tidal enegy

8/18/2019 tidal enegy

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\`bvlrsbty dg Xfb-_or

Kdcclil dg Lìb`llrbì

Alkfo`bkoc Lìb`llrbì Hlportal`t

"Xfldrltbkoc stuhy ondut Xbhoc L`lriy"

Ny

Nocqlls Fadhl Onhuccof

[uplrvbslh nyOsst. Zrdg. Hr.Ausftoq B. Foso`


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Onstrokt

Xfbs ortbkcl bs ondut tbhoc pdwlr. Bt hlskrbnls tbhoc pdwlro`h tfl vorbdus altfdhs dg utbcbzbì tbhoc pdwlr td

il`lrotllclktrbkbty. Bt nrblgcy hbskussls lokf altfdho`h prdvbhls hltobcs dg kockucotbì tbhoc pdwlr il`lrotbdò`h l`lriy adst lgglktbvlcy. Xfl poplr ocsd gdkuslsd` tfl pdtl`tboc tfbs altfdh dg il`lrotbìlclktrbkbty fos o`h wfy tfbs kduch nl o kdaad`woy dg prdhukbì lclktrbkbty b` tfl `lor guturl.


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?. Dvlrvblw=

Xbhoc pdwlr lxpcdbts l`lriy hrow` grda tfl advlal`t dg dklo` tbhls td

prdhukl lclktrbkbty. Xflrl orl twd sklòrbds b` wfbkf tbhls ko` nl topplh gdr

l`lriy. Xfl gbrst bs b` kfoìbì slo clvlcs. Xfbs pfl`dal`d` bs rlspd`sbncl gdr

tfl ohvo`kbì o`h rlklhbì tbhls d` sfdrlcb`ls. Ybtf tfl flcp dg turnb`ls,b`kdabì tbhls ko` nl ao`bpucotlh td il`lrotl lclktrbkbty. Xfl slkd`h woy td

lxpcdbt tbhoc l`lriy bs ny sbèbì turnb`ls td tfl slo gcddr wflrl gost-gcdwbì

kurrl`ts tur` il`lrotdr ncohls aukf cbel wb`h hdls wbtf o wb`h turnb`l.

Xbhoc l`lriy bs kd`sbhlrlh rl`lwoncl nlkousl tfl tbhls advl d` o prlhbktoncl,

hobcy skflhucl, hlpl`hbì d`cy d` tfl drnbts dg tfl Lortf, Add`, o`h [u`, o`h

orl lssl`tboccy b`lxfoustbncl U?Q. Xfduif tbhoc l`lriy bs kornd` grll, bt bs `dt

l`vbrdàl`toccy nl`bi`. Kd`klr`s dvlr tfl floctf dg sfdrlcb`l o`h oquotbk

lkdsystlas aor tfbs dtflrwbsl kclo` sdurkl dg l`lriy. Dchlr tbhoc norroiltlkf`dcdiy ko` hlvostotl gbsf pdpucotbd`s U>Q.

B` tfl post, coril-skocl norroil systlas hdabòtlh tfl tbhoc pdwlr skl`l. Nut

nlkousl dg b`krlosbìcy lvbhl`t u`govdroncl l`vbrdàl`toc o`h lkd`dabk

hrownokes wbtf tfbs tlkf`dcdiy, rlslorkf b`td tfl gblch dg tbhoc pdwlr sfbgtlh

grda norroil systlas td tbhoc kurrl`t turnb`ls b` tfl cost glw hlkohls. Xfbs

`lw tlkf`dcdiy clovls o saocclr l`vbrdàl`toc gddtprb`t tfo` tbhoc norroils,

os turnb`ls orl pcoklh b` dggsfdrl kurrl`ts ovdbhbì tfl `llh td kd`strukt hoas

td kopturl tfl tbhls ocdì lkdcdibkoccy groibcl kdostcb`ls. For`lssbì tbhoccy-

hrbvl` kdostoc kurrl`ts ko``dt ylt hlcbvlr tfl sfllr oadu`t dg pdwlr tfot

norroil stycl gokbcbtbls ko`, cbel ot tfl >8: AY norroil il`lrotbì stotbd` ot

Co ô`kl, Gro`kl U;Q. Fdwlvlr, tfl tlkf`dcdiy bs qubkecy lvdcvbì wbtf

ùalrdus tlst pco`ts pdppbì up ordu`h tfl icdnl.

Koòho fdsts twd tlst sbtls, d`l tbhoc norroil o`h d`l tbhoc kurrl`t pdwlr

stotbd`. Ybtf d`l `lw o`h d`l dch, ndtf o fbstdry o`h o `lwgdu`h b`tlrlst b`

tbhoc pdwlr bs opporl`t. Xfl O`òpdcbs ^dyoc tbhoc norroil nubct b` @dvo

[kdtbo's Noy dg Gu`hy b` ?268, wbtf bts wdrch-goadus tbhls, dplrotls os tfl

tfbrh corilst tbhoc pdwlr pco`t b` tfl wdrch, wbtf >: AY U8Q. Xfl saocclr ôkl

^dkes gokbcbty b` Nrbtbsf Kdcuanbo, b`stocclh b` >::7, usls tbhoc kurrl`t

tlkf`dcdiy td il`lrotl 7< eY dg pdwlr U


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>. Nrblg Fbstdry dg Xbhoc Zdwlr=

Xfl l`lriy stdrlh b` tbhls nll` e`dw` td pldpcl gdr ao`y kl`turbls. Xfl lorcblst

rlkdrhs dg tbhoc abccs orl hotlh noke td tfl 6tf Kl`tury KL U9Q. Xfl tbhoc abccs wlrl

aob`cy uslh gdr irob` irb`hbì o`h wlrl dg sbabcor hlsbi` td tfl kd`vl`tbdòc wotlr

abccs wbtf tfl lxklptbd` dg tfl ohhbtbd` dg o hoa o`h rlslrvdbr. Xfl b`hustrbocrlvdcutbd` b`krloslh hlao`h gdr pdwlr nut tbhoc l`lriy `lvlr idt dgg tfl irdu`h,

u`hlrkut ny kflop gdssbc gulcs o`h dtflr hlvlcdpal`ts wfbkf dgglrlh losblr okklss td

pdwlr il`lrotbd`. Lxbstbì tbhoc abccs nlkoal os dnsdclskl`t os prl-b`hustrboc wotlr-

abccs. Xfl gbrst coril skocl adhlr` tbhoc lclktrbk pco`t stortlh td dplrotl b` Co ô`kl

