about muhammad ibn 'abd allah ibn hashim (bani hashem), (pbuh).docx

8/14/2019 About Muhammad ibn 'abd Allah ibn Hashim (Bani Hashem), (PBUH).docx

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About Muhammad ibn 'abd Allah ibn Hashim (Bani Hashem), (PBUH)

Muhammad was the founder of the religion of Islam and is regarded by Muslims as a messenger and

prophet of God, the final law-bearer in a series of Islamic prophets as taught by the Qur'an (33:4040).

Muslims thus consider him the restorer of an uncorrupted original monotheistic faith preached

before him by Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and other prophets.

He was also active as a diplomat, merchant, philosopher, orator, legislator, reformer, military

general, and, according to Muslim belief, an agent of divine action.

Born in 570 in the Arabian city of Mecca, he was orphaned at an early age and brought up under the

care of his uncle Abu Talib. He later worked mostly as a merchant, as well as a shepherd, and was

first married by age 25. Discontented with life in Mecca, he retreated to a cave in the surrounding

mountains for meditation and reflection.

According to Islamic beliefs it was here, at age 40, in the month of Ramadan, where he received hisfirst revelation from God. Three years after this event Muhammad started preaching these

revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "surrender" to Him (lit. islm) is

the only way of life (dn) acceptable to God, and that he himself was a prophet and messenger of

God, in the same vein as other prophets before him.

Muhammad gained few followers early on, and was met with hostility from some Meccan tribes; he

and his followers were treated harshly. To escape persecution, Muhammad sent some of his

followers to Abyssinia before he and his remaining followers in Mecca eventually migrated to Medina

(then known as Yathrib) in the year 622. This event, the Hijra, marks the beginning of the Islamic

calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the conflicting tribes, and after eight years of fighting with

the Meccans, his followers who by then had grown to 10,000 conquered Mecca. In 632, a few

months after returning to Medina from his Farewell pilgrimage, Muhammad fell ill and died. By the

time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam; and he had united the tribes

of Arabia into a single Muslim religious polity.

The revelations (or Ayat, lit. "Signs") which Muhammad reported receiving until his death form

the verses of the Qur'an, regarded by Muslims as the Word of God and around which the religion

of Islam is based. Besides the Qur'an, Muhammads life (sira) and traditions (sunnah) are also upheld


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by Muslims. They discuss Muhammad and other prophets of Islam with reverence, adding the phrase

"peace be upon him" whenever their names are mentioned.

In Michael H. Hart's 'The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History', Muhammad isdescribed as the most influential person in history. Hart asserted that Muhammad was "supremely

successful" in both the religious and secular realms.

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His our Prophet...All Muslim love him...Salawat to him

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Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allh al-Mustafa (pbuh&hf), The Prophet1

b. 9 May 570, d. 8 June 632

Father 'Abd Allh ibn 'Abd al-Muttalib Banu Hshim1,2 b. 545, d. before 9 May 570

Mother Aminah bint Wahab al-Qurayshi (as)1 b. circa 545, d. circa 576

Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allh al-Mustafa (pbuh&hf), The Prophet was related to Ftimah al-Zahra bint

Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allh Banu Hshim (as); the daughter of Muhammad and Khadijah (and possibly

the only child together).3,4 Messenger of Allah. Seal of all Prophets. Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allh al-

Mustafa (pbuh&hf), The Prophet was from the offspring of An-Nadr bin Kinana (Sahih Bukhari 4.698).

He was a descendant of Mudar, of which Muhammad was informed by the angel Gabriel, and was

not common knowledge.5 Also called Abu al-Qasim Muhammad.6 He was the father of al-Qassim ibn

Muhammad Banu Hshim; the son of Muhammad and Khadijah.7 Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allh al-

Mustafa (pbuh&hf), The Prophet was the father of Ibraheem ibn Muhammad Banu Hshim; the son

of Muhammad by Maria, the Egyptian Coptic Christian.8,7 Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allh al-Mustafa

(pbuh&hf), The Prophet was the father of Zainab bint Muhammad Banu Hshim; the eldest daughter

of Muhammad and Khadijah.4,9 Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allh al-Mustafa (pbuh&hf), The Prophet was

the father of Umm Kalthum bint Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allh Banu Hshim; the daughter of

Muhammad and Khadijah.4 Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allh al-Mustafa (pbuh&hf), The Prophet was thefather of Ruqaiyah bint Muhammad Banu Hshim; the daughter of Muhammad and Khadijah.4


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an enemy of the Prophet from the very beginning of his public mission after 610. Muhammad ibn

'Abd Allh al-Mustafa (pbuh&hf), The Prophet began preaching publicly circa 613.6 A contract for the

marriage of Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allh al-Mustafa (pbuh&hf), The Prophet and ''isha umm

Mu'minin bint Abu Bakr al-Makkiyya was signed in 620.17 Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allh al-Mustafa

(pbuh&hf), The Prophet married Saudah bint Zam'ah (?), daughter of Zam'ah (?), in 621; His 2nd. Her

2nd (widow).6,18,19 Twelve men from Yathrib on a pilgrimage to the pagan Ka'bah shrine of Mecca

(of the god Hubal and about 300 lesser idols) secretly professed allegiance to Muhammad's message

of monotheism at Mecca, Arabia, in June 621.6 Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allh al-Mustafa (pbuh&hf), The

Prophet commanded his followers in Mecca to emigrate to Yathrib, later called Medina (Medinat-en-

nabi=City of the prophet) in April 622 at Mecca, Arabia.6 He fled from a planned assassination, by the

Meccans, towards Medina (the Muslim era of Hijrah (Emigration) is named after this incident),

southward to the cave of Thaur on 16 July 622 at 17th Rabi' al-Awwwal.6 Prophet of Islm between

16 July 622 and 8 June 632.2 He arrived safely on 24 September 622 at Yathrib (now Medina),

Arabia.6 He led three raids on trade caravans but all fail in 623.6 He married Ayishah as a political

marriage to cement ties with 'A`ishah's father, Abu Bakr, who was one of Muhammad's mostimportant supporters, but last endly, she remained his favourite in January 624.6 Followers of his,

disguised as pilgrims during the annual period of sacred truce among all Arab tribes, attack an

unarmed trade caravan from Yemen, at Nakhlah south of Mecca, killing one person and taking two

for ransom, at Arabia in January 624.6 He married ''isha umm Mu'minin bint Abu Bakr al-Makkiyya,

daughter of 'Ab Bakr al-Siddiq, 1st Rightly Guided Caliph of Islam and Umm Ruman (?), in January

624; His 3rd.20,2,6,17,19 Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allh al-Mustafa (pbuh&hf), The Prophet regarded

the Jewish tribes as at par with his own followers, but his experiences of their betrayals of the pacts

they entered into with him for the joint defense of Medina (Yathrib) against his Meccan enemies, led

him to expel them and execute all Jewish males in Medina; he also levied a special tax (jizyah) on the

Jews of Khybar (creating a precedent that later led orthodox Islam to conclude must be paid byChristians and Jews to the Muslim state), and consequently also changed the prayer direction

(qiblah) of his followers from Jerusalem to Mecca's Ka'bah, even though it was a shrine of tribal idols,

and justified this by announcing that Abraham with Ishmael had built it as a shrine to God (Qur'an

2:125,127) circa February 624.6 He received a revelation justifying the crimes because of Mecca's

banning of his access to the Ka'bah (Qur'an, 2:217) in January 624.6 He led a raiding party of about

315 men to attack a Meccan trade caravan which eluded him, but the leader of the Makhuzum clan

of Mecca confronted him with a force of 800 near Badr; his troops triumph and in the aftermath

many of his critics in Medina are assassinated and the Muslim movement grows on 15 March 624.6

He married Hafsa bint 'Umar ibn al-Khattab Bani Adiy, daughter of 'Umar ibn al-Khattab, 2nd Rightly

Guided Caliph of Islam, after 15 March 624; His 4th. Her 2nd (widow).2,6,21,19 Muhammad ibn 'Abd

Allh al-Mustafa (pbuh&hf), The Prophet married Hind umm Salamah bint Ummayyah after 15 March

624; His 5th.6 Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allh al-Mustafa (pbuh&hf), The Prophet married Zainab ummu

al-Masakin bint Khuazimah, daughter of Khuazimah (?), circa 625 at 3 A.H; His 6th. Her 3rd

(widow).6,22 Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allh al-Mustafa (pbuh&hf), The Prophet married Zainab bint

Jahsh Banu Hshim, daughter of Jahsh Banu Hshim and Hind umm Salamah bint Ummayyah, in 625

at 4 A.H; His 8th. Her 2nd (allowed by al-Ahzab 33:37).6,23 Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allh al-Mustafa

(pbuh&hf), The Prophet present when a Meccan force of 3000 attacked Medina at Uhud; and

returned them to Mecca having killed as many Meccans as the Muslims had lost, on 23 March 625.6

He withstood a siege by a Meccan confederacy of 10,000 troops; his troops at Medina were wellprepared and the siege failed in April 627 at Medina, Arabia.6 He attacked the Jewish clan of


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Qurayzah who surrendered, and had their men savagely executed and their women and children sold

as slaves after April 627.6 He married Zaynab bint Jahsh, the former wife of his adopted son, and

received a revelation to justify it (Qur'an 33:37)

after April 627.6 He had his forces attack and defeat the Banu Khuza'ah tribe, from whom he took

the beautiful Juwayriya as a wife from the tribe instead of a ransom after April 627.6 He married

Juwayriya bint al-Harith Banu Khuza'ah, daughter of al-Harith bin Abi Dirar Banu Khuza'ah, after April

627; His 7th.6,19 Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allh al-Mustafa (pbuh&hf), The Prophet married Mariah al-

Qibtiyah circa 628; His 9th.6 Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allh al-Mustafa (pbuh&hf), The Prophet set out

on pilgrimage to the Ka'bah at Mecca driving sacrificial animals ahead of him, but was dissappointed

that only 1,600 of his men were willing to accompany him, and after long negotiations at al-

Hudaybiyah, the Meccans and Muslims agreed to stop hostilities and that Muslims would be allowed

to make the pilgrimage the following year in March 628.6 He married Ramlah umm Habibah bint Abu

