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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

UNIT 1

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WELCOME TO

II SEMESTER

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COURSES IN II SEMESTER

(1) Financial Management (FM)

(2) Marketing Management (MM)

(3) Human Resources Management (HRM)

(4) Production and Operations Management (POM)

(5) Organizational Behaviour (OB)

(6) Introduction to Technology Management

(ITM)(7) Research Methodology (RM)

(8) Information Technology Lab II (IT Lab-II)

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INTRODUCTION

Research is

Search for knowledge.

A scientific and systematic search forpertinent information on a specific topic.

An art of scientific investigation.

Is a movement, a movement from the knownto the unknown.

Voyage of discovery.

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DEFINIITIONS OF RESEARCH

(1) The Advanced Learners Dictionary of

Current English :

Research is a careful investigation or inquiry

specially through search for the new facts in

any branch of knowledge.

(2) Redman and Mory:

Systematized effort to gain new knowledge

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DEFINITIONS OF RESEARCH

(3) Fred Kerlinger:

Scientific Research is a systematic, controlledempirical and critical investigation of

propositions about the presumedrelationships about various phenomena.

(4)Robert Ross:

Research is essentially an investigation, arecording and analysis of evidence for thepurpose of gaining knowledge.

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DEFINITIONS OF RESEARCH (contd)

(5)D.Slesinger and M.Stephenson in theEncyclopedia of Social Sciences:

Research is an original contribution to the

existing stock of knowledge making for itsadvancement.

It is the pursuit of truth with the help of study,observation, comparison and experiment.

In short, the search for knowledge throughobjective and systematic method of findingsolution to a problem is research.

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PROCESS OF RESEARCH

According to Clifford Woody:

Research comprises:

(i) Defining and redefining problems;

(ii) Formulating hypothesis or suggesting solutions;

(iii) Collecting, organizing and evaluating data;

(iv) Making deductions and reaching conclusions;

and(v) Carefully testing the conclusions to determine

whether they fit the formulated hypothesis.

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SCOPE OF BUSINESS RESEARCH

(1) Production and Producing Methods Production Cost Analysis

Time and Motion Studies

Machine Depreciation and Obsolescence Production Stabilization

(2) Personnel and Industrial Relations Aptitude and Attitude Tests

Fatigue Studies Wage

Employment

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(3) Purchasing and Inventory

Sources and prices of materials

Purchasing Methods and procedures

Inventory control and Storage

(4) Financing, Investment, and Credit

Financial methods and operations

Budget Planning

Investment of Reserves

Dividend Policies

Credit Sources and costs

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(5) Market, the Consumer, and MarketingProcedure

Market Potential

Trading Areas and sales quotas

Distribution channels

Distribution costs

Price policies and competition

Credit and collection

Advertising

Warehousing and transportation

Consumer identity and attitudes

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(6) Economic Conditions and Tendencies Measurement and forecast of economic and business conditions

General price structure and price movements

Trade and production changes

Rates of return on investments and of profits on sales

National Income estimates

Taxation

(7) Public and government relations Relation of firm with public

Public attitudes

Exchange of information with Government

Regulation by the Government

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NATURE OF RESEARCH

(1) Research is a systematic and critical investigationinto a phenomenon.

(2) It is not a mere compilation, but a purposiveinvestigation; it aims at describing, interpretingand explaining a phenomenon.

(3) It adopts a scientific method.

(4) It is objective and logical, applying possible teststo validate the measuring tools and theconclusions reached.

(5) It is based on empirical or observable evidence.

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NATURE OF RESEARCH

(6) Research is directed towards finding answers to

pertinent questions and solutions to problems.

(7) It emphasizes the development of

generalization, principles or theories.

(8) The purpose of research is not to arrive at an

answer, which is personally pleasing to the

researcher, but rather one, which will stand up tothe test of criticism.

(9) It is trans-disciplinary in nature.

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OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH

(1) Research extends knowledge.

(2) Research unravels the mysteries of nature.

(3) Research establishes generalizations andgeneral laws.

(4) Research verifies and tests.