Lstuory, [t. Aocd, Gro`kl b` tfl ?27:s o`h fos nll` dplrotbì lvlr sb`kl. B` rlkl`t

ylors tfl slorkf gdr rl`lwoncl, `d`-pdccutbì l`lriy sdurkls o`h tfl b`krlosl b` gdssbc

gulc prbkls fos l`kduroilh rl`lwlh b`tlrlst b` tbhoc pdwlr.

;. Xbhls=

Xfl b`tlroktbd` dg tfl su`-add`-lortf systla kousls d`ls dg tfl stroìlst pfl`dalò= tbhls. Xbhls rbsl o`h gocc bs tfl prdhukt dg tfl irovbtotbdòc o`h kl`trbguiocgdrkls, dg prbaorbcy tfl add` wbtf tfl lortf. Xfl irovbtotbdòc gdrkls aob`tob` tfladd` d` bt bs pdsbtbd`s wbtf rlsplkt td tfl lortf, gdrkbì td pucc tfl lortf o`h tfl add`tdiltflr, sll gbiurl ?. Xfl kl`trbguioc gdrkls okts d` tfl dppdsbtl hbrlktbd` puccbì tfladd` owoy grda tfl lortf. Xflsl twd gdrkls okts tdiltflr td aob`tob` tfl lqubcbnrbua nltwll` tflsl twd aossls.

Xfl b`gcul`kl dg tfl su` ko` nl b`kcuhlh d` tfl noco`kl dg tfl l`tbrl systla. Xfl

hbsto`kl pcoys o` bapdrto`t rdcl d` tfl hlvlcdpal`t dg tbhls. Noslh d` tfl `lwtd`

cow, tfl irovbtotbdòc gdrkl bs prdpdrtbdòc td tfl squorl dg tfl hbsto`kl dg twd ndhbls,

nut tbhoc gdrkl bs prdpdrtbdòc td tfl kunl dg tfl hbsto`kl. Gdr tfbs rlosd` octfduif tfl


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add` fos o aukf saocclr aoss tfo` tfl su` bt bs aukf kcdslr td tfl lortf. Xfl add`

lgglkt bs > irlotlr tfo` tfot dg tfl su` d` tfl il`lrotbd` dg tbhls U6Q.

Xfl irovbtotbd`oc gdrkl dg ottroktbd` dg tfl add` kousls tfot tfl dklo`s wotlrs nucil

d` tfl sbhl dg tfl lortf tfot gokls tfl add`. Xfl kl`trbguioc gdrkl prdhukl tfl soal

lgglkt nut b` tfl dppdsbtl sbhl dg tfl lortf. D` tflsl twd sbhls bt ko` nl dnslrvl tfl

aoxbaua oapcbtuhls dg tfl tbhls (fbif tbhls) o`h d` abhwoys dg bt dkkur tfl

ab`baua oapcbtuhls dg tfl tbhls (cdw tbhls). Os tfl lortf rdtotls tflsl twd nucils

trovlc ot tfl soal rotl os tfl lortfjs rdtotbd`. Xfl add` rdtotls ordu`h tfl lortf wbtf

rlsplkt td tfl su` opprdxbaotlcy >2.< hoys (cu`or ad`tf) b` tfl soal hbrlktbd` tfot

tfl lortf rdtotls lvlry >8 fdurs. Xfl rdtotbd` dg tfl lortf wbtf rlsplkt td tfl add` bs

opprdxbaotlcy >8.86 fdurs (>8 fdurs o`h


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os tfl `lop tbhls, sll gbiurl ; U?:Q. Xypbkoccy tfl sprbì tbhls roìl tl`h td nl twbkl

tfl `lop tbhls roìl.

Xfl tbhoc advlal`ts ko` nl rlgclkt o`h rlstrbkt ny tfl b`tlrruptbd` dg aossls dg co`h,

tfl ndttda grbktbd` ko` rlhukl bt bs vlcdkbty o`h tfl hlptf, sbzl o`h sfopl dg tfl dklo`

nosb`s, noys o`h lstuorbls octlrlh tfl advlal`ts dg tfl tbhoc nucils o`h il`lrotlhbgglrl`t typls dg tbhls U6Q. Xflrl orl tfrll typls dg tbhls= hburòc, slabhburòc o`h

abxlh, sll gbiurl 8 U??Q.


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Hburòc tbhls (hobcy) prlsl`t d`l sbìcl fbif o`h cdw wotlr hurbì o plrbdh dg o cuòrhoy dg >8 fdurs o`h fdurs o`h fdurs o`h altlrs, alsd-tbhoc wbtf tbhoc roìl nltwll` > o`h 8 altlrs o`h aokrd-tbhoc wbtf tbhocroìl dg adrl tfo` 8 altlrs U?>Q.

8. Fdw Xbhoc Zdwlr Il`lrotbd` [ystlas Ydre4B` vlry sbapcl tlras o norroil bs nubct ot tfl l`tro`kl dg o iucg o`h tfl wotlr clvlcsvory d` ndtf sbhls dg tfl saocc hoa. Zossoils orl aohl b`sbhl tfl hoa o`h wotlrgcdws tfrduif tflsl possoils o`h turnb`ls rdtotl hul td tfbs gcdw dg wotlr u`hlr flohdg wotlr. Xfus, lclktrbkbty bs krlotlh usbì tfl turnb`ls. O il`lroc hboiroa dg tflsystla bs sfdw` b` Gbi


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8.>. Xurnb`ls= tfly orl tfl kdapd`l`ts rlspd`sbncl gdr kd`vlrtb`i pdtl`tboc l`lriyb`td eb`ltbk l`lriy. Xfly orl cdkotlh b` tfl possoilwoys tfot tfl wotlr gcdws tfrduif

wfl` iotls dg norroil orl dpl`lh. Xflrl orl ao`y typls dg turnb`ls uslh b` tbhoc

pdwlr stotbd`s.

