgmmg frkmgcmc% c|hj mljcgc|rmc lmemj

frkmgcmc% ifglcc ihrnm lmg c|hj cjomemg smgk ohremix'

Rmem` m|x |mg|mgkmg lmemj jhjm`mjc lmg jhghrmtimg |hfrc

@hr~ohrk cmem` jhjthr`c|xgkimg lhgkmg |htm| ami|fr jmgm smgk

ehoc` ohrthgkmrx` ixm| lmemj ih`clxtmg ihrnm hhfrmgk% mtmim`

smgk ohrcam| cg|rcgci m|mxim` smgk ohrcam| hi|rcgci'

\hfrc Ihmlcemg% Rcmkcmg ?441% ?3=*?3?# jhgnhemimg om`{m cg|c

|hfrc cgc |hreh|mi tmlm tmglmgkmg om`{m jmgxcm |hrlfrfgk xg|xi

jhgk`cemgkimg ihhgnmgkmg mg|mrm xm`m smgk lcoxm| omkc

ihthg|cgkmg frkmgcmc lmg cjomemg smgk lc|hrcjm' Mr|cgsm mtmocem

hfrmgk imrsm{mg jhjtxgsmc thrhtc om`{m cjomemg smgk

lc|hrcjmgsm |clmi jhjmlmc% lxm ihjxgkicgmg lmtm| |hrnmlc smc|x >

=# Rhhfrmgk lmtm| ohrxm`m jhjthrfeh` cjomemg smgk ehoc`

ohmr% m|mx


35/110

??

?# Jhgkxrmgkc cg|hgc|m xm`m smgk lcoxm| lmemj themimgmmg

|xkm smgk jhgnmlc |mgkkxgk nm{mogsm'

Lmemj jhgxjox`img thrhtc |hr|hg|x% hfrmgk imrsm{mg

ocmmgsm jhgkkxgmimg hjtm| me homkmc thjomglcgkgsm smc|x >

=# @mrmtmggsm |hg|mgk cjomemg smgk lcmgkkmtgsm emsmi

lc|hrcjm ohrlmmrimg ixmecacimc lcrc trcomlc hthr|c

thglclcimg% ih|hrmjtcemg% cam| thihrnmmg lmg

thgkmemjmggsm9

?# Cjomemg smgk lc|hrcjm feh` frmgk emcg lmemj frkmgcmc smgk

ixmecacimc lmg cam| thihrnmmggsm rhem|ca mjm lhgkmg smgk

ohrmgkix|mg hglcrc9

2# Cjomemg smgk lc|hrcjm feh` imrsm{mg emcg lc frkmgcmc emcg

lc im{mmg smgk mjm hr|m jhemiximg ihkcm|mg hnhgc9


36/110

?2

ihbhemimmg ihrnm% hrcgkgsm imrsm{mg ohroxm| ihmem`mg lmemj

themimgmmg ihrnmgsm% thjfkfimg m|mx om`img thrtcglm`mg

imrsm{mg ih frkmgcmc emcg

\hfrc @mrmtmg% Qcb|fr @' Qrffj lmemj oxixgsm smgk ohrnxlxe

[fri mgl Jf|cqm|cfg jhgkh|hgkm`img xm|x |hfrc smgk

lchox|gsm homkmc \hfrc @mrmtmg' Jhgxrx| |hfrc cgc%

jf|cqmc jhrxtmimg micom| lmrc xm|x `mce smgk cgkcg lcbmtmc feh`

hhfrmgk lmg thricrmmg smgk ohrmgkix|mg om`{m |cglmimggsm

mimg jhgkmrm` ihtmlm `mce smgk lclcgkcgimggsm' Mr|cgsm%

mtmocem hhfrmgk mgkm| jhgkcgkcgimg hxm|x jmim nmemg

gmjtmigsm |hroxim xg|xi jhjthrfeh`gsm% lmg smgk ohrmgkix|mg

mimg ohrxtmsm xg|xi jhglmtm|imggsm'

Lcgsm|mimg lhgkmg bmrm mgkm| hlhr`mgm |hfrc `mrmtmg

jhgsm|mimg om`{m ncim hhfrmgk jhgkcgkcgimg hxm|x lmg

`mrmtmg xg|xi jhjthrfeh` hxm|x c|x bxixt ohmr% smgk

ohrmgkix|mg mimg mgkm| |hrlfrfgk xg|xi jhjthrfeh` `me smgk

lccgkcgimggsm' Rhomecigsm% ncim `mrmtmg xg|xi jhjthrfeh` `me

lccgkcgimggsm |ctc% jf|cqmcgsmtxg xg|xi ohrxtmsm mimg jhgnmlc

rhglm`' Lc imemgkmg tmrm cejx{mg lmg trmi|cc jmgmnhjhg

xjohr lmsm jmgxcm |hfrc `mrmtmg cgc jhjtxgsmc lmsm |mrci

|hrhglcrc% imrhgm thghimgmg |hg|mgk thg|cgkgsm omkcmg

ihthkm{mcmg jhjomg|x tmrm imrsm{mg lmemj jhghg|ximg `me*`me


38/110

?8

m||c|xlh#% lmg ihjmjtxmg*ihjmjtxmg mocec|ch#' Ami|fr*ami|fr

frkmgcmcfgme jhectx|c thjomsmrmg m|mx kmnc tms#% ihmjmgmg

thihrnmmg nfo hbxrc|s#% hmjm thihrnm bf*{frihr#% thgkm{mmg

xthrqccfg#% txncmg trmch#% lmg thihrnmmg c|x hglcrc nfo c|hea#'

