SULIT 4551/2

Biologi

August 2008

2 ½ jam

JABATAN PELAJARAN TERENGGANU

PEPERIKSAAN PERCUBAAN 2008

SIJIL PELAJARAN MALAYSIA

SKEMA JAWAPAN

BIOLOGI

4551

KERTAS 2

Kertas jawapan ini mengandungi halaman bercetak

QUESTION NO. 1

Item Scheme Marks Total

1(a)

Able to give three different types of cells

A: epidermis cell// epidermal cell

B: palisade cell// mesophyll palisade cell

C: guard cell

1

1

1

3

(b)

Able to state the function for each cell

B: contains chloroplast to carry out photosynthesis C: controls the opening and closure of stoma

1 1

2

(c)

Able to explain adaptive features of the cell in tissue

D in transportation substance in plant.

Xylem: F: vessel xylem is long, hollow and continuous// no

protoplasm in the vessels E: to allow water flows continuously from root to the

leaves// to obstruct the flow of water

Floem:

F: sieve tube is cylindrical tube contain cytoplasmic

which are connected to other cell through sieve plate//

companion cell has (nucleus, cytoplasm and)

mitochondrion

E: to carry glucose from leaves to other of plant// give

energy to sieve tube

1

1

1

1

4

(d)

Able to explain advantage of system E and F for

terrestrial plant

F1: System E consist of stem/ leaves/ buds/ flowers

and fruits E1: act as support system for plant by holding the

leaves upright// traps maximum sunlight for photosynthesis// produce more leaves// flower to

produce more fruit// fruit for reproduction process

F2: System F consist of root E2: act as support system for plant// absorb water and

mineral salt

1

1

1

1

4

TOTAL 12 M

Item Scheme Marks Total

2(a)(i)

Able to name the processes of R and S.

R : Anaerobic respiration

S : Aerobic respiration

1

1

6

2(a)(ii)

Able to explain the processes of R and S occur

R : the glucose is not completely broken down // the

glucose break down when there is very little or no

more oxygen / in the absence of oxygen

: occurs in the cytoplasm

: releases much less energy / 2 molecules of ATP /

150 kJ of energy (per mole of glucose)

: produce lactic acid

S : the glucose is completely broken down // the

glucose break down in the presence of oxygen

: occurs in the mitochondria and cytoplasm

: releases much energy / 38 molecules of ATP /

2898 kJ of energy (per mole of glucose)

: produce carbon dioxide and water

Max 2

Max 2

2(b)

Able to write the chemical equations for processes R

and S.

R :

C6H12O6 C3H6O3 + Energy (150 kJ/2ATP) //

Glucose Lactic acid + Energy (150 kJ/2ATP)

S :

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy // (2898 kJ/38ATP)

Glucose + Oxygen Carbon + Water + Energy

dioxide (2898 kJ/38ATP)

1

1

2

Item Scheme Marks Total

2(c)

Able to explain the differences between the processes R

and S

D : R releases less energy / 2 molecules of

ATP / 150 kJ of energy (per mole of glucose)

while S releases more energy / 38 molecules of

ATP / 2898 kJ of energy (per mole of glucose)

E : Oxidation / break down of glucose is complete in

R but not complete in S

1

1

2

2(d)

Able to explain why the leg muscles are painful due to

muscle fatigue when individual P just completed a 400

metre tract event.

F : (During anaerobic respiration) glucose break down partially into lactic acid

E : Accumulation of lactic acid cause muscular

fatigue ( and cramps)

1

1

2

TOTAL MARKS 12

Item

Num

Scoring Criteria Mark Remark

3(a)(i)

(a)(ii)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Able to state the defence mechanism in A and B A: phagocytes

B: lymphocytes

Able to describe the process A -Phagocytes move towards antigens / pathogens using

pseudopodium

-Phagocytes surround the antigen / pathogen

-Antigen / pathogen wrapped in vacuole and

hydrolysed by hydrolytic enzyme

-destroyed antigen / pathogen is removed from the

phagocyte

Able to give the meaning of antibody

-is a protein produced by lymphocytes in response to

the presence of an antigen

Able to explain the necessity for second injection

required by individuals X and Y -to booster / stimulate production / released of the

antibody // to increase production of antibody -can go against// destroy the antigen/prevent diseases

Able to state two differences between immunity of X

and Y 1. Individu X, is long lasting or permanent whereas

Individu Y is short lasting aor temporary

2.Individu X is slow response but individu Y

immediate response.