Sufyan (?), daughter of Abu Sufyan (?), after March 628; His 10th. Her 2nd (widow).6,24 Muhammadibn 'Abd Allh al-Mustafa (pbuh&hf), The Prophet married Safiyah bat Huyay Banu Akhtab, daughter

of Huyay Banu Akhtab, after March 628; His 11th. Her 2nd (widow).6 Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allh al-

Mustafa (pbuh&hf), The Prophet conquered Mecca in 629 at Arabia.20 He entered Mecca by the

Hudaybiyah agreements with unarmed followers as an act of worship in March 629 at Mecca,

Arabia.6 He married Maimunah bint Al-Harith (?) in March 629 at Mecca, Arabia; His 11th. Her 2nd

(widow).6,19 Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allh al-Mustafa (pbuh&hf), The Prophet repudiated the

Hudaybiyah agreements after his allies were attacked by allies of Mecca circa November 629.6 He

associated with Rayhanah the Jewess after November 629; Concubine. She a widow.6 Muhammad

ibn 'Abd Allh al-Mustafa (pbuh&hf), The Prophet entered Mecca with 10,000 men in triumph, and

killed 28 opponents, removed the statue of the god Hubal from the Ka'bah, destroyed all the tribal

idols, and announced the Law of Islam in January 630 at Mecca, Arabia.6 He led a force of 30,000

men to the Syrian border in a month long campaign, concluded treaties of submission to Islam with

various tribes (but Christian support for Byzantium provoked his hostility) after January 630.6 He

performed the old pagan Arab rites of the 'hajj' pilgrimage to Mecca, giving them a new,

monotheistic meaning in March 632 at Mecca, Arabia.6 He died on 8 June 632 at 28th Safar 11 A.H.,

Medina, Arabia, at age 62 years and 30 days. Said to have been poisoned by an old Jewish woman.

He forbade, by revelation, Muslim's from marrying his widows. He was survived by nine wives.

(Qur'an 33:53).1,2,25,26,27,28 Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allh al-Mustafa (pbuh&hf), The Prophet was

buried in his house adjoining the Great Mosque, Medina, Arabia.

Family 1

Child

Zaid ibn Muhammad b. c 58515


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Family 2

Khadjah bint Khuwaylid banu As'sad al-Qurayshiyya b. circa 555, d. between 619 and 620

Children

al-Qassim ibn Muhammad Banu Hshim b. c 596, d. c 598

Zainab bint Muhammad Banu Hshim+ b. c 597, d. 629

Ruqaiyah bint Muhammad Banu Hshim+ b. c 598, d. 6232

Umm Kalthum bint Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allh Banu Hshim b. c 603, d. 630

Ftimah al-Zahra bint Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allh Banu Hshim (as)+ b. c 605, d. c 63329,2

Ta'hir ibn Muhammad Banu Hshim b. c 605, d. c 606

Family 3

''isha umm Mu'minin bint Abu Bakr al-Makkiyya b. after February 614, d. July 678

Family 4

Saudah bint Zam'ah (?) b. circa 601, d. 643


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Family 5

Hind umm Salamah bint Ummayyah b. circa 608, d. 676

Family 6

Hafsa bint 'Umar ibn al-Khattab Bani Adiy b. circa 590, d. circa 665

Family 7

Zainab ummu al-Masakin bint Khuazimah b. circa 595

Family 8

Zainab bint Jahsh Banu Hshim b. circa 607, d. 641

Family 9

Juwayriya bint al-Harith Banu Khuza'ah b. circa 614, d. circa 676

Family 10

Mariah al-Qibtiyah b. circa 607, d. 637

Child

Ibraheem ibn Muhammad Banu Hshim b. c 628


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Family 11

Safiyah bat Huyay Banu Akhtab b. circa 608, d. circa 670

Family 12

Ramlah umm Habibah bint Abu Sufyan (?) b. circa 595, d. 664

Family 13

Maimunah bint Al-Harith (?) b. circa 600, d. 670

Family 14

Rayhanah the Jewess b. circa 613

Citations

[S204] Roderick W. Stuart, RfC, 435-45.

[S653] PoH, online http://www.friesian.com/

[S894] Muslim History, online http://members.nbci.com/muslimhistry/index.htm, Chapter 1.

[S469] Al-Islam.com, online http://www.al-islam.com/, The Prophet's daughters.


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[S956] Comparitive Index to Islam, online http://answering-islam.org/Index/index.html, per Ibn Sad,

"Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir", Vol. I, p. 4, "The people of Banu Fuhayrah came to the Prophet and said

to him : You belong to us. He replied : Verily, (the archangel) Gabriel has informed me that I belong

to Mudar.".

[S911] Hadrian to Islam, online http://users.iafrica.com/l/ll/lloyd/1-TimeLine/..

[S469] Al-Islam.com, online http://www.al-islam.com/, The Prophet's sons.

[S956] Comparitive Index to Islam, online http://answering-islam.org/Index/index.html

[S469] Al-Islam.com, online http://www.al-islam.com/, The Prophet's grandchildren.

[S894] Muslim History, online http://members.nbci.com/muslimhistry/index.htm, Chapter 1, pg. 1.

[S954] Esq., Bengal Civil Service William Muir Muir on Mahomet, Vol. 2, Chap. 1, "...it suffices to state

that the widowed Amina gave birth to a son in the autumn of the year 570 A.D. It is a vain attempt tofix with certainty the precise date of the birth, for the materials are too vague and discrepant to be

subjected to so close a calculation." but consider too M. Caussin de Perceval (whose calculations

have already been recommended for general acceptance) accepts the 20th of August, 570 A.D..

[S956] Comparitive Index to Islam, online http://answering-islam.org/Index/index.html, ABDUL

MUTTALIB.

[S954] Esq., Bengal Civil Service William Muir Muir on Mahomet, Vol. 2, Chap. 2.


[S956] Comparitive Index to Islam, online http://answering-islam.org/Index/index.html, ZAID B.

MUHAMMAD.


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[S711] Encyclopedia, MS Encarta 2001, under "Islam.".

[S956] Comparitive Index to Islam, online http://answering-islam.org/Index/index.html, AISHA BINT

ABU BAKR.

[S956] Comparitive Index to Islam, online http://answering-islam.org/Index/index.html, WIVES.

[S469] Al-Islam.com, online http://www.al-islam.com/, The Prophet's wives.

[S172] Various Encyclopaedea Britannica.

[S956] Comparitive Index to Islam, online http://answering-islam.org/Index/index.html, HAFSAH.

[S956] Comparitive Index to Islam, online http://answering-islam.org/Index/index.html, ZAINAB BINT

KHUAZIMAH.

[S956] Comparitive Index to Islam, online http://answering-islam.org/Index/index.html, ZAINAB BINT

JAHSH.

[S956] Comparitive Index to Islam, online http://answering-islam.org/Index/index.html, UBAIDULLAH

B. JASH.

[S862] Various EB CD 2001, Muhammad, says 8 June, 632.

[S890] Ali Abbas, Shiite Encyclopedia, Ch 1.b, pg. 41.

[S911] Hadrian to Islam, online http://users.iafrica.com/l/ll/lloyd/1-TimeLine/., but has it as 8 June

632..


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[S956] Comparitive Index to Islam, online http://answering-islam.org/Index/index.html, 8 Jun 632.


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Mahoma (La Meca, c. el 26 de abril de 570/571 Medina, 8 de junio de 632) fue el profeta (nabi ) fundador del islam. Su nombre completo en lengua rabe es Abu l-Qasim Muhammad ibn AbdAllh al-Hashimi al-Qurashi del que, castellanizando su nombre coloquial Muhammad ( ), se

obtiene Mahoma.

De acuerdo a la religin musulmana, Mahoma es considerado el "sello de los profetas" (jtim al-

anbiy' ), por ser el ltimo de una larga cadena de mensajeros, enviados por Dios paraactualizar su mensaje, que segn el islam, sera en esencia el mismo que habran transmitido sus

predecesores, entre los que se contaran Ibrahim (Abraham), Isa (Jess) y Musa (Moiss).

Vida anterior a la predicacin

Su nacimiento e infancia

rabe de la tribu de Coraix (Quraysh), naci en La Meca () alrededor del 570/571.[1] Meca seencuentra en la regin de Hiyaz en la actual Arabia Saud. Fue hijo pstumo de Abd Allah ibn Abd al-

Muttalib, miembro del clan de los hashim.

La costumbre de los ms honorables de la tribu de Quraysh era enviar a sus hijos con nieras

beduinas con el propsito de que crecieran libres y saludables en el desierto, para poder tambin

robustecerse y aprender de los beduinos, que eran reconocidos por su honradez y la carencia de

numerosos vicios, y Mahoma fue confiado a Bani Sad.*2+

Apertura del pecho


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El primer milagro que se narra sobre Mahoma en la compilacin de los hadices es que el Arcngel

Gabriel descendi y abri su pecho para sacar su corazn. Extrajo un cogulo negro de ste y dijo

Esta era la parte por donde Satn podra seducirte. Despus lo lav con agua Zam Zam en un

recipiente de oro y devolvi el corazn a su sitio. Los nios y compaeros de juego con los que se

encontraba corrieron hacia su nodriza y dijeron: Mahoma ha sido asesinado; todos se dirigieron a

l y lo hallaron en buen estado, a excepcin del rostro plido.[3] Los musulmanes ven este

acontecimiento como una proteccin para que l se apartara desde su infancia de la adoracin de los

dolos y probablemente la razn por la que fue devuelto a su madre. Se qued hurfano a temprana

edad y, debido a una costumbre rabe que dice que los hijos menores no pueden recibir la herencia

de sus progenitores, no recibi ni la de su padre ni la de su madre.[cita requerida] Se dice que ella

muri cuando l tena seis aos, por lo que fue acogido y educado primero por su abuelo Abd al-

Muttalib y luego por su to paterno Abu Talib, un lder de la tribu Quraysh, la ms poderosa de La

Meca, y padre de su primo y futuro califa Ali.[4]

Encuentro con el monje Bahira

En aquella poca La Meca era un centro comercial prspero, principalmente porque existan varios

templos que contenan diferentes dolos, lo cual atraa a un gran nmero de peregrinos. Mercaderes

de diferentes tribus visitaban La Meca en la poca del peregrinaje, cuando las guerras tribales

estaban prohibidas y podan contar con un viaje seguro. En su adolescencia, Mahoma acompa a su

to por sus viajes a Siria y otros lugares. Por tanto, pronto lleg a ser una persona con amplia

experiencia en las costumbres de otras regiones.