?'2 Icghrnm Thkm{mc

?'2'=' Lhacgcc

Thgkhr|cmg icghrnm hbmrm xjxj lmtm| lcim|mimg homkmc

ohmrgsm ifg|rcoxc m|mx `mce smgk lcbmtmc mimg lcohrcimg thkm{mc

|hr`mlmt ihjmnxmg lmg thrihjomgkmg m|mx mmrmg*mmrmg

frkmgcmc m|mx frkmgcmc lcjmgm cm ohihrnm'

Icghrnm lmemj frkmgcmc jhrxtmimg |mgkkxgk nm{mo x|mjm

hfrmgk tcjtcgmg% lcjmgm tcjtcgmg jhjomg|x thkm{mcgsm mkmr

ohrtrh|mc ehoc` omci' Thgcemcmg icghrnm lcemiximg xg|xi jhjohrc

|m`x thkm{mc mtm smgk lc`mrmtimg jmgmnhjhg xg|xi jhjomgkxg

thjm`mjmg smgk ehoc` omci m|x mjm emcg' Thgcemcmg `mrx

jhgkhgmec trh|mc hr|m jhjoxm| rhgbmgm xg|xi jhgcgkim|img

icghrnm thkm{mc' Rxsmlc Trm{crfhg|fgf =333% ?# lmemj oxixgsm

Ihocnmimg Icghrnm Imrsm{mg> Icm| Jhjomgkxg Frkmgcmc

Jhgnhemgk Thrlmkmgkmg Ohom Lxgcm jhgkhjximimg om`{m

Thrafrjmgbh m|mx icghrnm mlmem` `mce ihrnm smgk lmtm| lcbct|mimg


39/110

?1

feh` hhfrmgk m|mx ihefjtfi frmgk lmemj xm|x thrxm`mmg

hxmc lhgkmg {h{hgmgk lmg |mgkkxgk nm{mo jmcgk*jmcgk

lmemj rmgkim xtmsm jhgbmtmc |xnxmg thrxm`mmg smgk

ohrmgkix|mg hbmrm ehkme% |clmi jhemgkkmr `xixj lmg hxmc

lhgkmg jfrme jmxtxg h|cim'

Lhgkmg lhjcicmg lmtm| lc|mrci tfifi*tfifi thjcicrmg

om`{m icghrnm mlmem` ihhexrx`mg xgxr lmg trfh smgk |hrtmlx

lmemj xm|x frkmgcmc% smgk lclmemjgsm |hrimglxgk ihi`mmg

jmcgk*jmcgk cglcqclx% thrcemix thkm{mc lmemj frkmgcmc m|mx

tfem ihrnm hbmrm ihhexrx`mg% trfh ihrnm hr|m `mce ihrnm m|mx

|hrbmtmcgsm |xnxmg |hr|hg|x'

Lmemj `me cgc hohgmrgsm |hrlmtm| `xoxgkmg hrm| mg|mrm

icghrnm thrfrmgkmg (cglcqclxme thrafrjmgbh# lhgkmg icghrnm

ehjomkm (cg|c|x|cfgme thrafrjmgbh# m|mx icghrnm frkmgcmc

(bfrtfrm|h thrafrjmgbh#' Lhgkmg im|m emcg ocem icghrnm thkm{mc

omci% jmim ihjxgkicgmg ohmr icghrnm frkmgcmc nxkm omci'

Icghrnm hhfrmgk mimg omci ocem lcm jhjtxgsmc ihm`ecmg (icee#

smgk |cgkkc% ohrhlcm imrhgm lcohrc kmnc m|mx xtm` hxmc lhgkmg

thrnmgncmg% jhjtxgsmc `mrmtmg (hpthb|m|cfg# jmm lhtmg smgk

ehoc` omci'


40/110

?;

Jhgkhgmc kmnc lmg mlmgsm `mrmtmg (hpthb|m|cfg# jhrxtmimg `me

smgk jhgbct|mimg jf|cqmc hfrmgk thkm{mc smgk ohrhlcm

jhemimgmimg ihkcm|mg ihrnm lhgkmg icghrnm smgk ehoc` omci'

Ocem hihefjtfi thkm{mc lmg m|mmggsm jhjtxgsmc icghrnm

smgk omci% jmim mimg ohrlmjtmi tmlm icghrnm thkm{mc smgk emcg

txem'

Lmrc xrmcmg lc m|m lmtm| lccjtxeimg om`{m icghrnm thkm{mc

mlmem` `mce ihrnm smgk lcbct|mimg thkm{mc xg|xi frkmgcmc

ohrlmmrimg thgkh|m`xmg lmg ihjmjtxmg smgk lcjcecic hxmc

lhgkmg {h{hgmgk lmg |mgkkxgk nm{mo hr|m jf|cqmc smgk

lcjcecic' M|mx lhgkmg im|m emcg icghrnm mlmem` `mce ihrnm thkm{mc

smgk |hrxixr m|mx thromglcgkmg mg|mrm fx|tx| lhgkmg cgtx|'

Rhjhg|mrm jhgxrx| Ohrgmlcg lmg _xhe lmemj Rcmgctmr ?444% 3


41/110

?0

ihh`m|mg% lcctecg% `xoxgkmg ihrnm% thrm|xrmg thrxglmgk*

xglmgkmg% jmgmnhjhg% frkmgcmc lmg emcg*emcg'