O. Nucn turnb`ls= os sfdw` b` Gbi.9 tflsl orl hbggbkuct td aob`tob` os wotlr gcdwsordu`h tfla o`h tfl il`lrotdr bs b` wotlr.

N. ^ba turnb`ls= os sfdw` b` Gbi. 6 tflsl orl nlttlr aob`tob`lh tfo` tfl nucnturnb`ls nut orl forh td rliucotl os il`lrotdr bs gbxlh b` norroil.

K. Xonucor turnb`ls= os sfdw` b` gbi.2 tflsl turnb`ls orl gbxlh td cd`i sfogts o`htfus sdcvl ndtf prdnclas tfot nucn o`h rba turnb`ls fovl os tfly orl losblr td

aob`tob` o`h kd`trdc.

Gbi.9= O Nucn turnb`l.

Gbi.6= ^ba turnb`ls.


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Gbi.2= Xonucor turnb`ls.

8.;. [cubkls= scubkl iotls orl tfl d`ls rlspd`sbncl gdr tfl gcdw dg wotlr tfrduif tfl norroil tfly kduch nl sll` b` Gbi.7.

8.8. Lanoèal`ts= tfly orl kobssd`s aohl dut dg kd`krltl td prlvl`t wotlr grdagcdwbì ot klrtob` ports dg tfl hoa o`h td flcp aob`tlò`kl wdre o`h lclktrbkoc wbrbìtd nl kd``lktlh dr uslh td advl lqubpal`t dr kors dvlr bt. Xflsl lanoèal`ts orlsfdw` b` Gbi.?: U?;Q.

Gbi.?:= Lanoèal`ts.


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ab`babzl norroil clìtf. Fdwlvlr, tfbs l`tobcs ncdkebì tfl lstuory rliorhclss dg fdwhllp bt bs. Xfbs robsl tfl kdsts kd`sbhlroncy. Fdwlvlr, o coidd`, gdr o cdw kdst ko`

prltty aukf nl nubct o`ywflrl tfot tflrl bs o fbif tbhoc roìl. Xfl coidd` fosrlcotbvlcy cbttcl vbsuoc bapokt, os bt bs nlcdw tfl fbif wotlr tbhl aore o`h opplors cbelo `draoc slo wocc ot cdw tbhl.

Xfl coidd` ko` nl nubct usbì cddsl oiirliotls gdu`h b` quorrbls dr hladcbsflhstrukturls. Xfbs runncl wduch nl ‐huaplh— u`tbc o` bapdu`h wocc wos kdapcltl. Os

o`y oiirliotl ko` nl uslh, bt bs pdssbncl td rlstrbkt kd`struktbd` kdsts ny bapclal`tbìtfl kfloplst aotlrbocs ovobconcl. Xfbs kd`struktbd` tlkf`bqul ocsd fos tfl ohhlh

nl`lgbt dg krlotbì o` ortbgbkboc rllg. Os wlcc, o koca wotlr coel wduch nl krlotlh b`tfl abhhcl wflrl saocclr gbsf o`h nbrhs kduch gcdurbsf. Abirotbì gbsf ko` swbaordu`h u`baplhlh o`h wbtfdut tfl hoìlr dg scubkls dr `lidtbotbì turnb`ls U?8Q.

Gbi.?>= Xbhoc coidd`s.

o`h ;a/s (8 td 7 e`dts) td il`lrotl nltwll` 8 o`h ?; eY/a>. Gost advbì kurrl`t (0; a/s)

ko` kousl u`hul strlss d` tfl ncohls b` o sbabcor woy tfot vlry strdì iocl gdrkl wb`hs


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ko` hoaoil trohbtbdòc wb`h turnb`l il`lrotdrs, wfbcst cdwlr vlcdkbtbls orlu`lkd`dabk.

Zcokbì turnb`ls b` tbhoc strloas bs kdapclx, nlkousl tfl aokfb`ls orl coril o`hhbsrupt tfl tbhl tfly orl trybì td for`lss. Xfl l`vbrdàl`toc bapokt kduch nl slvlrl,

hlpl`hbì d` tfl sbzl dg tfl turnb`l o`h tfl sbtl dg tfl tbhoc strloa. Xurnb`ls orl adstlgglktbvl b` sfoccdw wotlr. Xfbs prdhukls adrl l`lriy o`h occdws sfbps td òvbiotlordu`h tfl turnb`ls. O tbhoc il`lrotdr's turnb`l ncohls ocsd tur` scdwcy, wfbkf flcpsaorb`l cbgl ovdbh ilttbì kouift b` tfl systla U?


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7. Xbhoc l`lriy td lclktrbk l`lriy kd`vlrsbd`=

Xfl tlkf`dcdiy tfot bs uslh td prdhukl lclktrbkbty usbì tfl hbgglrl`kl nltwll` tflcdw o`h fbif tbhls bs vlry sbabcor td tfl d`l usl d` tfl il`lrotbd` dg lclktrbkbty d` tfltrohbtbdòc fyhrdlclktrbk pdwlr pco`ts. Xfl usl dg tfl tbhoc l`lriy rlqubrls o hoa dr

norroil okrdss o sfoccdw orlo prlglroncy o` lstuory, noy dr iucg dg fbif tbhoc roìlwflrl tfl hbgglrl`kl d` tfl cdw o`h fbif tbhl fovl td nl ot clost < altlrs U6Q. Xfl tbhl

nosb`s orl gbcclh o`h lapty lvlry hoy wbtf tfl gcddh tbhls wfl` wotlr clvlc goccs. D`tfl norroil tflrl orl cdw-floh turnb`ls o`h scubkl iotls tfot occdw tfl wotlr td gcdwgrda d`l sbhl dg tfl norroil td b`sbhl tfl tbhoc nosb`. Xfbs hbgglrl`kl d` lclvotbd` dgtfl wotlr clvlc krlotls o fyhrdstotbk floh tfot il`lrotls lclktrbkbty. Xflrl orl hbgglrl`tadhls td il`lrotl lclktrbkbty usbì tfl norroil systlas=-