A los doce aos se dirigi a Basora con su to Abu Tlib y tuvieron un encuentro con un monje

llamado Bahira, algunos orientalistas dicen que esto demuestra que Mahoma aprendi de l los

libros sagrados, pero los escolares musulmanes refutan esta opinin alegando que no pudo haber

aprendido en la hora de la comida ese conocimiento y que adems no se registra un segundo

encuentro con este monje, en los hadices se narra que Bahira reconoci algunas seales de la

profeca de Mahoma y le advirti a su to sobre llevarlo a Siria por temor de los judos y romanos.[5]

Matrimonio con Jadiya

Mahoma no tuvo un trabajo especfico en su juventud, pero se ha reportado que trabaj como

pastor para Bani Sad y en la Meca como asalariado.[4] A la edad de los 25 aos Mahoma trabaj

como mercader en la ruta caravanera entre Damasco y La Meca a las rdenes de Jadiya, hija de

Juwaylid ( ), una rica comerciante viuda, haba impresionado a Jadiya y sta lepropuso matrimonio en el ao 595. Ibn Ishaq presenta que la edad de Jadiya era 28 aos, y Al Waqidi

presenta cuarenta. Algunos dicen que al engendrar Jadiya dos varones y cuatro mujeres de Mahoma,


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hace que la opinin ms fuerte sea la de Ibn Ishaq, pues es sabido que la mujer llega a la edad de la

menopausia antes de los cincuenta aos. A pesar de que estas informaciones no estn establecidas

en un hadiz sino que es algo que se hizo famoso entre los historiadores.[5] Jadiya tuvo seis hijos con

Mahoma, dos varones y cuatro mujeres. Todos nacieron antes de que Mahoma recibiera la primera

revelacin. Sus hijos Al-Qasim y Abdullah murieron en la infancia en La Meca. Sus cuatro hijas se

llamaban Zainab, Ruqayyah, Umm Kulzum y Ftima. Jadiya sera posteriormente la primera persona

en aceptar el islam despus de la revelacin.

Las primeras revelaciones

Mahoma era de carcter reflexivo y rutinariamente pasaba noches meditando en una cueva (Hira)

cerca de La Meca. Los musulmanes creen que en 610 a los cuarenta aos de edad, mientras

meditaba, Mahoma tuvo una visin del ngel Gabriel. Describi esta visita como un mandato para

memorizar y recitar los versos enviados por Dios. Durante su vida, Mahoma confi la conservacin de

la palabra de Dios (Allah ), trasmitida por Gabriel (Yibril, ), a la retentiva de losmemoriones, quienes la memorizaban recitndola incansablemente que despus de su muerte

seran recopilados por escrito en el Corn debido a la primordial importancia de conservar el mensaje

original en toda su pureza, sin el menor cambio ni de fondo ni de forma. Para ello emplearon

materiales como las escpulas de camello, sobre las que grababan los versculos del Corn. El

arcngel Gabriel le indic que haba sido elegido como el ltimo de los profetas y como tal predic la

palabra de Dios sobre la base de un estricto monotesmo, prediciendo el Da del Juicio Final.

De acuerdo con el Corn y las narraciones, Mahoma era analfabeto (ummi), hecho que la tradicin

musulmana considera una prueba que autentifica al Corn (Al-Qur'n, ), libro sagrado de losmusulmanes, como portador de la verdad revelada.

Esta visin perturb a Mahoma, pero su esposa Jadiya le asegur que se trataba de una visin real y

se convirti en su primera discpula. Transformado en un rico y respetado mercader, recibi la

revelacin del ngel Gabriel, que le invit a predicar una nueva religin.

Rechazo

A medida que los seguidores de Mahoma comenzaban a aumentar en nmero, se convirti en una

amenaza para los jefes de las tribus locales. La riqueza de estas tribus se basaba en la Kaaba, el

recinto sagrado de los dolos de los rabes y el punto principal religioso de La Meca. Si rechazaban a

dichos dolos, tal como Mahoma predicaba, no habra peregrinos hacia La Meca, ni comercio, niriqueza. El repudio al politesmo que denunciaba Mahoma era particularmente ofensivo a su propia


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tribu, la quraysh, por cuanto ellos eran los guardianes de la Kaaba. Es por esto que Mahoma y sus

seguidores se vieron perseguidos.

En el ao 619 fallecieron Jadiya, la esposa de Mahoma, y su to Abu Talib. Este ao se conoce como el"ao de la tristeza". El clan al que perteneca Mahoma lo repudi y sus seguidores sufrieron hambre

y persecucin.

Isra y Miraj

En 620, Mahoma hizo un viaje en una noche que es conocido como Isra y Miraj. Isra es la palabra en

rabe que se refiere a un viaje milagroso desde La Meca a Jerusaln, especficamente al lugarconocido como Masjid al-Aqsa. Isra fue seguida por el Mi'r, su ascensin al cielo, donde recorri los

siete cielos y se comunic con profetas que le precedieron, como Abraham, Moiss o Jess.

La Hgira

La vida de la pequea comunidad musulmana en La Meca no slo era difcil, sino tambin peligrosa.

Las tradiciones rabes afirman que hubo varios atentados contra la vida de Mahoma, quien

finalmente decidi trasladarse a Medina, un gran oasis agrcola donde haba seguidores suyos.

Rompiendo sus vnculos con las lealtades tribales y familiares, Mahoma demostraba que estos

vnculos eran insignificantes comparados con su compromiso con el islam, una idea revolucionaria en

la sociedad tribal de la Arabia. Esta migracin a Medina marca el principio del ao en el calendario

islmico. El calendario islmico cuenta las fechas a partir de la Hgira (), razn por la cual lasfechas musulmanas llevan el prefijo AH (ao de la Hgira).

Mahoma lleg a Medina como un mediador, invitado a resolver querellas entre los bandos rabes de

Aws y Khazraj. Logr este fin absorbiendo a ambas facciones en la comunidad musulmana y

prohibiendo el derramamiento de sangre entre los musulmanes. Sin embargo, Medina era tambin el

lugar donde vivan varias tribus judas. Mahoma esperaba que estas tribus lo reconocieran como

profeta, lo cual no ocurri. Algunos acadmicos afirman que Mahoma abandon la esperanza de ser

reconocido como profeta por los judos, y que, por tanto, la alquibla, es decir, la direccin en la que

rezan los musulmanes, fue cambiada del antiguo templo de Jerusaln a la Kaaba en La Meca.

Mahoma emiti un documento que se conoce como La Constitucin de Medina (en 622-623), en la

cual se especifican los trminos en que otras facciones, particularmente los judos, podan vivirdentro del nuevo estado islmico. De acuerdo con este sistema, a los judos y cristianos les era


15/41

permitido mantener su religin mediante el pago de un tributo (no as a los practicantes de religiones

paganas). Este sistema vendra a tipificar la relacin entre los musulmanes y los dhimmis, y esta

tradicin es la razn de la relativa estabilidad que normalmente exista en los califatos rabes.

La guerra

Las relaciones entre La Meca y Medina se deterioraron rpidamente. Todas las propiedades de los

musulmanes en La Meca fueron confiscadas, mientras que en Medina Mahoma lograba alianzas con

las tribus vecinas.

Los seguidores de Mahoma comenzaron a asaltar las caravanas que se dirigan a La Meca. En marzode 624, Mahoma condujo a trescientos guerreros en un asalto a una caravana de mercaderes que se

diriga a La Meca. Los integrantes de la caravana lograron rechazar el ataque y posteriormente

decidieron dirigir una represalia contra los musulmanes, enviando un pequeo ejrcito a invadir a

Medina. El 15 de marzo de 624, en un lugar llamado Badr, ambos bandos chocaron. Si bien los

seguidores de Mahoma eran numricamente tres veces inferiores a sus enemigos (trescientos contra

mil), los musulmanes ganaron la batalla. ste fue el primero de una serie de logros militares por

parte de los musulmanes.

El dominio de Mahoma se consolida

Para los musulmanes, la victoria de Badr resultaba una ratificacin divina de que Mahoma era un

legtimo profeta. Despus de la victoria, y una vez que el clan judo de Banu Qainuqa fue expulsado

de Medina, los ciudadanos de este lugar adoptaron todos la fe musulmana y Mahoma se estableci

como el regente de facto de la ciudad.

Despus de la muerte de su esposa, Mahoma contrajo matrimonio con Aisha, la hija de su amigo Abu

Bakr (quien posteriormente se convertira en el lder de los musulmanes tras la muerte de Mahoma).

En Medina tambin se cas con Hafsah, hija de Umar (quien luego sera el sucesor de Abu Bakr).

Estos casamientos sellaran las relaciones entre Mahoma y sus principales seguidores.

La hija de Mahoma, Ftima, se cas con Ali, primo de Mahoma. Otra hija, Ruqayyah, contrajo

matrimonio con Uzman pero ella falleci y despus Uzman se cas con su hermana Umm Kulzum.

Estos hombres surgiran en los aos subsiguientes como los sucesores de Mahoma (califas) y lderes

polticos de los musulmanes. Por tanto, los cuatro primeros califas estaban vinculados a Mahoma por


16/41

los diferentes matrimonios. Los musulmanes consideran a estos califas como los rashidn ( ), que significa "guiados".

Contina la guerra

En 625 un jefe de La Meca, Abu Sufyan, march contra Medina con 3.000 hombres. En la batalla que

se libr el 23 de marzo, no sali victorioso ninguno de los dos bandos. El ejrcito de La Meca afirm

haber ganado la batalla, pero qued muy diezmado como para perseguir a los musulmanes de

Medina y ocupar la ciudad.

En abril de 627, Abu Sufyan emprendi otro ataque contra Medina, pero Mahoma haba cavadotrincheras alrededor de la ciudad y pudo defenderla exitosamente en lo que se conoce como la

Guerra de las Trincheras.

Despus de esta batalla, los musulmanes, se vieron traicionados por la tribu juda de Banu Qurayza o

Banu Koreidha la cual se haba aliado con las tribus de la Meca en la batalla de las trincheras,

emprendieron guerra contra stos, derrotndolos. Los hombres de la tribu fueron decapitados y las

mujeres y nios fueron vendidos como esclavos.

Tras la victoria de la Guerra de las Trincheras, los musulmanes expandieron su influencia a travs de

conversiones o conquistas de varias ciudades y tribus.