3.Individu X need lymphocytes to produce antibody,

whereas individu Y is ready made antibody.

Able to explain how to save Ali’s life

-injected by antiserum containing antibody/antibody through artificial passive immunity

-ready made antibody will destroy/nuetralise

antigen/venom

TOTAL

1m

1m

1m

1m

1m

1m

1m

1m

1m

1m

1m

1m

1m

1m

2m

maks

3m

1m

2m

Max.

2m

2m

12 m

Any 3

point

Any 2

points

No Marking Criteria Marks

Q4 (a)(i)

(a)(ii)

Primary growth

- Apical meristem divided actively through mitosis to form a

new cells

- Cells become enlargement / elongation through the

vacuolation and formation of cytoplasm, increasing in size

- Cells undergo specialisation to form the different primary

tissue like epidermis, cortex, xylem and phloem.

1

1

1

1

4

(b)(i)

(ii)

Tissue V : Phloem

Tissue W : Xylem

Tissue V transport photosynthesis product from leave to all other part

of the plants while tissue W transport water and minerals salt and

give mechanical support to the plant

1

1

1

3

(c)(i)

(ii)

Vascular cambium / lateral meristem

- Vascular cambium divided actively (mitosis) radially to form

cambium ring / intervascular cambium

- Cambium cell divide tangentially to produce two layers of

cell, inner layer will form secondary xylem and outer layer

will form secondary phloem

- The primary xylem will be push towards the pith while the

primary phloem will be push toward the epidermis

1

1

1

1 Any

2

1

2

(d)

1. To increase the support

- Increase the diameter / circumference of stem for give a mechanical support

- To increase stability when the plant height is increasing

OR

2. To increase the transportation tissue

- To increase more new phloem tissue and xylem tissue - To replaced the old and damaged xylem tissue and phloem

tissue

1

1

1

1

2

TOTAL 12

ITEM SCORING CRITERIA MARKS

MARK TOTAL

5(a)(i)

5(a)(ii)

5(b)

5(c)(i)

5 (c)(ii)

5(d)

5(e)

Able to state name of organ Y

Answer:

Organ Y: Pancreas

Able to state the hormone secreted by Z Answer:

Hormone X: Insulin Hormone Y: Glucagons

Able to explain the regulation of glucose content in

human blood.

Suggested answer: P1: (β-cells) secretes insulin

P2: to convert excess glucose into glycogen (to be stored

in liver)

P3: (α- cell) secretes glucagons

P4: to convert glycogen into glucose)

Any 3 P’s

Able to state the disease

Answer:

Diabetes melitus / hyperglysemia

Able to suggest the way to avoid the problem Suggested answer:

less intake of food contain sugar and carbohydrates in the diet

Able to corrective mechanism of Q

Suggested answer: F: Pancreas release hormone Y / glucagons

E1: convert glycogen into glucose

E2: slow down the oxidation of glucose

Able to explain the role of Y in digesting fats

Suggested answer: F1: organ Z / pancreas secretes pancreatic juice /

lipase

E1: lipase hydrolyses fats into fatty acids and

glycerol

1

1 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Total

1

2

3

1

1

2

2

12

No. Marking Criteria Marks

6(a)i

6(a)ii

(b)i

Able to state two forms nitrogenous compounds

Suggsted answer :

- ammonium ions and nitrate ions.

Able to explain how a deficiency of K in the soil affects plant

growth.

Suggested answer

1 Root hairs absorb less K/nitrates/nitrogen

// less K/nitrates/nitrogen is available to be absorbed by plants.

2. Less chlorophyll / protein is synthesized.

3 Rate of photosynthesis decreases.

4 Plant growth is slow / retarded/ stunted

Able to explain the role of the microorganism in nitrogen cycle

Suggested answer:

- nitrogen fixing bacteria can convert atmospheric

nitrogen through nitrogen fixation process, - for examples nostoc sp (found freely in the soil)//

Rhizobium sp (lives in the nodules of leguminous plants)

- (They ) fix atmospheric nitrogen and convert it into

ammonium compounds

- Nitrate, are taken up by the roots of plants and

converted into proteins.