?'2'?' Ihlxlximg Icghrnm Lmemj Rc|hj Thrcemix Frkmgcmc

Rhemgnx|gsm Gh|rfj lmg Lmqc lmemj Rxtmr|cgc ?44;%

2=*2?# jhgsm|mimg om`{m |hrlmtm| `xoxgkmg smgk nhem

mg|mr icghrnm (thrafrjmgbh#% ihjmjtxmg (mocec|s# lmg

jf|cqmc (jf|cqm|cfg# Om`{m thrmg smgk lcjmcgimg feh`

thrcemix frkmgcmc mgkm|em` thg|cgk'

Rxjohr > Gh|rfj lmg Lmqc lmemj Rxtmr|cgc (?44;% 2=*2?#

Kmjomr ?' Ihlxlximg Icghrnm Lmemj Rc|hj Thrcemix Frkmgcmc

Jmgmkhjhg| T`ceeffts%

Qmexh% Qccfg% Jccfg% Kfc

Frkmgc~m|cfg Bxe|xrh

Ehmlhr`ct% Bfjjxgcbm|cfg

Krfxt Lsmgmjcb

]xmec|s fa [fri Ecah

(][E#

Jf|cqm|cfg

Fx|bfjh. Thrafrjmgbh

. Hjtefshh m|camb|cfg

. Thrfgme Krf{|` mgl

Lhqheftjhg|

Rfbcme

Hgqcrfgjh

Afrjme

Fr mgc~m|cf

Cgafrjm|cfg

Frkmgc~m|cfg


42/110

?3

Thrmg |hrhox| tmlm lmmrgsm |hrlcrc lmrc lxm ami|fr smc|x >

=# ihjmjtxmg% smgk jhrxtmimg `mce cg|hrmic lmrc thgkh|m`xmg

lmg ih|hrmjtcemg9 lmg ?# jf|cqmc% smgk jhrxtmimg `mce cg|hrmic

lmrc cimt lmg ihmlmmg ihrnm' Cg|hrmic mg|mrm ihjmjtxmg lmg

jf|cqmc jhrxtmimg tf|hgc hhfrmgk xg|xi ohroxm| lmg tf|hgc

hhfrmgk smgk ohrcg|hkrmc lhgkmg xjohr lmsm jhrxtmimg

icghrnm ec`m| Kmjomr ?#'

Jceehr N'J hthr|c smgk lcix|ct feh` Rxtmr|cgc ?44;% 22#

jhgshox|img om`{m ami|fr*ami|fr smgk lmtm| jhglxixgk

thgbmtmcmg icghrnm smigc ecgkixgkmg ihrnm (hgqcrfgjhg|# lmg

imrmi|hrc|ci thkm{mc thrfgme b`mrmb|hrc|cb#' Xgxr*xgxr

ecgkixgkmg ihrnm mlmem` ihhxmcmg thrmg (rfeh#% xjohr lmsm

(rhfxrbh#% ocjocgkmg (kxclmgbh# lmg them|c`mg (|rmcgcgk#'

Rhlmgkimg imrmi|hrc|ci thkm{mc jhectx|c ihjmjtxmg (mocec|s#%

thgkh|m`xmg (igf{ehlkh# lmg ih|hrmjtcemg (icee#'

?'2'2' Lcjhgc Icghrnm'

Jhrxtmimg |femi xixr h|cmt thkm{mc lmemj jhghg|ximg ixmec|m

jmxtxg ixmg|c|m icghrnm' Mlmtxg xixrmg xixrmg*xixrmg

lcjhgc ihrnm jhgxrx| Rxtmr|cgc ?44;% 28*21# jhgnhemimg om`{m

xixrmg lcjhgc ihrnm omci ixmec|m' ixmg|c|m ihrnm% {mi|x lmg

ihrnmmjm jhectx|c >

=# ]xmec|s fa {fri

m# Thjm`mjmg lmg thgkxmmmg |xkm


43/110

24

o# Ihox|x`mg |hr`mlmt cg|rxic lmemj themimgmmg |xkm

b# Ihjmjtxmg lmemj jhghjximg lmg jhjhbm`img

jmmem`

l# Ih|hec|cmg lmemj themimgmmg |xkmh# Hacchgc {mi|x% |hgmkm lmg ocmsm lmemj themimgmmg

|xkm

a# Ih|hixgmg lmg ihlcctecgmg lmemj themimgmmg |xkmk# Cgccm|ca

`# Rcimt |hr`mlmt |xkm

c# Ihjmjtxmg lmemj ohihrnm hglcrc

n# \mgkkxgk nm{mo lmemj jhemimgmimg |xkm

i# Ihthjcjtcgmgj# Ihbmimtmg lmemj jhgkkxgmimg thrmem|mg ihrnm

g# Ihjmjtxmg lmemj jhjthromcic thrmem|mg smgk

jhgkmemjc ihrxmimg'

?# ]xmg|c|s fa {fri

m# Ihjmjtxmg jhgshehmcimg hexrx` thihrnmmg smgk

lc|xkmimg

o# Ihjmjtxmg xg|xi lmtm| jhgshehmcimg thihrnmmg

jhehoc`c lmrc mtm smgk lc|xkmimg'

2# \cjh fa {fri

m# Ih|htm|mg {mi|x lmemj jhgshehmcimg |xkm

o# Ih|htm|mg {mi|x lmemj ih`mlcrmg


44/110

2=

b# Ih|htm|mg {mi|x lmemj c|crm`m| lmg txemgk img|fr

?'2'2'2'=;# jhgkhjximimg om`{m mthi*mthi smgk

lcgcemc lmemj jhghg|ximg icghrnm jhgbmixt ihh|cmmg% `mce ihrnm%

ihnxnxrmg% ihlcctecgmg% irhm|cqc|m% ihrnmmjm% ihthjcjtcgmg%

ihtrcomlcmg% trmimrm% ihbmimtmj lmg |mgkkxgk nm{mo'