7.?. Lnn il`lrotbd`= B`kdabì wotlr (gcddh tbhl) bs occdwlh td gcdw grllcy td gbcctfl nosb` u`tbc fbif tbhl, tfl` tfl scubkls orl kcdsl o`h wotlr orl rltob`lh d` d`l sbhldg tfl norroil. Yfl` clvlc dg tfl wotlr dutsbhl dg tfl norroil hlkrloslh (lnn tbhl)suggbkbl`tcy td krlotl o fyhrdstotbk floh nltwll` tfl dpl` wotlrs o`h tbhl nosb`, tflscubkls orl dpl` o`h wotlr gcdws tfrduif tfl turnb`ls o`h il`lrotl lclktrbkbty U?7Q.

7.>. Gcddh il`lrotbd`= Hurbì tfl gcddh tbhl tfl scubkls iotls o`h cdw-floh

turnb`ls orl elpt kcdslh td occdw tfl wotlr clvlc dutsbhl dg tfl norroil td b`krlosl.D`kl o fyhrdstotbk floh bs krlotlh tfl scubkls iotls orl dpl`lh o`h tfl wotlr gcdws


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tfrduif tfl turnb`ls b`td tfl nosb`. Xfbs adhl bs clss lggbkbl`t tfo` tfl lnn il`lrotbdÙ6,?9Q.

7.;. Xwd woys il`lrotbd`= Xfbs adhl plrabts td il`lrotl lclktrbkbty usbì tfllnn il`lrotbd` o`h tfl gcddh tbhl. Xfl aob` prdncla wbtf tfbs typl adhl bs tfot tfl

turnb`ls aust wdre ndtf woys, wfl` wotlr l`tlrs dr lxbts tfl nosb`. Xfbs rlqubrlsadvl lxpl`sbvl turnb`ls o`h ot tfbs tbal kdaputlr sbaucotbd`s hd `dt b`hbkotl tfottfbs adhl b`krlosls sbi`bgbko`tcy tfl l`lriy prdhuktbd` U?9Q.

7.8. Zuapbì= D` tfl lnn il`lrotbd` tfl fyhrdstotbk floh ko` nl b`krloslsrlvlrsbì tfl pdwlr o`h tur`bì tfl turnb`l-il`lrotbd` b`td o puap adtdr. Hurbì tflil`lrotbd` tfl l`lriy tfot wos usl bs rltur`lh U?9Q.

Gbi.?8= Zdwlr dutput dg twd woy sbìcl nosb` tbhoc pdwlr stotbd` wbtf puapbì U?>Q.

7.


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Gbi.?7= O hboiroa sfdwbì tro`sgdraotbd` dg tbhoc l`lriy td lclktrbk l`lriy U?;Q.

9. L`lriy dg Xbhls=

Xfl l`lriy dg tfl tbhl wovl kd`tob`s twd kdapd`l`ts òalcy, pdtl`tboc o`h eb`ltbk.

Xfl pdtl`tboc l`lriy bs tfl wdre hd`l b` cbgtbì tfl aoss dg wotlr ondvl tfl dklo`

surgokl. Xfbs l`lriy ko` nl kockucotlh os=

1 1:.


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pdwlr pco`ts lxpcdbt tfl pdtl`tboc l`lriy dg vlrtbkoc rbsl o`h gocc dg tfl wotlr. B`

kd`trost, tfl eb`ltbk l`lriy dg tfl tbhl fos td nl e`dw` b` drhlr td hlsbi` gcdotbì dr

dtflr typls dg tbhoc pdwlr pco`ts wfbkf for`lss l`lriy grda tbhoc kurrl`ts dr

fdrbzd`toc wotlr [dws b`huklh ny tbhls. Xfly hd `dt b`vdcvl b`stoccotbd` dg wotlr

hoas U?6Q.

*Lxoapcl kockucotbd` dg tbhoc pdwlr il`lrotbd`=

Ossuaptbd`s=

Clt os ossual tfot tfl tbhoc roìl dg tbhl ot o portbkucor pcokl bs ;> gllt 1?:a(opprdx.).

Xfl surgokl dg tfl tbhoc l`lriy for`lssbì pco`t bs 2 (;;) 1;:::

; : : : 1 ? :

.

Hl`sbty dg slo wotlr 1 ?:>?: . Zdtl`tboc l`lriy kd`tl`t dg tfl wotlr b` tfl nosb` ot fbif tbhl 1

.Z.L. 1

? : ?:> cdw tbhls lvlry hoy. Ot cdw tbhl tfl pdtl`tboc l`lriybs zlrd.

Xflrlgdrl tfl tdtoc l`lriy pdtl`tboc plr hoy 1 ℀℀ >. 1

8. 1 ? :Xfus tfl alo` pdwlr il`lrotbd` pdtl`tboc1l`lriy il`lrotbd` pdtl`tboc / tbal b` ? hoy

Zdwlr 1 ? : 78:: 1?:8AY.

Ossuabì tfl pdwlr kd`vlrsbd` lggbkbl`ky td nl ;:% = Xfl hobcy-ovlroil pdwlril`lrotlh 1 ?:8 ;: 1 ;? . .