(5) Research analyzes inter-relationships

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OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH (contd)

(6) Applied Research aims at finding solutions.

(7) Research aims to develop tools and

concepts.

(8) Research aids in planning and thus

contributes to national development.

(9) Research provides data for rational decision-

making.

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CRITERIA FORGOOD RESEARCH Purpose and needs to be clearly defined Research process detailed Research design thoroughly planned High ethical standards to be applied Limitations frankly revealed Analysis adequate for decisions

Findings presented unambiguously Conclusions need to be justified Researchers experience to be reflected

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MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH

Possible motives for doing research may be eitherone or more of the following:

(1) Desire to get a research degree along with itsconsequential benefits.

(2) Desire to face the challenge in solving theunsolved problems.

(3) Desire to get intellectual joy of doing somecreative work.

(4) Desire to be of service to society.

(5) Desire to get respectability.

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RESEARCH PROCESS Research process is the systematic

approach for conducting the researchin an effective way.

The Research Process consists of aseries of steps or actions necessary to be

conducted. Various steps in the Research Process

can be represented as

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Research Process Step I:Formulation of Research Problem.

Step II: Extensive Literature Survey. Step III: Developing Hypothesis.

Step IV: Preparation of Research Design.

Step V:Determining Sample Design. Step VI: Collection of Data.

Step VII: Classification and Tabulation of Data.

Step VIII: Analysis of Data. Step IX: Testing of Hypothesis.

Step X: Generation of Interpretations.

Step XI: Presentation & Preparation of Reports.

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Formulation of Research Problem Selection and Formulation of a researchproblem is the first and important step inresearch process. The term problem means aquestion or aproblem or anissue to be examined. Formulation of a research problem is one ofthe difficult task. Without forming a problem, there isnothing to do in research.

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Types of Research Problems Related to study of nature. Related to comparative studies. Related to problem solving. Related to Relationship between the variables.

Rules for construction of problem Subject which is overdone should not chosen. Controversial issues should not be chosen. Too narrow and too vast problems should beavoided.

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Techniques for defining Problem State the problem in a general way Understand the nature of the problem Surveying the available literature Developing the ideas through discussions Rephrasing the research problem

Sources of research problem Surveying the literature Academic experience Daily experience Consultation Research for the research problem Exposure from the field studies

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Extensive Literature Survey Once the research problem has been

formulated, a brief summary (literature)is to be provided about the problem andthe research process. Purpose of Literature Survey

To gain the background knowledge about thetopic To gain the concepts relating to the problem To identify the appropriate methodology To identify the sources of data collection To learn how to structurize the research

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Sources of Literature Various sources of research literature are

Books Journals Conference Proceedings Reports Research Thesis Research Discussions News Paper Audio and Video Tapes

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Developing Hypothesis Next to literature survey, the researcher has tostate the working hypothesis about the research Hypothesis is the tentative assumptions made inorder to draw the solution and to test the logicalprocess. Techniques of Developing Hypothesis

Stating the possible solutions. Discussion with the experts Examine the available data and records Review the similar studies Through the Personal investigation.

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Preparation of Research Design Next to hypothesis, a researcher is

required to prepare a suitable researchdesign based on the behaviour of thestudy. A research design is a conceptual structureor a plan of action that a researcher has tofollow to solve a research problem or fordecision making. Different research designs are used tomake the solutions for different researchproblems.

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Types of Research Designs Various research designs used by the researchersare

Pure Research Design Applied Research Design Exploratory Research Design Descriptive Research Design Quantitative Research Design Qualitative Research Design Experimental Research Design Diagnostic Research Design Historical Research Design Action Research Design Etc..

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Determining Sample Design After the selection of research design, the

researcher has to collect the data for the study. But, it is not possible to collect the complete datafrom the respondents. So there is a need of sample design to collect thesuitable data from the respondents. A sample is finite subset or portion of the

respondents or universe. A sample design is the procedure of selecting thesuitable sample from the universe.

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Types of sample designs Various sampling designs can be classified as Probability based sampling designs

Simple random sampling design Stratified random sampling design Systematic sampling design Cluster sampling design Area sampling design Etc..