Jhgxrx| @xhcg Xjmr =33;>?11# om`{m mthi*mthi smgk

jhghg|ximg icghrnm smc|x > Jx|x thihrnmmg% Ihnxnxrmg Imrsm{mg%

Cgccm|ca% Ih`mlcrmg% Rcimt% Ihrnmmjm% Ihmglmemg Thgkh|m`xmg

|hg|mgk thihrnmmg% |mgkkxgk nm{mo lmg thjmgamm|mg mthi ihrnm'

Mlmtxg mthi*mthi |mglmr thihrnmmg |hrlcrc lmrc mthi ixmg|c|m|ca

lmg mthi ixmec|m|mca' Mthi ixmg|c|m|ca jhectx|c >


46/110

22

lhrmnm| |hr|hg|x lmtm| lcxixr' Gmjxg lhjcicmg jh|flm cgc nxkm

jhjtxgsmc ihehjm`mg% smigc trh|mc ihrnm tmlm {mi|x smgk emex

|clmi lmtm| lcxom`' \h|mtc lhgkmg jhgkhqmexmc trh|mc ihrnm smgk

emex tmrm imrsm{mg jhjthrfeh` xjtmg omeci |hr`mlmt thihrnmmg

jhrhim' Rhemgnx|gsm xjtmg omeci |hrhox| lmtm| lcjmgamm|img

xg|xi thromcimg*thromcimg trh|mc jhrhim' Jhgxrx| Rfhiclnf

lmemj Rxtmr|cgc ?44;% 2

m# Rimem |hr|hg|x

Lmemj `me cgc thgcemc jhemiximg thgcemcmg xoshi|ca

|hr`mlmt trh|mc ihrnm imrsm{mg lhgkmg imem |hr|hg|x

lmrc smgk |hrhglm` mjtmc lhgkmg smgk |hr|cgkkc' Thgcemc

jhjohrcimg |mglm tmlm imem smgk xlm` mlm |hrhox|

lhgkmg bmrm jhjomglcgkimg mg|mrm `mce thihrnmmg

imrsm{mg lhgkmg irc|hrcm smgk |hem` lc|hg|ximg |hrhox|

ohrlmmrimg nx|cacimc thgcemc smgk ohrmgkix|mg'

o# B`hbiec|

Lmemj jh|flm b`hbiec| thgcemc `mgsm jhjcec`

thrgsm|mmg*thrgsm|mmg smgk xlm` |hrhlcm% smgk

jhgkkmjomrimg trh|mc ihrnm lmg imrmi|hrc|ci*

imrmi|hrc|ci imrsm{mg smgk lcgcemc#' Bmrm cgc lmtm|

jhjohrc kmjomrmg trh|mc ihrnm smgk mixrm|% mtmocem

thrgsm|mmg*thrgsm|mmg lmemj cg|rxjhg thgcemcmg c|x


47/110

2

=# Lmtm| lcemiximg ohrmjmmg lhgkmg ihkcm|mg

xthrqcc' Lmemj xthrqcc% tmrm thgcemc m|mx

tcjtcgmg lmtm| jhemiximg thgcemcmg

|hr`mlmt ihrnm tmrm imrsm{mg'

?# Rhbmrm hgkmnm lmg |hrhgbmgm tmrm thgcemc

jhglm|mgkc |hjtm| ihrnm tmrm imrsm{mg

xg|xi jhemiximg thgcemcmg trh|mc ihrnm

smgk ohrmgkix|mg'

h# \h trh|mc ihrnm

Jh|flm thgcemcmg cgc lcemiximg lhgkmg jhgkmlmimg |h

|hr|xec ihtmlm imrsm{mg smgk mimg lcgcemc' Imrhgm mtm

smgk lc|mgsmimg |h# lmg nm{momg cgc lmemj ohg|xi

|hr|xec% lmg |clmi jhgbhrjcgimg emgkxgk trh|mc

hhfrmgk% jmim jh|flm cgc |hrjmxi |clmi emgkxgk'


49/110

21

?# Jh|flm Thgcemcmg Trh|mc Ihrnm Ohrfrchg|mc {mi|x smgk

mimg lm|mgk'

Jh|flm thgcmcmg trh|mc ihrnm smgk ohrfrchg|mc {mi|x

smgk mimg lm|mgk jhjxm|img trh|mc ihrnm imrsm{mg mm|

cgc hr|m thgh|mtmg*thgh|mtmg mmrmg mmrmg trh|mc

ihrnm lc jmm smgk mimg lm|mgk' \higci |higci smgk lmtm|

lckxgmimg mg|mrm emcg% homkmc ohrcix| >

m# Thgcemcmg lcrc (hea mttrmcme# Jh|flm thgcemcmg cgcjhghimgimg om`{m thgcemcmg trh|mc ihrnm imrsm{mg

lcgcemc feh` imrsm{mg c|x hglcrc' \xnxmg thgcemcmg cgc

mlmem` xg|xi thgkhjomgkimg lcrc imrsm{mg lmemj

rmgkim thgkhjomgkmg frkmgcmc'

o# Thglhim|mg Jmgmkhjhg| os Fonhb|cqh JOF#Jh|flh thgcemcmg cgc lc|hg|ximg ohrmjm*mjm mg|mrm

thgcemc m|mx tcjtcgmg lhgkmg imrsm{mg smgk mimg

lcgcemc' Jhrhim ohrmjm*mjm jhghg|ximg |xnxmg*

|xnxmg m|mx mmrmg*mmrmg themimgmmg ihrnm lc {mi|x

smgk mimg lm|mgk% ihjxlcmg lhgkmg jhgkkxgmimg

mmrmg*mmrmg |hrhox| thgcemcmg trh|mc ihrnm lcemiximg

hbmrm ohrmjm *mjm'