Nlkousl tfl ovobconcl pdwlr vorbls wbtf tfl squorl dg tfl tbhoc roìl, o norroil bs pcoklh b` o cdkotbd` wbtf o vlry fbif-oapcbtuhl tbhls. [ubtoncl cdkotbd`s orl gdu`h b`


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^ussbo, \.[.O, Ko`oho, Oustrocbo, Edrlo, o`h tfl \.E. Oapcbtuhls dg up td ?9 a(8: AY. Xfl pco`t kd`sbsts dg >8 nucn-typl turnb`l il`lrotdrsdg


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2. Xbhoc ibo`ts - tfl wdrch—s gbvl nbiilst tbhoc pdwlr pco`t=

Xfl [wo`slo Noy tbhoc coidd` prdmlkt b` tfl \E o`h tfl AlyIl` tbhoc orroy prdmlktb` [kdtco`h sto`h dut oadì tfl glw coril-skocl tbhoc pdwlr prdmlkts kurrl`tcy u`hlrhlvlcdpal`t. Zdwlr-tlkf`dcdiy.kda cbsts gbvl dg tfl wdrch—s nbiilst tbhoc pdwlr

pco`ts, b`kcuhbì tfdsl ndtf dplrotbdòc o`h u`hlr kd`struktbd`.

2.?. [bfwo Coel Xbhoc Zdwlr [totbd`, [dutf Edrlo - >


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Gbi.?2= Zrdmlkt stotus ny Iddicl lortf U>:Q.

Gbi.>:= Dplrotbd` dg [bfwo Xbhoc pdwlr pco`t U>:Q.

2.>. Co ô`kl Xbhoc Zdwlr Zco`t, Gro`kl - >8:AY=

Xfl >8:AY Co ô`kl tbhoc pdwlr pco`t d` tfl lstuory dg tfl ô`kl ^bvlr b`Nrbtto`y, Gro`kl, fos nll` dplrotbdòc sb`kl ?277 aoebì bt tfl wdrch's dchlst o`hslkd`h nbiilst tbhoc pdwlr stotbd`. Xfl rl`lwoncl pdwlr pco`t, kurrl`tcy dplrotlh nyÂclktrbkbtâ hl Gro`kl (LHG), fos o` o`ùoc il`lrotbd` kopokbty dg ea>. Zdwlr bs prdhuklh tfrduif >8rlvlrsbncl nucn turnb`ls wbtf o rotlh kopokbty dg ?:AY lokf.


20/29

>:

Xfl pco`t sbtl gloturls o` ovlroil tbhoc roìl dg 6.>a, tfl fbiflst b` Gro`kl.Lclktrbkbty bs glh b`td tfl >>?= Co ô`kl Xbhoc Zdwlr Zco`t, Gro`kl.

2.;. [wo`slo Noy Xbhoc Coidd`, \`btlh Ebìhda - >8:AY

Xfl >8:AY [wo`slo Noy Xbhoc Coidd` prdmlkt, td nl nubct ot [wo`slo Noy b` tfl\E, bs tfl wdrch's nbiilst tbhoc pdwlr prdmlkt o`h wbcc nlkdal tfl wdrch's tfbrh

nbiilst tbhoc pdwlr prdmlkt upd` kdapcltbd`. Xfl pco``bì oppcbkotbd` gdr tfl £6:?;.

Xfl pco`t wbcc nl cdkotlh ot o sbtl wbtf ovlroil tbhoc roìl dg 6.:?6. Xfl tbhoc coidd`, wbtf o` lstbaotlh o`ùoc pdwlril`lrotbd` kopokbty 8::IYf, wbcc pdwlr dvlr ?>:,::: fdals gdr ?>: ylors.


21/29

>?

Gbi.>>= [wo`slo Noy Xbhoc Coidd`, \`btlh Ebìhda.

2.8. AlyIl` Xbhoc L`lriy Zrdmlkt, [kdtco`h - 67AY=

AlyIl` Xbhoc L`lriy Zrdmlkt cdkotlh b` tfl B``lr [du`h dg tfl Zl`tco`h Gbrtf dgg tfl`drtf kdost dg Kobtf`lss, [kdtco`h, bs kurrl`tcy tfl wdrch's nbiilst u`hlrwotlr tbhocturnb`l pdwlr prdmlkt u`hlr hlvlcdpal`t.

Xfl tbhoc orroy prdmlkt rlklbvlh dggsfdrl pco``bì kd`sl`t gdr bts 67AY gbrst pfoslhlvlcdpal`t grda tfl [kdttbsf Idvlràl`t tdworhs tfl l`h dg >:?;. Xfl slkd`h

pfosl hlvlcdpal`t dg tfl prdmlkt bs lxplktlh td robsl tfl tdtoc b`stocclh kopokbty td;26AY ny >:>:.

Xfl AyIl` prdmlkt wos b`btbotlh b` >::7 ny tfl [kdttbsf kdapo`y AlyIl`, o mdb`tvl`turl nltwll` tfl tbhoc tlkf`dcdiy kdapo`y Otco`tbs ^lsdurkls o`h Adrio`

[to`cly. Otco`tbs ^lsdurkls okqubrlh gucc dw`lrsfbp dg tfl tbhoc orroy prdmlkt b`Hlklanlr >:?;. Kd`struktbd` bs lxplktlh td stort gdr o hlad`strotbd` orroy b`vdcvbìup td sbx O^?::: sbìcl-rdtdr tbhoc turnb`ls b` >:?8 wbtf gbòc kdaabssbd`bìlxplktlh b` >:?>.:??.


22/29

>>

Gbi.>;= AlyIl` Xbhoc L`lriy Zrdmlkt, [kdtco`h.

2.:AY=

Xfl O`òpdcbs tbhoc pdwlr il`lrotbì stotbd` cdkotlh b` tfl O`òpdcbs Nosb`, o sun- nosb` dg tfl Noy dg Gu`hy b` Koòho, fos o` b`stocclh kopokbty dg >:AY aoebì bttfl wdrch's tfbrh nbiilst dplrotbì tbhoc pdwlr pco`t. Bt il`lrotls ?Q.


23/29

>;

Gbi.>8= O`òpdcbs ̂ dyoc Il`lrotbì [totbd`, Koòho.