La conquista de La Meca

Antes de su muerte en 632, Mahoma haba consolidado su dominio sobre la pennsula de Arabia.En

el ao 628, la posicin de Mahoma era lo suficientemente fuerte para decidir su retorno a La Meca,

esta vez como un peregrino. En marzo de ese ao, se dirigi a La Meca seguido de 1.600 hombres.

Despus de diversas negociaciones, se firm un tratado en un pueblo cercano a La Meca llamado al-

Hudaybiyah. Si bien a Mahoma no se le permiti ese ao entrar en La Meca, las hostilidades cesaron

y a los musulmanes se les autoriz el acceso a la ciudad en el ao siguiente.

El tratado dur solo dos aos, ya que en 630 los regentes de La Meca rompieron dicho tratado. Como

consecuencia de esto, Mahoma march hacia La Meca con un ejrcito de ms de 10.000 hombres, la

cual conquist sin que encontrara resistencia. Mahoma declar amnista a los pobladores de la

ciudad, muchos de los cuales se convirtieron al islam. Mahoma destruy los dolos de la Kaaba y, por


17/41

tanto, el peregrinaje en adelante sera al lugar sagrado del islam. A pesar de Mahoma no estar

presente en el asalto a la ciudad, como en todas las batallas por prescripcin cornica, Muhammad

administraba la quinta parte del botn para repartirlo entre los ms necesitados. Los cuatro quintos

restantes pertenecan siempre a los combatientes. Cobr un rescate 45 onzas de plata por cada

prisionero, rescate que fue repartido entre los necesitados. Muhammad, no lleg nunca a saciarse de

comida alguna, en su casa no haba sino lo necesario para pasar el da y para los invitados que a ella

acudan.

La capitulacin de La Meca y la derrota de las tribus enemigas Hunayn permiti a Mahoma tomar el

control de Arabia. Sin embargo, Mahoma no constituy ningn gobierno, sino que prefiri gobernar a

travs de las relaciones personales y los tratados con diferentes tribus.

La vida familiar de Mahoma

Desde 595 hasta 619, Mahoma slo tuvo una esposa, Jadiya, una rica mujer de La Meca que contaba

27 aos (40 segn otras fuentes) cuando se cas. Despus de su muerte contrajo matrimonio con

Sawdah, y al poco tiempo con Aisha, hija de Abu Bakr quien posteriormente sucedera a

Mahoma. Segn algunos hadices, Aisha tena 6 aos de edad cuando fue prometida al profeta, que

tena 54, aunque el matrimonio se consum cuando ella tuvo 9. Hay, sin embargo, estudiosos

musulmanes que creen que dichos datos son errneos y que Aisha era considerablemente mayor.[6]

Pese a estas reinterpretaciones modernas de los hadices que adjudicaran a Aisha una edad ms

madura, una gran mayora de los fieles musulmanes siguen aceptando actualmente las

interpretaciones tradicionales. Esto ltimo ha sido utilizado por crticos del islam, como Ibn Warraq,

para sostener que los matrimonios infantiles que se siguen practicando en la actualidad en los pases

islmicos encuentran un argumento favorable en este posible precedente histrico[7]

Ms tarde se cas con Hafsa, con Zaynab (quien era mujer de su hijo adoptivo Zaid), Ramlah, hija deun lder que combati a Mahoma, y con Umm Salama, viuda de un combatiente musulmn.

Tambin se cas con una cristiana de nombre Mariyah Al-Qibta (Mariyah, la copta) tuvo otro hijo

con ella despus de mudarse a Medina. Ese sptimo y ltimo hijo se llamaba Ibrahim. Al igual que sus

hermanos varones, Ibrahim falleci en su niez; se dice que muri a los 17 o 18 meses de edad, y con

una juda de nombre Safiah. Posteriormente tuvo varias otras esposas, de nmero impreciso entre

stas 9 reseadas, que afirman casi todos los expertos como seguras, y las ms de 20 que algunos le

estiman. Algunas de estas mujeres eran esposas de seguidores de Mahoma muertos en batalla,mientras que otras eran hijas de sus aliados.


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La muerte de Mahoma

Muerte de Mahoma en un manuscrito otomano de 1596.Despus de una corta enfermedad,

Mahoma falleci el 8 de junio de 632 en la ciudad de Medina a la edad de 63 aos.

Abu Bakr, el padre de Aisha, la tercera mujer de Mahoma, fue elegido por los lderes de la comunidad

musulmana como el sucesor de Mahoma, pues ste era el favorito de Mahoma. Cualquiera que

hayan sido los hechos, lo cierto es que Abu Bakr se convirti en el nuevo lder del islam. La mayor

parte de su corto reinado la pas combatiendo tribus rebeldes en lo que se conoce como las Guerras

Ridda.

A la fecha de la muerte de Mahoma, haba unificado toda la Pennsula Arbica y expandido la religin

islmica en esta regin, as como en parte de Siria y Palestina.

Posteriormente los sucesores de Mahoma extendieron el dominio del imperio rabe a Palestina,

Siria, Mesopotamia, Persia, Egipto, el Norte de frica y Al-Andalus.

Descendientes de Mahoma

A Mahoma le sobrevivieron su hija Ftima y los hijos de sta. Los chies afirman que el esposo de

Ftima, Al y sus descendientes, son los verdaderos lderes del islam. Los sunnes no aceptan esta

afirmacin, si bien respetan a los descendientes de Mahoma.

Los descendientes de Mahoma son conocidos por diferentes nombres, tales como sayyid y sharif.Muchos lderes y nobles de los pases musulmanes, actuales y pasados, afirman ser descendientes de

Mahoma con variables grados de credibilidad, tales como la dinasta fatim del Norte de frica, los

idrises, la actual familia real de Marruecos y Jordania y los imanes ismaelitas que usan el ttulo de

Agha Khan.

--------------------


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Nabi Muhammad SAW berasal dari kabilah Quraisy, tepatnya keturunan Hasyim. Ayah beliau adalah

Abdullah bin Abdul Muthalib, cucu Hasyim. Ibunda beliau adalah Aminah binti Wahab yang berasal

dari keturunan Bani Zuhrah, salah satu kabilah Quraisy. Dimana Setelah menikah, Abdullah

melakukan pepergian ke Syam. Ketika pulang dari pepergian itu, Rasulullah wafat di Madinah dan

dikuburkan di kota itu juga.

Setelah beberapa bulan dari wafatnya sang ayah berlalu, Rasulullah adalah nabi pamungkas dari para

nabi, yang lahir di bulan Rabiul Awal, tahun 571 Masehi di Makkah, dan dengan kelahirannya itu,

dunia menjadi terang-benderang. Sesuai dengan kebiasaan para bangsawan Makkah, ibundanya

menyerahkan Muhammad kecil kepada Halimah Sadiyah dari kabilah Bani Sad untuk disusui. Beliau

tinggal di rumah Halimah selama empat tahun. Setelah itu, sang ibu mengambilnya kembali.

Dengan tujuan untuk berkunjung ke kerabat ayahnya di Madinah, sang ibunda membawanya pergi ke

Madinah. Dalam perjalanan pulang ke Makkah, ibundanya wafat dan dikebumikan di Abwa, sebuah

daerah yang terletak antara Makkah dan Madinah. Setelah ibunda beliau wafat, secara bergantian,

kakek dan paman beliau, Abdul Muthalib dan Abu Thalib memelihara beliau. Pada usia dua puluh

lima tahun, beliau menikah dengan Khadijah yang waktu itu sudah berusia empat puluh tahun. Beliau

menjalani hidup bersamanya selama dua puluh lima tahun hingga ia wafat pada usia enam puluh

lima tahun.

Pada usia empat puluh tahun, beliau diutus menjadi nabi oleh Allah. Ia mewahyukan kepada beliaual-Quran yang seluruh manusia dan jin tidak mampu untuk menandinginya. Ia menamakan beliau

sebagai pamungkas para nabi dan memujinya karena kemuliaan akhlaknya.

Beliau hidup di dunia ini selama enam puluh tiga tahun. Menurut pendapat masyhur, beliau wafat

pada hari Senin bulan Shafar 11 Hijriah di Madinah.

-------------------- "Muhammed Prophet Of Islam PBUH An-Hazrat Abul-Qasim Muhammed -ie- MustafaAhmed-ie -Mujtaba (S.A.W.S) Sahib-It Taj-Ie-Wal Merajie Huzoor Sarwar-Ie Konain Khatim-Un

Nabaieen Wa-Katmul- Mursaleen Wo Rahmat-Ul- Lil Alaaimeen Alaihis Sallat Was Sallam ( Prophet of

Islam)".............Syed's are the direct descendants of The Prophet Muhammed (PBUH) Of Islam. The

Prophet's daughter Syeda Bibi Fatima-tuz- Zahra (R.A) was married to Ali ibne Abu-Talib (R.A),

(Fourth Caliph of Caliphate of Rashideen) and who was also the youngest cousin of the Prophet of

Islam. The other descendants of Ali ibne Abu-Talib from his other wifes are named as Alawi's (

Although syed's are Hashmi Sadaat's ( for info: Descendents when started using the surname "Syed"

then they stopped using the word Hashimi in past after the era of Prophet Of Islam ) and Alavi's are

Hashmi Alavi's ). The Prophet Of Islam's tree goes far back to the prophet Ismail (Ishmael) son of

Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) (Whose father was Taric but not Azar->Who was Ibrahim' uncle) It Is a


20/41

respectful and honorable that as Muslims in good faith we all uses numerous honorable names for

(Muhammed Prophet Of Islam PBUH An-Hazrat Aboul-Qasim Muhammed -ie- Mustafa Ahmed-ie -

Mujtaba (S.A.W.S) Sahib-It Taj-Ie-Wal Merajie Huzoor Sarwar-Ie Konain Khatim-Un Nabaieen Wa-

Katmul- Mursaleen Wo Rahmat-Ul- Lil Alaaimeen Alaihis Sallat Was Sallam ( Prophet of Islam) and

many more that are assigned attributes by Allah (God the Almighty) in our Holy Book (Qur'an) to our

Prophet. Qur'an is also wrongly miss-spelled as Koran.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search

Not to be confused with Said or saeed ( means happy / farrah ) or Zayd.