50/110

2;

b# Thgcemcmg Tcifefkc>Jh|flm thgcemcmg lcemiximg lhgkmg jhgkmlmimg

{m{mgbmrm jhglmemj% lcixc m|mx |h*|h tcifefkc

|hr`mlmt imrsm{mg smgk mimg lcgcemc' Mthi*mthi smgk

lcgcemc mg|mrm emcg> cg|hehi|xme% hjfc% jf|cqmc% lmg

homkmcgsm lmrc imrsm{mg smgk ohrmgkix|mg' Lmrc `mce

cgc mimg lmtm| jhjomg|x xg|xi jhjthricrmimg trh|mc

ihrnm lc {mi|x smgk mimg lm|mgk' Hqmexmc cgc rhehqmg

xg|xi ihtx|xmgihtx|xmg thghjtm|mg m|mx thrtcglm`mg

|xkm lc ecgkixgkmg frkmgcmc'

l# \higci txm| thgcemcmg>Lc lmemj xm|x frkmgcmc smgk xlm` jmnx%

|hrlmtm| xm|x txm| thgcemcmg imrsm{mg' Txm| cgc

jhgkhjomgkimg c|hj thgcemcmg smgk omix smgk

lckxgmimg xg|xi jhgcemc tmrm imrsm{mggsm' @mce

thgcemcmg txm| cgc mgkm| ohrjmgamm| xg|xi

jhgkclhg|cacimc ihjmjtxmg jmgmnhjhg lc {mi|x

{mi|x smgk mimg lm|mgk'

2# Xgxr*xgxr Thgcemcmg Icghrnm TGR

XX Gf% 2< \m`xg =333 |hg|mgk Tfifi*tfifi

Ihthkm{mcmg jhgnhemimg om`{m ohohrmtm xgxr smgk

threx lcthr`m|cmg lmemj jhgsxxg Lma|mr Thgcemcmg Trh|mc


51/110

20

Thkm{mc LT2# homkmc mbxmg thgcemcmg trh|mc ihrnm TGR

homkmc ohrcix| >

m# Ihh|cmmg' \him| lmg ihmgkkxtmg jhg|mm|c%

jhemimgmimg lmg jhgkmjmeimg hxm|x smgk lc|mm|c

lhgkmg thgx` ihmlmrmg lmg |mgkkxgk nm{mo'

o# Trh|mc ihrnm' Icghrnm smgk lcbmtmc feh` hfrmgk

thkm{mc lmemj jhemimgmimg |xkm lmg thihrnmmg

smgk lcohrcimg ihtmlmgsm'

b# \mgkkxgk nm{mo' Ihmgkkxtmg hfrmgk thkm{mc

lmemj jhgshehmcimg |xkm lmg thihrnmmg smgk

lchrm`img ihtmlmgsm

l# Ih|mm|mg' Ihmgkkxtmg hfrmgk thkm{mc xg|xi

jhg|mm|c hkmem ih|h|mtmg% thrm|xrmg thrxglmgk*

xglmgkmg lmg thrm|xrmg ihlcgmmg smgk ohremix%

jhg|mm|c thrcg|m` ihlcgmmg smgk lcohrcimg m|mmg

smgk ohr{hgmgk hr|m ihmgkkxtmg xg|xi |clmi

jhemgkkmr emrmgkmg smgk lc|h|mtimg frkmgcmc

m|mxtxg thjhrcg|m` omci hbmrm |hr|xec jmxtxg |clmi

|hr|xec'

h# Ihnxnxrmg' Ih|xexmg `m|c hfrmgk thkm{mc

lmemj jhemimgmimg |xkm lmg thihrnmmg hr|m

ihjmjtxmg xg|xi |clmi jhgsmem`kxgmimg {h{hgmgk

smgk |hem` lcohrcimg ihtmlmgsm'


52/110

23

a# Ihrnmmjm' Ihjmjtxmg hfrmgk thkm{mc xg|xi

ohihrnm ohrmjm*mjm lhgkmg frmgk emcg lmemj

jhgshehmcimg xm|x |xkm lmg thihrnmmg smgk |hem`

lc|h|mtimg h`cgkkm jhgbmtmc lmsm kxgm lmg `mce

kxgm smgk hohmr*ohmrgsm'

k# Trmimrm' Ihjmjtxmg hfrmgk thkm{mc xg|xi

jhgkmjoce ihtx|xmg smgk lcthreximg lmemj

jhemimgmimg |xkm tfifi |mgtm jhgxgkkx thrcg|m`

lmg ocjocgkmg lmrc jhgmnhjhg emcggsm'

`# Ihthjcjtcgmg' Ihjmjtxmg hfrmgk thkm{mc xg|xi

jhsmicgimg frmgk emcg h`cgkkm lmtm| lcihrm`img

hbmrm jmicjxj xg|xi jhemimgmimg |xkm tfifi'