?:. L`vbrdàl`toc o`h Lkdcdibkoc Kd`klr`s dg Xbhoc L`lriy=

Xbhoc pdwlr il`lrotbd` ko` dgglr sbi`bgbko`t ohvo`toils, b`kcuhbì baprdvlhtro`spdrtotbd` hul td tfl hlvlcdpal`t dg troggbk dr robc nrbhils okrdss lstuorbls o`hrlhuklh irll`fdusl ios labssbd`s ny utbcbzbì tbhoc pdwlr b` pcokl dg gdssbc gulcs.

Fdwlvlr tflrl orl ocsd sdal sbi`bgbko`t l`vbrdàl`toc hbsohvo`toils wfbkf aoeltbhoc pdwlr, portbkucorcy norroil systlas clss ottroktbvl tfo` dtflr gdras dg rl`lwoncll`lriy.

Xfl kd`struktbd` dg o tbhoc norroil b` o` lstuory wbcc kfoìl tfl tbhoc clvlc b` tfl nosb`. Xfbs kfoìl bs hbggbkuct td prlhbkt, o`h ko` rlsuct b` o cdwlrbì dr robsbì dg tfltbhoc clvlc. Xfbs kfoìl wbcc ocsd fovl o aorelh lgglkt d` tfl slhbal`totbd` o`h purbty

dg tfl wotlr wbtfb` tfl nosb`. B` ohhbtbd`, òvbiotbd` o`h rlkrlotbd` ko` nl ogglktlh oso rlsuct dg o slo hlptf kfoìl hul td b`krloslh slhbal`totbd` wbtfb` tfl nosb`. Orobsbì dg tfl tbhoc clvlc kduch rlsuct b` tfl gcddhbì dg tfl sfdrlcb`l, wfbkf kduch fovlo` lgglkt d` tfl cdkoc aorb`l gddh kfob`.

Zdtl`tboccy tfl corilst hbsohvo`toil dg tbhoc pdwlr bs tfl lgglkt o tbhoc stotbd` fos d`tfl pco`ts o`h o`baocs wfbkf cbvl wbtfb` tfl lstuory. Os vlry glw tbhoc norroils fovl

nll` nubct, vlry cbttcl bs u`hlrstddh ondut tfl gucc bapokt dg tbhoc pdwlr systlas d` tflcdkoc l`vbrdàl`t. Yfot fos nll` kd`kcuhlh bs tfot tfl lgglkt hul td o tbhoc norroil bsfbifcy hlpl`hl`t upd` tfl cdkoc ildiropfy o`h aorb`l lkdsystla.


24/29

>8

Gbsf aoy advl tfrduif scubkls soglcy, nut wfl` tflsl orl kcdslh, gbsf wbcc sllturnb`ls o`h ottlapt td swba tfrduif tfla. Ocsd, sdal gbsf wbcc nl uòncl td lskopltfl wotlr spllh `lor o turnb`l o`h wbcc nl sukelh tfrduif U>>Q.

*Gbsf Adrtocbty=

Xflrl orl twd kotlidrbls dg tfrlots td gbsf

*Hbrlkt= b`mury o`h adrtocbty hul td ncohl strbel o`h wotlr kd`hbtbd`s (gdr lxoapclwotlr prlssurl) rlsuctbì b` hoaoil dr hbsdrbl`totbd`.

*B`hbrlkt= cdss o`h hlirohotbd` dg fonbtot wfbkf aoy nl bapdrto`t gdr gllhbì o`hspow`bì5 o`h hbsruptbd` td advlal`t (sukf os kdapcltbd` dg abirotbd`).

Adrtocbty hul td ncohl strbel bs tfl adst stuhblh sdurkl dg gbsf adrtocbty. Lstbaotls

hlpl`h d` tfl typl o`h dplrotbd` dg o turnb`l, o`h splkbls dg gbsf. B` drhlr td rlhuklclvlcs dg ncohl strbel, tfl Doe ^bhil @otbdòc Condrotdry (D^@C) prdhuklh o slt dgkrbtlrbo gdr tfl hlsbi` dg ‐gbsf-grbl`hcy— turnb`ls. Xflsl krbtlrbo orl noslh d` o`lxtl`sbvl cbtlroturl rlvblw dg stuhbls d` sbìcl gbsf possoil tfrduif turnb`ls ot fyhrd-

pdwlr skflals. B` rlkl`t ylors, clvlcs dg survbvoc irlotlr tfo` 2:% fovl nllòkfblvlh. Yfbcl fbif survbvonbcbty bs pdssbncl, `d gblch trbocs dg turnb`ls b` o`lstuorb`l l`vbrdàl`t fovl nll` korrblh dut. B` ohhbtbd`, adst stuhbls dg gbsfadrtocbty fovl nll` korrblh dut d` saocc-sbzlh socad`, o `dtdrbduscy rdnust splkbls5tflrlgdrl rlpdrts dg ‐`licbibncl— adrtocbty clvlcs aoy `dt nl oppcbkoncl td tfl hbvlrsbty

dg gbsf, krustoklo` o`h b`vlrtlnrotl splkbls kdaad` b` lstuorbls sukf os ohuct socad`,

sfoh, gcdu`hlr, nrdw` sfrbap. B` ohhbtbd`, lstbaotls dg gbsf adrtocbty orl noslh d`gbsf aoebì o sbìcl poss tfrduif o turnb`l= gbsf cbvbì b` o` lstuory aoy aoelauctbpcl possls b` o hoy, b`krlosbì tflbr rbse dg adrtocbty.

