STEEL

STRUCTURES

Steel frame structure

Steel Structure

STEEL STRUCTURES Selain daripada struktur kerangka konkrit, bangunan boleh

dibina daripada struktur kerangka keluli.

Bangunan daripada struktur ini dibina dengan menggunakan Steel Sections tertentu untuk elemen Tiang, Rasuk, dan Lantai.

Pembinaan lebih teguh dan tinggi serta cepat kerana dibina di kilang.

Masalah utama adaalh pengkaratan kerana iklim Malaysia yang panas dan lembap serta perlindungan daripada bahaya api kerana keluli akan kehilangan kekuatannya apabila terdedah kepada tindakan bahang api lebih 550C. (Kebakaran lebih 1000C)

Contoh bangunan di Malaysia daripada strukturkeluli adalah Daya Bumi, PNB, The Weld, KLCC Twin Tower (composite) dsb.

Photos of Buildings featuring

Steel Framework

Steel Structure

Buildings with steel skeletal framework consisting of:

STEEL SECTIONSSTEEL SECTIONS

Hot Rolled Steel Sections Hot Rolled Steel Sections

Castella BeamsCastella Beams

Hollow Steel Sections Hollow Steel Sections

Cold Rolled Steel SectionsCold Rolled Steel Sections

TYPES OF STEEL SECTIONSTYPES OF STEEL SECTIONS

HOT ROLLED STEEL SECTIONS

Universal beams Joist Universal columns Channels Angels T-bars

Universal Beam & Column yang paling biasa digunakan.Mengikut Piawai BS 4, Part 1&2

STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMES

Consists

UNIVERSAL BEAMS

JOISTS

UNIVERSAL COLUMN

CHANNELS

ANGLES

T bars

Hot Rolled Steel Section

Universal Sections

Angle Channel

T bars

•Universal beams•Joist•Universal columns

Castellated Sections

Universal Beam (I section)

T-Bars Channel

Angles

CASTELLATED BEAMBuilt up Section from UC Beam or Joist

Castella beams Formed by flame cutting a standard

universal beam or column section The increase in depth gives greater

resistance to deflection without adding extra weight

Economical when used to support lightly loaded floor or roof slabs

CASTELLATED BEAM

HOLLOW STEEL SECTIONHOLLOW STEEL SECTION

Hollow square steel

sectionHollow

rectangularSteel

section

Circulars Hollow

Steel Section

Hollow steel section Hollow sections are tubes of circular, square or

rectangular cross-section. They can also be made from plates or double-T profiles by welding

Square hollow sections have the advantage that they have the same resistance in the two principal directions, enabling the minimum section dimensions to be obtained.

Sometimes hollow sections are filled with concrete, giving an increase in strength and, at the same time, achieving significant fire resistance.

Hollow Rectangular Steel SectionHollow Rectangular Steel Section

Hollow Rectangular Steel SectionHollow Rectangular Steel Section

Circular Steel SectionCircular Steel Section

COLD ROLLED STRIP SECTIONS

Untuk bangunan rendah kerana ianya lebih ringan dan mudah dari segi pengangkutan.

Cold rolled strip sections

manufactured from hot rolled coil that has been chemically cleaned before being rolled.

reduces the thickness of the steel and at the same time changes the  mechanical properties of the steel.

Channel steel Inwardly turned lip

Outwardly turned lip

STEEL STRUCTURE STEEL STRUCTURE METHODS OF CONNECTIONSMETHODS OF CONNECTIONS

Bolts Black bolts High strength friction

bolts Rivets Welding

CONNECTING STEEL MEMBERSCONNECTING STEEL MEMBERS

Joining steel Members

Rivets Bolts Welding

RIVETS

Rivets are manufactured from mild steel bars

Rivets are made from bars by a machine which forms the head and cuts the rivet of the desired length as required.

The size rivet is the diameter of the shank. Generally superseded by bolted and

welded connections Available as cold or hot forged with a

variety of head shapes

Head

Shanks

Head

Shanks

RIVETS

RIVETS

BOLT & Nuts

four types of bolts

Black bolts Tension bolts Torshear bolts Load indicating bolt

Bolts

Black Bolt Torshear BoltLoad Indicating

BoltTension Bolt Nut

&Washer

Black bolts The cheapest form of bolt available,the black bolt can

be either hot or cold forged,the thread being machined onto the shank.

BS 4190 for black bolts and nuts for a diameter range of 5 to 68 mm exclusive.

HEXAGON HEADED

5 TO 68MM DIAMETER

SHANK

THREAD

Black Bolt

Tension Bolt Nut

&Washer

Load Indicating

Bolt

Torshear Bolt

Steel grade 2 Zinc plated low carbon steel. Best for general hardware

use where high strength is not required. Steel grade 5

Made from medium carbon steel, tempered and zinc plated. Best for automotive use and other areas where higher strength is desired. Steel grade 8

Made from medium carbon alloy steel, tempered and yellow zinc plated. Best suited for applications where high strength and hardness is required.

NUTS

NUTS

Hex nuts

Used for fastening to a bolt when mechanically joining materials together

Hex machine screw nuts This type refers to nuts used with

smaller machine screw sizes under ¼.

Prevailing torque lock nutsAll metal lock nuts are non-reverseable and often used high temperature applications.

more...

Square nutsSquare nuts, once very common, were mostly replaced by hex nuts.

BOLT & Nuts CONNECTION

WELDINGWELDING

WELDINGWELDING The basic method of welding are oxy-

acetylene and electric arc Classify as fillet or butts weld; Fillet-used to the edges and end of

members. Butts-used on chamfered end to end

connections.

TYPES OF WELDING

square bolt weld V’ shaped weld

‘J’ shaped weld back weld atau surface bead weld

Welding joint

WELDED CONNECTIONS

Structural steel connectionsStructural steel connections

Column based

Beam to column

Beam to beam

Column based

Strutural steel connections

ColumnBasedCONNECTIOn

ColumnBasedCONNECTIOn

Steel Connection

Column-Column Beam-column

Beam to column connection

Beam to column connection

column to column connection

Beam to column

Universal column

Site connection

beam beam

Beam to beam

Structural steel connections

Universal column

Beam to beam connection

Either shop connections and can be made by using bolts , welding or combine..

BOLTS

WELDING

CONNECTIONS

COMBINE BOLT AND WELDING

JOINT DETAILS

WORLD TRADE CENTER-US

PERLINDUNGAN API UNTUK STRUKTUR KERANGKAKERANGKA KELULI

cara-cara melindungi struktur kerangka keluli

PERLINDUNGAN API UNTUK STRUKTUR KERANGKAKERANGKA KELULI

Disebabkan keluli akan kehilangan kekuatan secara mendadak, suhunya mencapai lebih 550C maka perlindungan api bagi struktur kerangka yang dibina daripada keluli adalah sangat penting.

Di bawah adalah cara-cara yang biasa digunakan untuk melindungi struktur kerangka keluli daripada api kebakaran;

Composite Structure Composite systems utilize both steel and

concrete together in ways that neither material predominates over the other.

Variation of composite structural systems:i. steel frame surrounding concrete coreii. steel beams encased in and interacting with concrete enclosureiii. steel outrigger beams used with concrete structure.

Photos of Buildings featuring Composite Framework