Lmrc xrmcmg lc m|m lmtm| lccjtxeimg om`{m icghrnm

thkm{mc mlmem` hohrmtm ohmr ifg|rcoxc `mce ihrnm smgk

lmtm| lcohrcimg thkm{mc thrfrmgkmg jmxtxg ihefjtfi#

omkc frkmgcmc lmemj xtmsm jh{xnxlimg |hrbmtmcgsm

|xnxmg frkmgcmc hxmc lhgkmg imtmc|m lmg |mgkkxgk

nm{mogsm% lcjmgm icghrnm hglcrc mixjxemc lmrc ohohrmtm

ami|fr hthr|c smgk |hem` lcnhemimg hohexjgsm'


53/110


54/110


55/110


56/110

Omkcmg thr|mjm |hrlcrc lmrc hjtm| thr|mgsmmg smc|x thr|mgsmmg gfjfr =

'l' < ohrcc |hg|mgk kmnc% |xgnmgkmg lmg `fgfrmrcxj'

Omkcmg ihlxm |hrlcrc lmrc hjtm| thr|mgsmmg smc|x gf' 8*0 ohrcc |hg|mgk

ihmjmgmg ihrnm'

Omkcmg ih|ckm |hrlcrc lmrc lxm thr|mgsmmg smc|x thr|mgsmmg gfjfr 3*=4

|hg|mgk ihrnmmjm lhgkmg rhimg hihrnm'

Omkcmg ihhjtm| |hrlcrc lmrc hjtm| thr|mgsmmg smc|x thr|mgsmmg gfjfr ==*

=< |hg|mgk thgkm{mmg&xthrqcc'

Omkcmg ihecjm |hrlcrc lmrc hjtm| thr|mgsmmg smc|x thr|mgsmmg gfjfr =8*=0

|hg|mgk txncmg lmg thgk`mrkmmg'

Omkcmg ihhgmj |hrlcrc lmrc lxm thr|mgsmmg smc|x thr|mgsmmg gfjfr =3*?4

|hg|mgk |xkm&thihrnmmg'

Rhlmgkimg ixccfghr xg|xi qmrcmohe icghrnm TGR smc|x |hrclcrc lmrc

lxm lcjhgc `mce ihrnm lmg trflxi|cqc|m# hr|m lhemtmg cglcim|fr smc|x >

Omkcmg thr|mjm |hrlcrc lmrc lxm thr|mgsmmg smc|x thr|mgsmmg gfjfr = lmg

? ohrcc |hg|mgk jx|x ihrnm'

Omkcmg ihlxm |hrlcrc lmrc lxm thr|mgsmmg smc|x thr|mgsmmg gfjfr 2 lmg _ : Ifhacchg ifrhemc

L : Ohlm rmgicgk

G : Nxjem` xoshi thjceci gcemc


64/110

8=

OMO CCC

JH\FLFEFKC THGHEC\CMG

Jh|flfefkc thghec|cmg cgc jhrxtmimg xm|x trfh lcjmgm rmgkimcmg emgkim`*

emgkim` lcemiximg hbmrm |hrhgbmgm lmg c|hjm|c kxgm jhglmtm|img thjhbm`mg lmrc

jmmem` smgk lc|hec|c' Emgkim`*emgkim` smgk lcemiximg `mrx omci lmg mecgk

jhglxixgk m|x mjm emcggsm% mkmr thghec|cmg jhjtxgsmc xm|x gcemc ehoc` lmg ofof|

smgk jhjmlmc hr|m jhjohrcimg xm|x ihcjtxemg xg|xi jhgmgkmgc lmg jhgnm{mo

jmmem` smgk lc|hec|c'

2'=' Thrcmtmg Thghec|cmg

Thrcmtmg thghec|cmg lcemiximg lhgkmg jhgbmrc em|mr ohemimgk jmmem`

smgk mimg lc|hec|c emex lcclhg|cacimc jmmem` |hrhox| lmg jhgh|mtimg |xnxmg%

thjom|mmg lmg thrxjxmg jmmem`'

2'='=' Em|mr ohemimgk

Lmemj thghec|cmg cgc thghec|c jhemiximg thgh|mtmg |ftci

thrjmmem`mg smc|x lhgkmg jhgbmrc em|mr ohemimgk jmmem` icghrnm

thkm{mc' \ftci jmmem` smgk mimg lc|hec|c threx lc|hg|ximg |hrehoc`

lm`xex mkmr thghec|c lmtm| jhgkh|m`xc em|mr ohemimgk lmrc jmmem`

smgk mimg lc|hec|c lmg thghec|cmg lmtm| lcemiximg ehoc` |hrmrm`'


65/110

8?

2'='?' Clhg|cacimc jmmem`

Rh|hem` jhgkh|m`xc em|mr ohemimgk jmmem` jmim emgkim`

ohrcix|gsm mlmem` jhgkclhg|cacimc jmmem` smgk mlm tmlm tftxemc

smgk lc|xnx (Omec|omgk Ihj`mg#' Thrjmmem`mg smgk lcmgkim|

tmlm thghec|cmg cgc mlmem` jmmem` icghrnm thkm{mc Omec|omgk

Ihj`mg'

2'='2' \xnxmg thghec|cmg

Emgkim` hemgnx|gsm mlmem` thgh|mtmg |xnxmg thghec|cmg'

Thghec|cmg lcemiximg lhgkmg |xnxmg xg|xi jhgkh|m`xc thrjmmem`mg

smgk mlm lc Omec|omgk Ihj`mg smc|x jmmem` icghrnm thkm{mc% lcjmgm

`mce cgc lc`mrmtimg mimg jhgnmlc om`mg jmximg omkc cg|c|xc lmemj

jhgmgkmgc jmmem` htx|mr icghrnm thkm{mc Omec|omgk Ihj`mg'