Non - Probability based sampling designs Purposive sampling design Judgment sampling design Quota sampling design Snow ball sampling design Etc..

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Collection of Data After the sampling, the researcher is directedtowards the data collection. Data means the information about the study. The data related to the study need to becollected from the respondents. Data is of two types

Primary data: the data collected directly fromthe respondents is called primary data. Secondary data: the date collected from the

primary data is called secondary data.

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ources o pr mary ata Questionnaires Schedules Personal interviews. Telephonic interviews etc.. Experimentation and observation.

Sources of Secondary data Old records News papers Journals Books Company audits etc..

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Classification and Tabulation of Data The data obtained in the previous step is theraw data and large in size. The raw data is not in a specific format foranalysis. In order to minimize and make into thespecific format, the researcher has to usevarious classification and tabulation tools. These tools also consists of measurement,editing, transcription, coding and graphicalrepresentation.

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Classification and tabulation techniques

Editing Coding Classification Measurement scaling Transcription Computerization Tabulation Graphical representation etc..

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Analysis of Data Next to data classification, theresearcher has to apply various statisticalanalysis tools for analyzing the data. Various statistical tools can be classifiedas

Uni-Variate statistical toolsBi-Variate statistical tollsMulti-Variate statistical tolls.

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Uni-Variate statistical tools Measures of central tendencies Measures of dispersion Measures of variation etc..

Bi-Variate statistical tools Correlation Regression Time series Curve fitting etc..

Multi-Variate statistical tools Discriminate analysis Factor analysis, Cluster analysis Conjoint analysis Content analysis

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Testing of Hypothesis To test the working hypothesis and also to

analyze the large population, the researcherhas to use the hypothesis testing consistingof the following models Theory of Estimation Z- Test t- test F- Test Chi-square Test ANOVA Test Design of Experiments etc..

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Generation of Interpretations After the data analysis, the researcher has to givethe conclusions about the study based on them. Also he has to compare the interpretations withthe working hypothesis whether the conclusionsreaches the working hypothesis or not. Techniques for generating conclusions

State in relation with the research problem Discuss with the experts Avoid the false generations Relate with the underlying process

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Presentation & Preparation of Reports Finally a researcher has to Present the results

and prepare a report or thesis of what he hadstudied from the research. Presentation involves the communication ofthe results about the Research. A research report will be helpful for storageand for future reference for the similar kindof studies. Major parts of Research Report

Preliminary Pages Main Text End Pa es

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Preliminary Pages Project title Acknowledgements Declaration Certificates Index List of symbols, variables and tables etc..

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Main Text Chapters Sub-chapters Introduction to Research problem Data collection Classification of Data Analysis of data Summary and findings

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End Pages Appendix Bibliography Formats of questionnaires andschedules Subject Index

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The research process can be diagrammaticallyrepresentsed as

Researchproblem Previousfindings

Reviewliterature Formulatehypothesis

ResearchandsampledesignDatacollection Dataanalysis Interpret& Report

FF

F

FF: Feed Forward

F: Feed Backward

F F F

FF

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Social Research Sciences can be classified into physical sciences

and social sciences. Social sciences deals with human life, humanbehavior, social groups and the social

institutions. Social Sciences consists of Anthropology,Behavioral Sciences, Commerce, Demography,Economics, Management, Education, History,Public Administration, Social work etc.. The study of any of these fields is known asSocial Research

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Social Research can be defined as A systematic method of exploring,analyzing and conceptualizing thehuman life in order to extend, correct

and verify the knowledge of humanbehaviour and the social life Seek to find explanations tounexplained social phenomenon toclarify the doubtful and correct the

misconceived facts of social

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Aims of Social Research Discover new facts, verify and test theold facts Understand the human behavior Find the connection between humanactivities and natural laws To develop new concepts and theories To diagnosis and analyze the socialproblems To bring social welfare

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Limitations of Social Research Complexity in the subject matter. Social Scientist- A part of what hestudies. Human Errors and Personal Values. Errors in Decision Making

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Process of Social Research Identification and selection of research

problem. Review of literature. Formation of selected problem. Operationalisation of concepts. Preparation of research plan. Construction of tools for data collection. Collection of data. Processing of data Analysis of data.

