shock alnasser abdulaziz alomari mohammed alhomoud homoud
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SHOCK
Alnasser AbdulazizAlomari MohammedAlhomoud Homoud
Objective Definition .Pathophysiology .Sign and symptoms .Types of shock .Management .Summery .
3
WHAT IS SHOCK?
Inadequate Tissue
Perfusion
• Shock is the term used to describe acute circulatory failure with inadequate or inappropriately distributed tissue perfusion resulting in generalized cellular hypoxia and/or an inability of the cells to utilize oxygen.
4
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SHOCK
• The manifestation of shock reflects both –The impaired perfusion of body tissue
& –The body’s attempt to maintain tissue
perfusion (compensatory mechanism)
5
Inadequate tissue perfusion
Decreased oxygen supply
Anaerobic metabolism
Accumulation metabolic waste & lactate
Cellular failure (limited ATP produce)
Pathophysiology of shockcellular responses
6
VICIOUS CYCLE Hypoperfusion
Cellular injury
Inflammatory mediators
Functional & structural changes in microvascular
circulation
7
Global Tissue Hypoxia
• Endothelial inflammation and disruption• Inability of O2 delivery to meet demand• Result:
• Lactic acidosis• Cardiovascular insufficiency• Increased metabolic demands
8
Symptoms of Shock
• Anxiety /Nervousness
• Dizziness• Weakness• Faintness• Nausea & Vomiting• Thirst• Confusion• Decreased UO
• Hx of Trauma / other illness
• Vomiting & Diarrhoea
• Chest Pain• Fevers / Rigors• SOB
General Symptoms Specific Symptoms
9
Signs of ShockPale
Cold & Clammy skin SweatingCyanosis
TachycardiaTachypnoea
Confused / AggiatatedUnconsciousHypotensiveStridor / SOB
10
TYPES OF SHOCK
HYPOVOLEMIC
CARDIOGENIC
DISTRIBUTIVE
11
Hypovolaemic
• Volume Loss
• Blood loss -HaemorrhagePlasma Loss -Burns ECF Loss - Vomiting & Diarrhoea
12
Compensatory mechanism and shock
Fluid
Volume
(CVP/JVP)
Vascular
Diameter
(SVR)
Cardiac
Output
(SV x HR)
PRE-LOAD AFTER-LOAD
13
Hypovolaemic shock
Fluid
Volume
(CVP/JVP)
Vascular
Diameter
(SVR)
Cardiac
Output
(SV x HR)
PRE-LOAD AFTER-LOAD
1
14
Hypovolaemic shock
Fluid
Volume
(CVP/JVP)
Vascular
Diameter
(SVR)
Cardiac
Output
(SV x HR)
PRE-LOAD AFTER-LOAD
12
15
Hypovolaemic shock
Fluid
Volume
(CVP/JVP)
Vascular
Diameter
(SVR)
Cardiac
Output
(SV x HR)
PRE-LOAD AFTER-LOAD
312
Hypovolaemic shock Management
• Hemorrhage: Arrest of bleeding & fluid resuscitation.
• Two wide bore (14-16 gauge) peripheral venous access.
• Crystalloid infusion- titrated to clinical response.
• PRBCs: Life threatening/ continued bleeding.
• Diagnosis & treatment: Source of bleeding/ other causes
• Invasive monitoring.
• Urine output monitoring- Foley catheter
17
Cardiogenic
• Pump FailureMay be due to – Inability of heart to Contract or– Inability of heart to pump blood
• Myocardial damage ( M.I)• Arrhythmias• Valvular damage
18
Compensatory mechanism and shock
Fluid
Volume
(CVP/JVP)
Vascular
Diameter
(SVR)
Cardiac
Output
(SV x HR)
PRE-LOAD AFTER-LOAD
19
Cardiogenic shock
Fluid
Volume
(CVP/JVP)
Vascular
Diameter
(SVR)
Cardiac
Output
(SV x HR)
PRE-LOAD AFTER-LOAD
1
20
Cardiogenic shock
Fluid
Volume
(CVP/JVP)
Vascular
Diameter
(SVR)
Cardiac
Output
(SV x HR)
PRE-LOAD AFTER-LOAD
21
21
Cardiogenic shock
Fluid
Volume
(CVP/JVP)
Vascular
Diameter
(SVR)
Cardiac
Output
(SV x HR)
PRE-LOAD AFTER-LOAD
3 21
Cardiogenic Shock management
• Maintenance of adequate oxygenation.• Carful fluid administration to avoid fluid
overload.• Cardiology consultation.• Thoracocenteasis, pericardiocentesis in
trauma.
23
Distributive
• Decreased Peripheral Vascular Resistance
• Septic Shock (inflammatory mediators)• Neurogenic Shock (loss of sympathetic control
on vascular tone)• Anaphylactic shock (presence of vasodilator
substances like histamine)
24
Compensatory mechanism and shock
Fluid
Volume
(CVP/JVP)
Vascular
Diameter
(SVR)
Cardiac
Output
(SV x HR)
PRE-LOAD AFTER-LOAD
25
Distributive shock
Fluid
Volume
(CVP/JVP)
Vascular
Diameter
(SVR)
Cardiac
Output
(SV x HR)
PRE-LOAD AFTER-LOAD
1
26
Distributive shock
Fluid
Volume
(CVP/JVP)
Vascular
Diameter
(SVR)
Cardiac
Output
(SV x HR)
PRE-LOAD AFTER-LOAD
2 1
27
Distributive shock
Fluid
Volume
(CVP/JVP)
Vascular
Diameter
(SVR)
Cardiac
Output
(SV x HR)
PRE-LOAD AFTER-LOAD
32 1
septic shock management
• Crystalloid infusion ( target CVP ≥8 mmHg).• Urine output: ≥0.5 ml/kg/hr.• Vasopressors(noradrenaline):Persistent hypotension, after
volume restoration- • Serum lactate: Monitor tissue perfusion.• Identification of underlying infection: History, examination &
investigations (blood culture, radiological).• Treatment of infection: IV antibiotics(empirical, post-culture)
Neurogenic shock management
• Airway secured, adequate ventilation.
• Fluid resuscitation to restore intravascular volume.
• Administration of vasopressor.
Anaphylactic shock management
• Stop administration of causative agent.
• Maintain airway, give 100% O₂.
• Adrenaline 0.5-1 mg IM.
• IV crystalloid.
• 2nd line: Antihistamine- chlorphenamine 1—20 mg slow IV or
Hydrocortisone 200 mg IV
Shock Types & Physiology
Shock CVP CO PVRHypovolemic ↓ ↓ ↑Septic ↓ ↑ ↓Cardiogenic ↑ ↓ ↑Neurogenic ↓ ↓ ↓Anaphylactic ↓ ↑ ↓
Thank you
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