Sayyed's (Arabic: ) (plural sdah / sadaat where 't' is a silent letter in Arabic: ) literally meansMister. As an honorific title given to males accepted as who are the descendants of the Islamic

Prophet Muhammad through his grandsons, Hasan ibn Ali and Husain ibn Ali, who were also the sons

of the prophet's daughter Fatima tuz Zahra (also named as Hussany and Hosseiny Syed's " Alai-

Rasool" )and his son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib ( Ali's descendent's are also called as "Aulad-ie-Ali").

Daughters of sayyids are given the titles Sayyeda, Syarifah, or Sharifah. Children of a Sayyida mother

but a non-Sayyid father cannot be attributed the title of Sayyed; however, Syed's may also claim the

title ' Mir' but never Mirza (out of question) In the Arab world or any where else in the world as

matter itself.

The Alevi use seyyid (the Turkish form) as an honorific before the names of their saints ( only if they

are direct descendants of the prophet of Islam). El Cid, the name given to a famous Spanish knight of

the 11th century C.E., is derived from Al-Sayyid (as-sayyid/Mister/Ustaaz / moallim). As-Sayyid /

Mister / his highness is also used as title or a different form of address to denote a prince or superior

in the Sultanate of Oman and rest of the muslim world or else matters in this current era only (

nothing as such related to the word " Syed" who are the descendents of Prophet Of Islam ).

Arabic Sayyid, Sayyidi, Sayyed, Sayid, Saiyyid, Saiyid, Sidi Arab world Azerbaijani Seyid, Seyyid

Azerbaijan, Iran Baluchi Sayyid, Syed, Sayeed, Sayyed, Sayid Baluchistan region Indonesia Sayyid,

Syed, Sayid Indonesia Kurdish Seyid, Syed, Seyyid, Seyit Kurdish region Malay Syed, Sheikh Malaysia,

Brunei and Singapore Pashto Sayed, Syed, Said Afghanistan & Northwest Pakistan Persian Said,

Sayyed, Sayed, Saeyd, Seyyed, Seyed, Saiyed, Saeid, Siyyid Iran & Afghanistan Punjabi Sayed, Syed

Pakistan, India Seraiki, Sindhi Sayed, Syed Pakistan Turkish Seyed, Seyit, Seyyid, Seyyed Turkey,

Azerbaijan and Central Asia Bosnian Seid, Sait, Sead Bosnia and Herzegovina Urdu, Marathi, Hindi,

Assamese, Konkani, Kannada, Bhojpuri, Telugu, Tamil, Bengali, Malayalam, Gujarati Syed, Saiyad,

Saiyed, Sayyid, Saiyed, Saiyid, Sayyed, Sayid South Asia Spanish Cid Al-Andalus Other Siyyid


21/41

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid

-------------------- The prophet of the Muslim faith -------------------- Muhammad From Wikipedia, the

free encyclopedia For other persons named Muhammad, see Muhammad (name). For other uses,see Muhammad (disambiguation). Page semi-protected Muhammad ibnAbdullh

The name Muhammad in traditional Thuluth calligraphy by the hand of Hattat Aziz Efendi Born ca.

570/571 Mecca, Arabia (present day Saudi Arabia) Died June 8, 632 (age 63) Medina, Arabia Cause of

death Illness Religion Muslim Spouse see below Parents

Father: Abd Allah Mother: Aminah bint Wahb

A series of articles on

Muhammad callig.gif Prophet of Islam Muhammad

Life Companions Family tree In Mecca In Medina Conquest of Mecca The Farewell Sermon Succession

Career Diplomacy Family Wives Military career

Succession Farewell Pilgrimage Pen and paper Saqifah General bay'ah

Views by subject Slavery Jews Christians

Perspectives Muslim (Poetic and Mawlid) Medieval Christian Historicity Criticism Depictions v d

e This article is part of the series: Islam Allah-eser-green.png Beliefs[show] Practices[show] Texts

and laws[show] History and leadership[show] Culture and society[show] Islam and other

religions[show] Other[show] v d e


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Muhammad ibn Abdullh (Arabic: ; Transliteration: Muammad;[n 1] pronounced

[mmmd] ( listen); also spelled Muhammed or Mohammed)[n 2][n 3] (ca. 570/571June 8,

632),[1] (Monday, 12th Rabi' al-Awwal, Year 11 A.H.) is the founder[n 4] of the religion of Islam,[2]

and is considered by Muslims to be a messenger and prophet of God (Arabic: Allah| Allh), thelast law-bearer in a series of Islamic prophets, and, by most Muslims,[n 5] the last prophet of Islam as

taught by the Qur'an.[3] Muslims thus consider him the restorer of an uncorrupted original

monotheistic faith (islm) of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and other prophets.*4+*5+*6+ He

was also active as a diplomat, merchant, philosopher, orator, legislator, reformer, military general,

and, according to Muslim belief, an agent of divine action.[7]

Born in 570 in the Arabian city of Mecca,[8] he was orphaned at an early age and brought up under

the care of his uncle Abu Talib. He later worked mostly as a merchant, as well as a shepherd, and was

first married by age 25. Discontented with life in Mecca, he retreated to a cave in the surrounding

mountains for meditation and reflection. According to Islamic beliefs it was here, at age 40, in themonth of Ramadan, where he received his first revelation from God. Three years after this event

Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that

complete "surrender" to Him (lit. islm) is the only way (dn)*n 6+ acceptable to God, and that he

himself was a prophet and messenger of God, in the same vein as other Islamic prophets.[6][9][10]

Muhammad gained few followers early on, and was met with hostility from some Meccan tribes; he

and his followers were treated harshly. To escape persecution, Muhammad sent some of his

followers to Abyssinia before he and his remaining followers in Mecca migrated to Medina (then

known as Yathrib) in the year 622. This event, the Hijra, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar,

which is also known as the Hijri Calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the conflicting tribes, and

after eight years of fighting with the Meccan tribes, his followers, who by then had grown to 10,000,

conquered Mecca. In 632, a few months after returning to Medina from his Farewell pilgrimage,

Muhammad fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to

Islam; and he had united the tribes of Arabia into a single Muslim religious polity.[11][12]

The revelations (or Ayat, lit. "Signs of God")which Muhammad reported receiving until his death

form the verses of the Qur'an, regarded by Muslims as the Word of God and around which the

religion is based. Besides the Qur'an, Muhammads life (sira) and traditions (sunnah) are also upheld

by Muslims. They discuss Muhammad and other prophets of Islam with reverence, adding the phrasepeace be upon him whenever their names are mentioned.[13] While conceptions of Muhammad in

medieval Christendom and premodern times were largely negative, appraisals in modern history

have been far less so.[10][14] His life and deeds have been debated and criticized by followers and

opponents over the centuries.[15] He is revered as a true prophet and Manifestation of God in the

Baha'i Faith.[16] Contents [hide]

1 Names and appellations in the Qur'an 2 Sources for Muhammad's life 2.1 Qur'an 2.2 Early

biographies 2.3 Hadith 2.4 Non-Arabic sources 3 Pre-Islamic Arabia 4 Life 4.1 Life in Mecca 4.1.1

Childhood and early life 4.2 Wives and children 4.3 Beginnings of the Qur'an 4.4 Opposition 4.5 Isra

and Mi'raj 4.6 Last years in Mecca before Hijra 4.7 Hijra 4.7.1 Migration to Medina 4.7.2Establishment of a new polity 4.7.3 Beginning of armed conflict 4.7.4 Conflict with Mecca 4.7.5 Siege


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of Medina 4.7.6 Truce of Hudaybiyyah 4.8 Final years 4.8.1 Conquest of Mecca 4.8.2 Conquest of

Arabia 4.8.3 Farewell pilgrimage and death 4.9 Aftermath 5 Early reforms under Islam 6 Slaves 7

Legacy 7.1 Muslim views 7.2 Other views 7.2.1 Non-western views 7.2.2 European and Western

views 7.2.3 Other religious traditions 8 Criticism 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography

12.1 Encyclopedias 13 Further reading 14 External links 14.1 Non-Muslim biographies 14.2 Muslim

biographies

Names and appellations in the Qur'an

The name Muhammad means "Praiseworthy" and occurs four times in the Qur'an.[17] The Qur'an

addresses Muhammad in the second person not by his name but by the appellations prophet,

messenger, servant of God ('abd), announcer (bashir), warner (nathir), reminder (mudhakkir),

witness (shahid), bearer of good tidings (mubashshir), one who calls *unto God+ (d) and the light-

giving lamp (siraj munir). Muhammad is sometimes addressed by designations deriving from his state

at the time of the address: thus he is referred to as the enwrapped (al-muzzammil) in Qur'an 73:1

and the shrouded (al-muddaththir) in Qur'an 74:1.[18] In the Qur'an, believers are not to distinguish

between the messengers of God and are to believe in all of them (Sura Al-Baqara 2:285). God has

caused some messengers to excel above others 2:253 and in Sura Al-Ahzab 33:40 He singles out

Muhammad as the "Seal of the Prophets".[19] The Qur'an also refers to Muhammad as Amad

"more praiseworthy" (Arabic: , Sura As-Saff 61:6). Sources for Muhammad's life The Qur'an is theprimary source for details about Muhammed's life. Main articles: Historiography of early Islam and

Historicity of Muhammad

Being a highly influential historical figure, Muhammad's life, deeds, and thoughts have been debated

by followers and opponents over the centuries, which makes a biography of him difficult to write.[10]

Qur'an Wiki letter w cropped.svg This section requires expansion.