- (When) animals eats the plants, the organic nitrogen is

transferred into the body of the animal.

- (when) animals die, decomposition produces ammonia

that can be converted into nitrites and nitrates by

nitrifying bacteria.// ammonia is converted into nitrite

by nitrosomonas sp while nitrites are converted into

nitrates by nitrobacter sp.

- The denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates back into

atmospheric nitrogen to complete the nitrogen cycle.

Able to explain the role of useful microorganism

Suggested answer:

(i) in the alimentary canal of termites

- termites feed mainly on wood which contain cellulose

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Total

1

4 m

max

6 m

10 m

Item Scheme Marks Total

7(a)

Able to describe the transmission of nerve impulses

across synapse

• When an impulses arrives in the axon terminal

• Stimulates (synaptic) vesicles to move towards and

bind with the presynaptic membrane

• The vesicles fuse / release the neurotransmitter into

the synapse

• The neurotransmitter molecules across the synapse

to the dendrite of another neurone

• Stimulated to trigger a new impulses which travels along the neurone

1

1

1

1

1

Max 4

4

7(b)

Able to explain the situation given.

F1 - P is afferent neurone which transmits nerve

1

6

- Protozoa (such as Trichonympha sp) are present in the

alimentary canal of the termites. - They produce cellulase which digest cellulose

- Termites unable to produce cellulase themselves

(ii) in the digestive system in humans

- Useful symbiotic bacteria are found in the human colon

- They synthesise vitamin B12 and vitamin K.

- A deficiency in vitamin B12 can lead to anaemia //

(while) vitamin K is essential for blood clotting

(iii) in decomposition process

- composers such as bacteria and fungi secrete digestive

enzyme to breakdown organic matter and animals waste

into simple molecules (such as carbon dioxide, water

and ammonium compounds.

- These microorganism can return the nutrient contain

within the remain of organic matter to the atmosphere,

soil and water

- Without them, the soil would become less fertile // no

longer sustain plant life

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Total

4m

3m

3m

10 m

impulse from the receptors to the interneurone.

E1 - If P damaged, impulse from receptor cannot be transfered to the interneurone.

E2 - (As a result), individual A cannot feel any pain

F2 - R is efferent neurone which transmits nerve impulse from interneurone to the effector

E1 - If R damaged, impulse from interneurone

cannot be transfered to the effector

E2 - (As a result), individual A cannot withdraw the

finger // pull the hand away from the pointed

needle

1

1

1

1

1

7(c)

Able to explain the differences between reflex arc in

two Diagram

Diagram 7(b)(i) Diagram 7(b)(ii)

F1 Knee jerk reflex Withdraw finger from a

sharp needle reflex

E1 Leg swings forward // knee jerk while the hand

is withdrawn from the sharp needle

F2

Involved afferent

and efferent

neuron/two types

Involved afferent, interneurone and

efferent neuron/three types of neurone

E1

E2

E3

E4

E5

- Receptor detect the stimulus and triggers a nerve impulse

- Afferent neurone carries impulse from receptor to the spinal cord

- Synapes with the efferent neurone (in grey matter) / synapes with interneurone and

sinapse with the efferent neurone (in grey

matter)

- Efferent neurone carries impulse from spinal

cord to effector

- stimulates the quadriceps/biseps muscle to

contract

F3 Produce response

faster Produce response fast

E1 Involved one synapse in diagram 7(b)(i) while

two synapse in diagram 7(b)(ii)

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

10

No. Item

Explanation Mark Total mark

8 (a)

Able to explain formation of the embryo sac

F1-The ovule develops from the ovarian tissue. It

has a diploid embryo sac mother cell(2n)

F2- Embryo sac mother cell undergoes meiosis to

form a row of four haploid cells called

megaspores

F3- Three of the four megaspores degenerated,

leaving one in the ovule

F4- (The megaspore continues to grow and

enlarges, filling up most of the ovule.) The nucleus of the megaspore then undergoes

mitosis three times to form eight haploid nuclei

F5- Three of the eight nuclei (migrate to one end of

the cell) to form antipodal cells,

another two nuclei to form polar nuclei and

one of the three nuclei develops into an egg

cell/female gamete/ovum and flanked two

synergid cells

Able to explain formation of pollen grain

F1- Pollen grain are formed in the anther, an anther

has four pollen sacs.