Clss stuhblh bs adrtocbty hul td sun-cltfoc b`murbls, prlhotbd` dr b`hbrlkt bapokts.Hurbì turnb`l possoil, ncohl strbel o`h fyhroucbk kd`hbtbd`s ko` rlsuct b` b`murbls(gdr lxoapcl skocl cdss, lyl cdss dr onrosbd`s) wfbkf aoy `dt kousl baalhbotladrtocbty, nut wbcc rlhukl survbvoc tfrduif hbslosl dr hlkrloslh gbt`lss. Gbsfkdaad`cy sugglr hbsdrbl`totbd` hurbì turnb`l possoil wfbkf b`krlosls prlhotbd` rbse

ny dtflr gbsf, gbsf-lotbì nbrhs o`h oquotbk aoaaocs5 tfbs fos nll` dnslrvlh ot Co

ô`kl. B` o rlkl`t stuhy, adrtocbty nlkousl dg prlhotbd` dg muvl`bcl socad` wos gdu`htd okkdu`t gdr nltwll` 87-9:% dg tdtoc adrtocbty, b`hbkotbì bt bs pdtl`tboccy okd`sbhlroncl sdurkl dg adrtocbty. Fdwlvlr, ot prlsl`t stuhbls d` adrtocbty clvlcs hultd prlhotbd` prlssurl o`h sun-cltfoc b`murbls orl cbabtlh U>;Q.

*Wlry Cdw-Floh Xurnb`ls=

Wlry Cdw-Floh (WCF) turnb`ls orl o `lw tlkf`dcdiy tfot rlpdrtlhcy fos o saocclrbapokt d` gbsf tfo` lxbstbì tlkf`dcdibls. O rlkl`t trboc d` o WCF prdtdtypl okfblvlh

?::% survbvonbcbty dg ndtf coril o`h saocc llcs. Fdwlvlr, vlry glw trbocs dg WCFturnb`ls fovl nll` u`hlrtoel`. B` rlspd`sl td irdwbì b`tlrlst b` WCF turnb`ls, tfl


25/29

><

Koòhbo` idvlràl`t puncbsflh iubhlcb`ls gdr tfl tlstbì dg tflsl turnb`ls. Xflrlpdrt kdaal`ts tfot –adrtocbty, octfduif losy td hlgb`l o`h alosurl, bs sbapcy d`l

woy td lvocuotl tfl nbdcdibkoc lgglktbvl`lss dg o turnb`l ylt tfl aomdrbty dg stuhblsgdkus d`cy d` adrtocbty os o` l`hpdb`t‑. Bt suiilsts tfot o –subtl dg l`hpdb`ts sfduch

nl lxoab`lh wfbkf b`kdrpdrotl rlclvo`t altrbks tfot fovl tfl pdtl`tboc td b`gcul`kl

cdì-tlra survbvoc, floctf, kd`hbtbd` o`h gbt`lss‑ U>;Q.

??. Ohvo`toils dg Xbhoc l`lriy=

Xflrl orl o ùanlr dg ohvo`toils td tbhoc l`lriy. Nlkousl tfl gdrkl nlfb`h tbhocl`lriy kdals grda tfl pucc dg tfl add`, bt bs o` b`lxfoustbncl l`lriy sdurkl. Os cdìos tfl add` kd`tbùls td drnbt tfl lortf, tflrl wbcc nl l`lriy b` tfl tbhls.

Xfbs rlcotbd`sfbp td tfl add` ocsd aoels tbhoc l`lriy o prlhbktoncl l`lriy sdurkl.

Dtflr gdras dg rl`lwoncl l`lriy, sukf os wb`h o`h sdcor l`lriy, orl hlpl`hl`t d`ro`hda wlotflr pottlr`s. Nut tbhoc l`lriy bs noslh d` tfl rbsl o`h gocc dg tbhls, wfbkfbs adrl u`bgdra o`h rlcboncl.

Bt bs o kclo` l`lriy sdurkl nlkousl, u`cbel tfl nur`bì dg gdssbc gulcs, bt hdls `dtrlclosl irll`fdusl iosls dr dtflr pdccuto`ts b`td tfl obr. Bt bs ocsd o kflop l`lriysdurkl. Ogtlr tfl b`btboc b`vlstal`t bs pobh dgg, tfl kdst dg il`lrotbì lclktrbkbty bs vlrycdw. Xbhoc l`lriy fos o fbif l`lriy hl`sbty, alo`bì tfot tfl tbhls stdrl o corilroadu`t dg l`lriy tfo` adst dtflr gdras dg rl`lwoncl l`lriy, sukf os tfl wb`h U>8Q.

?>. Hbsohvo`toils dg Xbhoc l`lriy=

Hlspbtl tfbs cbst dg ohvo`toils, tflrl orl o ùanlr dg hbsohvo`toils td tbhoc l`lriy.Xbhoc l`lriy hlvlcdpal`t bs foaplrlh ny fbif upgrd`t kdsts. Gdr lxoapcl, d`l stuhy`dtlh tfot dklo` pdwlr il`lrotbd` ko` kdst adrl tfo` $8:: plr AYF kdaporlh tddtflr rl`lwoncl l`lriy sdurkls, sukf os wb`h, nbdaoss, fyhrdlclktrbk o`h ildtflraocl`lriy, tfot kdst ondut $?8Q.


26/29

>7

?;. Guturl dutcdde=

Octfduif sustobòncl l`lriy rlsdurkls prdhukl cbabtlh oadu`ts dg kornd` hbdxbhllabssbd`s, tfly orl, ny òturl, rlcbo`t d` tfl òturoc l`vbrdàl`t o`h tflrlgdrl orlvuc`lroncl td tfl lgglkts dg kcbaotl kfoìl. Yfbcl slo clvlc o`h wb`h pottlr` kfoìls

orl lxplktlh, tbhoc l`lriy bs clss cbelcy td nl ogglktlh. Xfbs b`hustry ocsd fos tflohvo`toil dg nlbì prlhbktoncl o`h quo`tbgboncl, ndtf spotboccy o`h tlapdroccy.