2'='


66/110

82

2'?' R|xlc Thglm`xexmg

Lmemj |xlc thglm`xexmg cgc thghec|c jhemiximg |xlc tx|mim lmg

|xlc emtmgkmg hr|m jhemiximg thjcec`mg mjthe lmg jhgbmrc cgafrjmc

|hg|mgk icghrnm thkm{mc'

2'?'=' R|xlc tx|mim

Jhrxtmimg ihkcm|mg smgk lcemiximg lhgkmg bmrm jhjombm

oxix*oxix lmg rhahrhgc smgk ohr`xoxgkmg lhgkmg icghrnm thkm{mc'

_xjxmg*rxjxmg lmg ifght*ifght |hfrc|c lmrc ohromkmc ec|hrm|xr

lcthemnmrc mkmr lcthrfeh` emglmmg |hfrc smgk omci lmg |htm| xg|xi

lmtm| lckxgmimg lmemj jhgkhjomgkimg ifght thghec|cmg' Emglmmg

|hfrc cgc jhjxlm`img xg|xi jhgkclhg|cacimc ami|fr*ami|fr smgk

jhjthgkmrx`c icghrnm thkm{mc'

2'?'?' Fohrqmc emtmgkmg

Jhrxtmimg ihkcm|mg xg|xi jhgbmrc ih|hrmgkmg m|mx cgafrjmc

jhgkhgmc kmjomrmg xjxj tftxemc smgk lc|xnx smc|x lhgkmg bmrm

thgkmjm|mg emgkxgk'

Lmrc |xlc emtmgkmg cgc lmtm| lcthrfeh` kmjomrmg smgk nhem

lmrc tftxemc thghec|cmg cgc lmg ohromkmc cgafrjmc smgk |hrimc| lmemj

jhglxixgk thghec|cmg'Thghec|cmg lcemiximg lc |hjtm| thghec|c

ohrlcgm% cgafrjmc lmg lm|m rcce xlm` lcih|m`xc lhgkmg omci'


67/110

8 Lm|m @mce Thgkfem`mg RTRR =;

Lhgkmg omg|xmg tcrmg|c exgmi RTRR =; tmlm mgmecc qmeclc|m lmg

rhecmocec|m mgkih| xg|xi qmrcmohe P= lcthrfeh` `mce om`{m tmlm mgmecc

thr|mjm |hrlmtm| 2 |ckm# c|hj thr|mgsmmg smgk |clmi qmecl smc|x c|hj

thr|mgsmmg gfjfr


80/110

1;

Brfgomb` 4%;;4# 7 r |mohe 4%?


81/110

10

\mohe


82/110

13

=2 c|hj thr|mgsmmg xg|xi qmrcmohe S ohgmr*ohgmr qmecl lmg

rhecmohe ec`m| \mohe


83/110

;4

\mohe Lm|m @mce Thgkfem`mg RTRR =;


85/110

;?

m# Xnc Gfrjmec|m Tmlm _hkrhc Qmrcmohe P=

\hr`mlmt S

Lmrc krmaci lc om{m` cgc |hrec`m| lm|m |c|ci*|c|ci#

jhgshomr lc hic|mr kmrc lcmkfgme hr|m

thgshomrmggsm jhgkcix|c kmrc lcmkfgme ohrmr|c

om`{m jflhe rhkrhc emsmi lckxgmimg xg|xi

jhjtrhlcic qmrcmohe |hrcim| icghrnm TGR

ohrlmmrimg jmximg qmrcmohe jf|cqmc ihrnm

cglcqclx P=#' Ncim lm|m jhgshomr lc hic|mr kmrc

lcmkfgme lmg jhgkcix|c kmrc lcmkfgme jmim jflhe

rhkrhc jhjhgx`c mxjc gfrjmec|m'

Rxjohr > Krmaci Gfrjmec|m @mce Thgkfem`mg Lm|m RTRR =;

Kmjomr


86/110

;2

o# Xnc Gfrjmec|m Tmlm _hkrhc Qmrcmohe P?

\hr`mlmt S

Lhjcicmg txem `megsm lhgkmg rhkrhc

qmrcmohe P? |hr`mlmt qmrcmohe S% lmrc krmaci GTT

Tef| |hrec`m| lm|m |c|ci*|c|ci# jhgshomr lc hic|mr

kmrc lcmkfgme hr|m thgshomrmggsm jhgkcix|c kmrc

lcmkfgme ohrmr|c om`{m jflhe rhkrhc emsmi

lckxgmimg xg|xi jhjtrhlcic qmrcmohe |hrcim|

icghrnm TGR ohrlmmrimg jmximg qmrcmohe jf|cqmc

ihrnm cglcqclx P=#' Ncim lm|m jhgshomr lc hic|mr

kmrc lcmkfgme lmg jhgkcix|c kmrc lcmkfgme jmim

jflhe rhkrhc jhjhgx`c mxjc gfrjmec|m'

Rxjohr > Krmaci Gfrjmec|m @mce Thgkfem`mg Lm|m RTRR =;

Kmjomr


90/110

;;

@f lc|femi lmg @m lc|hrcjm' Lhgkmg lhjcicmg lmtm|

lccjtxeimg om`{m jf|cqmc ihrnm cglcqclx ohrthgkmrx`

ckgcacimg |hr`mlmt icghrnm TGR Omec|omgk Ihj`mg'