F2- Each pollen sac contains hundred of cells

called pollen mother cells (2n)

F3- Each pollen mother cell undergoes meiosis to

produce four haploid microspores(n)

F4- The nucleus of each microspores then divided

by mitosis to form a tube nucleus and generative nucleus.

F5- The microspores develop into pollen grains

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Max

10 marks

8 (b) Able to describe pollination leads to the formation of

fruit and seed in a flowering plant (angiosperms).

F1- Pollen grains have been released from the anther to the

stigma for pollination by insects or wind

F2- The sugar solution (sucrose) secreted by the stigma

stimulates the pollen grain to germinate and form a pollen

tube

F3- The pollen tube grows down the style towards the ovule

F4- The generative nucleus divides by mitosis to form two

male gamete nuclei

F5- The male gamete nuclei move down the pollen tube led

by the tube nucleus

F6- When the pollen tube reaches the ovary, it penetrates

the ovule through the micropyle

F7- The tube nucleus degenerates, leaving a clear passage

for the male nuclei to enter the embryo sac

F8- Double fertilization occurs in the ovule. One male

nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus to form a diploid

zygote(2n)

F9- The other male nucleus fuses with the two polar nuclei

to form a triploid nucleus(3n)

F10- (After fertilization), the triploid nucleus divides

rapidly by mitosis to forms an endosperm and zygote

divides by mitosis develops into suspensor and embryo.

F11- The ovule develops into a seed while the ovary

enlarges and develops into a fruit

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Max

10 marks

NO ITEM

CRITERIA MARKING MARKS REMARKS

9(a)

Able to describe the condition of the river and

explain the effect into aquatic organisms

Sample answer

F1 : Condition of the river is the result of

Eutrophication

P1 : caused by nitrates from the factories leach into

the river

P2 : (caused by) leaching of nitrates / phosphates

from palm oil estate

P3 : excess nutrients encourages the rapid growth of

algae / algae bloom

P4 : algae grow faster than their consumes, so many

die (without being consumed form organic

matter)

P5 : algae covered the surface of the river

P6 : restricts the penetration of light into water causes

the rate of photosynthesis in aquatic plants reduced / aquatic plant die

F2 : water pollution caused by sewage / domestic

waste / human faeces / gabbage from rubbish dumps from residential area

P6 : river contains a lot of organic matter P7 : the decaying organic matter is broken down by

decomposing microorganism / aerobic bacteria

P8 : Increasing in the BOD results in a depletion of

oxygen // reduction in the amount of dissolve

oxygen in the river

F3 : Imbalance to the aquatic food web P9 : (the low level of oxygen dissolve) kills aquatic

organism like freshwater shrimps / mayfly nymphs

P10 : If the oxygen level continues to drop anaerobic

bacteria will grow and release toxic gases /

hydrogen sulphide / kill fish / tubifex worms /

sludge worms appear

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

10

Any 2 F and

any 8 P

(b)

Able to justify the effects of unplanned development

Sample answer

F1 : Industries / factories / vehicle contribute to air pollution

P1 : smoke / fine solid particles can cause respiratory

problem

P2 : oxides of nitrogen / sulphur dioxide dissolve in

rain to produce acid rain

P3 : (acid rain) causing the soil become acidic /

unsuitable for cultivation of crops / leaching of

mineral / corrosion of metal

P4 : Increase Carbon dioxide in atmosphere causes

the greenhouse effect / global warming

F2 : Industrial / domestic / agricultural activities

produce waste to contribute water pollution

P5 : Agrochemical / pesticides / insecticides used by

farmer flow into the river / lead to the poisoning

of aquatic organism

P6 : Agricultural run-offs contain excess nitrates /

phosphates lead to eutrophication

P7 : (eutrophication) causes the BOD value will

increase thus may harm the aquatic organisms

P8 : Effluents from electronics factories contain

heavy metals / mercury / cadmium kill the

aquatic organism / disturb food chain

F3 : Discharged of hot water from industries / glass building cause thermal pollution

P9 : Increase the water temperature in the river causing died aquatic organisms / increase the

atmosphere temperature

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

10

Must have

3 F and any 7 P