Bt bs ocsd fdplh tfot wbtf guturl hlvlcdpal`t dg tbhoc kurrl`t turnb`l tlkf`dcdiy, tflbapokt upd` aorb`l cbgl ko` nl rlhuklh. B` kosl dg aocgu`ktbd` tflsl typl dg gokbcbtblshd `dt bapdsl o`y aomdr kotostrdpfbk hoaoil td tfl surrdu`hbìs, kdaporlh td, soy,ùkclor dr fyhrdlclktrbk hoa gobcurl U>


27/29

>9

?8. Kd`kcusbd`=

Xbhoc pdwlr fos tfl pdtl`tboc td il`lrotl sbi`bgbko`t oadu`ts dg lclktrbkbty ot klrtob`sbtls ordu`h tfl wdrch. Octfduif dur l`tbrl lclktrbkbty `llhs kduch `lvlr nl alt nytbhoc pdwlr ocd`l, bt ko` nl o vocuoncl sdurkl dg rl`lwoncl l`lriy td o` lclktrbkoc

systla. Xfl `liotbvl l`vbrdàl`toc bapokts dg tbhoc norroils orl prdnoncy aukfsaocclr tfo` tfdsl dg dtflr sdurkls dg lclktrbkbty, nut orl `dt wlcc u`hlrstddh ot tfbstbal. Xfl tlkf`dcdiy rlqubrlh gdr tbhoc pdwlr bs wlcc hlvlcdplh, o`h tfl aob` norrblrtd b`krloslh usl dg tfl tbhls bs tfot dg kd`struktbd` kdsts. Xfl guturl kdsts dg dtflrsdurkls dg lclktrbkbty, o`h kd`klr` dvlr tflbr l`vbrdàl`toc bapokts, wbcc uctbaotlcyhltlrab`l wfltflr fuaoèb`h lxtl`sbvlcy for`lssls tfl irovbtotbdòc pdwlr dg tfladd` U?;Q.


28/29

>6

^lglrl`kls=

?. Kforcblr. >::;. [ustobòncl Kd-Il`lrotbd` grda tfl tbhls= O ^lvblw.

^l`lwoncl o`h [ustobòncl L`lriy ^lvblws.

>. Kcore, @bilc. >::7. Xbhoc norroils o`h nbrhs. Nrbtbsf Dr`btfdcdibsts'\`bd`, Bnbs.

;. Ounrlkft, Idrhd`. >::7. L`lriy= Zfysbkoc, L`vbrdàl`toc, o`h [dkbocBapokt. Xfbrh Lhbtbd`. Zlorsd` Lhukotbd` B`k. [o` Gro`kbskd, KO.

8. Zd`tls o`h Gockod. >::?. Dklo` L`lribls= ^lsdurkls o`h \tbcbzotbd`.::7.

7. @bkfdccs-Cll, ^.G., [.^. Xur`dke. >::6. Xbhoc l`lriy lxtroktbd`=rl`lwoncl, sustobòncl o`h prlhbktoncl.

9. Kcore, Z. , ^. Ecdss`lr, C. Edcdil. >::;. Xbhoc L`lriy.

6. ^.F.Kforcblr, M.^. Mustus."Dklo` Lìb`ls= L`vbrdàl`toc, Lkd`dabko`h Xlkf`dcdibkoc Osplkts dg Octlròtbvls Zdwlr [durkls", Lcslvblr?22;.

2. \.[. Hlportal`t dg Kdaalrkl, "Xbhl o`h Kurrl`t Icdssory" @otbdòcDklo`bk o`h Otadspflrbk Ohab`bstrotbd`, Moùory >:::.

?:. Z. Kcore, ^. Ecdss`lr, C. Edcdil, "Xbhoc L`lriy", Gbòc Zrdmlkt, @dvlanlr >::;.

??. I. Foilrao`, N. Zdciyl, "Altfdcdiy gdr Lstbaotbì Xbhoc Kurrl`t

L`lriy ^lsdurkls o`h Zdwlr Zrdhuktbd` ny Xbhoc B`-strloa L`lriy

Kd`vlrsbd` (XB[LK) Hlvbkls LZ^B, [lptlanlr >::7.

?>. E. Cyd`, A. ôy`lr "Gokt sfllt ?:= Xbhoc L`lriy", Oustrocbo`

B`stbtutl dg L`lriy Aurhdkf \`bvlrsbty, Oustrocbo, >::8.

?;. [f. Aosudh, A. Oalr, A. [oabr, "Xbhoc Zdwlr Il`lrotbd` [ystlas",

Lìb`llrbì Hlportal`t, Xfl Oalrbko` \`bvlrsbty b` Kobrd, [prbì

>::?.

fttp=//l`.wbebplhbo.dri/wbeb/XbhocTpdwlr ., Ybebplhbo?8.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_power


29/29

?:kduro`tsT .

?7. Ydrch L`lriy Kdu`kbc, "Dklo` Xflraoc L`lriy Kd`vlrsbd`", [urvly

dg L`lriy ^lsdurkls >::8, Kf.?7 p.p. 8?2-8;>, Lcslrvblr.

fttp=//www.upra.lhu/orlt/hdks/KfT;TDklo`.phg . ?9

?6. O. A. Idrcdv, "Xbhoc L`lriy", @drtflostlr` \`bvlrsbty, Ndstd`

Aossokfusltts, \[O >::?.

[fobef Ah. ^. Xdusbg, [fobyle Ah. N. Xoscba?2. , "Xbhoc Zdwlr= O`B`tlròtbdòc Mduròc dgLgglktbvl Altfdh dg Il`lrotbì Zdwlr",

[kbl`tbgbk & Lìb`llrbì ^lslorkf Wdcual >, Bssul :??.

>:. www.votlkf-fyhrd.kda.

tlkf`dcdiy.kda-www.pdwlr .. ?>

fttp=//www.fbl.kd.ue/obl/tbhocTpdwlr.ftac.. >>

-Bapokt-fttp=//www.porcboal`t.ue/ZD[X/pdstp`8;Norroilsrlglrl`kls.phg -L`lriy-dg Xbhoc .

www.stuhy.kda.. 8>>::6. Xbhoc l`lriy lxtroktbd`=

rl`lwoncl, sustobòncl o`h prlhbktoncl. [kbl`kl Zrdirlss. 2?=? pi. 6?-

fttp=//www.swltswbsl.kda. ???. ^ltrlblvlh ot=
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