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Water Resources
Demand Management atNational Level
MALAYSIA
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CURRENT WATER RESOURCES DEMAND CONDITIONS ANDDEMAND MANAGEMENT MEASURES - SITUATION
Malaysia
Population28.25 mill. (2010)
Land area33 mill. HaPeninsular Malaysia13 mil HaSabah and Sarawak20 mil Ha
Total cultivated area6.2 mill. Ha(40% cultivable)
90% cultivated areapalm oil, rubber& fruit trees
10% cash cropsmainly paddy
Equatorial climate
2 distinct monsoons60%annual rain falls in Nov. to Jan.
Avg. rainfall 2500 mm/yr
Mean relative humidity78% -87%
Annual bright sunshine hours of17642664 hours
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Agriculture Land Use
NameArea ( 000 ha )
Rubber 1,395
Oil Palm 3,465
Paddy 475
Fruits 330Coconut 193
Cocoa 160
Vegetables 64
Pepper 9
Tobacco 8
Others 111
TOTAL 6,210
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Paddy Areas
Total paddy area ~ 475,000 ha
Granary area ~ 210,000 ha
Non-granary area ~ 265,000 ha
Irrigated area ~ 120,000 ha
Non-Irrigated area ~ 145,000 ha
Wet paddy ~ 85,000 ha
Upland Paddy ~ 60,000 ha
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RICE PRODUCTION IN MALAYSIA 2004 - 2009
(000 TONS)
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009p
PeninsularMalaysia
1,911 1,937 1,813 2,031 2,013 2,127
GranaryAreas 1,531 1,587 1,460 1,626 1,632 1,662
Sabah 162 150 133 134 133 104
Sarawak 218 227 239 209 207 230
Malaysia 2,291 2,314 2,187 2,375 2,353 2,460
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CURRENT STATUS OF WATER RESOURCES DEMAND CONDITIONSAND DEMAND MANAGEMENT MEASURES SITUATION
Water Resources in Malaysia 150 major river basins agriculture
consume 70% water
Avg. annual rainfall 2,500 mm = 990 BCM
Groundwater resource estimated safeyield of 64 BCM
No physical water scarcity
Spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall
is not uniform Require more storage and optimization of
rainfall
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WATER RESOURCES DEMAND CONDITIONSCURRENT AND PROJECTED DEMAND
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
WaterDemand(mm)
Year
Potable
Irrigation
Other Crops
Livestock
Fisheries
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AGRICULTURAL WATER DEMAND
IN MALAYSIA
Agricultural water demand in Malaysia is currently
stand at 13 BCM, mainly for paddy irrigation.
Total paddy planting area is 360,000 ha (270,000 ha
irrigated, 90,000 ha rain-fed).
Projected irrigation demands IS PREDICTED TO BE
slightly decrease based on improve irrigation
efficiencies, improve farming practices, introduction
paddy strains with shorter growing periods and other
measures
The Future agriculture water demand is based onAgro-Food Policy (2010-2020) formulated MOA to
achieve certain Self Sufficiency Level in Agro-Food
production
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WATER DEMAND ISSUES IN MALAYSIA
Agriculture consume almost 70% of water extracted from
rivers
Most of water extracted is for rice cultivation
Rice is very important crop for National Food Security andsource of income for 300,000 farmers
Malaysia produced 70% - 75% of rice required for localconsumption annually
The current Food Policy on rice productions is to produce atleast 70% of SSL
Farmers income in rice industry to be uplifted to USD3,000annually
As no land suitable for new rice cultivation, production needto increase through higher yield and cropping intensity
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WATER DEMAND ISSUES IN MALAYSIA
To increase yield requires reliable and adequatewater supply
Additional water will be required to increase
cropping intensity
Water deficit occurs during annual low flow
periods and drought years
Irrigation schemes depending on river run-off
without reservoirs, vulnerable to water shortage
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RICE CULTIVATION IN MALAYSIA
Rice cultivation in irrigated areas practice floodingsystem
Avg. yield = 3.8 kg/ha
Wet direct seeding is widely practiced since 20
years ago
Reliable water supply is foremost in this practiced tocontrol the growth of weeds and other fieldactivities
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KADA
Northwest
Selangor
MADA
IADP
P. PinangBesut
Kemasin Semerak
Kerian
Seberang
Perak
Sg. Manik
GRANARY
AREAMini Granary Area (74)
LEGEND
..