Muslims regard the Qur'an as a holy book and the primary source of knowledge about Muhammed

as a historical figure.[10] The Qur'an has a few allusions to Muhammad's life.[20] The Encyclopaediaof Islam says that the Qur'an responds "constantly and often candidly to Muhammad's changing

historical circumstances and contains a wealth of hidden data."[10] Early biographies Main article:

Prophetic biography

Next in importance are historical works by writers of the 3rd and 4th centuries of the Muslim era.[21]

These include the traditional Muslim biographies of Muhammad (the sira literature), which provide

further information on Muhammad's life.[22]


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The earliest surviving written sira (biographies of Muhammad and quotes attributed to him) is Ibn

Ishaq's Life of God's Messenger written ca. 767 (150 AH). The work is lost, but was used verbatim at

great length by Ibn Hisham and Al-Tabari.[20][23] Another early source is the history of Muhammad's

campaigns by al-Waqidi (death 207 of Muslim era), and the work of his secretary Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi

(death 230 of Muslim era).[21]

Many scholars accept the accuracy of the earliest biographies, though their accuracy is

unascertainable.[20] Recent studies have led scholars to distinguish between the traditions touching

legal matters and the purely historical ones. In the former sphere, traditions could have been subject

to invention while in the latter sphere, aside from exceptional cases, the material may have been

only subject to "tendential shaping".[24] Hadith Hadith collections Mosque02.svg

[show]Sunni [show]Shi'a [show]Ibadi [show]Mu'tazili This box: view talk edit Main article: Hadith

In addition, the hadith collections are accounts of the verbal and physical traditions of Muhammad

that date from several generations after his death.[25] Hadith compilations are records of the

traditions or sayings of Muhammad. They might be defined as the biography of Muhammad

perpetuated by the long memory of his community for their exemplification and obedience.[26]

Western academics view the hadith collections with caution as accurate historical sources.[25]

Scholars such as Madelung do not reject the narrations which have been compiled in later periods,

but judge them in the context of history and on the basis of their compatibility with the events and

figures.[27] Although usually discounted by historians, oral tradition plays a major role in the Islamic

understanding of Muhammad.[15] Non-Arabic sources Wiki letter w cropped.svg This section

requires expansion.

The earliest documented Christian knowledge of Muhammad stems from Byzantine sources. They

indicate that both Jews and Christians saw Muhammad as a deceiving prophet, or at least certaincircles did. In the Doctrina Jacobi nuper baptizati of 634, Muhammad is portrayed as being

"deceiving[,] for do prophets come with sword and chariot?, [...] you will discover nothing true from

the said prophet except human bloodshed."[28] Another Greek source for Muhammad is the 9th-

century writer Theophanes. The earliest Syriac source is the 7th-century writer John bar Penkaye.[29]

Pre-Islamic Arabia Main articles: Pre-Islamic Arabia and Jahiliyyah Approximate locations of some of

the important tribes and Empire of the Arabian Peninsula at the dawn of Islam (approximately 600 CE

/ 50 BH).


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The Arabian Peninsula was largely arid and volcanic, making agriculture difficult except near oases or

springs. The landscape was thus dotted with towns and cities, two prominent ones being Mecca and

Medina. Medina was a large flourishing agricultural settlement, while Mecca was an important

financial center for many surrounding tribes.[30] Communal life was essential for survival in the

desert conditions, as people needed support against the harsh environment and lifestyle. Tribal

grouping was encouraged by the need to act as a unit, this unity being based on the bond of kinship

by blood.[31] Indigenous Arabs were either nomadic or sedentary (or bedouins), the former

constantly travelling from one place to another seeking water and pasture for their flocks, while the

latter settled and focused on trade and agriculture. Nomadic survival was also dependent on raiding

caravans or oases, the nomads not viewing this as a crime.[32][33]

In pre-Islamic Arabia, gods or goddesses were viewed as protectors of individual tribes, their spirits

being associated with sacred trees, stones, springs and wells. As well as being the site of an annual

pilgrimage, the Kaaba shrine in Mecca housed 360 idol statues of tribal patron deities. Aside fromthese gods, the Arabs shared a common belief in a supreme deity called Allah (literally "the god"),

who was remote from their everyday concerns and thus not the object of cult or ritual. Three

goddesses were associated with Allah as his daughters: Allt, Mant and al-Uzz. Monotheistic

communities existed in Arabia, including Christians and Jews.[34] Hanifsnative pre-Islamic Arab

monotheistsare also sometimes listed alongside Jews and Christians in pre-Islamic Arabia, although

their historicity is disputed amongst scholars.[35][36] According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad

himself was a Hanif and one of the descendants of Ishmael, son of Abraham.[37] Life Al-Masjid al-

Nabawi (the Mosque of the Prophet) in Medina, Saudi Arabia, is the site of Muhammad's tomb. Life

in Mecca

Timeline of Muhammad in Mecca Important dates and locations in the life of Muhammad in Mecca c.

569 Death of his father, Abdullah c. 570 Possible date of birth, April 26: Mecca 576 Death of his

mother, Amina 578 Death of his grandfather c. 583 Takes trading journeys to Syria c. 595 Meets and

marries Khadijah 610 First reports of Qur'anic revelation c. 613 Begins spreading message of Islam

publicly c. 614 Begins to gather following in Mecca c. 615 Emigration of Muslims to Ethiopia 616 Banu

Hashim clan boycott begins c. 618 Medinan War 619 Banu Hashim clan boycott ends 619 The year of

sorrows: khadija and Abu Talib die c. 620 Isra and Mi'raj 622 Emigrates to Medina (Hijra)

This box: view talk edit Main article: Muhammad in Mecca

Muhammad was born and lived in Mecca for the first 52 years of his life (570622) which was divided

into two phases, that is before and after declaring the prophecy. Childhood and early life See also:

Year of the Elephant, Mawlid, and Family tree of Muhammad


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Muhammad was born in the month of Rabi' al-awwal in 570. He belonged to the Banu Hashim, one

of the prominent families of Mecca, although it seems not to have been prosperous during

Muhammad's early lifetime.[10][38] Tradition places the year of Muhammad's birth as corresponding

with the Year of the Elephant, which is named after the failed destruction of Mecca that year by the

Aksumite king Abraha who had in his army a number of elephants. Recent scholarship has suggested

alternative dates for this event, such as 568 or 569.[39]

Muhammad's father, Abdullah, died almost six months before he was born.[40] According to the

tradition, soon after Muhammad's birth he was sent to live with a Bedouin family in the desert, as

the desert-life was considered healthier for infants. Muhammad stayed with his foster-mother,

Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb, and her husband until he was two years old. Some western scholars of

Islam have rejected the historicity of this tradition.[41] At the age of six Muhammad lost his mother

Amina to illness and he became fully orphaned.[42] He was subsequently brought up for two years

under the guardianship of his paternal grandfather Abd al-Muttalib, of the Banu Hashim clan of theQuraysh tribe. When Muhammad was eight, his grandfather also died. He now came under the care

of his uncle Abu Talib, the new leader of Banu Hashim.[39] According to Watt, because of the general

disregard of the guardians in taking care of weak members of the tribes in Mecca in the 6th century,

"Muhammad's guardians saw that he did not starve to death, but it was hard for them to do more for

him, especially as the fortunes of the clan of Hashim seem to have been declining at that time."[43]

While still in his teens, Muhammad accompanied his uncle on trading journeys to Syria gaining

experience in the commercial trade, the only career open to Muhammad as an orphan.[43]According to tradition, when Muhammad was either nine or twelve while accompanying the

Meccans' caravan to Syria, he met a Christian monk or hermit named Bahira who is said to have

foreseen Muhammed's career as a prophet of God.[44]

Little is known of Muhammad during his later youth, and from the fragmentary information that is

available, it is hard to separate history from legend.[43] It is known that he became a merchant and

"was involved in trade between the Indian ocean and the Mediterranean Sea."[45] Due to his upright

character he acquired the nickname "al-Amin" (Arabic: ), meaning "faithful, trustworthy" andwas sought out as an impartial arbitrator.[8][10][46] His reputation attracted a proposal from

Khadijah, a forty-year-old widow in 595. Muhammad consented to the marriage, which by all

accounts was a happy one.[45] Wives and children Main articles: Muhammad's wives and Ahl al-Bayt

Muhammad's life is traditionally defined into two periods: pre-hijra (emigration) in Mecca (from 570

to 622), and post-hijra in Medina (from 622 until 632). Muhammad is said to have had thirteen wives

or concubines. (There are differing accounts on the status of some of them as wife or

concubine.[47])[48] All but two of his marriages were contracted after the migration to Medina. Part

of a series on Islam Muhammadwives.png Umm-al-Momineen Wives of Muhammad


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Khadijah bint Khuwaylid

Sawda bint Zama

Aisha bint Abi Bakr

Hafsa bint Umar

Zaynab bint Khuzayma

Hind bint Abi Umayya

Zaynab bint Jahsh

Juwayriya bint al-Harith

Ramlah bint Abi Sufyan

Rayhana bint Zayd

Safiyya bint Huyayy

Maymuna bint al-Harith

Maria al-Qibtiyya


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At the age of 25, Muhammad married the wealthy Khadijah bint Khuwaylid who was 40 years old at

that time.[49] The marriage lasted for 25 years and was a happy one.[50] Muhammad relied upon

Khadija in many ways and did not enter into marriage with another woman during this

marriage.[51][52] After the death of Khadija, it was suggested to Muhammad by Khawla bint Hakim

that he should marry Sawda bint Zama, a Muslim widow, or Aisha, daughter of Um Ruman and Abu

Bakr of Mecca. Muhammad is said to have asked her to arrange for him to marry both.[53]

Traditional sources dictate that Aisha was six or seven years old when betrothed to

Muhammad[53][54][55] but the marriage was not consummated until she was nine or ten years

old.[53][54][56][57][58] While majority of traditional sources indicate Aisha was 9 (and therefore a

virgin) at the time of marriage, a small number of more recent writers have variously estimated her

age at 15 to 24.[59][60][61][62]

Nine of Muhammad's wives survived him.[48] Aisha, who became known as Muhammad's favourite

wife in Sunni tradition, survived him by many decades and was instrumental in helping bring together

the scattered sayings of Muhammad that would form the Hadith literature for the Sunni branch of

Islam.[53]

After migration to Medina, Muhammad (who was now in his fifties) married several women. These

marriages were contracted mostly for political or humanitarian reasons. The women were either

widows of Muslims who had been killed in battle and had been left without a protector, or belongingto important families or clans whom it was necessary to honor and strengthen alliances with.[63]

Muhammad did his own household chores and helped with housework, such as preparing food,

sewing clothes and repairing shoes. He is also said to have had accustomed his wives to dialogue; he

listened to their advice, and the wives debated and even argued with him.[64][65][66]

Khadijah is said to have borne Muhammad four daughters-(Ruqayyah bint Muhammad, UmmKulthum bint Muhammad, Zainab bint Muhammad, Fatimah Zahra)-and two sons-(Abd-Allah ibn

Muhammad and Qasim ibn Muhammad) who both died in childhood. All except two of his daughters,