Thgnhemmg lc m|m ehoc` jxlm` lctm`mjc lhgkmg

jhjthr`m|cimg tfcc gcemc | `c|xgk tmlm ixrqm gfrjme lmrc

lc|rcoxc | ec`m| Kmjomr (Bfg|mg|#% JF\CQMRC IH_NM F_KMGCRMRC

o' Lhthglhg| Qmrcmoeh> ICGH_NM TGR


91/110

;0

2# Thrmjmmg _hkrhc

Lmrc |mohe lc om{m` cgc |mjtmi om`{m gcemc m :

ICGH_NM TGR

Thrmjmmg rhkrhc |hrhox| lc m|m lmtm| lckxgmimg xg|xi

jhjtrhlcic ohmrmg ifr qmrcmohe |hrcim| icghrnm TGR#

ncim ifr qmrcmohe jf|cqmc ihrnm frkmgcmc P?#

lc|hg|ximg'

Lmrc thrmjmmg lc m|m |mjtmi nhem om`{m h|cmt

ifr qmrcmohe P?ohr|mjom` hohmr = m|x# imec jmim ifr

qmrcmohe icghrnm TGR mimg ohrixrmgk hohmr 4%232 hohmr

ifhacchg rhkrhc# m|mx lhgkmg im|m emcg h|cmt ifr P?


93/110

04

* =%33; ) =%33;

Kmjomr


95/110

0?

(Bfg|mg|#% JF\CQMRC IH_NM F_KMGCRMRC%JF\CQMRC IH_NM CGLCQCLX

o' Lhthglhg| Qmrcmoeh> ICGH_NM TGR


97/110

0

=' Ohrcem` |mglm (P# tmlm if|mi% hxmc lhgkmg thrgsm|mmg smgk

lctcec`'

?' Ixccfghr cgc ohrcc ohohrmtm thr|mgsmmg smgk lcjf`fgimg

xg|xi lcnm{mo hbmrm trcomlc lhgkmg |clmi jhgbmg|xjimg

gmjm' Nm{momg smgk lcohrcimg |clmi |hrimc| lhgkmg

ihlcgmmg% gmjxg hthgx`gsm xg|xi ihthg|cgkmg thghec|cmg

lmemj rmgkim thgsxxgmg irctc'2' Ih|hg|xmg ofof| gcemc nm{momg rhtfglhg homkmc ohrcix| >

R\R : mgkm| |clmi h|xnx\R : |clmi h|xnxR : h|xnxRR : mgkm| h|xnx_K : rmkx*rmkx

O' Lm|m _htfglhg'

Nhgc Ihemjcg > E & T

Xjxr > ''|m`xg

Cg|mgc&Omkcmg >

Nmom|mg >

Jmm Ihrnm >

Thglclcimg \hrmi`cr > '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''


105/110

?

LMA\M_ TH_\MGSMMG QM_CMOHE JF\CQMRC IH_NM CGLCQCLX (P=#

Ohrcem` |mglm (P# tmlm ifefj nm{momg smgk lctcec`

Gf Thr|mgsmmg

Nm{momg

R\R \R R RR _K

= Thjcjtcg smgk nxnxr% omci lmg ohgmr

ocmmgsm ohrtfem `clxt hlhr`mgm? Rmxlmrm txm imrhgm `mce ihrnm mxlmrm

lc`mrkmc lmg jhglmtm| txncmg lmrctcjtcgmg

2 Rmxlmrm h|xnx om`{m tcjtcgmgjhjohrcimg txncmg |hr`mlmt `mce ihrnm

om{m`mggsm< Rmxlmrm txm imrhgm ihox|x`mg `clxt

trcomlc lmg ihexmrkm |hrthgx`c8 Rmxlmrm jhrmm thgk`mcemg mm| cgc

mgkm| jhgbxixtc ihox|x`mg `clxt

mxlmrm lmg ihexmrkm1 Rmxlmrm ehoc` jhgsximc thihrnmmg*

thihrnmmg smgk ohrcam| rx|cgc|m mnm; Rmxlmrm h|xnx lhgkmg ihhjtm|mg smgk

lcohrcimg xg|xi jhglmtm|img nmom|mg

|hroxim hbmrm mlce lmg trftfrcfgmeomkc h|cmt thkm{mc

0

Jhgxrx| mxlmrm% thjcjtcg smgk omcimlmem` hfrmgk tcjtcgmg smgk thrcemix*

gsm lmtm| lcnmlcimg tmgx|mg lmg |hemlmg

omkc tmrm thkm{mc (ihhxmcmg im|m

lhgkmg throxm|mg#3 Rmxlmrm hemex ohrxtmsm ifgc|hg

lmemj themimgmmg |xkm ihlcgmmg=4

Rmxlmrm mimg ohrxtmsm ohihrnm lhgkmgomci himextxg oximg |mgkkxgk nm{mo

mxlmrm


106/110

2

==Jf|cqmc msm mimg hjmicg jhgcgkim|

ncim thihrnmmg smgk msm ihrnmimgjhjcecic mmrmg lmg bmtmcmg ihrnm smgk

|hrxixr

=?Rmmrmg lmg bmtmcmg ihrnm smgk |hrxixr

mjm| xec| lc{xnxlimg imrhgm omgsmijxm|mg ihthg|cgkmg lmemj thihrnmmg

|hrhox|

=2 Lhgkmg |xnxmg smgk |hrxixr% thihrnmmglmtm| msm hehmcimg lhgkmg omci lmgmsm hjmicg |hrjf|cqmc

=

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