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RICE CULTIVATION IN MALAYSIA - FUTURE
Increase cropping intensity to 5 season in 2 yrs (CI =225%) is one of the future option to increaseproduction
Non granary areas with available water source will
be upgraded to increase yield and croppingintensity through the provision of new water source
New areas to be developed are mainly in Sabahand Sarawak where water sources are available
Apart from developing new water source, water forirrigation need to be secured through increasewater use efficiency all levels of irrigation supply
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ADAPTATIONS MEASURES FOR DEMAND CONDITIONS -IN PLANNING
IWRM in managing the water sector and thecatchment. Effective implementation of IWRMcontribute to the realization of the national watervision
Revision to water laws and formation of adepartment to manage water resources
Revision of Irrigation laws
Full farmers participation in irrigation management
Reviewing irrigation design procedures to meetfuture demand management in irrigationmanagement
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DEMAND ADAPTATION MEASURES IN PLACE
IRRIGATION SYSTEM LEVEL Reduce conveyance losses through canal lining and
pipeline network
Proper water management and controlling of losses
through application of new technologies for real timemonitoring of spills, flow measurements
Automation of regulators using automatic control
system and other physical means
Design and operation water infrastructures based onservice concept: Reliable, flexible on-demand
supply
Optimization of naturally available water sources:
rainfall and uncontrolled surface flow (rivers)15
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ADAPTATIONS MEASURESFOR DEMAND CONDITIONS - IN PLACE
Improve irrigation efficiency at all irrigation water
supply levels
More effective or more extensive rainwater
harvesting and storing in the paddy fields
Develop seed varieties that are more resistant to
water stress, shorter growth duration and produce
high yield with less water
Good agricultural water management practices to
secure land and environment
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ADAPTATIONS MEASURESFOR DEMAND CONDITIONS - IN PLACE
On-farm level and tertiary system Reduce irrigation period and water saving irrigation
practices.
Rearrangement of lot size, shape and level
Transplanting - reduce requirement of water forweeds control
Strengthen farmers institution
Crop management and variety: high yield variety,
high value crop, shorter duration
Best Management Practice and precision agriculture:
Conserve water, energy, labour and environment.
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DEMAND MITIGATION MEASURES IN PLACEAND IN PLANNING
Development of alternative water source, such asgroundwater to be used during drought
Development of water reuse or recycle facilities- PUMP
AND RESERVOIRS
Redesign and improvement of drainage structures tostore water and to regulate water level when required
Developing of Drought management plan for all
irrigation schemes
SCADA system to monitor real time water situation inrivers, reservoirs and irrigation systems
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Demand Mgmt. Policies & Programs
National Level Policies
National Water Resources Policy - Water Resources
Sustainability
- Federal and State Governments will look at
optimising and minimising wastage of waterresources and address aspects related to demand
management
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Demand Mgmt. Policies & Programs
National Demand Management Programs andInvestments
Programs in the National Food Security
Increase irrigation infrastructure to optimum level of 50
m/hareduce water loss Land Levelingimplement land leveling to improve
efficiency of good agricultural practices
Government Programs
Rehabilitation, upgrading and modernize existing
irrigation scheme
Improve management, O&M to increase water use
efficiency
Provide incentive for commercial paddy farming
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Demand Mgmt. Policies & Programs
National Demand Management Programs andInvestments .. Cont..
Government Programs
Continuously worked through research and
collaboration with International and Regionalorganizations in increasing agriculture water use
efficiency, demand management and sustainable
water use through various programs:-
- such as Benchmarking, Rapid Appraisal Procedures
(RAPs) Evaluation, MASSCOTE, Capacity building,Conferences, country visits, pilot projects and
technical studies.,
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Demand Mgmt. Policies & Programs
Strengthening Water User
Group (e.g. Farmers
participation in decision
making processes)
Research and
Development
Remote Sensing Technology
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National demand management programs
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National demand management programsand investments
Irrigation Modernization programs to increaseirrigation efficiency
Development of water recycle facilities andreservoirs
Land consolidation and land levelling
Provision of SCADA and telemetry system forefficient water management
Training of farmers and establishment of Water UserGroup
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LESSONS LEARNED
Proper irrigation scheduling can result in significantsavings in irrigation time, labour, energy, and water. By
carefully managing the amount of water applied,
leaching of nutrients and erosion can be reduced.