Fatimah and Zainab, died before him.[67] Shi'a scholars contend that Fatimah was Muhammad's only

daughter.[68] Maria al-Qibtiyya bore him a son named Ibrahim ibn Muhammad, but the child died

when he was two years old.[67]

Muhammad's descendants through Fatimah are known as sharifs, syeds or sayyids. These are

honorific titles in Arabic, sharif meaning 'noble' and sayed or sayyid meaning 'lord' or 'sir'. AsMuhammad's only descendants, they are respected by both Sunni and Shi'a, though the Shi'as place


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much more emphasis and value on their distinction.[69] Beginnings of the Qur'an Part of a series on

the Quran Decorative Qur'an cover Mus'haf Sura Ayah Quran reading Tajwid Hizb Tarteel Quranic

guardian Manzil Qari' Juz' Rasm Ruku' Sujud Translations List of translations English translations

History Meccan suras Medinan suras Tafsir Persons related to verses Justice Asbab al-nuzul Naskh

Biblical narratives Tahrif Bakkah Muqatta'at Esoteric interpretation Quran and Sunnah Literalism

Miracles Science Female figures Perspectives Shia Criticism Desecration Surah of Wilaya and

Nurayn Tanazzulat Qisas Al-Anbiya House of the Quran v d e See also: History of the Qur'an and

Wahy

At some point Muhammad adopted the practice of meditating alone for several weeks every year in

a cave on Mount Hira near Mecca.[70][71] Islamic tradition holds that during one of his visits to

Mount Hira, the angel Gabriel appeared to him in the year 610 and commanded Muhammad to

recite the following verses:[72] The cave Hira in the mountain Jabal al-Nour where, according to

Muslim belief, Muhammad received his first revelation.

Proclaim! (or read!) in the name of thy Lord and Cherisher, Who created- Created man, out of a

(mere) clot of congealed blood: Proclaim! And thy Lord is Most Bountiful,- He Who taught (the use

of) the pen,- Taught man that which he knew not. Qur'an, sura 96 (Al-Alaq), ayat 1-5[73]

According to some traditions, upon receiving his first revelations Muhammad was deeply

distressed.[74] After returning home, Muhammad was consoled and reassured by Khadijah and her

Christian cousin, Waraqah ibn Nawfal. Shi'a tradition maintains that Muhammad was neither

surprised nor frightened at the appearance of Gabriel but rather welcomed him as if he had been

expecting him.[75] The initial revelation was followed by a pause of three years during which

Muhammad further gave himself to prayers and spiritual practices. When the revelations resumed he

was reassured and commanded to begin preaching: "Thy Guardian-Lord hath not forsaken thee, nor

is He displeased.".[76][77][78] A depiction of Muhammad receiving his first revelation from the angel

Gabriel. From the book Jami' al-tawarikh by Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, published in 1307 AD, Ilkhanate

period.

According to Welch these revelations were accompanied by mysterious seizures, and the reports areunlikely to have been forged by later Muslims.[10] Muhammad was confident that he could

distinguish his own thoughts from these messages.[79] According to the Qur'an, one of the main

roles of Muhammad is to warn the unbelievers of their eschatological punishment (Qur'an 38:70,

Qur'an 6:19). Sometimes the Qur'an does not explicitly refer to the Judgment day but provides

examples from the history of some extinct communities and warns Muhammad's contemporaries of

similar calamities (Qur'an 41:1316).[18] Muhammad is not only a warner to those who reject God's

revelation, but also a bearer of good news for those who abandon evil, listen to the divine word and

serve God.[80] Muhammad's mission also involves preaching monotheism: The Qur'an demands

Muhammad to proclaim and praise the name of his Lord and instructs him not to worship idols apart

from God or associate other deities with God.[18]


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The key themes of the early Qur'anic verses included the responsibility of man towards his creator;

the resurrection of dead, God's final judgment followed by vivid descriptions of the tortures in hell

and pleasures in Paradise; and the signs of God in all aspects of life. Religious duties required of the

believers at this time were few: belief in God, asking for forgiveness of sins, offering frequentprayers, assisting others particularly those in need, rejecting cheating and the love of wealth

(considered to be significant in the commercial life of Mecca), being chaste and not to kill newborn

girls.[10] Opposition See also: Persecution of Muslims by the Meccans and Migration to Abyssinia

According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad's wife Khadija was the first to believe he was a

prophet.[81] She was soon followed by Muhammad's ten-year-old cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib, close

friend Abu Bakr, and adopted son Zaid.[81] Around 613, Muhammad began his public preaching

(Qur'an 26:214).[82] Most Meccans ignored him and mocked him, while a few others became hisfollowers. There were three main groups of early converts to Islam: younger brothers and sons of

great merchants; people who had fallen out of the first rank in their tribe or failed to attain it; and

the weak, mostly unprotected foreigners.[83]

According to Ibn Sad, the opposition in Mecca started when Muhammad delivered verses that

condemned idol worship and the Meccan forefathers who engaged in polytheism.[84] However, the

Qur'anic exegesis maintains that it began as soon as Muhammad started public preaching.[85] As the

number of followers increased, he became a threat to the local tribes and the rulers of the city,

whose wealth rested upon the Kaaba, the focal point of Meccan religious life, which Muhammad

threatened to overthrow. Muhammads denunciation of the Meccan traditional religion was

especially offensive to his own tribe, the Quraysh, as they were the guardians of the Ka'aba.[83] The

powerful merchants tried to convince Muhammad to abandon his preaching by offering him

admission into the inner circle of merchants, and establishing his position therein by an

advantageous marriage. However, he refused.[83]

Tradition records at great length the persecution and ill-treatment of Muhammad and his

followers.[10] Sumayyah bint Khabbab, a slave of a prominent Meccan leader Abu Jahl, is famous asthe first martyr of Islam, having been killed with a spear by her master when she refused to give up

her faith. Bilal, another Muslim slave, was tortured by Umayyah ibn Khalaf who placed a heavy rock

on his chest to force his conversion.[86][87] Apart from insults, Muhammad was protected from

physical harm as he belonged to the Banu Hashim clan.[88][89] After being persecuted by the

Meccans, some of the early converts to Islam sought refuge in the Aksumite Empire (shown above).

In 615, some of Muhammad's followers emigrated to the Ethiopian Aksumite Empire and founded a

small colony there under the protection of the Christian Ethiopian emperor Aama ibn Abjar.[10]


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An early hadith known as "The Story of the Cranes" (translation: , transliteration:Qissat al Gharaneeq) was propagated by two Islamic scholars, Ibn Kathir al Dimashqi and Ibn Hijir al

Masri, where the former has strengthened it and the latter called it fabricated[90] (see Science of

hadith). The hadith describes Muhammad's involvement at the time of migration in an episode whichhistorian William Muir called the "Satanic Verses". The account holds that Muhammad pronounced a

verse acknowledging the existence of three Meccan goddesses considered to be the daughters of

Allah, praising them, and appealing for their intercession. According to this account, Muhammad

later retracted the verses at the behest of Gabriel.[n 7] Islamic scholars have weakened the

hadith[91] and have denied the historicity of the incident as early as the tenth century.[92] In any

event, relations between the Muslims and their pagan fellow-tribesmen were already deteriorated

and worsening.

In 617 the leaders of Makhzum and Banu Abd-Shams, two important Quraysh clans, declared a public

boycott against Banu Hashim, their commercial rival, to pressurize it into withdrawing its protection

of Muhammad. The boycott lasted three years but eventually collapsed as it failed in its

objective.[93][94] Isra and Mi'raj Main article: Isra and Mi'raj The Al-Aqsa Mosque, adjacent to the

Dome of the Rock (along the southern wall of al-Haram ash-Sharif), is the site from which

Muhammad is believed to have travelled to heaven and returned.

Islamic tradition relates that in 620, Muhammad experienced the Isra and Mi'raj, a miraculous

journey said to have occurred with the angel Gabriel in one night. In the first part of the journey, the

Isra, he is said to have travelled from Mecca on a winged horse to "the farthest mosque" (in Arabic:

masjid al-aqsa), which Muslims usually identify with the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem. In the second

part, the Mi'raj, Muhammad is said to have toured heaven and hell, and spoken with earlier

prophets, such as Abraham, Moses, and Jesus.[95] Ibn Ishaq, author of the first biography of

Muhammad, presents this event as a spiritual experience whereas later historians like Al-Tabari and

Ibn Kathir present it as a physical journey.[95]

When he was transported to Heaven, he reported seeing an angel with "70,000 heads, each headhaving 70,000 mouths, each mouth having 70,000 tongues, each tongue speaking 70,000 languages;

and every one involved in singing God's (Allah's) praises." After calculation this would mean the angel

spoke 24 quintillion (2.401 1019) languages for the praise of Allah. This description is similar word

for word to the description of an angel seen by Moses in "The Revelation of Moses" [96]

Some western scholars of Islam hold that the oldest Muslim tradition identified the journey as one

traveled through the heavens from the sacred enclosure at Mecca to the celestial al-Baytu l-Mamur

(heavenly prototype of the Kaaba); but later tradition identified Muhammad's journey from Mecca to


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Jerusalem.[97] Last years in Mecca before Hijra Muhammad's visit to Ta'if was his first attempt to

spread Islam beyond Mecca.

Muhammad's wife Khadijah and his uncle Abu Talib both died in 619, the year thus being known asthe "year of sorrow". With the death of Abu Talib, the leadership of the Banu Hashim clan was

passed to Abu Lahab, an inveterate enemy of Muhammad. Soon afterwards, Abu Lahab withdrew the

clan's protection from Muhammad. This placed Muhammad in danger of death since the withdrawal

of clan protection implied that the blood revenge for his killing would not be exacted. Muhammad

then visited Ta'if, another important city in Arabia, and tried to find a protector for himself there, but

his effort failed and further brought him into physical danger.[10][94] Muhammad was forced to

return to Mecca. A Meccan man named Mut'im b. Adi (and the protection of the tribe of Banu

Nawfal) made it possible for him safely to re-enter his native city.[10][94] Persian manuscript

miniature depicting Muhammad, from Rashid-al-Din Hamadani's Jami al-Tawarikh, approximately

1315, illustrating the episode of the Black Stone.[98]

Many people were visiting Mecca on business or as pilgrims to the Kaaba. Muhammad took this

opportunity to look for a new home for himself and his followers. After several unsuccessful

negotiations, he found hope with some men from Yathrib (later called Medina).[10] The Arab

population of Yathrib were familiar with monotheism because a Jewish community existed there.[10]

Converts to Islam came from nearly all Arab tribes in Medina, such that by June of the subsequent

year there were seventy-five Muslims coming to Mecca for pilgrimage and to meet Muhammad.