Types of Research Designs

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Types of Research Designs

Research

ApplicationPure Research

AppliedResearch

ObjectivesExploratoryResearchDescriptiveResearch

InquiryQuantitative

ResearchQualitativeResearchExperimentation ExperimentalResearch

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Pure Research Design The research is undertaken only forthe sake of knowledge without anyintention or purpose to apply iscalled Pure Research. Pure research is undertaken to satisfyresearchers thirst for knowledge.

Pure Research is also called BasicResearch or Fundamental Research

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Ex: Einstein's theory of Relativity. Newtons theory of Gravity. Galileo's contributions to the society .

Merits of Pure Research Design Pure Research is the basis for innovations. Offers solutions for many problems. Helps in finding the critical factors to thepractical problems Develops many alternatives and provides

decision making

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Applied Research The Applied Research can be carriedout with intention of finding thesolution to a real world problem. Applied research is undertaken withthe aim of covering the data to solvean existing problem. Applied Research requires an Actionor Policy Decision Making.

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Ex: A market research for developing a newproduct. A study of sales promotion programs. A study on labour wage rates.

Merits of Applied research Contributes in finding new facts Put theory into practice May aim in conceptual clarification Investigates the previous existing theory

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Exploratory Research A preliminary study of an unfamiliarproblem about which the researcher hasa little or no knowledge is calledExploratory Research. ERs purpose is to gain familiarity with aphenomenon or acquire new insightsinto a problem. Ex: a doctor investigation towards apatient suffering from an unfamiliardisease.

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Merits of Exploratory Research Generates New Ideas Increases the researcher familiarity withthe problem Make a precise formulation of the problem Determine the feasibility of the process

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Descriptive Research A survey or fact finding investigationwith adequate interpretations is calleddescriptive research design. DR determines who, what, when, whereand how of the topic. It is concernedwith describing the characteristics of the

problem Ex: any study on a social problem

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Merits of Exploratory Research Valuable in providing facts needed for

planning social action plan. Highlighting the importance of theproblem. Provides the logical aspects of datacollection and interpretations.

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Quantitative Research A research based on the measurement ofquantity or amount is called quantitativeresearch. Ex

A research on portfolio analysisA research on financial parameters of anorganizationA research on ratio analysis.

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MeritsOffers solutions to the problemsDevelop many alternatives and

provides decision-makingContributes in finding new factsDetermine the feasibility of the

process

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Qualitative Research A research is concerned with thequalitative phenomenon of the data iscalled Qualitative Research. Ex

A research on customer satisfaction about aproduct.A research on organizational BehaviourA research on employee job satisfaction

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MeritsHelps to know about the humanbehaviour towards a particular

situation.Useful for studying the behaviouralsciences.

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The aim of the experimental research is toinvestigate the possible cause-and-effectrelationship By one independent variable toinfluence the other variable(s) In the experimental designs, the Researcher hasto find the relation between the relationshipbetween dependent and independent variablesin the experiment. Ex:

Industrial Experiments. Agricultural Experiments.

Experimental Research

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Types of Experimental Designs Simple True Experimental Designs. Complex True Experimental Designs Quasi-Experimental Designs Pre-Experimental Designs

Ex: Completely Randomized Design(CRD) Randomized Block Design(RBD) Latin Square Design(LSD) Factorial Designs etc..

Ethi i B i R h

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Ethics in Business Research

Ethical Issues in Business Research- It involves the researcher, the client andthe respondent Rights and Obligations of Researcher- Purpose of research must be research- Objectivity- Misrepresentation of research

- Protecting the right to confidentiality- Dissemination of faulty conclusions- Competing research proposals

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Rights and Obligations of Client- Open relationship with research suppliers- Open relationship with interested parties- Privacy

Rights and Obligations of Respondent- Obligation to be truthful- Privacy- Deception or Cheating- Right to be informed

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