No single agency entrusted with the overall planning
and management of water. There is a need for one
agency to pursue a more effective water
management.
Lack of people awareness on WDM issues and the
greater lack of trained personnel equipped with thenecessary skills and knowledge on WDM
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Lessons Learned
Recycling drainage water for irrigation
- Fourth water source for irrigation
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In Muda irrigation scheme,all the recycling pumps
contribute 17% of thewater from reservoir.
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Lessons Learned
Reduce conveyance losses throughcanal lining and pipeline network.
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Best Practices in Demand Mgmt.
Telemetry system to Mudaarea for managing waterdemand
- Information (rainfall/waterlevel) to priorities on the
effective and optimumusage of water resources,
- Information (waterlevel/gate opening) fordecision on water
distribution
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PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES REGARDING
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PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES REGARDING
DEMAND MANAGEMENT AND RESPONSE
To provide appropriate irrigation system and
infrastructures to meet demand management
requirement
Small size, irregular shape and unlevel paddy fields in
most paddy areas To get farmers cooperation to practice efficient water
management at tertiary level
Provision of government annual budget for O&M of
irrigation scheme to support State Government
Develop seed variety that are more resistant to water
stress and shorter growth duration - use less water
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PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES REGARDING
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PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES REGARDING
DEMAND MANAGEMENT AND RESPONSE
SMALL SIZE, IRREGULAR SHAPE AND UNLEVELPADDY FIELD IN MOST OF PADDY AREAS INMALAYSIA...WHY??
It is difficult to manage water and apply
modern farming activities
Require more intensity of irrigationinfrastructure
Have to deal with many farmers
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PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES REGARDING
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PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES REGARDING
DEMAND MANAGEMENT AND RESPONSE
TO PROVIDE APPROPRIATE IRRIGATION SYSTEMAND INFRASTRUCTURES TO MEET DEMANDMANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS.....WHY??
Permanent reservoirs are required for demand
management and water saving Installation of infrastructures requires significant
investment
Demand management requires thecoordination of all level irrigationmanagement
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PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES REGARDING
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PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES REGARDING
DEMAND MANAGEMENT AND RESPONSE
TO GET FARMERS COOPERATION TO PRACTICEEFFICIENT WATER MANAGEMENT AT TERTIARY ANDON FARM LEVELS.....WHY??
Farmers age and level of education
No water charge imposed
Too many farmers
No nurtured farmers organisation
Existing field infrastructures are difficult tomanage and to operate
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NEW DEMAND MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES
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NEW DEMAND MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES
BEING DEVELOPED OR IN PROGRESS
R&D in the search of appropriate tertiarycanal to meet demand management
Guidelines and procedures for modern
design of irrigation infrastructures Land levelling and land consolidation is
associated with new irrigation design
Encouragement of using pipelines asirrigation conveyance
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mpor an ac ors o cons er an
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mpor an ac ors o cons er anprinciples to follow in demand
management policies
Ideal situation is for the government at all levelsfederal, state and local to work together
towards demand management
No single consolidated water policy for thecountry, at least not yet. If there were one, it
involves managing water demand as a priority
before rushing head-on to yet another large
scale supply side-management project.
Acceptance of farmers is crucial in all demand
management policies
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CONCLUSION
Future water demand scenario in Malaysia requires
supply and demand management
Demand management is required to reduce the
pressure to develop new water source infrastructures to
meet future demand
Demand management requires investment and
innovation in new irrigation infrastructure,
management and capacity building
Sharing of knowledge and experiences in demand
management and demand response in irrigation watermanagement among ASEAN countries will contribute
to meet future water demand for irrigation
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