Meeting him secretly by night, the group made what was known as the "Second Pledge of al-Aqaba",or the "Pledge of War"[99] Following the pledges at Aqabah, Muhammad encouraged his followers

to emigrate to Yathrib. As with the migration to Abyssinia, the Quraysh attempted to stop the

emigration. However, almost all Muslims managed to leave.[100]

Hijra Timeline of Muhammad in Medina c. 622 Emigrates to Medina (hijrah) 623 Caravan Raids begin

623 Al Kudr Invasion 624 Battle of Badr: Muslims defeat Meccans 624 Battle of Sawiq, Abu Sufyan

escapes capture 624 Expulsion of Banu Qaynuqa 624 Invasion of Thi Amr, Muhammed raids Ghatafan

tribes 624 Assassination of Khaled b. Sufyan & Abu Rafi 625 Battle of Uhud: Meccans defeat Muslims

625 Tragedy of Bir Maona and Al Raji 625 Invasion of Hamra al-Asad, successfully terrifies enemy to

cause retreat 625 Banu Nadir expelled after Invasion 625 Invasion of Nejd, Badr and Dumatul Jandal

627 Battle of the Trench 627 Invasion of Banu Qurayza, successful siege 628 Treaty of Hudaybiyyah,

gains access to Kaaba 628 Conquest of the Khaybar oasis 629 First hajj pilgrimage 629 Attack on

Byzantine Empire fails: Battle of Mu'tah 630 Bloodless conquest of Mecca 630 Battle of Hunayn 630

Siege of Ta'if 631 Rules most of the Arabian peninsula 632 Attacks the Ghassanids: Tabuk 632

Farewell hajj pilgrimage 632 Wasal (June 8): Medina This box: view talk edit Main article: Hijra

(Islam) Migration to Medina Main article: Muhammad in Medina


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A delegation consisting of the representatives of the twelve important clans of Medina, invited

Muhammad as a neutral outsider to Medina to serve as chief arbitrator for the entire

community.[101][102] There was fighting in Yathrib mainly involving its Arab and Jewish inhabitants

for around a hundred years before 620.[101] The recurring slaughters and disagreements over the

resulting claims, especially after the Battle of Bu'ath in which all clans were involved, made it obvious

to them that the tribal conceptions of blood-feud and an eye for an eye were no longer workable

unless there was one man with authority to adjudicate in disputed cases.[101] The delegation from

Medina pledged themselves and their fellow-citizens to accept Muhammad into their community

and physically protect him as one of themselves.[10]

Muhammad instructed his followers to emigrate to Medina until virtually all his followers left Mecca.

Being alarmed at the departure of Muslims, according to the tradition, the Meccans plotted to

assassinate Muhammad. With the help of Ali, Muhammad fooled the Meccans who were watching

him, and secretly slipped away from the town with Abu Bakr.[103] By 622, Muhammad emigrated toMedina, a large agricultural oasis. Those who migrated from Mecca along with Muhammad became

known as muhajirun (emigrants).[10] Establishment of a new polity Wikisource has original text

related to this article: Medina Charter Main article: Constitution of Medina

Among the first things Muhammad did in order to settle down the longstanding grievances among

the tribes of Medina was drafting a document known as the Constitution of Medina, "establishing a

kind of alliance or federation" among the eight Medinan tribes and Muslim emigrants from Mecca,

which specified the rights and duties of all citizens and the relationship of the different communitiesin Medina (including that of the Muslim community to other communities, specifically the Jews and

other "Peoples of the Book").[101][102] The community defined in the Constitution of Medina,

Ummah, had a religious outlook but was also shaped by practical considerations and substantially

preserved the legal forms of the old Arab tribes.[10] It effectively established the first Islamic state.

The first group of pagan converts to Islam in Medina were the clans who had not produced great

leaders for themselves but had suffered from warlike leaders from other clans. This was followed by

the general acceptance of Islam by the pagan population of Medina, apart from some exceptions.

According to Ibn Ishaq, this was influenced by the conversion of Sa'd ibn Mu'adh (a prominent

Medinan leader) to Islam.[104] Those Medinans who converted to Islam and helped the Muslim

emigrants find shelter became known as the ansar (supporters).[10] Then Muhammad instituted

brotherhood between the emigrants and the supporters and he chose Ali as his own brother.[105]

Beginning of armed conflict Main article: Battle of Badr

Following the emigration, the Meccans seized the properties of the Muslim emigrants in Mecca.[106]

Economically uprooted and with no available profession, the Muslim migrants turned to raiding

Meccan caravans as an act of war, deliberately initiating armed conflict between the Muslims andMecca.[107][108] Muhammad delivered Qur'anic verses permitting the Muslims to fight the Meccans


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(see sura Al-Hajj, Qur'an 22:3940).[109] These attacks pressured Mecca by interfering with trade,

and allowed the Muslims to acquire wealth, power and prestige while working towards their ultimate

goal of inducing Mecca's submission to the new faith.[110][111] Alt text

Expeditions of Muhammad Ghazwah (expeditions where he took part)

Caravan RaidsWaddanBuwatSafwanDul AshirBadrKudrSawiqBanu Qaynuqa

GhatafanBahranUhudAl-AsadBanu NadirInvasion of NejdInvasion of Badr1st Jandal

TrenchBanu Qurayza2nd Banu LahyanBanu MustaliqThi QerdHudaybiyyahKhaybar

Conquest of Fidak3rd QuraDhat al-RiqaMu'tahBanu BaqraMeccaHunaynAutasTa'if

HawazanTabouk

Sariyyah (expeditions which he ordered) NakhlaNejd1st Banu Asad1st Banu LahyanAl Raji

Bir MaonaAssassination of Abu RafiMaslamah2nd Banu Asad1st Banu Thalabah2nd Banu

ThalabahDhu QaradJumumAl-Is3rd Banu Thalabah1st Qura2nd JandalFidak2nd

QuraUraynahHismaUmarAbu BakrBanu MurrahBanu UwalYemen3rd FadakBanu

SulaymKadidv d e

In March of 624, Muhammad led some three hundred warriors in a raid on a Meccan merchant

caravan. The Muslims set an ambush for them at Badr.[112] Aware of the plan, the Meccan caravan

eluded the Muslims. Meanwhile, a force from Mecca was sent to protect the caravan, continuing

forward to confront the Muslims upon hearing that the caravan was safe. The Battle of Badr began in

March of 624.[113] Though outnumbered more than three to one, the Muslims won the battle,

killing at least forty-five Meccans with only fourteen Muslims dead. They also succeeded in killing

many Meccan leaders, including Abu Jahl.[114] Seventy prisoners had been acquired, many of whom

were soon ransomed in return for wealth or freed.[107][115][116] Muhammad and his followers saw

in the victory a confirmation of their faith.[10] The Qur'anic verses of this period, unlike the Meccan

ones, dealt with practical problems of government and issues like the distribution of spoils.[117]

The victory strengthened Muhammad's position in Medina and dispelled earlier doubts among his

followers. As a result the opposition to him became less vocal. Pagans who had not yet converted

were very bitter about the advance of Islam. Two persons, Asma bint Marwan and Abu 'Afak had

composed verses taunting and insulting the Muslims. They were killed by persons belonging to their

own or related clans , but nothing was said and no blood-feud followed.[118]

Muhammad expelled from Medina the Banu Qaynuqa, one of three main Jewish tribes.[10] Followingthe Battle of Badr, Muhammad also made mutual-aid alliances with a number of Bedouin tribes to


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protect his community from attacks from the northern part of Hijaz.[10] Conflict with Mecca Main

article: Battle of Uhud

The attack at Badr committed Muhammad to total war with Meccans, who were now anxious toavenge their defeat. To maintain their economic prosperity, the Meccans needed to restore their

prestige, which had been lost at Badr.[119] In the ensuing months, Muhammad led expeditions on

tribes allied with Mecca and sent out a raid on a Meccan caravan.[120] Abu Sufyan subsequently

gathered an army of three thousand men and set out for an attack on Medina.[121] Mount Uhud, in

north of Medina, was the site of the second battle between Muslim and Meccan forces.

A scout alerted Muhammad of the Meccan army's presence and numbers a day later. The next

morning, at the Muslim conference of war, there was dispute over how best to repel the Meccans.

Muhammad and many senior figures suggested that it would be safer to fight within Medina and

take advantage of its heavily fortified strongholds. Younger Muslims argued that the Meccans were

destroying their crops, and that huddling in the strongholds would destroy Muslim prestige.

Muhammad eventually conceded to the wishes of the latter, and readied the Muslim force for battle.

Thus, Muhammad led his force outside to the mountain of Uhud (where the Meccans had camped)

and fought the Battle of Uhud on March 23.[122][123] Although the Muslim army had the best of the

early encounters, indiscipline on the part of strategically placed archers led to a Muslim defeat, with

75 Muslims killed including Hamza, Muhammad's uncle and one of the best known martyrs in the

Muslim tradition. The Meccans did not pursue the Muslims further, but marched back to Mecca

declaring victory. They were not entirely successful, however, as they had failed to achieve their aimof completely destroying the Muslims.[124][125] The Muslims buried the dead, and returned to

Medina that evening. Questions accumulated as to the reasons for the loss, and Muhammad

subsequently delivered Qur'anic verses 3:152 which indicated that their defeat was partly a

punishment for disobedience and partly a test for steadfastness.[126]

Abu Sufyan now directed his efforts towards another attack on Medina. He attracted the support of

nomadic tribes to the north and east of Medina, using propaganda about Muhammad's weakness,

promises of booty, memories of the prestige of the Quraysh and use of bribes.[127] Muhammad's

policy was now to prevent alliances against him as much as he could. Whenever alliances of

tribesmen against Medina were formed, he sent out an expedition to break them up.[127] When

Muhammad heard of men massing with hostile intentions against Medina, he reacted with

severity.[128] One example is the assassination of Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf, a chieftain of the Jewish tribe of

Banu Nadir who had gone to Mecca and written poems that helped rouse the Meccans' grief, anger

and desire for revenge after the Battle of Badr.[129] Around a

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